Ch. 16 Civil War

The Civil War Begins Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede from the Union, war begins between the North and South.

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Videos

• Lincoln:• http://junior.scholastic.com/issues/01_30_12/

Videos

Causes of the War:Causes of the War:1.unfair taxation: Northern politicians

were able to pass heavy taxes on imported goods from Europe so that Southerners would have to buy goods from the North 2

2. states' rights: The South believed that individual states had the right to "nullify", or overturn, any law the Federal government passed.

3. the slavery issue: Slave Vs. Free States

Start of the Fighting • April 10, 1861, Confederate forces at Charleston,

South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union fort of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. The Union commander Anderson refused.

• April 12, Confederate troops opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively.

• At 2:30 pm, April 13, The Union forces surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating (leaving) the fort on the following day.

Results• The attack of Fort Sumter was the opening battle of

the American Civil War. • Although there were no casualties during the

bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely while firing a salute during the evacuation on April 14.

• Result: Confederate victory start of the Civil War

Union and Confederate Forces Clash

Southern States Take Sides• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston

falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers • 4 more slave states join Confederacy• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky,

Missouri remain in Union

The Civil War Begins2SECTION

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Continued . . .

North vs. South

• North:• Higher Population• Greater network of

roads, RAILROAD track

• More industry, factories

• South:• Strong military leaders,

well-trained• Farmers, food• Fought mostly on home

soil, knew the area

Strengths and Strategies

• Northern (Union) strengths: more people, factories, food production

• Southern (Confederacy) strengths: cotton, good generals, motivated soldiers

Knowledge check #1• Which was the best advantage the North had

over the South? Why?• Which was the best advantage the South had

over the North? Why?

• Which side has the better chance of winning? Why?

Union and Confederacy

Union’s (North) Plan for Victory

• 3 part plan– Navy Blockade of Southern Ports– Control the Mississippi River (Split

the Confederacy in two)

– Capture the Confederate Capital (Richmond, VA)

The Anaconda Plan

• Nickname for the Union’s Strategy to Strangle the Confederacy

• Like an anaconda snake strangles its victims

Confederacy's Plan for Victory

• Mostly defensive plan• Attack the North if they could• Capture Washington DC• Find help from Europe

• England decides to stay out of the conflict

Bull Run• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;

Confederate victory

• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle

2SECTION

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Continued . . .

Battle of Bull Run

People picnicking at the Battle of Bull Run (left)

Graves at the site of the battle (below)

Knowledge Check #2

1. What was effective about the Union’s (North) plan for victory? Why?

2. What do you think would be effective about the Confederate’s (South) plan for victory? Why?

Essay Question3. Explain the parts of either the Union and the Confederate war strategies. Which strategy, in

your opinion, is the better approach to winning the Civil

War?

1 paragraph

Generals• Union (North):

– George B. Mclellan– Wanted to capture Richmond (Peninsular

Campaign)

*Confederacy (South)- Robert E. Lee- West Point Graduate

BattleBattle DateDate LocationLocation Summary Summary of Eventsof Events

Who Who WonWon


Who Who WonWon

Battle of Battle of Bull RunBull Run

July 21, July 21, 18611861

Virginia Virginia Southern Southern VictoryVictory


Who Who WonWon


July 21, July 21, 18611861


AntietamAntietam Sep. 17, Sep. 17, 18621862

MarylandMaryland No Clear No Clear WinnerWinner


Who Who WonWon


July 21, July 21, 18611861




FrederickFredericksburgsburg

Dec. 11-Dec. 11-15, 186215, 1862

VirginiaVirginia SouthernSouthernVictoryVictory


Who Who WonWon


July 21, July 21, 18611861





Dec. 11-Dec. 11-15, 186215, 1862


ChancellChancellorsvilleorsville

April 30-April 30-May 6, May 6, 18631863

VirginiaVirginia Southern Southern VictoryVictory


Who Who WonWon


July 21, July 21, 18611861





Dec. 11-Dec. 11-15, 186215, 1862




VirginiaVirginia Southern Southern VictoryVictory

ShilohShiloh April 6-April 6-7,18627,1862

Tennessee Tennessee Northern Northern VictoryVictory


Who Who WonWon


July 21, July 21, 18611861

Virginia Virginia 11stst Battle BattleWar will be War will be long long

Southern Southern VictoryVictory


MarylandMaryland 23,000 23,000 BloodiestBloodiest

No Clear No Clear WinnerWinner


Dec. 11-Dec. 11-15, 186215, 1862

VirginiaVirginia One-sided One-sided battlebattle

SouthernSouthernVictoryVictory

ShilohShiloh April 6-April 6-7,18627,1862

Tennessee Tennessee Western Western battlebattle

Northern Northern VictoryVictory



VirginiaVirginia Stonewall Stonewall Jackson Jackson deaddead

Southern Southern VictoryVictory

Essay QuestionExplain the parts of either the

Union and the Confederate war strategies. Which strategy, in

your opinion, is the better approach to winning the Civil

War?

