Cerebral Cortex 2
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Transcript of Cerebral Cortex 2
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2.Forebrain2.Forebrain : subcortical: subcortical
TelencephalonTelencephalon1
NEUROLOGY
Dr.G.Bhanu Prakash
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OverviewOverview
Components, location and function of theComponents, location and function of the
basal forebrainbasal forebrain
Components, location and function of theComponents, location and function of thebasal gangliabasal ganglia
Components, location and function of theComponents, location and function of thelimbic systemlimbic system
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3
Haines 15-6
Group of ill-defined structures
deep to ???
APS:Identifiable by perforations ofbranches of ???
Bordered by ???
Basal forebrain structures:???: Olfactory tubercle
???In / near ventral striatum
Rostral to AC
Anterolateralto hypothalamus
e.g., Basal nucleus of Meynert,nucleus accumbens, septal
nuclei Basal (inferior) view
AC
Basal ForebrainStructuresBasal ForebrainStructures
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4
Haines 15-6
Group of ill-defined structures
deep to anterior perforatingsubstance (APS)
APS:Identifiable by perforations ofbranches of ACA & MCA
Bordered by LOS, MOS of OT
Basal forebrain structures:APS gray: Olfactory tubercle
Subcortical nuclei deep to APSIn / near ventral striatum
Rostral to AC
Anterolateralto hypothalamus
e.g., Basal nucleus of Meynert,nucleus accumbens, septal
nuclei Basal (inferior) view
AC
Basal ForebrainStructuresBasal ForebrainStructures
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Haines 15-16
Rostral to AC:
coronal section
coronal section
Basal Forebrain atBasal Forebrain at ??????
Coronal section at optic chiasmCoronal section at optic chiasm
?????? (VentralStriatum)(VentralStriatum)
Most ventralMost ventral
portion of theportion of the
striatum,striatum,where caudatewhere caudate
and putamenand putamen
are continuousare continuous(no longer(no longer
separated byseparated byanterior branchanterior branch
of int. capsuleof int. capsule
??????Haines 15-6
AC
Level of
section
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6
Haines 15-16
Rostral to AC:
coronal section
coronal section
Basal Forebrain at opticBasal Forebrain at optic
chiasmchiasmCoronal section at optic chiasmCoronal section at optic chiasm
NucleusAcumbensNucleusAcumbens (VentralStriatum)(VentralStriatum)
Most ventralMost ventral
portion of theportion of the
striatum,striatum,where caudatewhere caudate
and putamenand putamen
are continuousare continuous(no longer(no longer
separated byseparated byanterior branchanterior branch
of int. capsuleof int. capsule
Septal nucleiSeptal nucleiHaines 15-6
AC
Level of
section
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Level of
section
7
Haines 15-16
Basalnucleus
ofMeynert
Basalnucleus
ofMeynert
coronal sectioncoronal section
Basal Forebrain atBasal Forebrain at
????????
AC
Coronal section at level ofCoronal section at level of ??????
Located withinAPSLocated withinAPS
??????
AKAAKAsubstantiasubstantia
innominatainnominata ??????
MedialSeptalMedialSeptalNucleusNucleus
??????
N. diagonal band.N. diagonal band.
Med septalN.
Med septalN.
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Level of
section
8
Haines 15-16
Basalnucleus
ofMeynert
Basalnucleus
ofMeynert
coronal sectioncoronal section
Basal Forebrain atBasal Forebrain at
AnteriorCommissureAnteriorCommissure
AC
Coronal section at level ofCoronal section at level of anterioranteriorcommissure and column of fornixcommissure and column of fornix
Located withinAPSLocated withinAPS
BasalNucleusBasalNucleus
of Meynertof Meynert
AKAAKAsubstantiasubstantiainnominatainnominata
Nucleus ofNucleus of
Diagnal BandDiagnal Band
MedialSeptalMedialSeptalNucleusNucleus
Anterior toAnterior tocolumn ofcolumn of
fornixfornix
N. diagonal band.N. diagonal band.
Med septalN.
Med septalN.
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< 1% corticalmass
Size:
Function:
???(emotions)
???
