Cambridge University Press Bilateral and WTO Negotiations...

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Adlung, Rolf, 199, 200Aghion, Philippe, 48agriculture, 21, 139–40, 719Air Asia, 268Air Asia X, 268air services, 6–7

air service agreements, 282–97cargo transport, 292concentration of traffic, 287dual approval of tariffs, 288–9exchange of statistics, 289fifth freedom rights, 290–1history of liberalization, 294–7plurilateral agreements, 292–4restrictions, 288–9seventh freedom rights, 291state of liberalization, 287–94types, 284, 289WASA database, 282

airport management, 271, 276Bermuda II, 264Chicago Convention (1944), 273,

294competition, 268–72developing countries, 298exclusion from GATS, 272–5

computer reservations exception,273–4

exceptions, 273–4repair and maintenance

exception, 273selling and marketing exception,

274GATS classification, 725–6maintenance, 270, 273MALIAT, 293, 297, 298open skies agreements, 264, 273, 282

PTAs, 277–82QUASAR, 266

Air Liberalization Index, 284methodology, 283–7, 288, 292plurilateral agreements, 292–4

regulation, 264single market areas, 264–6specialty air services, 278state of industry, 266–72

top ten airlines, 269strategic alliances, 271WTO liberalization, 272–7

airport management, 276commitments, 275–6GATS exclusion, 272–5ground handling, 276plurilateral requests, 277

yield management techniques, 289airport management, 271, 276Albania, 327Algeria, WTO accession, 406Amazon, 354Amiti, Mary, 192Amorın, Carlos, 532ANC, 583, 584Andean Community,

Colombia and, 509, 512, 515–17membership, 507MFN treatment, 123negotiations with Mercosur, 508

Anderson, Robert, 11, 435–73APEC, 609arbitration, 117–19architectural services, 212–14, 720Argentina,

ABEIP, 517audiovisual services,

727

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-73591-9 - Opening Markets for Trade in Services: Countries and Sectors inBilateral and WTO NegotiationsEdited by Juan A. Marchetti and Martin RoyIndexMore information

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Argentina (cont.),Doha Round, 362film industry, 342PTAs, 372television market, 350, 351

Buenos Aires airport, 272Doha Round, 718

audiovisual, 362distribution services, 252financial services, 328

energy services, 432financial crisis (2002), 518GATS commitments, 533population, 509postal services, 394, 400, 403PTAs,

assessment, 85audiovisual, 372mode 4, 496postal services, 394

regional leadership, 517, 528trade in services, 186Union of Services Exporters, 687Uruguay and, 510, 511, 518

Arias, Oscar, 540Arnold, Jens Matthias, 37, 38ASEAN,

air services agreements, 293audiovisual, Doha Round, 362Australia FTA, 652China PTAs, GATS comparison, 117India and, 609PTAs,

assessment, 85energy services, 427–8Framework Agreement, 119, 647GATSþ, 119

Singapore and, 610Singapore PTA, 86telecommunications, 166

Astori, Danilo, 527, 528, 532audiovisual services,

characteristics, 341–52film industry, 342–7music industry, 351–2television, 348–51

developing countries, film industry,345–6

Doha Round, 361GATS classification, 722GATS commitments, 355–8piracy, 346PTAs, 340–1, 362–72

assessment, 89–90, 91, 373–4scope, 341sensitive sector, 6, 63, 340technological changes, 352–5trade restrictions,

content quotas, 358–9cultural objectives, 358–61foreign equity ceilings, 360subsidies, 361–2

AUSFTA, 73agriculture, 657–8audiovisual services, 363, 367, 368China and, 658distribution services, 258economic impact on Australia, 659energy services, 422–3FDI, 646, 653–4financial services, 332government procurement,

462, 469mode 4, 487, 488negative listing, 643professional services, 525sensitive sectors, 644services liberalization, 644–6

Australia,ANZCERTA, 643ASEAN FTA, 652audiovisual services,

Doha Round, 362film market, 347television market, 350

Campbell Inquiry, 640–1distribution services,

Doha negotiations, 252GATS commitments, 239

energy services,GATS commitments, 417liberalization, 429

FDI screening, 95GCC FTA, 652multilateral liberalization, 12

Doha Round, 252, 362

728 index






redirection to PTAs, 637Uruguay Round, 656

openness, 12PTAs,

assessment, 85cross-border services, 204financial services, 330government procurement, 450mode 4, 493–4negotiations, 13, 14redirection of trade policy to, 637services liberalization, 643–6,

655–60strategy, 13trade share, 91

services, significance, 634–5services liberalization, 640–7

air services, 297, 641, 642assessment, 651–4Doha Round, 646dynamic drivers, 654–60FDI, 641–2, 644financial services, 640, 642media, 641PTAs, 643–6selectivity, 633–4shipping, 642telecoms, 641unilateral, 640–3

Singapore FTA. SeeAustralia–Singapore FTA

telecoms,GATS commitments, 170liberalization, 641negotiations, 161

Thailand compared, 15–16Thailand FTA. See

Thailand–Australia FTAUS FTA. See AUSFTA

Australia–Singapore FTA,audiovisual services, 371commencement, 644distribution services, 257energy services, 423government procurement, 455, 462mode 4, 493–4negative listing, 643postal services, 399

services liberalization, 644telecoms, 174

Austria, 352Azerbaijan, 406

Bahrain,energy services, 431US FTA, 72

architectural services, 208audiovisual, 363, 366, 370cross-border business services, 212distribution services, 254energy services, 422–3government procurement, 469

Baldwin, Richard, 137Bangaloring, 187–8Bangladesh, 53Bank of America, 303banking industry

See also financial servicesBasel core principles, 310cross-border restrictions, 322global picture, 303internationalization, 312–14South–South trade, 314–15state-owned banks, 307supervision, 307top global banks, 303

Barbados, 186Barth, James, 51Basel Committee, 51, 310Battle, Jorge, 527, 528Baumol, William, 24–5Bayraktar, Nihal, 40Belgium, 244, 348Benavente, Dolores, 531Bergsten, Fred, 115Bermuda, 305Bhagwati, Jagdish, 33, 115, 129, 141Bhutan–India FTA, 607Biase, Hector di, 531–2Bitran,Eduardo, 670BNP Paribas, 303Bolivia, 391, 509, 515Bosworth, Barry, 25Bosworth, Malcolm, 15–16,

633–62Bradford, Scott, 227

index 729






Brazil,ABEIP, 517audiovisual services,

content quotas, 358Doha Round, 362film industry, 342music industry, 351music market, 352PTAs, 372

business services, 31devaluation of currency, 518distribution services,

Doha negotiations, 252PTAs, 257

Doha Round, 718audiovisual, 362distribution, 252Hong Kong Ministerial, 139

energy services, liberalization, 432financial services,

GATS commitments, 327reinsurance monopoly, 321

population, 509PTAs, 73

assessment, 85audiovisual, 372distribution, 257government procurement, 469mode 4, 496postal services, 394

regional leadership, 508, 517,519, 528

trade in services, 186British Airports Authority, 272British Airways, 271Brunei, 496, 688Bulgaria, 235Bush, George W., 527, 532, 538business process outsourcing, 31, 188business services,

developing countries, 31–3Doha Round offers, 70economic growth and, 23GATS classification, 720–2global trends, 31PTAs, cross-border services,

211–12RCA index, 31

CACM, 541–2Cafe au lait group, 506CAFTA-DR,

agriculture, Costa Rica, 556annexes, 562Costa Rica and Dominican Republic,

16, 538coverage, 570cross-border movement, 564cross-border services, 564–5distribution services,

Costa Rica, 559, 569–70Dominican Republic, 559–60liberalization, 569–70

e-commerce, 565energy, Costa Rica, 411express delivery, 569financial services,

Dominican Republic, 560–1liberalization, 568–9

government procurement,462, 469

Costa Rica, 463insurance,

Costa Rica, 554–5, 557–8,567–8

liberalization, 567–8investment, 565liberalizing aspects, 566–70negative listing, 561–3negotiations,

Costa Rican issues, 540, 552–8Dominican issues, 558–61factual context, 538–40integration of Dominican

Republic, 539motivations, 547–8objectives, 549–50organization, 550–2outcomes, 561–70sensitive issues, 552–61

professional services, 564Costa Rica, 562–3

public monopolies and, 133telecoms, 174

Costa Rica, 166, 549, 552–5,556–7, 566–7

Dominican Republic, 560

730 index






Guatemala, 166liberalization, 566–7Nicaragua, 166

template, 550transparency, 562–3, 565–6

Cairns Group, 509, 531Calderon, Cesar, 23call centres, 203, 316, 579Cambodia, 117, 166, 417, 496Campbell Inquiry, 640–1Canada

