Ch. 21: The Furnace of Civil War

Theme: The Civil War, begun as a limited struggle over the Union, eventually became a total war to end slavery and transform the nation.

Theme: After several years of seesaw struggle, the Union armies under Ulysses Grant finally wore down the Southern forces under Robert E. Lee and ended the Confederate bid for independence as well as the institution of slavery.

I. Stalemate in East

A. Union Strategy, “90-day War”1. Military panic at “Bull Run” 2. Pensive “Peninsula Campaign”

B. Union Strategy is Total War!1. “Anaconda Plan”

a. Merrimack (CSS Virginia) v. Monitor

C. Confederate Strategy, “Invade North”

1. Antietam, 1862a. Emancipation Proclamationb. Democrats-too far,

Abolishionists-not enough, Moderates and Europeans-OK

I. Stalemate in East (cont.)

2. Fredericksburga. “Burnside’s Slaughter Pen”

3. Chancellorsvillea. “Fightin” Joe Hooker loses

to force ½ size

4. Gettysburga. Lee looking to negotiate

peace and foreign intervention.

b. “High tide” of Confederacy

c. Meade failure to pursued. Gettysburg Address

July 1st, 1863•Union Calvary (Buford)•Maj Gen. Reynolds•Chambersburg Pike•Seminary •Cemetery Hill

July 2, 1863•“Fishhook” formation (int)•Seminary Ridge (ext.)•Longstreet’s Attack onUnion left flank

•Sickles and Peach O.•“Devil’s Den”•Little Round Top and

Maine 20th

•Ewell right flank•Culp’s Hill•137th New York

•J.E.B. Stuart Arrival

July 3, 1863•Union Reinforcements•Culp’s Hill•Longstreet’s Attack onThe center

•Confederate Artillery•Pickett’s Charge•“The Angle” and “Copse of Trees”

II. Success in WestA. Union: Divide and Conquer

1. New Orleans, 18622. Ohio River Valley

a. Fort Henry and Donelson, 1862b. Shiloh, 1862c. Vicksburg, 1863

3. Sherman’s March to the Sea (“War is Hell!”)

B. Politics of War1. Radical Republicans and C.C. C

of War2. Northern Democrats

a. “War” Democrats b. Peace Democrats including the

“Copperheads” 3. Election of 1864-most crushing

loss for the Confederacy

III. End of the WarA. Union Forces Push to

Richmond1. Simultaneously attack

a. Wildernessb. Cold Harborc. Petersburg and Richmondd. Appomattox Courthouse

B. Assassination of Lincoln, 1865

1. Plot to kill the president by John Wilkes Booth

2. Significant impact on reconstruction

C. Impact of the war

Map Questions(use the maps and charts in chapter 21 to answer the questions)

1. Which two states of the Southeast saw little of the major fighting of the Civil War?

2. In which four states were the slaves all freed by state action—without and federal involvement?

3. Which two states kept slavery until it was finally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

4. On what three rivers were the major Confederate strategic points that Grant successfully assaulted in 1862-1863?

5. What major secessionist South Carolina city was not in the direct path of Sherman’s army in 1864-1865?

6. What major battle of Grant’s final campaign was fought very close to the Confederate capital city?

Map Answers

1. Alabama and Florida

2. Missouri, Tennessee, West Virginia, Maryland

3. Kentucky, Deleware

4. Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi

5. Charleston

6. Cold Harbor