(rational
thought)??? regulateits
excitability
BF structures
Basal Forebrain Structure provideBasal Forebrain Structure provide
??? inputs??? inputs to cortexto cortex
Martin 3-17
neocortex
allocortex
Alzheimers Disease: degeneration of BF cholinergic inputs to cortexAlzheimers Disease: degeneration of BF cholinergic inputs to cortex
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< 1% corticalmass
Size:
Function:
Limbic(emotions)
HCF(rationalthought)
Diffusecortical
projectionsregulate itsexcitability
BF structures
Basal Forebrain Structure provideBasal Forebrain Structure provide
Cholinergic inputsCholinergic inputs to cortexto cortex
Martin 3-17
neocortex
allocortex
Alzheimers Disease: degeneration of BF cholinergic inputs to cortexAlzheimers Disease: degeneration of BF cholinergic inputs to cortex
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Basal GangliaBasal GangliaNot a ganglia (NucleiNot a ganglia (Nuclei
central)central)
Dorsal componentDorsal component
?? + ????? + ???
Ventral componentVentral component ??????
parts of adjacent ???parts of adjacent ???
??????
InterconnectedInterconnectedstructuresstructures
??????
??????
PutamenPutamen
Globus Pallidus externalGlobus Pallidus external
Globus Pallidus internalGlobus Pallidus internal
Insula
ClaustrumClaustrum
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Basal GangliaBasal GangliaNot a ganglia (NucleiNot a ganglia (Nuclei
central)central)Dorsal componentDorsal component Caudet + lentiformCaudet + lentiform
nucleinuclei
Ventral componentVentral component NucleusAccumbensNucleusAccumbens
parts of adjacentparts of adjacentolfactory tuberalolfactory tuberal
S
ubstantiainnominataS
ubstantiainnominataInterconnectedInterconnected
structuresstructures Subthalamic nucleusSubthalamic nucleus
SubstantianigraS
ubstantianigra
PutamenPutamen
Globus Pallidus externalGlobus Pallidus external
Globus Pallidus internalGlobus Pallidus internal
Insula
ClaustrumClaustrum
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Basal Ganglia:Basal MotorNucleiBasal Ganglia:Basal MotorNucleiFunctionalFunctional components (basalcomponents (basal--motor nuclei) include caudate,motor nuclei) include caudate, putamenputamen,, globuspalliglobuspallisubthalamussubthalamus,, substantianigrasubstantianigra..
((TelencephalicTelencephalic BG:BG: caudate,caudate, putamen,GPputamen,GP))((DiencephalicDiencephalic:: subthalamussubthalamus))(Midbrain:(Midbrain: substantianigrasubstantianigra))
TerminologyTerminology Caudate +Caudate + PutamenPutamen =Striatum (or=Striatum (or neoneostriatumstriatum))
Corpus striatum = caudate/Corpus striatum = caudate/putamenputamen ++ globuspallidusglobuspallidus PaleostriatumPaleostriatum == globuspallidusglobuspallidus
PutamenPutamen ++ globuspallidusglobuspallidus == lentiformlentiform nucleinuclei
GlobuspallidusGlobuspallidus contains ancontains an externalexternal((GpeGpe) and an internal () and an internal (GpiGpi) part) part
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Multiple cortical areas send corticoMultiple cortical areas send cortico--striate fibers tostriate fibers to ??????
Striatum interconnected withStriatum interconnected with ??????
Two majorTwo major ?????? to motor thalamusto motor thalamus (??,??)(??,??) ?????? is major output ofis major output of lentiform nucleilentiform nuclei to theto the ??????
???? projections to thalamusprojections to thalamus
SubthalamuSubthalamus reciprocally interconnected withs reciprocally interconnected with ??????
??????inhibitinhibit
tonic lev
el of activ
ity in motor thalamus, and thus controltonic lev
el of activ
ity in motor thalamus, and thus control??????