See also NAFTAaudiovisual services,

Doha Round, 362film industry, 342, 345television market, 350, 351

Chile FTA,audiovisual, 365, 372financial services, 690impact, 682, 702NAFTA model, 689

Costa Rica FTA, 542distribution services,

Doha negotiations, 252GATS commitments, 235, 239

GDP growth and ICT, 25–6outsourcing to, 190postal services,

NAFTA disputes, 402PTAs, 394

Canalþ, 354Caprio, Gerard, 51Caribbean Basin Initiative, 547–8, 558CARICOM, 543, 544Carzaniga, Antonia, 9–10, 475–501Casino, 249Cassim, R., 575Cencosud, 230CGE analyses, impact of services

liberalization, 42–4Changi airport, 603Chaudhuri, Sumanta, 10–11Chavez, Hugo, 507Chicago Convention (1944), 273, 294Chile,

Canada FTA,audiovisual, 365, 372financial services, 690

impact, 682, 702NAFTA model, 689

Coalition for Cultural Diversity, 695Costa Rica FTA, 543–4

audiovisual, 371cross-border architectural

services, 213energy, 424financial services, 329government procurement, 463,

470mode 4, 495–6negotiations, 542–3

cultural exceptions, 678, 695distribution services, 230


Doha Round,audiovisual, 362distribution, 252services liberalization,

685–7, 718EC FTA, 131

energy, 425–6, 431financial services, 329, 699government procurement, 455impact, 682insurance, 208mode 4, 493, 698overview, 698–9postal services, 398, 400telecoms, 171, 699

economic reforms, 15, 668–73FDI, 672–3financial services, 671–2privatizations, 669–71

EFTA FTA,energy, 411, 424–5, 431financial services, 329, 690mode 4, 492postal services, 400reciprocity, 86

El Salvador FTA,audiovisual, 371energy, 424financial services, 329government procurement, 455,

463, 470

index 731






Chile (cont.),mode 4, 495–6

energy services, liberalization, 431export targets, 12financial services,

PTAs, 330, 690–1registration of intermediaries,

334ground handling services, 276Japan FTA, financial services, 690Korea PTA,

audiovisual, 371energy, 424, 431financial services, 329government procurement, 455,

462MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 495–6telecoms, 173

MAT insurance, 95openness, 12outsourcing to, 191PTAs, 72

assessment, 85, 86, 699–702financial services, 330, 690–1GATS model, 688, 698–9government procurement, 450, 455mode 4, 495–6NAFTA model, 688, 688–97negotiations, 13, 14policy, 673–8professional services, 697services liberalization, 687–99strategy, 13, 15telecoms, 164

services hub, 12, 14services liberalization, 53

assessment, 699–702Doha Round, 685–7, 718GATS commitments, 685multilateralism, 683–7outlook, 678–82PTAs, 687–99

Singapore FTA, governmentprocurement, 455

tariff rates, 669telecoms,

EC FTA, 171, 699

negotiations, 161US FTA, 165, 697

trade policy, 673–82bilateral agreements, 673–8FDI, 678–82institutions, 676–7services sector, 678–82

UK FTA, research and development,216

US FTA,air services, 278audiovisual, 363, 367, 368–9distribution, 254energy, 422–3, 431financial services, 331, 697government procurement, 462,

463, 469impact, 682insurance, 130–1, 208market opening, 120MFN clause, 699mode 4, 486–7, 488–90, 564, 690overview, 689–97telecoms, 165, 697template, 507

China,air services,

airport management, 271US agreement, 297

audiovisual services,Doha Round, 362film industry, 342, 343, 346film market, 347GATS commitments, 357music market, 352

AUSFTA and, 658business services, 31cross-border services, 189, 197–8distribution services, 232–3

Doha negotiations, 252GATS commitments, 235, 237

Doha Round, 718audiovisual, 362distribution, 252financial services, 328

energy services,demand, 409, 410liberalization, 432

732 index






financial services,Doha Round, 328GATS commitments, 327PTAs, 332trade restrictions, 321

GATS commitments,audiovisual, 357distribution, 235, 237financial services, 327

Hong Kong and Macao CEPAs,audiovisual services, 371bargaining position, 132distribution services, 257energy services, 429financial services, 329mode 4, 496rules of origin, 125, 144

offshoring to, 190postal services,

express delivery, 388, 401–2monopoly, 385PTAs, 394

PTAs, 73ASEAN/GATS comparison, 117assessment, 85financial services, 332Hong Kong and Macao, 95,

98–100MFN treatment, 98–100postal services, 394strategy, 609

trade in services, 186transitional review mechanism, 145US FTA, audiovisual, 365

China Great Wall, 271Chinese Taipei,

audiovisual services, GATScommitments, 357

distribution services, Doha Round,252

financial services,GATS commitments, 327insurance, 304trade restrictions, 321

Panama FTA,energy, 424mode 4, 496telecoms, 173

Citigroup, 303, 306Clinton, Bill, 624, 688CODETEL, 560collective requests, 71, 135, 607, 716–18Collor de Mello, Fernando, 517Colombia,

Andean Community and, 507, 509,512, 515, 515–17

distribution services,Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235US–Colombia FTA, 254

Doha Round, 718audiovisual, 362distribution, 252financial services, 328telecoms, 161

domestic political economy, 519–27energy services,

GATS commitments, 416liberalization, 431US–Colombia FTA, 422–3

GATS commitments, 513distribution, 235energy, 416

macro economic profile, 509postal services, liberalization, 385PTAs,

negotiations, 14strategy, 13US. See US–Colombia FTA

services commitments, 513–19commission agents, 225Communist Party of South Africa, 583comparative advantage, 3, 44–6competition,

air transport services, 268–72anti-competitive practices, 49efficient regulation, 49postal services, 402services liberalization, 48telecommunications, 151–2, 170–7

Reference Paper, 181trade liberalization, 21, 635–6

computer services,PTAs,

assessment, 90cross-border services, 210–11

index 733






Cong, Pham, 40construction services, 439, 723consumer information, regulation, 51Correa, Rafael, 520COSATU, 583, 584Cossy, Mireille, 9, 405–34Costa Rica,

CACM, 541–2CAFTA-DR, 538

agriculture, 556controversies, 540, 552–8distribution, 559, 569–70energy services, 411government procurement, 463insurance, 554–5, 557–8,

567–8motivations, 547–8negotiations, 538–40objectives of negotiators, 549–50professional services, 562–3public monopolies, 133telecoms, 166, 549, 552–5, 556–7,

566–7US negotiations, 16

Canada FTA, 542CARICOM, 543Chile FTA, 543–4


services, 213energy, 424financial services, 329government procurement, 455,

463, 470mode 4, 495–6negotiations, 542–3

Dominican Republic FTA, 542–3,544

GATS commitments, 561Mexico FTA, 543–4

energy, 424government procurement, 455,

463, 470negotiations, 542

outsourcing to, 190PTAs, 541–4

negotiations, 13strategy, 13

public services and competition, 552services hub, 12US FTA,


services, 213distribution, 254energy, 422–3financial services, 321, 331

WTO Trade Policy Review, 554courier services. See postal servicesCredit Agricole, 303cross-border trade (Mode 1),

audiovisual services, 341developing countries,

assessment, 218development, 185–93future, 220–1regulatory reforms, 193–8

distribution services, 225–6financial services, policy restrictions,

321–2GATS commitments, 198–203

offers, 200–1plurilateral requests, 202–3

Hong Kong Ministerial, 717increase, 184liberalization, 184meaning, 27, 708PTAs, 81, 119, 203–17

architectural services, 212–14assessment, 217–21business services, 211–12classification issues, 219–20comparisons with GATS, 204–21computer services, 210–11lessons, 220–1multilateral implications, 219–20regulatory issues, 220research and development,

214–17trends, 203–10

trade share, 188unemployment and, 187–8, 193

Cuba, 161, 276Cull, Robert, 314cultural exceptions, 358–61, 678, 695Czech Republic, 38, 191, 197, 314

