Werner Weiss

SYSTEM CONCEPTSAND APPLICATIONS

AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE IN TEC)A-8200 Gleisdorf, Feldgasse 19AUSTRIA

PLASTIC ABSORBERS

SWIMMING POOL SYSTEM

SWIMMING POOL SYSTEM

SWIMMING POOL SYSTEM

The energy demand of an outdoor pool is mostlyinfluenced by the water temperature.

The largest losses are the surface of the pools.

That is the reason why the size of the absorber areaThat is the reason why the size of the absorber areais given as a proportion of the total water surfacearea.

As a rule of thumb, this should be between 80 and100% of the pool area for weather conditions incentral Europe.

Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation

storagetank

Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation

absorber

Direct system, horizontal storage tank

Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation

hot water

Insulation hot water storage tank

Thermosyphon Systems for Hot Water Preparation

hot collector pipe

cold collector pipe

cold collector pipe

cold water inlet

THERMOSYPHON SYSTEM - China

THERMOSYPHON SYSTEMS

Non pressurized storage tanks

THERMOSYPHON SYSTEMS

Water conditions suitable or open circle systems

Description Maximum Recommended LevelPh 6.5 - 8.5TDS 600 mg/lTotal Hardness 200 mg/lTotal Hardness 200 mg/lChlorides 300 mg/lMagnesium 10 mg/lCalcium 12 mg/lSodium 150 mg/lIron 1 mg/l

Source: Solar Edwards, Australia

INDIRECT SYSTEM

Domestic Hot Water System with Forced Circulation

Domestic Hot Water System with Forced Circulation

HYDRAULIC SCHEME OF A SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEM

hot water3bar

°C/bar

collector area

°C

5

6

escape valve

1

thermometer

pressure relief valve

thermometer and pressure gaugelock valve

gravity brake

circulation pump

7

6

5

4

3

2

°C

tank

storage

cold water

1

2

3

5

7

10

8

4

fill and empty valve

expansion tank

thermometer

9

8

7

Solar Combisystems

PreconditionsPreconditions

andandandand

RequirementsRequirements

Solar Combisystems

5,4

6,3

7,2

8,1

9,0

[kWh/m²] Solar-Radiation

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

Total: 1126.91kWh/m²

0,0

0,9

1,8

2,7

3,6

4,5

2000

2500

3000

[kWh/month] Excess irradiation Excess consumption

Usable solar energy Irradiation

Reference consumption

3000

2500

2000

Solar Combisystems

0

500

1000

1500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1500

1000

500

0

1

2

3

1

Space HeatingSpace Heating

Flow temperature: 30 - 50 °CReturn temperature: 20 - 40 °C

Solar Combisystems

Demand:• is not always corresponding to the solar

irradiation

• varies in dependence of ambient temperature, passive solar gains and the internal gains of the

building

System using the thermal mass of the building to st ore the heat

M

Solar Combisystems

E N E R G Y S U P P L Y T R A N S F E R , S T O R A G E , C O N T R O L A N D D IS T R IB U T IO N L O A D

M

M

S A H 1 (H 2)

Using the space heating store to store the heat

Solar Combisystems

E N E R G Y S U P P L Y T R A N S F E R , S T O R A G E , C O N T R O L A N D D IS T R IB U T IO N L O A D

M

S A H 1 D H W

From

Complex

Solar Combisystems

Complex

Designs…

…to

Compact

Solar Combisystems

Products

Solar Combisystems

Multi Family Houses Market Penetration

1,9 MioHauptwohnsitze

80

90

100

110

Pot

enzi

al u

nd M

arkt

durc

hdrin

gung

[%]

.

~ 1 ProzentDurchdringung

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Geschoßwohnbauten

Pot

enzi

al u

nd M

arkt

durc

hdrin

gung

[%]

Geschoß-

wohnbauten

Solutions for Existing Buildings

Development of System Concepts1st Generation - Solar Plant Concepts for MFH(Concept for a small number of flats)

Kolle

ktorfe

ld

KW

Rau

mhe

izung

TrinkwasserspeicherDomestic hot water tanks

cold water

circ

ulat

ion

Spa

ce h

eatin

gHot

wat

er

Kessel

KWcold water

Spa

ce h

eatin

g

Boiler

2nd Generation - Solar Plant Concepts for MFH

Kolle

ktorfe

ld

T2

T3

Energiespeicher

Raumheizung

War

mw

ass

er

Bereitschafts- speicher

Zir

kula

tion

Development of System Concepts

Energy store (buffer)

DHW tank

Space heating

circ

ulat

ion

Hot

wat

er

T2

Kessel

KW

W

Boiler

Solar Plant Concepts for MFH

Kolle

ktorfe

ld

T2

T3

Energiespeicher

Kaltwasser

Kaltwasser

Warmwasser

Boiler

Boiler

Energy store (buffer)

DHW tank

cold waterhot water

cold water

Heat distribution via 2-pipe network Domestic hot water preparation via decentralised storage tanksPreferred concept for row houses (low energy density)

Kessel

Kaltwasser

Warmwasser

Warmwasser

BoilerBoiler

cold waterhot water

cold waterhot water

Kolle

ktorfe

ld

T2

T3

Energiespeicher

Kaltwasser

Warmwasser

Warmwasser

Solar Plant Concepts for MFH

Energy store (buffer)

cold water

hot water

cold water

Kessel

Kaltwasser

Kaltwasser

Warmwasser

Warmwasser

� Heat distribution via a 2-pipe network� Decentralised instant hot water preparation� Concept for „high energy density) MFH