Circuit loop of motor cortical areas withCircuit loop of motor cortical areas withbasalbasal--motor nuclei and thalamusmotor nuclei and thalamus
Nolte 13-6
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Multiple cortical areas send corticoMultiple cortical areas send cortico--striate fibers tostriate fibers to striatumstriatum
Striatum interconnected withStriatum interconnected with substantianigrasubstantianigra
Two majorTwo major inputsinputs to motor thalamusto motor thalamus (VA, VL)(VA, VL) GpiGpi is major output ofis major output of lentiform nucleilentiform nuclei to theto the motor thalamusmotor thalamus
NigralNigral projections to thalamusprojections to thalamus
SubthalamuSubthalamus reciprocally interconnected withs reciprocally interconnected with globuspallidusglobuspallidus
BasalBasal--motor nucleimotor nuclei inhibitinhibittonic level of activity in motor thalamus,tonic level of activity in motor thalamus,and thus controland thus control corticospinal outputcorticospinal output
Circuit loop of motor cortical areas withCircuit loop of motor cortical areas withbasalbasal--motor nuclei and thalamusmotor nuclei and thalamus
Nolte 13-6
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Nolte 13-6
I
E
Forebrain: Basal Motor Nuclei
Motor loop: ???
Substantia nigra interconnected with striatum (e.g., nigrostriatal proj.)
Subthalamus reciprocally interconnected with GP
Gpi: major lentiform output (???) to motor thalamus
Basal-motor nuclei (-) tonic (spont.) activity of motor thalamus, and thus modulate CST outputs: BMN
modulate ???movement
M. cort. areasstriatumGpithalamus (VA/VL)M. cort areas
CST
contra
loop
Motor cortical areas Motor cortical areas
loop
IE
++
+
-
+
--
-
-DIRECTPATHWAY
INDIRECTPATHWAY
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Nolte 13-6
I
E
Forebrain: Basal Motor Nuclei
Motor loop: ipsilateral
Substantia nigra interconnected with striatum (e.g., nigrostriatal proj.)
Subthalamus reciprocally interconnected with GP
Gpi: major lentiform output (-) to motor thalamus
Basal-motor nuclei (-) tonic (spont.) activity of motor thalamus, and thus modulate CST outputs: BMN
modulate contra movement
M. cort. areasstriatumGpithalamus (VA/VL)M. cort areas
CST
contra
loop
Motor cortical areas Motor cortical areas
loop
IE
++
+
-
+
--
-
-DIRECTPATHWAY
INDIRECTPATHWAY
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Relative Location of Deep Structures
Basal
ganglia
Hypothalamus
Internal capsule
Thalamus
Coronal section at level of Posterior hypothalamus/anterior thalamus
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Relative Location of Deep Structures
Basal
ganglia
Hypothalamus
Internal capsule
Thalamus
Coronal section at level of Posterior hypothalamus/anterior thalamus
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Lesions and Deficits of Basal MotorNucleiLesions and Deficits of Basal MotorNuclei
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Lesions and Deficits of Basal MotorNucleiLesions and Deficits of Basal MotorNuclei
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Limbic LobeLimbic Lobe
Limbic lobeLimbic lobe
ParolfactoryParolfactory areaarea
SubcollosalSubcollosal gyrusgyrus
Cingulate gyrusCingulate gyrus
ParahippocampalParahippocampalgyrusgyrus
UncusUncus
Internal StructuresInternal Structures
Hipp, hyp, amyg,Hipp, hyp, amyg,septal n.septal n.
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Limbic LobeLimbic Lobe
Limbic lobeLimbic lobe
ParolfactoryParolfactory areaarea
SubcollosalSubcollosal gyrusgyrus
Cingulate gyrusCingulate gyrus
ParahippocampalParahippocampalgyrusgyrus
UncusUncus
Internal StructuresInternal Structures
Hipp, hyp, amyg,Hipp, hyp, amyg,septal n.septal n.
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Classifying limbic structuresClassifying limbic structures
Accepted limbic structure MostlyAccepted
Cingulate Gyrus* Thalamic nuclei interconnected w/limbicstructures
Parahippocampalgrus* Neocortexinterconnected w/limbic structures
Hippocampal formation* i.e. Frontal cortex, orbital cortex
Amygdala*
Septal Area*
Nucleus Accumbens
SubstantiainnominataHypothalamus
Mamilliary bodies
Anterior thalamic nuclei
Midbrainreticularformation (parts)
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Dysfunction of limbic structures underlies virtually all psychiatric disorders
Papez circuit
hypothalamus
thalamus
Limbic lobe
PapezPapez CircuitCircuit
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Dysfunction of limbic structures underlies virtually all psychiatric disorders
Papez circuit
hypothalamus
thalamus
Limbic lobe
PapezPapez CircuitCircuit
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AmygdaloidAmygdaloid ComplexComplexAlmond shaped structure in theAlmond shaped structure in the ??????,,deep to thedeep to the ??????
