Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) Review 09 11 March 2010 Monitoring of IR Clear-sky Radiances over Oceans for SST (MICROS) Alexander Ignatov 1 and XingMing Liang 2 1 NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, 2 Colorado State University/CIRA References 1. Introduction MICROS is a web-based Near-Real Time tool to monitor Model (Community Radiative Transfer Model, CRTM) minus Observation (AVHRR) biases in clear-sky brightness temperatures (BT) over oceans, produced by the Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans (ACSPO). MICROS has been in routine use since July 2008 with AVHRR data from NOAA-16, -17, -18, -19 and MetOp-A. Input to MICROS is global analysis SST (Reynolds, OSTIA) and NCEP/GFS upper air fields. 3. ACSPO versions tested in MICROS since July 2008 Introduce the MICROS system (Liang et al., 2009, 2010). Test the improvements in ACSPO versions. Demonstrate utility of MICROS to monitor satellite radiances over clear-sky ocean for stability and cross-platform consistency. Preliminarily evaluate CRTM daytime performance using MICROS. 2. Objectives Weekly SST AVHRR SST CRTM r577 CRTM v.1.1 CRTM r577 Warm M-O biases are due to a combined effect of not included aerosols; using bulk SST (instead of skin); using daily mean Reynolds to represent nighttime SST; residual cloud. Cross-platform DDs (e.g, Strow et al, 2008; Wang and Wu, 2008) in BTs and SSTs cancel out many errors (CRTM errors, uncertainties in input SST, GFS, missing aerosol, etc). DD patterns suggest that they are mainly due to errors in sensor calibration and spectral response functions. Largest systematic errors are in N-18 Ch4 and N-19 (all bands). A simple diurnal variability and bulk-to-skin model is needed to adjust Reynolds SST at night, to help more accurately estimate the cross-sensor biases using the DD technique. CRTM v.1.1 ACSPO v1.00: uses CRTM r577 in conjunction with Reynolds 1 weekly SST and NCEP/GFS 1 6hr fields to produce model BTs; Fresnels surface emissivity model; Ordinary CRTM coefficients. ACSPO v1.02: uses CRTM v.1.1 in conjunction with Reynolds 0.25 daily SST; Wu-Smith (1997) emissivity model; Planck-Weighted CRTM coefficients. ACSPO v1.10: uses improved cloud mask (Petrenko et al., 2009). Also, day/night flag switches now at solar zenith angle of 90 (v1.00/1.02: 85) Using CRTM v1.1 instead of rev577 improves the satellite view zenith angle dependencies, and brings NOAA-16 Ch3B in family (Liu et al., 2009). Using daily Reynolds instead of weekly SST in ACSPO v1.02 significantly improves global STDs. Note that NOAA-16 Ch3B remains out of family. Figure 1. Global distributions, histograms and view zenith angle dependencies of the M-O biases for 24 hours of nighttime data on 14 July 2008 for MetOp-A Ch3B. CRTM r Nighttime BT and SST Biases and Double Differences (DD) BT and SST Biases Double Differences (DD) V1.00 V1.02 V1.10 V1.00 V1.02 V1.10 V1.00 V1.02 V1.10 V1.00V1.02 V1.10 Inaccurate solar reflectance model used in CRTM v1 results in unrealistic cold M-O bias ~-20 K in the sun glint areas and a smaller warm bias ~+5 K outside glint in AVHRR Ch3B band centered at 3.7 m. Using a physical specular reflectance model (Breon, 1993; Gordon, 1997) dramatically improves the daytime M-O biases. Figure 2. Global M-O distribution and sun glint angle dependencies for NOAA18 Ch3B on 13 Dec (top) CRTM v1; (bottom) CRTM v2. Nighttime BT and SST biases are largely consistent (except for NOAA-16). Remaining short-term variability of several tenths kelvin is likely caused by residual instabilities in Reynolds SST. Double-differencing (DD) technique can help establishing cross-sensor calibration links and contribute to the Global Satellite-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS). Cross-platform nighttime DDs are large and variable for NOAA-16 due to sensor calibration issues. For other platforms, DDs are typically within several hundredths kelvin, except for NOAA-18 Ch4 and NOAA-19 where DD~ K. Work is underway to reconcile the observed nighttime cross-platform DDs by improving AVHRR calibration, and incorporating a simple diurnal variability (e.g., Kennedy et al., 2007) and bulk-to-skin model (e.g. Donlon et al., 2002). The new reflectance model was proposed based on MICROS analyses and implemented in CRTM v2. MICROS: 5. CRTM daytime performance in Ch3B 6. Conclusion and Future Work Breon, F.M., 1993, RSE, 43, Donlon et al, 2002: JClim, 15, Gordon, H. R., 1997, JGR, 102, Kennedy, J.J., P. Brohan, and F.B. Tett, 2007: GRL, 34. Liang, X.-M., A. Ignatov, and Y. Kihai, 2009a: JGR, 114. Liang, X.-M and A. Ignatov, 2009b: JGR, to be submitted. Liu, Q, et al, 2009: JTech, doi: /2009JTECHA Petrenko, B., et al, 2009: 38th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, JP1.12. Strow, L., et al, 2008: EUMETSAT, Sep (http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/hsr/meetings/2008/presentations/ Larrabee_Strow.pdf )http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/hsr/meetings/2008/presentations/ Larrabee_Strow.pdf Wang, L. and X. Wu, 2008: GSICS Quarterly, 2, 4, 4-4. Wu, X. and W. L. Smith, 1997: Appl. Opt., 36, 26092618. V1.00 V1.02 V1.00V1.02 V1.10 V1.00V1.02 V1.10 V1.00V1.02 V1.10