734 index






Deardoff, Alan, 41Dee, P., 645–7Deloitte, 316Deutsche Bank, 303Deutsche Post, 388, 402developing countries, 10–11

air services, 298business services, 31–3cross-border services, 185–93

assessment, 218future, 220–1regulatory reforms, 193–8

distribution services, 230–1PTAs, 256–7

energy services,liberalization, 431–2PTAs, 424, 427–9

export processing zones, 194film industry, 345–6financial services,

PTAs, 332South-South trade, 314

GATS commitments, 66, 69mode 4 commitments, 481monopoly services, 46offshoring to, 184PTAs, 72

assessment, 89distribution, 256–7energy, 424, 427–9financial services, 332mode 4, 494–6multilateralism and, 93negotiations, 14telecoms, 177

technical assistance, 99telecoms, 48, 153–4

explosion, 194–5negotiations, 161PTAs, 177

trade in services, 31–3trade liberalization, 635

DHL, 388dispute settlement,

choice of forum, 117–19government procurement PTAs, 449investor-to-state arbitration, 117–19

distribution services, 7

categories, 225commission agents, 225developing countries, 230–1

emerging markets, 232–3PTAs, 256–7

Doha Round, 251–60offers, 253potential, 258–60

evolution of sector, 228–34e-commerce, 229foreign suppliers’ market share,

233–4globalization, 230–3lean retailing, 228supermarketization, 229

features, 225–6franchising, 226GATS classification, 723GATS commitments, 235–9

economic needs tests, 235–7foreign equity restrictions, 237–8paucity, 224sensitive products, 239

global retailers, 231liberalization,

benefits, 227–8experiences, 245–51impact, 23, 41–2

market strategies, 233mode 1, 225–6mode 2, 226mode 3, 225PTAs, 253–8restrictiveness index, 239–45retailing services, 225wholesale trade, 225

Djankov, Simeon, 40Doha Round,

agriculture and NAMA, 139–40air services, ground handling, 276audiovisual services, 361collective requests, 71, 135, 607, 716–18completion, 18cross-border services,

offers, 200–1plurilateral requests, 202–3

development and, 593distribution services, 251–60

index 735






Doha Round (cont.),energy services, 406, 418–19, 434financial services, 70, 327–9GATS negotiations, 715–20mode 4 offers, 482–4postal services, 390–4purpose, 533services liberalization, 4, 69–72telecoms, 160–3temporary suspension, 71, 607

domestic regulation,GATS, 719–20services PTAs, 74

Dominican RepublicSee also CAFTA-DRCARICOM, 544CBI beneficiary, 558Costa Rica FTA, 544

negotiations, 542–3defensiveness, 13distribution services, 559–60, 569–70El Salvador FTA, 544financial services,

banking, 568–9insurance, 568

GATS commitments, 561Guatemala FTA, 544Honduras FTA, 544Mexico FTA, energy, 424Nicaragua FTA, 544Panama FTA, 544PTAs, 544

distribution, 94political factors, 87strategy, 13

telecoms, 560, 567trade in services, 186trading partners, 558–9US FTA,

audiovisual, 363, 369, 424distribution, 254energy, 422–3financial services, 331

Draper, Peter, 17, 573–98Duque, Gabriel, 523

e-commerce, 155, 229Easyjet, 268–72

EBRD, 34, 37Ecuador,

Andean Community and, 515Doha Round, audiovisual, 362FTAA and, 520population, 509US PTA, 507

education,comparative advantage and, 44economic growth and, 23GATS classification, 723input function, 24

EFTA,Chile FTA,

energy, 411, 424–5, 431financial services, 329, 690government procurement, 455mode 4, 492postal services, 400

energy s,liberalization, 430

government procurement, 456Korea FTA,

energy, 424–5mode 4, 493

Mexico FTA,energy, 424–5financial services, 329government procurement, 462

PTAs,assessment, 85, 86, 87–9MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 492–3reciprocity, 86–7

SACU FTA, 587Singapore FTA,

energy, 424–5, 411financial services, 329mode 4, 492

Egypt,air services, Sudan agreements, 292audiovisual services,

film industry, 342television market, 350

distribution services,Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235restrictions, 242, 244, 245

736 index






Doha Round, 718distribution, 252financial services, 328

PTAs, 73Eissenstatt, Stuart, 532El Salvador,

CACM member, 541CAFTA-DR negotiations, 539Chile FTA,

audiovisual, 371energy, 424financial services, 329government procurement, 455,

463, 470mode 4, 495–6

distribution services,PTAs, 254restrictions, 559

Dominican Republic FTA, 544Honduras FTA,

mode 4, 496Mexico FTA,

financial services, 330mode 4, 496

Panama FTA,audiovisual, 371energy, 424financial services, 329, 331government procurement, 455,

463, 470mode 4, 496

PTAs,distribution, 254mode 4, 496

US FTA,audiovisual, 363, 367, 370energy, 422–3financial services, 331

Elixir Web Solutions, 191empirical research,

challenges, 5growth and trade in services, 3–4,

22–6, 35–44services PTAs,

achievements, 61need for, 145

energy services, 9developing countries,

liberalization, 431–2PTAs, 424, 427–9

GATS, 410–19classification, 410–13Doha Round, 406, 418–19, 434existing commitments,

413–18goods v services, 411–12scope, 412–13

GATS classification, 410–13industry characteristics,

enhanced recovery, 407evolution, 406–10increased demand, 409–10pre-1990s, 405–6regulation, 409–10renewable energy, 408, 410segments, 406state-owned monopolies, 407–8,

415supermajors, 407transport segment, 408–9upstream segment, 407

PTAs, 419–32ASEAN, 427–8developing countries, 424, 427–9Mercosur, 428NAFTA, 420–2negative listing, 420–4, 432–3parameters for assessment, 419–20positive listing, 424–7, 433US PTAs, 422–3

Uruguay Round, 405environmental services, 723EOS, 268Eschenbach, Felix, 37, 40European Communities,

air services,liberalization, 288, 297US agreement, 297, 298

audiovisual services,Doha Round, 362PTAs, 372Television Without Frontier

Directive, 359–60Chile FTA, 131

energy, 425–6, 431financial services, 329, 699

index 737






European Communities (cont.),GATS model, 688government procurement, 455impact, 682insurance, 208mode 4, 493, 698overview, 698–9postal services, 398, 400telecoms, 171, 699

distribution services,Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235PTAs, 258

Doha Round,audiovisual, 362distribution, 252Hong Kong Ministerial, 139postal services, 391, 393, 403telecoms, 161

Economic Partnership Agreements, 73energy, liberalization, 430financial services,

GATS commitments, 327internal market, 308

India FTA, 608, 609, 622concerns, 628preparations, 625

Mexico FTA,energy services, 425–6financial services, 329government procurement, 462

postal services,Directives, 383–4, 402Doha Round, 391, 393, 403

PTAs,assessment, 85, 87–9cross-border services, 204government procurement, 450–5MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 492–3scope, 91

shipping, 50European Services Forum, 128Evenett, Simon, 133export processing zones, 194

Fajardo, Ambassador, 531FedEx, 388

film industry, 342–7financial services, 8

banking rules, 53changing landscape, 312–16

internationalization, 312–14multiple delivery channels, 316outsourcing/offshoring, 315–16South-South trade, 314

consumer information, 51Doha Round, 70drivers of change, 307–12

regulatory reforms, 307–10technology, 310–12

GATS classification, 723–5global trends, 301–6

banking industry, 303insurance, 304–5securities, 305–6

impact of Basel Committee, 51impact of liberalization, 22–3, 38–40institutional reform, 310prospects, 337–8PTAs, 329–37

assessment, 90–1, 330–7developing countries, 332

reduction of transaction costs, 23trade restrictions, 317–23

cross-border supply, 321–2direct branching, 321establishment rules, 317–21licensing, 317monopolies, 321operating rules, 322–3protectionism, 317

types, 301–3WTO liberalization, 323–9

Doha Round, 70, 327–9GATS commitments, 63, 323–7Understanding on Commitments,

328, 325Fink, Carsten, 4–5, 12, 41, 48, 50,

113–45, 639Finland, 51, 385Fischer, Ronald, 671Fixler, Dennis, 25foreign affiliates trade, 1–2foreign direct investment,

global trends, 185

738 index






liberalization, 34–5services, 1–2, 33–5

Forrester Research, 192fragmentation, 22France,

audiovisual services,content quotas, 358film industry, 342music industry, 351music market, 352television market, 348, 350

distribution restrictions, 227, 243–4insurance sector, 305US open sky agreement, 298

franchising, 226Franco, Jorge, 523Francois, Joseph, 24, 40, 41, 227Freund, Caroline, 40FTAA, 506, 520, 538, 687