Rostral to anterior end ofRostral to anterior end oftemporal horn of lateral ventricaltemporal horn of lateral ventrical
Composed of multiple nuclei thatComposed of multiple nuclei thatare grouped into:are grouped into:
?????? interconnected with corticalinterconnected with corticalareasareas
?????? closely related to olfactionclosely related to olfaction
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AmygdaloidAmygdaloid ComplexComplexAlmond shaped structure in theAlmond shaped structure in theRostromedial temporal lobeRostromedial temporal lobe, deep, deepto theto the uncusuncus
Rostral to anterior end ofRostral to anterior end of
temporal horn of lateral ventricaltemporal horn of lateral ventrical
Composed of multiple nuclei thatComposed of multiple nuclei thatare grouped into:are grouped into:
Basolateral amygdalaBasolateral amygdala interconnected with cortical areasinterconnected with cortical areas
Corticomedial (AKA extendedCorticomedial (AKA extendedamygdala)amygdala) closely related toclosely related toolfactionolfaction
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AmygdaloidAmygdaloid Complex:Complex:AfferentsAfferents
aso a era uc e :aso a era uc e :
Prefrontal cortexPrefrontal cortex cingulate/prahippocampalgyricingulate/prahippocampalgyri, temporal lobe andinsular cortex, temporal lobe andinsular cortex
Dorsal thalamusDorsal thalamus
SubiculumSubiculum
CorticomedialCorticomedialNucleiNuclei
Olfactory fibers fromOlfactory fibers fromhypothalamushypothalamus
Thalamus (Thalamus (dorsomedialdorsomedialand median nuclei)and median nuclei)
Brainstem nucleiBrainstem nucleiassociated with visceralassociated with visceralfunctions (functions (ieie. NTS and. NTS andperiaquiductalperiaquiductal grey)grey)
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Septalnuclei
Stria terminalis
AmygdalaHypothalamus
ACAC
Pre-commissuralPre-commissural
Post-commissuralPost-commissural
Amygdaloid Complex:Amygdaloid Complex: EfferentsEfferents --??????
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Septalnuclei
Stria terminalis
AmygdalaHypothalamus
ACAC
Pre-commissuralPre-commissural
Post-commissuralPost-commissural
AmygdaloidAmygdaloid Complex:Complex: EfferentsEfferents --StriaterminalisStriaterminalis
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Lesions/deficits ofLesions/deficits ofAmygdaloidAmygdaloid ComplexComplex
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Hippocampal formationHippocampal formationLocated in theLocated in the ??????Superior/lateralSuperior/lateral aspectsaspectsare the floor of the inferiorare the floor of the inferiorhorn of the lateralhorn of the lateralventricleventricle
Inferior/medialInferior/medial border isborder isentorhinal cortexentorhinal cortex
RostralRostralborder isAmygdalaborder isAmygdala
CaudallyCaudally becomesbecomes
continuous with the fornixcontinuous with the fornixbelow the splenium of thebelow the splenium of thecorpus callosum.corpus callosum.
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Hippocampal formationHippocampal formationLocated in theLocated in the medialmedialtemporal lobetemporal lobe
Superior/lateralSuperior/lateral aspectsaspectsare the floor of the inferiorare the floor of the inferiorhorn of the lateralhorn of the lateralventricleventricle
Inferior/medialInferior/medial border isborder isentorhinal cortexentorhinal cortex
RostralRostralborder isAmygdalaborder isAmygdala
CaudallyCaudally becomesbecomescontinuous with the fornixcontinuous with the fornixbelow the splenium of thebelow the splenium of thecorpus callosum.corpus callosum.
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Hippocampal formationHippocampal formationLocated in the medialLocated in the medialtemporal lobetemporal lobe
Superior/lateralSuperior/lateral aspectsaspectsare the floor of the inferiorare the floor of the inferiorhorn of the lateralhorn of the lateralventricleventricle
Inferior/medialInferior/medial border isborder isentorhinalentorhinal cortexcortex
RostralRostralborder isAmygdalaborder isAmygdala
CaudallyCaudally becomesbecomescontinuous with the fornixcontinuous with the fornixbelow thebelow the spleniumsplenium of theof thecorpuscorpus callosumcallosum..
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HippocampalHippocampal
formation cont.formation cont.
Allocortex of BrodmannAllocortex of Brodmann
??????
Narrow band along medialNarrow band along medialaspect of hippaspect of hipp
Receives most cortical inputsReceives most cortical inputs
?????? Between DG and subiculumBetween DG and subiculum
AKA hippocampus proper,AKA hippocampus proper,Ammons hornAmmons horn
????????
Laterally continuous with cortexLaterally continuous with cortexof parahippocampal gyrusof parahippocampal gyrus
Loci of most efferent cell ofLoci of most efferent cell ofhippocampal formationhippocampal formation
Hippocampus
Subiculum
DentateGyrus
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HippocampalHippocampal
formation cont.formation cont.
Allocortex of BrodmannAllocortex of Brodmann
Dentate gyrusDentate gyrus
Narrow band along medialNarrow band along medialaspect of hippaspect of hipp
Receives most cortical inputsReceives most cortical inputs
HippocampusHippocampus Between DG and subiculumBetween DG and subiculum
AKA hippocampus proper,AKA hippocampus proper,Ammons hornAmmons horn
SubiculumSubiculum
Laterally continuous with cortexLaterally continuous with cortexof parahippocampal gyrusof parahippocampal gyrus
Loci of most efferent cell ofLoci of most efferent cell ofhippocampal formationhippocampal formation
Hippocampus
Subiculum
DentateGyrus
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HippocampalHippocampalAfferentsAfferents
??????
Information from all associationInformation from all associationareas of neocortexareas of neocortex
Entorhinal cortex consideredEntorhinal cortex consideredgateway to the hippocampusgateway to the hippocampus
??????
Hypothalamus,SeptumHypothalamus,Septum (ACh),(ACh),and contralateral hippocampusand contralateral hippocampus
??????
Midbrain reticular formationMidbrain reticular formation Raphe nucleiRaphe nuclei (serotonergic)(serotonergic)
Locus Ceruleus (norepinephrine)Locus Ceruleus (norepinephrine)
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HippocampalHippocampalAfferentsAfferents
Entorhinal cortex (PerforantEntorhinal cortex (PerforantPathway)Pathway)
Information from all associationInformation from all associationareas of neocortexareas of neocortex
Entorhinal cortex consideredEntorhinal cortex consideredgateway to the hippocampusgateway to the hippocampus
FornixFornix
Hypothalamus,SeptumHypothalamus,Septum (ACh),(ACh),and contralateral hippocampusand contralateral hippocampus
Diffuse midbrain afferentsDiffuse midbrain afferents
Midbrain reticular formationMidbrain reticular formation Raphe nucleiRaphe nuclei (serotonergic)(serotonergic)
Locus Ceruleus (norepinephrine)Locus Ceruleus (norepinephrine)
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HippocampalHippocampal
Formation EfferentsFormation Efferents
Efferent cells (Efferent cells (??????))
??????, pyramidal cell of hippocampus, pyramidal cell of hippocampus(lesser)(lesser)
?????? ??????????????????
Fornix projectionsFornix projections ?????? (to contralateral hippocampus)(to contralateral hippocampus)
Anterior commissure divides:Anterior commissure divides:
?????? (terminations)(terminations)
Mammillary nucleus (majority)Mammillary nucleus (majority)
Thalamus (anterior dorsal)Thalamus (anterior dorsal)
Hypothalamus (ventromedial)Hypothalamus (ventromedial)
?????? (trerminations)(trerminations)
Septal nuclei, medial frontal cortex,Septal nuclei, medial frontal cortex,hypothalamus, nucleus accumbenshypothalamus, nucleus accumbens
From the hippocampus pyramidal cellsFrom the hippocampus pyramidal cells
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HippocampalHippocampal
Formation EfferentsFormation Efferents
Efferent cells (Efferent cells (GlutamatergicGlutamatergic))
SubiculumSubiculum, pyramidal cell of, pyramidal cell ofhippocampus (lesser)hippocampus (lesser)
AxonsAxons alveusalveusFimbriaFimbriaFonixFonix
Fornix projectionsFornix projections Hippocampal decussationHippocampal decussation (to(to
contralateral hippocampus)contralateral hippocampus)
Anterior commissure divides:Anterior commissure divides:
Postcommissural fornixPostcommissural fornix (terminations)(terminations)
Mammillary nucleus (majority)Mammillary nucleus (majority)
Thalamus (anterior dorsal)Thalamus (anterior dorsal)
Hypothalamus (ventromedial)Hypothalamus (ventromedial)
Precommissural fornixPrecommissural fornix (trerminations)(trerminations)
Septal nuclei, medial frontal cortex,Septal nuclei, medial frontal cortex,hypothalamus, nucleus accumbenshypothalamus, nucleus accumbens
From the hippocampus pyramidal cellsFrom the hippocampus pyramidal cells
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Acetyl CholineAcetyl Choline
Limbic control of MemoryLimbic control of MemoryAssociation
Cortex
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Lesions/deficits of Hippocampal Form.Lesions/deficits of Hippocampal Form.