1 paragraph

• Ulysses S. Grant, replaces McClellan as commander of Union forces

• West focused on taking control of Mississippi River to cut off eastern part of Confederacy from west

• Grant captures forts, wins at Shiloh• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the

Confederacy’s busiest port

Ironclads: A Revolution in Warfare

• Ironclads= ships made with iron (instead of wood) splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning

• Monitor (Union)• Virginia (Confederacy)• Monitor successfully helped blockade

Confederate ports

The War for the Capitals

• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862:- drives General George McClellan from Richmond- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle

• -McClellan removed from command, lets defeated Confederates withdraw

• Important Union victoryNEXT

Knowledge Check #3

1. How did technology affect military strategy during the war? (p. 343)

2. What did the outcomes of the early battles show about the future course of the war? (Bull Run and Shiloh)

Section 2: Politics of War

Britain Pursues Its Own Interests• Britain has cotton inventory, new sources;

does not need South• Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses

neutrality

Proclaiming EmancipationLincoln’s View of Slavery

• Federal government has no power to abolish slavery where it already exists

• Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who labor for Confederacy

• Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the South

Emancipation Proclamation

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• Emancipate= to free

- Emancipation Proclamation- ordered to free slaves in Confederate (Southern) states

- Wanted to also weaken the South (more freed slaves would fight with the North)

• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible

Emancipation Proclamation • Emancipation Proclamation—issued by

Lincoln in 1863:- frees slaves behind Confederate lines (did

not immediately free any slaves)- does not apply to areas occupied by Union or

slave states in Union

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUVkXthLz4w

Reactions

• Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral purpose

• Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery

• Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life

• Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other

Knowledge Check #4

1. What was the purpose behind the Emancipation Proclamation?

2. How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the course of the war?

3. Compare the reactions to the Proclamation from the North and South. Explain what each side’s reaction was and why they were different. (p. 348)

Disagreement from both sides•Neither side completely unified; both sides face divided loyalties•Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:

- order to bring accused to court, name charges

•Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating peace—among arrested

War Leads to Social Upheaval• Many casualties (deaths)- People desert (quit army), lead to conscription on both

sides

• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots

- People could pay $300 to get out, most couldn’t afford it- Many protested the draft

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Continued . . .

"Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States." - - Frederick Douglass

These words spoken by Frederick Douglass

moved many African Americans to enlist in the Union Army and fight for their freedom.

Section 3: Life during Wartime• July 17, 1862, Congress passed two acts

allowing the enlistment of African Americans• Official enrollment occurred only after the

Emancipation Proclamation

- White soldiers and officers believed that black men lacked the courage to fight and fight well.

• August, 1863, 14 African-American Regiments were in the field and ready for service.

African American soldiers • Approximately 180,000 African Americans

comprising 163 units served in the Union Army during the Civil War

• (10% of the Union Army)• Many more African Americans served in the

Union Navy. • Both free African-Americans and runaway

slaves joined the fight. • Paid less than white soldiers

54th Massachusetts- Assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina, by the 54th Massachusetts • July 18, 1863. The 54th volunteered to lead the assault on the strongly-fortified Confederate positions•Soldiers of the 54th scaled the fort's walls, and were only driven back after brutal hand-to-hand combat. Glory scene:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7qwqVbZSqE

Think: How would African American soldiers be discriminated against?

Answer in youroutlines!!

What does espionage mean?

Big Questions

• Did women have a role during the American Civil War?

• What jobs did women on both the Union and Confederacy do?

Gone with the Wind

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBAmLm_jYyY

Women during the Civil War

• Worked as nurses on the battlefield• Worked in factories up North• Worked on farms in the South• Worked as spies for both sides

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• Thousands of women serve as nurses for both sides

• “Angel of the battlefield”• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds

American Red Cross

Women Work to Improve Conditions

• Both the Union and Confederate armies forbade the enlistment of women.

• Women soldiers of the Civil War therefore assumed masculine names, disguised themselves as men, and hid the fact they were female.

• Because they passed as men, it is impossible to know with any certainty how many women soldiers served in the Civil War.

• Estimates place as many as 250 women in the ranks of the Confederate army

Rose O'Neal Greenhow

Confederate Spy

Knowledge Check #5

1. How did African Americans contribute to the struggle to end slavery?

2. How were women affected by the war? (p. 354)

The War Affects Regional Economies

• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflation

• Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern industry

• North’s standard of living declines• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of

income) to pay for war

Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet,

poor medical care• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of

malnutrition, disease

http://www.history.com/videos/civil-war-weapons-whose-were-better#civil-war-weapons-whose-were-better

Civil War Prison Civil War Prison CampsCamps

An estimated 56,000 men died in An estimated 56,000 men died in Civil War prisonsCivil War prisons

The high mortality rate was not The high mortality rate was not deliberate, but the result of deliberate, but the result of ignorance of nutrition and proper ignorance of nutrition and proper sanitation on both sides of the sanitation on both sides of the conflict conflict

Famous Camps Famous Camps The Union's Fort Delaware was The Union's Fort Delaware was

dubbed "The Fort Delaware Death dubbed "The Fort Delaware Death Pen," Pen,"

The South's infamous Camp Sumter, The South's infamous Camp Sumter, or Andersonville prison, claimed the or Andersonville prison, claimed the lives of 29 percent of its inmates. lives of 29 percent of its inmates.

Life in a Civil War Prison Life in a Civil War Prison CampCamp

Prison diets consisted of pickled beef, salt Prison diets consisted of pickled beef, salt pork, corn meal, rice, or bean soup. pork, corn meal, rice, or bean soup.

The lack of fruits or vegetables often led to The lack of fruits or vegetables often led to outbreaks of outbreaks of scurvyscurvy and other diseases. and other diseases.

In many northern prisons, hungry inmates In many northern prisons, hungry inmates hunted rats, sometimes making a sport of it. hunted rats, sometimes making a sport of it.

Starvation and poor sanitation inflamed Starvation and poor sanitation inflamed outbreaks of diseases like smallpox, outbreaks of diseases like smallpox, typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and malaria. typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and malaria.

Sores, left untreated, led to gangrene—a Sores, left untreated, led to gangrene—a disease curable only by amputation. Of all disease curable only by amputation. Of all these diseases, perhaps the most these diseases, perhaps the most dangerous was depression dangerous was depression

Big QuestionsBig Questions1.1. What does “POW” stand for?What does “POW” stand for?2.2. Which side the Union or the Which side the Union or the

Confederacy had POW camps?Confederacy had POW camps?3.3. Name one of the two POW camps Name one of the two POW camps

from the Civil War and explain what from the Civil War and explain what killed imprisoned soldiers inside its killed imprisoned soldiers inside its walls/fences. walls/fences.

AndersonvilleAndersonville Andersonville, by far the most notorious Andersonville, by far the most notorious

Civil War prisonCivil War prison Held nearly 33,000 men at its peak—one of Held nearly 33,000 men at its peak—one of

the largest "cities" of the Confederacy.the largest "cities" of the Confederacy. Inmates crowded into 26.5 acres of muddy Inmates crowded into 26.5 acres of muddy

landland Lacking sewer or sanitation facilities, camp Lacking sewer or sanitation facilities, camp

inmates turned "Stockade Creek" into a inmates turned "Stockade Creek" into a massive, disease-ridden latrine. massive, disease-ridden latrine.

Summer rainstorms would flood the open Summer rainstorms would flood the open sewer, spreading filth. sewer, spreading filth.

The prison's oppressive conditions The prison's oppressive conditions claimed 13,000 lives by the war's end. claimed 13,000 lives by the war's end.

As for myself, I never felt so utterly depressed, cursed, and God-forsaken in all my life before. All my former experiences in battles, on marches, and at my capture were not a drop in the bucket as compared with this.--Walter E. Smith, Pvt., Co. K, 14th Illinois Infantry

Big QuestionsBig Questions1.1. What does “POW” stand for?What does “POW” stand for?2.2. Which side the Union or the Which side the Union or the

Confederacy had POW camps?Confederacy had POW camps?3.3. Name one of the two POW camps Name one of the two POW camps

from the Civil War and explain what from the Civil War and explain what killed imprisoned soldiers inside its killed imprisoned soldiers inside its walls/fences. walls/fences.