G20, 531, 592Gambia, 276Gargano, Reinaldo, 527, 528,

529, 532Garzon, Luis Eduardo, 526GATS

See also Doha Round; specificservices

access to foreign labour market, 476air services, exclusion, 272–5classification, 707–8

air services, 725–6business services, 720–2communication services, 722construction services, 723distribution services, 723educational services, 723environmental services, 723financial services, 723–5health and social services, 725list, 720–6other services, 726postal services, 378, 399–400, 722recreational services, 725tourism, 725transport services, 725–6

commencement, 706commitments, 62–9

audiovisual, 355–8cross-border services, 198–203distribution, 224, 235–9energy, 413–18financial services, 323–7mode 4, 481–2postal services, 389–90schedules, 711–13, 718

contents, 706–7domestic regulation, 719–20energy services, 410–19

existing commitments, 413–18government procurement, GPA and,

444–5modes of supply. See modes of

supplynegotiation avenues, 98obligations, 709–10

additional commitments, 710conditional, 715market access, 709MFN treatment, 714–15national treatment, 710transparency, 715unconditional obligations, 714

positive v negative listing, 713–14regional integration exception, 126,

714scope, 707telecoms,

4th Protocol, 158–9access provisions, 178–80Annex, 170, 178–80classification, 722commitments, 63, 159plurilateral requests, 162–3pre-Doha negotiations, 158–9PTA comparisons, 163–70Reference Paper, 159, 161–2,

180–3transparency of regimes, 99–100

Germany,audiovisual services,

film industry, 342music industry, 351television market, 348, 350

postal services, privatization, 381,382

index 739






Germany (cont.),PTAs, research and development, 216US open sky agreement, 298

globalization,distribution services, 230–3financial services, 307, 312–14

Gol, 268Goldsmith, R.W., 22Golub, Stephen, 240–5Gonzalez, Anabel, 550Gootiz, Batshur, 35government procurement, 11

Agreement, 471–2classification, 440commitments, 442comparisons with PTAs, 437–8,

445–71development, 439interaction with GATS, 444–5market access schedules, 440membership, 472MFN clause, 462scope, 439

distinction from commercialservices, 439

PTAs, 74, 471, 437agreements considered, 448covered services, 450–6dispute settlement, 449entity coverage, 463–70GPA comparisons, 437–8, 445–71market access assessment, 470–1MFN treatment, 448–9procedural rules, 448regional differences, 449–50thresholds, 456

trade share, 471Grosse, Robert, 301growth, trade in services and, 3–4, 22–6Guatemala,

CACM member, 541CAFTA-DR,

negotiations, 539telecoms, 166

distribution restrictions, 559Dominican Republic FTA, 544El Salvador FTA, mode 4, 496imports from Costa Rica, 554

Mexico FTA,energy, 424financial services, 330

PTAs,assessment, 85distribution, 254

US FTA,audiovisual, 363, 366, 367, 370energy, 422–3financial services, 331

Gulf Cooperation Council, 608, 652Guzman de Hernandez, Sonia, 539, 551

Haiti, 543health services,

economic growth and, 23GATS classification, 725input function, 24PTAs, assessment, 90

Hodara, Isidoro, 530–1Hoekman, Bernard, 3–4, 5, 21–54, 79,

140Honduras,

CACM member, 541CAFTA-DR, 539distribution services,

PTAs, 254restrictions, 559

Dominican Republic FTA, 544El Salvador FTA, mode 4, 496Mexico FTA,

energy services, 424financial services, 330

US FTA,audiovisual, 363, 367energy, 422–3

Hong Kong, China,audiovisual services,

China CEPA, 371film industry, 342, 345film market, 347GATS commitments, 357

China CEPA,audiovisual, 371bargaining position, 132distribution, 257energy, 429MFN treatment, 98–100

740 index






mode 4, 496rules of origin, 125, 144services, 85

Doha Round, 718GATS commitments, distribution,

235insurance sector, 304investment in South Africa, 578US FTA, 73

Hong Kong Ministerial,agriculture and NAMA, 139Annex C, 717–18financial services, 328mode 4 negotiations, 483plurilateral requests, 71, 135, 607,

716–18telecoms, 162

Houde, Marie-France, 123Howitt, Peter, 48HSBC, 303, 306Hungary, 191, 315, 417

Iceland, 170, 204IMF, 310, 314India,

audiovisual services,Doha Round, 362film industry, 342, 343, 345–6film market, 347GATS commitments, 357music market, 352PTAs, 372television market, 349

Bhutan FTA, 607business services, 31comparative advantage,

education, 44institutions, 46

Competition Act (2002), 620cross-border services, 189

regulatory reforms, 198distribution services,

Doha Round, 252liberalization, 248–9PTAs, 258restrictions, 242, 245

Doha Round, 605–7, 718audiovisual, 362

distribution, 252financial services, 328

EC FTA, 608, 609, 622concerns, 628preparations, 625

energy services,demand, 409, 410liberalization, 432PTAs, 428–9

export targets, 12financial services,

Doha Round, 328GATS schedules, 321offshoring to, 316PTAs, 332US FTA, 331

GATS commitments, 604–5Korea FTA, 610, 622

preparations, 625liberalization, 12, 38

caution, 13difficulties, 626–8process, 604–7, 617, 618, 623

Mauritius FTA, 608, 622Nepal FTA, 607offshoring to, 187, 190, 191–2

financial services, 316professional services, 35PTAs, 607–11

ASEAN, 609assessment, 85audiovisual, 372comparisons, 616–22distribution, 258energy, 428–9financial services, 332issues, 625–8multilateralism and, 611–12negotiations, 13, 14postal services, 394preparations, 622–5strategy, 13, 608, 609–10

SAFTA, 607services, 3, 601–4Singapore CECA, 607, 612–16

agriculture, 611assessment, 614–16comparisons, 616–22

index 741






India (cont.),financial services, 329, 610, 612,

613, 614, 626Indian commitments, 612–13intellectual property, 620knowledge-based services, 619mode 4, 495, 610, 614rules of origin, 122, 143, 615Singapore commitments, 613–14

Singapore compared, 17–18Software Technology Park, 194Sri Lanka FTA, 607, 608, 622teledensity, 194UK air services agreement, 297WTO and, 604–7

Indonesia,ASEAN agreement, mode 4, 496distribution services,

Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235restrictions, 242

Doha Round, 718audiovisual services, 362distribution, 252

Japan FTA,audiovisual, 372energy, 426–7

PTAs,financial services, 332postal services, 394

telecoms, foreign ownership, 166INDOTEL, 560information and communication

technologies,cross-border services and, 113, 189disembodied trade, 21distribution services and, 228, 229financial services, 310–12outsourcing and, 187, 191transformation, 151–2, 152–5

infrastructure services,impact on growth, 40–1investor-to-state arbitration, 119privatization, 115

Inklaar, Robert, 25–6, 26institutions,

Chile trade policy, 676–7comparative advantage and, 46

financial services, 310insurance

See also financial servicescross-border restrictions, 322global trends, 304–5internationalization, 314marine, aviation and transport, 305monopolies, 321reinsurance, 305

International Energy Agency, 409–10International Financial Reporting

Standards, 53Internet, 23, 151, 153–4, 154–5, 155, 316Ireland, 190, 352Ismail, Faizel, 592Israel, 362Italy, 244, 342

Japan,audiovisual services,

film industry, 342, 343GATS commitments, 355, 357mobile television, 354music industry, 351music market, 352PTAs, 372television market, 348

Chile FTA, financial services, 690distribution services,

Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 239liberalization, 246–7margins, 227

Doha Round,distribution, 252postal services, 393

energy services, liberalization, 429–30financial services,

GATS commitments, 327insurance, 314securities, 306

GATS commitments,audiovisual, 355, 357distribution, 239financial services, 327telecoms, 170

Indonesia FTA,audiovisual, 372

742 index






energy, 426–7insurance sector, 305Japan–US Structural Impediments

Initiative, 246Korea air services agreement, 297Malaysia FTA, 75

energy, 426–7financial services, 329MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 491research and development, 216

Mexico FTA,audiovisual, 372energy, 423, 430financial services, 329government procurement, 462mode 4, 491

Philippines EPA, 75audiovisual, 372energy, 426–7MFN clause, 123mode 4, 122, 491–2postal services, 400

postal services,Doha Round, 393PTAs, 398–9

PTAs, 73assessment, 87–9audiovisual, 372cross-border services, 204energy services, 426–7government procurement, 450mode 4, 490–2model, 75postal services, 398–9scope, 91

Singapore FTA,agriculture, 611energy, 426–7financial services, 329government procurement, 455,

456, 456–62, 469mode 4, 490preparations, 624research and development, 216telecoms, 171, 173, 174, 176

Thailand EPA,energy services, 426–7

MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 491–2rules of origin, 122, 143services, 75, 650–1telecoms, 166

Jaramillo, Felipe, 506Javorcik, Beata, 36, 37, 38Jet Star, 268Joost, 354Jordan,

distribution services,GATS commitments, 237restrictions, 242

energy services, liberalization, 432insurance services, 334Singapore FTA, 86

energy, 428, 431mode 4, 494–5

US FTA, 72, 95audiovisual, 363energy, 426–7financial services, 329mode 4, 485–6, 488postal services, 396

