Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Functional Groups

• -CH3

• -OH

• -NH2

• -PO3

Carbon Compounds

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Building Larger Molecules

• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)

OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OH

Monomers

OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH

+

H2O

Polymer

Breaking Down Large Molecules

• Hydrolysis

OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OHMonomers

OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH+

H2O

Polymer

(ENZYMES)

Monomers & Polymers

Carbohydrates• Short-term energy-storage

• Some structural

• Bigger molecules = more energy!– (energy is stored in bonds)

Carbohydrates• Sugars – saccharides.• Monosaccharides (monomers)

– Simple sugars– Glucose, Fructose

• Disaccharides (simple polymers)– Two monomers combined– Sucrose, Lactose

• Polysaccharides (complex polymers)– Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Lipids

• Long-term energy-storage (reserves).– Bigger molecules = more energy!

• Membrane structure

• Hormones

Lipids

• With Fatty Acids• Glycerides• Phospholipids• Waxes

• Without Fatty Acids• Steroids

Lipids with Fatty Acids

1. Glycerides = Fats & Oils

Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains.– Monoglycerides– Diglycerides– Triglycerides

Lipids with Fatty Acids

1. Glycerides– Saturated vs Unsaturated

Lipids with Fatty Acids

2. Phospholipids– Membranes – “phospholipid bilayer”

Lipids with Fatty Acids3. Waxes

– VERY hydrophobic molecules– Water repellent

• Protection from water gain and loss

Bees Wax

Ear Wax (Squalene)

Plant wax (Ursolic acid)

Lipids without Fatty Acids

1. Steroids – 4 carbon rings• Hormones, Vitamin D

Proteins• Structural

• Membrane Function

• Enzymes

• Hormones

• Antibodies/Antigens

• Energy (as a last resort)

Proteins get things done!

Amino Acids

(Acid group)

Peptide Bond

• Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis)

Acid group Amino group

“Polypeptide” formation

• Primary (1o) Structure

PolypeptideChain

Polypeptide Folding & Spiraling

• Secondary (2o) Structure

Polypeptide 3-D Shape

• Tertiary (3o) Structure– Covalent Bonds– Ionic Bonds– Disulfide Bonds– Hydrogen Bonds– Van der Waals

Interactions

Polypeptide 3-D Shape

• Conformation

Multiple Polypeptides

• Quaternary (4o) Structure

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides = monomers– 5-carbon sugar– N-base– Phosphate

Nucleic Acids• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids

• ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate