Ch 17 European Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1600.
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Transcript of Ch 17 European Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1600.
Ch 17 European Renaissance and Reformation
1300-1600
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Sec 1
Middle Ages
• During the late Middle Ages, Europe suffered from both war and plague
• Those who survived started to question institutions of the Middle Ages such as the Church
Renaissance
• Renaissance- term that means rebirth and refers to a period from 1300-1600 in Europe that in characterized by an explosion of creativity in art and learning
• The people of Italy hoped to bring back the life and culture of Greece and Rome but created something new
Italy’s Advantages
• The Renaissance began in Northern Italy and gradually spread to the rest of Europe
• Italy had four advantages that made it the birthplace of the Renaissance: – thriving cities – a wealthy merchant class – the classical heritage of Greece and Rome– location in the Mediterranean
City States
• Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, had led to the growth of large city-states in northern Italy
• Northern Italy was urban while most of the rest of Europe remained rural
Merchants and the Medici
• Unlike nobles, merchants did not inherit social rank
• Success for merchants was based on individual merit, an important idea during the Renaissance
• The Medici family was one of the most powerful merchant families in all of Europe
Looking to Greece and Rome
• Greek and Roman culture was revived through the study of the ruins of Rome and manuscripts that were preserved in monasteries
• Christian scholars from fleeing the rule of the Muslim Turks in Constantinople brought Greek and Roman manuscripts with them
Location
• Italy’s location in the Mediterranean Sea led to contact with many other cultures such as the Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading cities in Northern Europe
• Renaissance ideas spread quickly through trade routes
Humanism
• Humanism- intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
• As opposed to people of the Middle Ages, humanists are more concerned with the here and now than the afterlife
• The basic spirit of the Renaissance was secular- worldly rather than spiritual
Renaissance Man
• The ideal individual during the Renaissance strove to master almost every area of study
• A Renaissance Man should be able to dance, sing, play music, write poetry, be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman
Renaissance Women
• Women during the Renaissance were better educated than women of the Middle Ages but still had little influence
Art
• Following the new emphasis on individuals, artists began to paint prominent citizens in a more realistic way
Leonardo da Vinci
• Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist
• His work is a huge influence art and science, and includes the Mona Lisa, and The Last Supper
http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/artwork/last-supper-theory.htm• Sistine Chapel• THE REAL SECRET OF LEONARDO - Y
ouTube
Michelangelo
• Michelangelo was another Renaissance man known for his art, poetry, and sculptures such as the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David
Raphael
Literature
• Authors such as Dante, Petrarch, and Boccacco wrote for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects
Machiavelli
• Machiavelli- influential Renaissance author of The Prince.
• The Prince was a political guidebook advising rulers how to keep their power
• Is it better to be feared or loved?• A wise ruler does whatever is necessary to
stay in power.• “the end justifies the means”
The Northern Renaissance
Sec 2
Northern Renaissance
• After the plague and the Hundred Years War ended populations began to grow in northern cities
• As wealth increased through trade in northern cities patronage of the arts increased
Northern Writers
• When the Italian humanist ideas reached the north, people used them to examine the traditional teachings of the Church
• Christian humanists focused on how to improve society and inspire people to live a Christian life
Thomas More
• In 1516, Thomas More wrote a book called Utopia
• The book is about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out.
Shakespeare
• The Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500s.
• This time period became known as the Elizabethan Age
• The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age was William Shakespeare
The Printing Press
• The Chinese invented block printing and movable print around the year 1000, but it was impractical because the Chinese language contained thousands of characters
• Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Germany developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way
Effects of the Printing Press
• Gutenberg’s printing press made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply
• Using the new process Gutenberg printed a complete Bible in 1455
• For the first time books were cheap enough so that many people could buy them
• The printing press took power away from the Church by putting the Bible in the hands of common people
Legacy of the Renaissance
• The European Renaissance was a period of great artistic and social change
• It marked a break with medieval period ideals focused around the Church.
• The belief in the dignity of the individual played a key role in the gradual rise of democratic ideas
• The printing press may be the most important invention in history
Changes in the Arts
• Art drew on the style of classical Greece and Rome
• Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic ways
• Art was secular as well as religious• Writers began to use vernacular language• The arts praised individual achievement
Changes in Society
• Printing made information available and inexpensive enough for society at large
• Greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy
• Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to discoveries in a variety of fields
More Changes
• Published legal proceedings made the laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights
• Christian humanists changed the views about how life should be lived
• People began to question political structures and religious practices.
Luther Leads the Reformation
Sec 3
Weakening Church
• The Roman Catholic Church dominated life in the Middle Ages but it began to draw more and more criticism after the Crusades and plague
Reformation
• Reformation- movement for religious reform that led to the split of the Roman Catholic Church and the creation of Protestantism
Social Causes
• The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church
• The printing press put the Bible in the hands of regular people and helped to spread ideas critical of the Church
Political Causes
• Powerful monarchs challenged the church as the supreme power in Europe
• Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
Economic Causes
• European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth
• Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church
Religious Causes
• Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt
• Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable
Luther Challenges the Church
• Martin Luther- monk and teacher from the German state of Saxony who led the Protestant Reformation
• In 1517, Luther took a public stand against a friar name Johann Tetzel
• In order to raise money to rebuild St Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, Tetzel began to sell indulgences, pardons that released sinners from having to perform penalties
95 Theses
• 95 Theses- formal statements attacking Church practices and the sale of indulgences
• Luther posted the 95 Theses on the door of a Church in Wittenberg and invited scholars to debate him
• His statement was copied and taken to a printer and Luther was soon known throughout Germany
• The posting of the 95 Theses began the Reformation
Luther’s Teachings
• People could win salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and good works were necessary.
• All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. The pope and Church traditions were false authorities.
• All people with faith were equal. People do not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.
Response to Luther• In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther• Edict of Worms was issued by Holy Roman
Emperor Charles V declaring Luther and outlaw and a heretic
• Luther and his followers became a separate religious group called the Lutherans
• Peasants in Germany revolted • The term Protestant came to be applied to
Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches
Henry VIII
• When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509 he was a devout Catholic
• Henry needed to have a son to be heir to his throne
• Convinced that his 42 year old wife Catherine would have no more children Henry asked the pope for an annulment.
England Becomes Protestant
• After the Pope refused the annulment Henry called the Parliament and asked it to end the pope’s power in England
• Henry got his divorce and married Anne Boleyn
• After Henry’s death his daughter, Elizabeth I set up the Church of England or Anglican Church
The Reformation Continues
Sec 4
John Calvin• In 1535, John Calvin, published Institutes
of the Christian Religion to express his ideas about God, salvation, and human nature
• Calvin wrote that men and women are sinful by nature and that God chooses very few people to be saved.
• Predestination- belief that God has known from the beginning of time who will be saved
Calvinism
• Calvinism- religion based on the ideas of John Calvin
• Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy, government controlled by religious leaders
• Followers of Calvinism were extremely strict.
Catholic Reformation
• Catholic Reformation- reform movement by the Catholic church in order to keep followers loyal, also known as the Counter Reformation
• The goals of the Catholic Reformation were to found schools in Europe, convert non-Christians, and stop the spread of Protestantism
Legacy of the Reformation
• Protestant churches flourished and new denominations developed
• The Roman Catholic Church unified due to its own reforms
• Both placed a new emphasis on education• Monarchs and states gained power as
church power declined• The questioning of beliefs and authority led
to the Enlightenment