JP Morgan, 303, 306

Kaminsky, Graciela, 308Karmakar, Suparna, 10–11Kazakhstan, 406Kenya, 235Khumalo, Nkululeko, 17, 573–98Kolse-Patil, Akshay, 123Konan, Denise, 42–3, 43Korea, Republic of,

audiovisual services,content quotas, 358Doha Round, 362film industry, 342, 343GATS commitments, 357mobile television, 354

Chile FTA,audiovisual, 371energy, 424, 431financial services, 329government procurement, 455, 462MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 495–6telecoms, 173

index 743






Korea, Republic of (cont.),cross-border services, reforms, 196–7distribution services,

Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 237, 239liberalization, 247–8

Doha Round, 718EFTA FTA,

energy, 424–5mode 4, 493

energy services, liberalization, 430India FTA, 610, 622

preparations, 625insurance sector, 304, 314Japan air services agreement, 297postal services reform, 94PTAs, 72

reciprocity, 86telecoms, 166

Singapore FTA,audiovisual, 371distribution, 257energy, 424financial services, 329government procurement, 456,

469mode 4, 495

US FTA, 73audiovisual, 363, 367, 370–1Congress approval, 527energy, 422–3government procurement, 456,

469mode 4, 488postal services, 397telecoms, 170, 174

Krishna, Pravin, 136Krugman, Paul, 129Kyoto Protocol, 595Kyrgyz Republic, 276

Lacalle, Luis Alberto, 528LaCarte, Julio, 506, 529–30Langhammer, Rolf, 44Latrille, Pierre, 6–7Latvia, 191L’avion, 268lean retailing, 228

Lepra, Jorge, 532Lescano, Hector, 532Levine, Ross, 23, 51Levy, Philip, 136Liechtenstein, 170, 204, 238Lim, H., 62, 116, 122, 144, 145,

363, 497Limao, Nuno, 40Lipscomb, Molly, 38Lithuania, 417Liu, Lin, 23Low, Patrick, 437, 438–45, 441Lufthansa, 271Luxembourg, 578Lyle, Chris, 293, 294

Macao, China–China CEPA,audiovisual, 371bargaining position, 132distribution, 257energy, 429MFN treatment, 98–100mode 4, 496rules of origin, 144services, 85

McGuire, G., 678McKinsey, 186, 187–8, 190Malaysia,

ASEAN agreement, mode 4, 496audiovisual services,

film market, 347music market, 352PTAs, 372

cross-border services, 189distribution services,

Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235liberalization, 251restrictions, 242

Doha Round, 718distribution, 252financial services, 328

energy services, liberalization, 432financial services,

banking sector, 315Doha Round, 328PTAs, 332

India and, 609

744 index






Japan FTA, 75energy, 426–7financial services, 329MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 491research and development, 216

postal services,privatization, 381, 382PTAs, 394

telecoms, foreign ownership, 166US FTA, financial services, 331

MALIAT, 293, 297, 298Manchin, Miriam, 40Mann, Catherine, 42, 192Marchetti, Juan, 4–5, 8, 12, 61–110,

116, 122, 144, 145, 203, 300–38,363, 497

Marconini, Mario, 116maritime transport,

anti-competitive practices, 50GATS classification, 725PTAs, assessment, 91

market access,GATS obligations, 709government procurement,

GPA schedules, 440PTAs, 469

telecoms, PTAs, 164–6widening by regulation, 51–3

Marquez, Gabriel Garcia, 523Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad, 314Maskus, Keith, 42–3Mattoo, Aaditya, 3–4, 5, 21–54, 119,

140, 437, 438–45, 441, 716Mauritius, 186, 242, 578, 608, 622Mbeki, Thabo, 584Meier, Michael, 133Meijia, Adriana, 523–4Menem, Carlos, 517Menzies, 271mercantilism, 636–7, 649, 655, 657Mercosur,

Andean Community and, 508distribution services, 252energy services, 428government procurement, 449, 463membership, 507mode 4, 496

postal services, 391Uruguay and, 509–12, 517–19,

528–31, 531–2Metro, 230, 232, 233, 628Mexico,

air services,airport management, 276ground handling, 276

audiovisual services,GATS commitments, 357music industry, 351

Costa Rica FTA, 543–4energy, 424government procurement, 455,

463, 470negotiations, 542

distribution services, 230Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235PTAs, 258

Doha Round, 718distribution, 252

Dominican Republic FTA, 424EC FTA,

energy, 425–6financial services, 329government procurement, 462

EFTA FTA,energy, 424–5financial services, 329government procurement, 462

El Salvador FTA,financial services, 330mode 4, 496

European banks in, 144Guatemala FTA, 330, 424Honduras FTA, 330, 424insurance services, 314–15, 337Japan FTA,

audiovisual, 372energy, 423, 430financial services, 329government procurement, 462mode 4, 491

Nicaragua FTA,energy, 424government procurement, 455,

463, 470

index 745






Mexico (cont.),Northern Triangle FTA, energy

services, 424outsourcing to, 190PTAs, 72

distribution, 258EFTA countries, 86financial services, 330, 331government procurement, 450,

462–3, 469mode 4, 496

telecom competition, 195MFN treatment,

GATS, 714–15government procurement,

448–9Government Procurement

Agreement, 462Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration,

718impact on mode 4 commitments,

484PTAs, 97–8, 123–4, 662

non-party MFN clauses, 134–6,138, 144–5

Miroudot, Sebastien, 123Mizuho, 303mobile phones, 151, 152–3, 155,

524, 580modes of supply,

GATS, 708–9mode 1. See cross-border trade

(mode 1)mode 2 (consumption abroad),

distribution services, 226GATS classification, 27, 708–9Hong Kong Ministerial, 717PTAs, 81

mode 3 (commercial presence),audiovisual, 341distribution, 225, 240financial services commitments,

326–7Hong Kong Ministerial, 717meaning, 27, 709PTAs, 81rules of origin, 97significance, 116

mode 4. See presence of naturalpersons (mode 4)

preferential trade agreements, 116WTO classification, 27

Moldova, 276Molinuevo, Martin, 116, 135monopolies,

energy services, 415financial services, 321insurance, 321natural monopolies, 49–50postal services, 378, 381–5state monopolies, 46, 133, 155–7,

378, 381–5, 407–8, 415Morocco,

Doha Round, audiovisual, 362energy services, liberalization, 431PTAs, cross-border business services,

212US FTA, 72

air transport services, 278audiovisual, 363, 368distribution, 254energy, 422–3financial services, 331government procurement, 469mode 4, 487, 489–90telecoms, 165, 177

Mujica, Jose, 532Mukherjee, Arpita, 17–18, 600–30Muller, Anna Caroline, 11, 435–73music industry, 351–2

NAFTA,energy services, 420–2

Canadian reservations, 421Mexican reservations, 421–2US restrictions, 420–1

financial services, 131government procurement, 456, 470

classification, 455model, 688, 688–97negative listing, 450postal services, 402

NAMA 11, 592–3NAMA negotiations, 139–40, 719Narciso, Gaia, 38NASSCOM, 190, 198, 478

746 index






national treatment, GATS, 710Neagu, Cristina, 41negotiations. See Doha RoundNepal, 237, 607Netherlands,

GDP growth and services, 25imports from Costa Rica, 554postal services, privatization, 381,

382television market, 348, 350US open sky agreement, 298

New Zealand,air services, liberalization, 297ANZCERTA, 643audiovisual services,

Doha Round, 362film market, 347GATS commitments, 355PTAs, 372

distribution services,Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235, 239

energy services, liberalization, 430postal services,

Doha Round, 391, 393liberalization, 385, 386PTAs, 398

PTAs,cross-border services, 204distribution, 258government procurement, 450mode 4, 494postal services, 398

Singapore FTA,cross-border architectural

services, 213energy, 426–7government procurement, 455,

462, 469mode 4, 494

telecoms, GATS commitments, 170Trans-Pacific SEPA, 688

Next-generation networks, 155Nicaragua,

CACM member, 541CAFTA-DR,

negotiations, 539telecoms, 166

distribution, PTAs, 254Dominican Republic FTA, 544Mexico FTA,

energy, 424government procurement, 455,

463, 470postal services, liberalization, 385US FTA,

audiovisual, 363, 367energy, 422–3financial services, 331

Nigeria, 73, 242, 418Nino, Jaime, 523Norway,

Doha Round,audiovisual, 362energy, 415financial services, 328

postal services, liberalization, 385PTAs,

cross-border services, 204distribution, 258energy, 425postal services, 394

telecoms, GATS commitments, 170

OECD, 228, 480offshoring, 22, 184, 185–93, 315–16Oman,

energy services,GATS commitments, 418liberalization, 431

US FTA, 72air transport, 278audiovisual, 363, 367distribution, 257energy, 422–3government procurement, 469

WTO accession, 406OneWorld, 271Open Skies, 268Otsuki, Tsunehiro, 42Oulton, Nicholas, 25outsourcing, 21, 22, 24–5, 185–93, 270,

315–16, 350, 579

Pacheco, Abel, 552Pakistan, 73, 245, 252, 328

index 747






Panagariya, Arvind, 33Panama,

audiovisual, Doha Round, 362banking sector, 315Costa Rica FTA, 543distribution restrictions, 242Dominican Republic FTA, 544El Salvador FTA,

audiovisual, 371energy, 424financial services, 329, 331government procurement, 455,

463, 470mode 4, 496

PTAs, 543Singapore FTA,

energy, 424mode 4, 494–5telecoms, 174

Taiwan FTA, 173energy, 424mode 4, 496telecoms, 173

US FTA,audiovisual, 363, 367Congress approval, 527distribution, 256–7energy, 422–3government procurement, 463,

469telecoms, 166

Paraguay,audiovisual, Doha Round, 362energy services, liberalization, 432Mercosur and, 517population, 509

Payton, Lucy, 52Pereira Goncalves, Marilyne, 116Peru,

Andean Community member, 507audiovisual, Doha Round, 362distribution services,


FTAA and, 520population, 509postal services, liberalization, 385, 386rice trade, 534

services liberalization, 53US FTA,

air transport, 278audiovisual, 363, 367Congress approval, 507, 527cross-border architectural

services, 213energy, 422–3financial services, 331government procurement, 469

Philippines,ASEAN FTA, mode 4, 496audiovisual services,

Doha Round, 362film industry, 342

distribution services,Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235restrictions, 242

Doha Round, 252, 328, 362, 718energy services,

GATS commitments, 418liberalization, 432

financial services,Doha Round, 328GATS schedules, 321

Japan EPA, 75audiovisual, 372energy, 426–7MFN clause, 123mode 4, 122, 491–2postal services, 400

outsourcing to, 190Plata, Luis Guillermo, 525–6plurilateral requests, 71, 135, 607,

716–18Poland, 189, 191, 314–15policy,

choices, 3–4, 44–53comparative advantage and, 44–6design of domestic services reform,

46–8Portugal, 381, 382postal services, 8–9

GATS classification, 378, 399–400,722

global trends, 379–89corporatizations, 380–1

748 index






dominant companies, 388express delivery, 387–9liberalization, 381–5privatizations, 381transformation of industry, 385–9universal service, 381–7, 400–1

PTAs, 394–400assessment, 90US and express delivery, 396–7

regulatory issues,anti-competitive practices, 402independent regulators, 403liberalization and, 400–4licensing, 402–3universal service, 400–1

sensitive sector, 63state monopolies, 378, 381–5WTO liberalization, 389–94

Doha Round, 390–4GATS commitments, 389–90

La Poste, 388preferential trade agreements,

asymmetric bargaining power,132–3, 655

centrality of services, 2contribution to liberalization, 4–5,

636–7discrimination, 5, 97–8, 123–4services. See services PTAs

presence of natural persons (mode 4),9–10

Doha Round, 482–4energy services, 414–15GATS commitments, 481–2

paucity, 475, 484GATS definition, 476

Annex on Movement of NaturalPersons, 476–7

Hong Kong Ministerial, 717–18immigration issues, 500meaning, 27, 709MFN principle and, 484PTAs, 81, 116, 122, 140–1See also specific countries

assessment, 497–9developing countries, 494–6GATS comparisons, 484–99multilateralism and, 501

scope, 475–9business visitors, 477contractual services suppliers,

477independent professionals, 477intra-corporate transferees, 477short-term employees, 477

significance, 188, 479–80privatizations,

Chile, 669–71infrastructure services, 115postal services, 381

PROCOMER, 554production sharing, 22professional services,

GATS classification, 720GATS commitments, 63

public choice theory, 654public monopolies, 46

Costa Rica, 133energy, 407–8, 408, 415telecommunications, 155–7

Qatar, 242, 244quadruple play, 155QUASAR, 266, 283–7, 292

Rajan, R.S., 625Rathindran, Randeep, 37recreational services, 725regional integration exception, 126,

714–15regulation of services,

consumer information, 51efficient regulation, 49impact on performance, 3motivation, 4widening access, 51–3

Reinert, Kenneth, 41, 24renewable energy, 408, 410research and development,

cross-border services, PTAs,214–17

input function, 24offshoring, 190

Restrepo, Laura, 523Rivera Fernandez, Hugo, 551Robert, Maryse, 16, 17, 537–71

index 749






Rodrıguez, Miguel Angel, 553Romania, 191Roy, Martin, 4–5, 6, 7, 12, 61–110, 116,

122, 144, 145, 199, 200, 203,340–74, 497

Royal Bank of Scotland, 303rules of origin,

GATS regional integrationexception, 126

PTAs, 96–7, 115, 120–1, 122future, 143liberal choices, 126–9, 132, 137multilateralism and, 140spaghetti bowl effect and, 141–2

Russia,audiovisual services,

film industry, 342music industry, 351music market, 352

cross-border services, 189impact of services liberalization, 43outsourcing to, 190WTO accession, 406

Rutherford, Thomas, 43Ryanair, 268

SAARC, 607SACU, 592SACU-EFTA, 587SADC, 588–92Saez, Raul, 670Saez, Sebastian, 15, 116, 667–702safeguards, services PTAs, 74SAFTA, 607satellites, 176–7Saudi Arabia,

distribution services, 237, 242PTAs, 73WTO accession, 406

Sauve, Pierre, 116Schmukler, Sergio, 308Schwab, Susan, 133Schwartz, Warren, 134Screen Digest, 343securities,

cross-border restrictions, 322industry, 305–6

Self, R., 478

Serra, Pablo, 671services. See services liberalization;

services PTAs; trade in servicesservices liberalization

See also GATScompetition, 48

anti-competitive practices, 49comparative advantage, 44–6efficient regulation, 49

contribution of PTAs to, 4–5,636–7

design of reforms, 3–4, 46–8distribution services, 227–8, 245–51Doha Round, 4, 69–72global impact, 3–4, 22, 22–6, 35–44

CGE analyses, 42–4communications, 41–2distribution services, 41–2empirical evidence, 37–8financial services, 38–40infrastructure services, 40–1policy implications, 44–53transport services, 41

issues, 6key aspects, 635–40lock-in effect, 652–3multilateral achievements, 62–72multilateral and bilateral, 4–5,

61–2objectives, 3paper liberalization, 636, 638politics, 655positive v negative listing, 713–14preferential trade agreements, 4–5regulation,

consumer information, 51widening access, 51–3

sequencing, 48–9telecoms, 155–63unilateralism, 652, 654, 656, 658,

661–2services PTAs,

air services, 277–82assessment of commitments, 75–91

agreement-by-agreement, 85–9country-by-country, 82–5methodology, 78–81, 109–10sector-by-sector, 89–91

750 index






audiovisual services, 340–1, 362–72discriminatory market openings,

120–1GATSþ, 119–20GATS commitments, 117–19non-discriminatory market

openings, 120contribution to liberalization, 4–5,

636–7cross-border services, 203–17distribution services, 253–8domestic regulation, 74energy services, 419–32financial services, 329–37GATSþ, 73government procurement, 74, 437,

471GPA comparisons, 437–8,

445–71impact on trade liberalization, 635–6implementation, 144investor-to-state dispute settlement,

117–19key features, 73–5, 116–24Latin America, 667MFN clauses, 97–8, 123–4

free-riding, 134–5non-party MFN clauses, 134–6,

138, 144–5mode 4, 81, 116, 122, 140–1,

484–99multilateralism and, 501

multilateralism and, 5, 91–8,136–42

choices, 98friends or foe, 136–42harm, 115, 138–42stepping stones, 115, 137–8undermining, 115, 138–42

negative listing, 74–5non-discriminatory implementation,

124–6open questions, 143–5political factors, 91–3, 637–8positive listing, 89postal services, 394–400proliferation, 61, 72–3, 113–15, 139,

505–6

competitive regionalism, 658reciprocal bargaining, 129–36, 656

asymmetries, 132–3, 655Australian and Thai example, 656leaky PTAs, 130–4, 137strategies, 134–6

rules of origin, 96–7, 115, 120–1, 122future, 143liberal choices, 126–9, 132, 137multilateralism and, 140spaghetti bowl effect and, 141–2

safeguards, 74schedules of commitment, 116–17services components, 113‘spaghetti bowl,’, 115, 141, 449subsidies, 74surveillance, 145telecommunications. See

telecommunicationstelecoms. See telecomstrade diversions, 93–6, 136, 144,

639–40waste of negotiation resources, 141

Shakira, 523Shepotylo, Oleksandr, 43Sherman, Laura, 7–8, 151ship repair, 708shipping. See maritime transportSiegel, Donald, 25Sierra Leone, 276Silver Jet, 268Singapore,

ASEAN and, 610ASEAN FTA, mode 4, 496Australia FTA. See

Singapore–Australia FTAChangi airport, 603Chile FTA, government

procurement, 455Competition Act (2004), 620cross-border services, reforms, 197Doha Round, 605–7, 718

distribution services, 252EFTA FTA,

energy, 411, 424–5financial services, 329mode 4, 492

energy services, liberalization, 430–1

index 751






Singapore (cont.),export targets, 12film market, 347financial services,

banking, 95, 334insurance, 304PTAs, 330

GATS commitments, 605India CECA, 607, 612–16

agriculture, 611assessment, 614–16comparisons, 616–22financial services, 329, 610, 612,

613, 614, 626Indian commitments, 612–13intellectual property, 620knowledge-based services, 619mode 4, 495, 610, 614rules of origin, 122, 143, 615Singapore commitments, 613–14

India compared, 17–18International Enterprise Singapore,

623–4Japan FTA,

agriculture, 611energy, 426–7financial services, 329government procurement, 455,

456–62, 469mode 4, 490preparations, 624research and development, 216telecoms, 171, 173, 174, 176

Jordan FTA, 86energy, 428, 431mode 4, 494–5

Korea FTA,audiovisual, 371distribution, 257energy, 424financial services, 329government procurement, 456,

469mode 4, 495

New Zealand FTA,cross-border architectural

services, 213energy, 426–7

government procurement, 455,462, 469

mode 4, 494openness, 12Panama FTA,

energy, 424mode 4, 494–5telecoms, 174

People’s Action Party, 622postal services,

liberalization, 385, 386–7privatization, 381, 382PTAs, 399

PTAs, 72, 607–11assessment, 86comparisons, 616–22cross-border business services, 212financial services, 330government procurement, 450issues, 625–8MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 494–5multilateralism and, 611–12negotiations, 14postal services, 399preparations, 622–5reciprocity, 86strategy, 13, 609–10telecoms, 164, 166, 171, 175, 176trade share, 91

services, 601–4services hub, 12, 14Trans-Pacific SEPA, 688US FTA, 608

air services, 278audiovisual, 363, 367comparisons, 616–21energy, 422–3financial services, 120–1, 331, 334,

620government procurement, 456,

469intellectual property, 621investment, 620mode 4, 486–7, 488–90, 564negative listing, 617postal services, 396, 397, 399preparations, 624

752 index






professional services, 619–20rules of origin, 120–1telecoms, 173

Singh, J. P., 16–17, 505–34sixth freedom airlines, 268Skyteam, 271SMS, 155South Africa,

ASGISA, 576, 586, 593, 597audiovisual services,

Doha Round, 362film production, 580music industry, 351

banking sector, 315Broad-based Black Economic

Empowerment, 584–5deregulation, 575distribution services, 230

Doha Round, 252diversified economy, 573increasing regulation, 585Kyoto Protocol and, 595National Industrial Policy

Framework, 584outsourcing to, 191, 579PTAs, 73

caution, 13, 17, 573–4lessons from, 586–8policy, 13, 586regional integration primacy,

588–92SACU, 592SACU–EFTA, 587SADC, 588–92US–SACU negotiations, 588

tourism, 579, 584trade in services,

categories, 575commercial presence, 580–1consumption abroad, 579–80cross-border trade, 579exports, 576imports, 576–7international investment, 578–9landscape, 576–81movement of natural persons,

581significance, 574–82

trade share, 575trade negotiations,

constraints, 582–6defensiveness, 13, 573–4drivers, 586empirics and, 581–2foreign policy constraints, 585liberalization backlash, 583–5resources constraints, 583

unemployment, 575WTO and, 592–7

Doha Round, 252, 362,594–7, 718

energy commitments, 418financial services, 596–7policy, 592–4telecoms, 596transport, 597

South African Reserve Bank, 577Southern African Power Pool (SAPP),

591Southwest Airlines, 268Spain, 216, 342, 348, 350, 358specialization, 24–5Sri Lanka–India FTA, 607, 608, 622Srinivasan, T.N., 33Star Alliance, 271Stephanou, Constantinos, 116Stephenson, Sherry, 16, 17, 116, 537–71Stern, Matthew, 17, 573–98Steuart, I., 575submarine cables, 176–7Subramanian, Arvind, 37, 437,

438–45, 441subsidies,

audiovisual services, 361–2services PTAs, 74

Sudan, 292supermarketization, 229Sweden, 51, 235, 385, 386Swisscom, 354Switzerland,

cross-border services, PTAs, 204distribution services,

GATS commitments, 238PTAs, 258

Doha Round,audiovisual, 362

index 753






Switzerland (cont.),postal services, 391telecoms, 161

music market, 352television market, 348

Sykes, Alan, 134

Tarr, David, 43TD Ameritrade, 306telecommunications,

co-location, 176comparative advantage, 46competition, 151–2

Reference Paper, 181developing countries, 48, 153–4, 177

explosion, 194–5negotiations, 161

dialling parity, 176Doha Round, 160–3

domestic regulation, 161Hong Kong Ministerial, 162offers, 70, 170plurilateral requests, 162–3

GATS,4th Protocol, 158–9access provisions, 178–80Annex, 170, 178–80classification, 722commitments, 63, 159pre-Doha negotiations, 158–9Reference Paper, 159, 161–2, 180–3

growth and, 23interconnectability, 158

PTAs, 175Reference Paper, 173, 181–2

leased circuits, 176liberalization,

impact, 41–2policy choice, 155–63

licensing, 157, 183local loop unbundling, 174, 175–6number portability, 176pre-Doha negotiations, 158–9

commitments, 63, 159Reference Paper, 159

PTAs, 163–83assessment, 90, 177–8foreign ownership caps, 166

GATS comparisons, 163–70market access, 164–6multilateralism and, 178negative listing, 163, 165regulatory disciplines, 170–7scope and definitions, 171–4

public monopolies, 155–7Reference Paper,

competition, 181independent regulators, 183interconnectability, 173, 181–2licensing, 183negotiations, 159scarce resources, 183text, 180–3universal service, 182

regulators, 157independent regulators, 50Reference Paper, 183

regulatory disciplines,expanding GATS disciplines, 174–5new issues, 175–7PTAs v GATS, 170–7scope and definitions, 171–4

satellites, 176–7submarine cables, 176–7success story, 7–8transformation of sector, 151–2,

152–5widening access to, 53

television,industry, 348–51programme formats, 350–1

Thailand,ASEAN FTA, mode 4, 496audiovisual services,

film market, 347music market, 352PTAs, 372

Australia compared, 15–16Australia FTA. See

Thailand–Australia FTAcross-border services, 189defensiveness, 13distribution services,

Doha Round, 252GATS commitments, 235liberalization, 249–51

754 index






PTAs, 257restrictions, 242

Doha Round, 718distribution, 252financial services, 328services, 651

financial services,Doha Round, 328PTAs, 332

Japan EPA,energy, 426–7MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 491–2rules of origin, 122, 143services, 75, 650–1telecoms, 166

protectionism, 647PTAs,

negotiations, 13policy, 647–8postal services, 394redirection of trade policy

to, 637services liberalization, 649–51,

655–60services, significance, 635services liberalization, 12, 647–51

assessment, 651–4caution, 13, 633distribution, 249–51Doha Round, 651dynamic drivers, 654–60education, 648energy, 432foreign equity limits, 648–9PTAs, 90–1, 649–51shipping, 648telecoms, 648unilateral, 648–9

US FTA, financial services, 331Thailand–Australia FTA,

audiovisual services, 371distribution services, 257energy services, 426–7financial services, 329MFN treatment, 98mode 4, 493–4positive listing, 643

rules of origin, 121, 122, 143services liberalization, 643–4, 650

Tiger Airways, 268Timmer, Marcel, 25–6TNT, 388tourism, 28, 63, 70, 90, 323, 708, 725trade diversions, 93–6, 136, 144,

639–40trade in services,

competitiveness, 21country experiences, 11–18demand and supply factors, 21design of reforms, 3–4, 46–8divergent productivity performance,