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Lesions/deficits of Hippocampal Form.Lesions/deficits of Hippocampal Form.
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Limbic System Structures/Limbic System Structures/FunctFunct..
??????: Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli: Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli
such as those related to reward and fear in addition to social functions suchsuch as those related to reward and fear in addition to social functions such
as mating.as mating.
??????: Required for the formation of long: Required for the formation of long--term memoriesterm memories
??????: Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory and is part of the: Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory and is part of thehippocampushippocampus
??????: Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure and: Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure and
cognitive and attentional processingcognitive and attentional processing
??????: Major white matter tract, carries signals from the hippocampus to the: Major white matter tract, carries signals from the hippocampus to the
mammillary bodies and septal nucleimammillary bodies and septal nuclei involved in memory formation.involved in memory formation.
??????: Regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and: Regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and
release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst,release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst,
sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cyclesexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cycle
??????: The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex: The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex
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Limbic System Structures/Limbic System Structures/FunctFunct..
AmygdalaAmygdala: Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant: Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant
stimuli such as those related to reward and fear in addition to socialstimuli such as those related to reward and fear in addition to social
functions such as mating.functions such as mating.
HippocampusHippocampus: Required for the formation of long: Required for the formation of long--term memoriesterm memories
Parahippocampal gyrusParahippocampal gyrus: Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory and: Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory andis part of the hippocampusis part of the hippocampus
Cingulate gyrusCingulate gyrus: Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure: Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure
and cognitive and attentional processingand cognitive and attentional processing
FornixFornix: Major white matter tract, carries signals from the hippocampus to the: Major white matter tract, carries signals from the hippocampus to the
mammillary bodies and septal nucleimammillary bodies and septal nuclei involved in memory formation.involved in memory formation.
HypothalamusHypothalamus: Regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone: Regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone
production and release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate,production and release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate,
hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cyclehunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cycle
ThalamusThalamus: The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex: The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex
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Limbic System Structures/Limbic System Structures/FunctFunct..
??????: Important for the formation of memory: Important for the formation of memory
??????: secretes hormones regulating homeostasis: secretes hormones regulating homeostasis
??????: thought to contribute to new memories and to regulate: thought to contribute to new memories and to regulate
happiness.happiness.
??? cortex and ?????? cortex and ???: Receive smell input in the olfactory system.: Receive smell input in the olfactory system.
??????: Region encompassing the cingulate, hippocampus, and: Region encompassing the cingulate, hippocampus, andparahippocampal gyrusparahippocampal gyrus
??????:Olfactory sensory input
:Olfactory sensory input
??????: Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction: Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
??????: Required for decision making: Required for decision making
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Limbic System Structures/Limbic System Structures/FunctFunct..
Mammillary bodyMammillary body: Important for the formation of memory: Important for the formation of memory
Pituitary glandPituitary gland: secretes hormones regulating homeostasis: secretes hormones regulating homeostasis
Dentate gyrusDentate gyrus: thought to contribute to new memories and to: thought to contribute to new memories and to
regulate happiness.regulate happiness.
Entorhinal cortex and piriform cortexEntorhinal cortex and piriform cortex: Receive smell input in the: Receive smell input in theolfactory system.olfactory system.
Fornicate gyrusFornicate gyrus: Region encompassing the cingulate,: Region encompassing the cingulate,hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrushippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus
Olfactory bulbOlfactory bulb: Olfactory sensory input: Olfactory sensory input
Nucleus accumbensNucleus accumbens: Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction: Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
Orbitofrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortex: Required for decision making: Required for decision making