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Southern Victories• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May

1863, Chancellorsville

Section 4: The North Takes Charge

Continued . . .

The Battle of Gettysburg• North wins decisive three-day battle of

Gettysburg, July 1863• Total casualties were more than 30%;

South demoralized- unable to invadeNorth again

Gettysburg Address

• http://my.hrw.com/SocialStudies/ss_2010/student/hs_american_survey/bookpages/library/videos/video.html?shortvid=722240932001&longvid=722240932001_long&title=Gettysburg Address

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdY7Ss-erMQ

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2a-S3rjDBw- Saving Lincoln

Gettysburg Address: Speech

1. Take notes as you listen to the speech. Write down the 2-3 most important lines that stand out to you.

2. Rephrase them in your own words.Answer the following: 3. What was Lincoln trying to say in his speech? What

was his main idea?4. Why do you think the Gettysburg Address is

sometimes referred to as one of the most famous speeches in American history?

Pickett’s charge

• Led by Union General George Picket• Helped Union win battle• Marched up hill to push back Confederate

soldiers

Map:• http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0554003333 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZj48Ys25U• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZhl6QswlsQ

Pickett’s Charge

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZj48Ys25U

Siege of Vicksburg• Map p. 361• Grant (Union general) wanted to cut off city and

Mississippi River• Starving Confederates surrender (Union victory)• Why was this an important victory? (p. 360-361)

The Gettysburg Address

•Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication

• Lincoln praised bravery of Union soldiers during Civil War

Total War• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union

Armies (1864), who puts William T. Sherman in charge of Mississippi

• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia

• Destroying/setting fire to all homes, farms, buildings in their path

• Meant to hurt South’s economy and resources

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continued The Confederacy Wears Down

Sherman’s March• Spring 1864, March from Atlanta to Savannah • Destroyed 60 miles of railroads, farms,

livestock, homes, freeing any slaves• Led to much anger and resentment by the

South

The Election of 1864• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by

Sherman’s victories

The Surrender at Appomatox• Lee realized he was trapped by Union army• Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomatox Courthouse, VA• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance

collapses

Knowledge Check #7

1. Why was the Battle of Gettysburg a disaster for the South? (also see p. 360)

2. What was Sherman’s goal in Georgia?

3. Critical thinking (1 paragraph): Do you think the ends-defeating the

Confederacy- justified the means, causing harm to civilians(total war)?

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5SECTION

The Legacy of War

Political and Economic Changes• Slavery ends• South’s resources and economy

destroyed

• Civil War increases power, authority of federal government

Economic Changes

• National Bank Act of 1863—federal system of chartered banks

• Gap between North and South widens:- North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold- South: industry, farms destroyed

Cost of WarHuman Cost of the War• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate

soldiers die• War cost federal government 3.3 billion dollars

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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The Americans

Chapter 11

The War Changes Lives

Civilians Follow New Paths• Some soldiers stay in army; others become civilians;

many go west• Clara Barton helps found American Red Cross in

1881

New Birth of Freedom• 1865, Thirteenth Amendment abolishes

slavery in all states

Flip book= 30 points

• You will create a flip book (see example) describing the effects of the Civil War.

• You must include a description and image for each.• You must include any three of the following (pp. 366-

371 in text). – Expansion of the federal government– New, deadly technology– Creation of the Red Cross– Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment– Economic ruin of the South

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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The Americans

Chapter 11

Think- Pair- Share:

What do you think was the greatest, lasting impact of the war? Why?-Supreme national authority/ expansion of government-13th Amendment freeing slaves-New, deadly Technology-Red Cross-Economic ruin of the South

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5SECTION

The War Changes Lives

Lincoln Is Assassinated• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s

Theater• Assassin John Wilkes Booth

escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot

• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBLsOQPu23U&index=9&list=PLBCEE334DF91F7DD1

Video and Reflection

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEkuzfTzh08

• Start at 40:16• Lincoln’s assassination• After the video, please complete the reflection

sheet and turn in!

Knowledge Check #8

1. What were the war’s effects on the following: (list at least one for each)- Refer to pp. 368- 371.

– Political-– Economic-– Technological-– Social-

2. Predicting: Make up three questions you have about the African Americans after the war.

What were the political, social, economic, and technological consequences of the Civil War?

Political Social Economic Technological

Ch. 16 Civil War

Education

Transcript of Ch. 16 Civil War