25–6global trends, 27

FDI, 1–2, 33–5GDP share, 21–2, 28growth data, 27–8impact of liberalization, 3–4, 22,

22–6, 35–44policy reforms, 34–5

impact of restrictions, 3increasing interest, 1–2input function, 23–5liberalization. See services

liberalizationmodes of supply. See modes of

supplyobstacles, measurement, 639–40policy choices, 3–4, 44–53regulation. See regulation of servicesscope, 1significance, 1unique characteristics, 27

trade liberalization. See servicesliberalization

Trade Policy Reviews, 99Trans-Pacific PTA, 398, 688transition economies, 34, 66transport services,

air transport. See air serviceseconomic growth and, 23GATS classification, 725–6impact of liberalization, 41maritime. See maritime transportPTAs, assessment, 90structural shift from, 28–31

index 755






Trejos, Alberto, 549, 550, 551, 555Trewin, Ray, 15–16, 633–62triple play, 155Triplett, Jack, 25Tunisia, 42, 242, 245Turkey,

audiovisual, Doha Round, 362cross-border services, 189insurance sector, 314–15music market, 352PTAs, 73

Tuthill, Lee, 7–8, 151

UBS, 303Uganda, 53Ukraine, 406UN Central Product Classification, 708UNCTAD, 33–5UNESCO Diversity Convention, 340United Arab Emirates, 242, 244United Kingdom,

air service agreement, India, 297Chile FTA, research and

development, 216film industry, 342foreign banks, 312GDP growth and ICT, 25–6insurance sector, 305, 314investment in South Africa, 578music industry, 351postal services, liberalization,

385, 387securities sector, 306services, growth rate, 601television market, 350

United StatesSee also NAFTAair services,

airport management, 272China agreement, 297distribution costs, 270EU agreement, 297, 298liberalization, 297maintenance, 270market share, 267open skies agreements, 287, 297,

298PTAs, 277–8, 282

specialty air services, 278Andean Trade Preferences Act, 519audiovisual services,

film industry, 342–5, 347GATS commitments, 355music industry, 351music market, 352PTAs, 363–71television market, 348, 349–50

Australia FTA. See AUSFTABahrain FTA,

architectural services, 208audiovisual, 363, 366, 370cross-border business services, 212distribution, 254energy, 422–3government procurement, 469

BITs, 507CAFTA-DR. See CAFTA-DRCaribbean Basin Initiative, 547–8,

558CBERA, 547–8Chile FTA,

air services, 278audiovisual, 363, 367, 368–9distribution, 254energy, 422–3, 431financial services, 331, 697government procurement, 462,

463, 469impact, 682insurance, 130–1, 208market opening, 120MFN clause, 699mode 4, 486–7, 488–90, 564, 690overview, 689–97telecoms, 165, 697template, 507

Coalition of Service Industries,128, 687

Colombia FTA. See US–ColombiaFTA

competitive liberalization, 133Costa Rica FTA,


services, 213distribution, 254

756 index






energy, 422–3financial services, 321, 331imports from Costa Rica, 554

distribution services, 232Doha Round, 252Japan–US Structural Impediments

Initiative, 246PTAs, 254

Doha Round,distribution, 252energy, 415postal services, 391, 393telecoms, 161

Dominican Republic FTA,audiovisual, 363, 369, 424distribution, 254energy, 422–3financial services, 331

Ecuador PTA, 507El Salvador FTA,

audiovisual, 363, 367, 370energy, 422–3financial services, 331

energy services,Doha Round, 415liberalization, 430NAFTA, 420–1PTAs, 422–3, 432

FDI in services, 33financial services,

consumer information, 51foreign banks, 312GATS commitments, 327insurance, 314insurance sector, 305offshoring, 315PTAs, 329, 330, 331, 332–3, 618securities, 306

GDP growth and services, 25Guatemala FTA,

audiovisual, 363, 366, 367, 370energy, 422–3financial services, 331

Honduras FTA, 363, 367, 422–3Hong Kong FTA, 73ICT, 25–6India FTA, 331Jordan FTA, 72, 95

audiovisual, 363energy, 426–7financial services, 329mode 4, 485–6, 488postal services, 396

Korea FTA, 73audiovisual, 363, 367, 370–1Congress approval, 527energy, 417government procurement, 456,

469mode 4, 488postal services, 397telecoms, 170, 174

Malaysia FTA, 331mode 4 supply,

HI-B visas, 478, 486–7, 619immigration issues, 486–7, 525impact, 499PTAs, 485–90, 499, 564

Morocco FTA, 72air services, 278audiovisual, 363, 368distribution, 254energy, 422–3financial services, 331government procurement, 469mode 4, 487, 489–90telecoms, 165, 177

Nicaragua FTA, 331, 363, 367, 422–3offshoring services, 187–8, 192–3Oman FTA, 72

air transport, 278audiovisual, 363, 367distribution, 257energy, 422–3government procurement, 469

Panama FTA,audiovisual, 363, 367Congress approval, 527distribution, 256–7energy, 422–3government procurement, 463,

469telecoms, 166

Peru FTA,air transport, 278audiovisual, 363, 367

index 757






United States (cont.),Congress approval, 507, 527cross-border architectural

services, 213energy, 422–3financial services, 331government procurement, 469

postal services,Doha Round, 391, 393PTAs and express delivery, 396–7

PTAs, 72, 73air services, 277–8, 282assessment, 86audiovisual, 363–71Congress approval, 527cross-border services, 204, 212distribution, 254energy, 422–3, 432financial services, 329, 330, 331,

332–3, 618government procurement, 450–5,

469Latin America, 506–8light-handed regulation, 175MFN clauses, 98mode 4, 485–90, 499, 564negative listing, 74–5, 450, 455,

714–15scope, 91telecoms, 164, 171, 175, 176–7,

618SACU FTA negotiations, 588services data, 33shipping, 50Singapore FTA, 608

air services, 278audiovisual, 363, 367comparisons, 616–21distribution, 257energy, 422–3financial services, 120–1, 331,

334, 620government procurement, 456, 469intellectual property, 621investment, 620mode 4, 486–7, 488–90, 564negative listing, 617postal services, 396, 397, 399

preparations, 624professional services, 619–20rules of origin, 120–1telecoms, 173

telecoms,Doha Round, 161GATS commitments, 170PTAs, 164, 171, 175, 176–7, 618

Thailand FTA, 331Uruguay BIT, 16–17, 506, 507–8

negotiations, 527–33US motivation, 508

Uruguay TIFA, 507, 527audiovisual, 372significance, 533

Vietnam FTA, telecoms, 165Universal Postal Union, 379, 380UPS, 388, 402urbanization, 21Uribe, Alvaro, 508, 510, 526Uruguay,

ANTEL, 513, 518Argentina and, 510, 511, 518audiovisual, Doha Round, 362domestic political economy, 519–20,

527–33energy liberalization, 432GATS commitments, 513–15international context, 508, 508–19macro economic profile, 509MERCOSUR and, 509–12, 509, 512,

517–19, 528–31, 531–2PTAs,

mode 4, 496strategy, 13

services commitments, 513–19services hub, 12, 14, 528US BIT, 16–17, 506, 507–8

negotiations, 527–33US motivation, 508

US TIFA, 507, 527audiovisual services, 372significance, 533

US–Colombia FTA,air transport services, 278audiovisual services, 363, 367,

369–70, 523–4Congress approval, 527

758 index






distribution services, 254domestic political economy, 519–27energy services, 422–3financial services, 331, 521–3government procurement, 462, 469international context, 508–19MFN obligation, 123negative listing, 506negotiations, 16–17, 520–7signature, 507telecoms, 165, 166, 524–5US motivation, 508

Van Ark, Bart, 25–6Vasquez, Tabare, 511, 527,

528, 532Venables, Anthony, 40Venezuela, 507, 508, 515Vietnam,

ASEAN FTA, mode 4, 496China FTA, 117distribution, GATS commitments,

237, 238

distribution restrictions, 242US FTA, telecoms, 165

Wal-Mart, 230, 232, 233, 248,249, 353, 628

Wang, Yan, 40Wei, Shang-Jin, 192Wharton, 192wholesale trade, 225Wilson, John, 42Winters, Alan, 140Wooton, Ian, 41, 227World Bank, 46, 186, 310, 384, 401, 403WTO. See Doha Round; GATSWunsch, Sacha, 119

Yeo, George, 624

Zambia, 52, 53Zhang, Ruosi, 8–9, 378–404Zoellick, Robert, 539, 553–4Zutshi, B.K., 478Zyonse experiment, 53

index 759






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