Boiler

cold water

hot water

cold water

hot water

Compact Heat Distribution Units

Netz VL

Netz RL

Warmwasser

Kaltwasser

1 Absperrventil2 Rückschlagklappe3 Sicherheitsventil

6 Differenzdruckregler7 Zählerpassstück8 Zonenventil

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

2 3

4

5

67 8

910°C

45°C

65°C

20 - 40°C

10

Heizung VL

Heizung RL

65°C

25 - 40°C

3 Sicherheitsventil4 Durchflussgesteuerter

Temperaturregler5 Rücklauftemperaturbegrenzer

8 Zonenventil9 Passstück Kaltwasser10 Zirkulationsbrücke

70

80

90

100

T-Netz-VL T-Netz-RL T-Solarsek.-VL T-Solarsek.-RL T-Puffer-VL

Advantages of 2-pipe networks

Return flow nearly constant at 30°C Ideal conditions for solar thermal systems

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

27.10.03 00:00 28.10.03 00:00 29.10.03 00:00 30.10.03 00:00 31.10.03 00:00 01.11.03 00:00 02.11.03 00:00 03.1 1.03 00:00

Tem

pera

tur

[°C]

� Distribution losses minimized

� Provides in all cases integration into the space

heating system

Advantages of 2 pipe concepts

� No problems concerning legionnaires disease

� Easy counting of delivered energy for each flat

due to integrated heat meters

� Prefabricated heat transfer stations reduce the

labour cost, easy and faultless installation

Solar Fraction

Total Heat Demand

[%]

Solar Fraction

Hot Water Demand

[%]

Collectorarea

[m² per Person]

Storagevolume

[Litre / m² collector area]

Dimensioning: Cost/Performance 15 - 20 50 - 60 0,9 - 1,4 50 - 70

Dimensioning of Collector area and Storage Volume

Cost/Performance Optimum

15 - 20 50 - 60 0,9 - 1,4 50 - 70

Dimensioning with approx. 100% Solar fraction in Summer

25 - 30 70 - 75 1,8 - 2,2 60 - 80

System Monitoring

Energie-

Wärmeverteilung für56 Wohneinheiten

36 kW Brauchwasserbereitung

WMZ n

Kolle

ktorfl

äche

120

m²

Neigu

ng 3

0°

TKoll

TSol RL

TSol VL

Daten-logger

TSek VL TPo

TAussen

Energie-speicher7.500 l

36 kW Brauchwasserbereitung

Kaltwasser

Warmwasser

WMZ n

Brauchwasserbereitung

Kaltwasser

WarmwasserTSek RL

WMZSolar

TPm

TPu

AutomatischerSystemwart

TNH RL

TNH VL

WMZ NH

Gas-brennwert-kessel225 kW

WMZ Netz

TNetz VL

TNetz RL

Wärmeverteilnetztemperaturen (Vorlauf und Rücklauf) von 7 Objekten.

45

50

55

60

65

70

Sys

tem

tem

pera

tur

[°C]

Flow and return temperatures

ca. 55-65°C

Flow and return temperatures of 7 multi family hous es

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

20

25

30

35

40

45

15.2.2005 00:00 16.2.2005 00:00 17.2.2005 00:00 18.2.2 005 00:00 19.2.2005 00:00 20.2.2005 00:00 21.2.2005 00 :00

Sys

tem

tem

pera

tur

[°C]

ca. 25-37°C

Low return temperatures of 30°C are necessary for a n optimised operation of solar thermal systems

Tem

pera

ture

[

System Efficiency –Annual system utilization

Ecellent system utilization between 80 and 90% are possible with 2-pipe networks!

[%]

Pipe losses

Hot water

Sys

tem

Util

izat

ion

[%]

Store in Store out Energy in distr. net Useful energy

Storage losses

Space Heating

Solar heat

Auxiliary heat

More Information:More Information:

The book:

Solar Combisystems

Solar Heating Systems for Houses

A Design Handbook for Solar Combisystems

Mluti-familiy Houses

This Design handbook is available for This Design handbook is available for €€ 29,80 at 29,80 at www.aee.at www.aee.at

Local District Heating - Steinfurt-Borghorst, Germany

Source: ITW, University Stuttgart

Kaltwasser

Hydraulische Weicheoder Pufferspeicher

Heiz-

kessel

TW ZK

Heizzentrale

Kollektorfeld

Kollektorfeld

Wärme-übergabe-station

Wärme-übergabe-station

Local District Heating with Seasonal Storage

Wärmeübergabestation mitdirekter Heizungsanbindung

und Trinkwasserbereitungim Durchflußprinzip

Wärmeübergabestation mitindirekter Heizungseinbindung

und Trinkwasserbereitungmit Speicherladesystem

KaltwasserKaltwasser

Langzeit-

Wärmespeicher

Solarnetz

Wärmeverteilnetz

Source: ITW, University Stuttgart

Kies-Wasser-WärmespeicherHeißwasser-Wärmespeicher

Seasonal Heat Storages

Erdsonden-Wärmespeicher Aquifer-Wärmespeicher

District Heating – 1 MW th, Graz

District Heating – 1 MW th, Graz

District Heating – 3MW th, AEVG, Graz, Austria

Solar District HeatingSolar District Heating –– Marstal, DKMarstal, DK –– 13 13 MWth