Cakmak agronomics
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Transcript of Cakmak agronomics
SYMPOSIA:
Biofortification through
Agronomic Practices
Zinc
Estimated
2 billion
Zn, Fe, Se and I Deficiencies:
Global Malnutrition Problem
www.harvestplus.org
Iron
Estimated 2
billion
Children particularly sensitive
>450,000 deaths/year
children under 5 – 4.4%
attributed to Zn
deficiency
Black et al. 2008
The Lancet Maternal and Child
Undernutrition Series
“ZINC SAVES KIDS”
Campaign
International Zinc Association
Major Reason: Low Dietary Intake
High Consumption Cereal Based Foods
with Low Micronutrient Concentrations
In number of developing countries,
cereals contributes nearly 75 % of
the daily calorie intake.
Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies
• Supplementation
• Food Fortification(not affordable in rural regions)
Golden Wheat Fortfied with Zn
Increase in Concentration of
Non-Nutritive Elements
(especially Cadmium and
Arsenic) in Food Crops is a
Growing Concern
Agricultural Solutions(Breeding and Fertilizer Approaches)
•Breeding
•Agronomy/Fertilizers
Biofortification through
Agronomic Practices
Short-Term Solution
F. Zhang
SYMPOSIA SPEAKERSIsmail Cakmak (Sabanci
University, Istanbul)
• Fertilizer Strategy forImproving Grain Zinc and Iron Concentrations
Maha V. Singh (Indian Institute of Soil Science -ICAR)
• Detrimental Effects of Soil Zinc Deficiency on Crop Production and Human Nutrition in India
Graham Lyons (University of Adelaide Waite Campus)
• Agronomic Biofortificationto Reduce SeleniumDeficiency in HumanPopulations: Achievements and Challenges
Cynthia Grant (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada)
• Agronomic Practices to Reduce Non-Nutritive Elements in Food Crops
Rapporteur: Rufus Chaney,
Research Agronomist, USDA
Fertilizer Strategy for Improving Grain
Zinc and Iron Concentrations
Ismail Cakmak
Sabanci University, Istanbul
Zn Deficiency: Global Micronutrient Deficiency in Soils
Alloway, 2007. IZA Publications, Brussels
Widespread
Medium
+Zn-Zn
When Zn is deficient in soil or plant
Grain Zn:
12 mg kg-1
Grain Zn:
35 mg kg-1
A successful breeding program for biofortifying cereals with micronutrients greatly depends
on the amount of plant-available pools of micronutrients in the soil and/or leaf tissue for
translocation into grain
On soils with low plant available Zn: 8-15 ppm
On soils with adeqate plant available Zn: 20-35 ppm
Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal Chem.
Range of Grain Zn Concentration
in Wheat in Turkey:
For a better Zn and Fe nutrition of human beings, cereal grains should contain around
40-60 mg Zn or Fe kg-1
Current Situation: 10-30 mg kg-1
Human Zinc Deficiency
Moderate
Not sufficient data available
Low
High
http://www.izincg.org/
Widespread Zn Deficiency
Medium Zn DeficiencyAlloway, 2004. IZA Publications, Brussels
Soil Zinc Deficiency
Soil and Human Zn Deficiency: geographical overlap
Application of Micronutrient
Fertilizers
Application of Zn- or Fe-containing fertilizers
offers a rapid solution to the problem, and
represents an important complementary
approach to on-going breeding programs for
developing new genotypes with high Zn or Fe
density in grain.
Global Zinc Fertilizer Project
Canada Germany
Brazil
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Mozambique
South Africa
Ethiopia
Pakistan
India
Kazakhstan
Iran
Laos
China
Thailand
Australia
Turkey
International Zinc Assoc.
Coordinating Institution: Sabanci University
Global Zinc Fertilizer Project
Mexico
Project objectives
• to test Zn-containing N-P-K fertilizers for increasing root Zn uptake and improving grain Zn concentration
• to identify the effective foliar Zn application for promoting Zn accumulation in the grain
• to determine an effective combination of soil and foliar application of Zn fertilizers for increasing Zn concentration in the grain
• to characterize seed deposition of the leaf-applied Zn
• to achieve capacity building through close cooperation and dissemination activities among scientists, agronomists, extension staff and local farmers in the target countries
1) Standard/ Local Farmers’ Application (LS)
2) LS + Soil Zn (50 kg ZnSO4/ha)
3) LS +Foliar Zn (0.5 % for wheat and rice, 0.3 % for maize).
4) LS + Soil Zn+ Foliar Zn
5) LS + Foliar OMEX-Type-I
6) LS+ OMEX-Type-II
7) LS+Urea-Zn + adjustments (same rates of N, P, K
8) LS+Mosaic MESZ-Zn (and + adjustments)
9) LS+KALI KornKali-Zn (and + adjustments)
10) LS+KALI Korn Kali-Zn + Foliar Zn (+ adjustments)
11) LS+ Mosaic MESZ-Zn + Foliar Zn (+ adjustments)
12) LS+Urea MESZ+Kali+ foliar Zn
Fertilizer Treatments
Effect of Soil and/or Foliar Applied
ZnSO4 on Grain yield and Grain Zn
Concentrations in Wheat
Soil Zn Application : 25 to 50 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1
Foliar Zn Application: Generally 2 times: before and
after flowering (1 to 4 kg ZnSO4 ha-1)
Clinton Global Initiative highlighted the importance of
Zn-containing fertilizers to alleviate Zn deficiency
problem in human populations at 5th Annual Event in
September 24, 2009
Rice Trials in Thailand
Maize Trials in Zambia
Wheat Trials in India
Maize Trials in Zimbabwe
Trials in Pakistan
Maize Trials in Mozambique
Wheat trials in China, Yanglin-Xian
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
20
40
60
80
INDIA - Punjab State(Partner: Punjab Agricultural University)
Gra
in y
ield
, to
n h
a-1
Gra
in Z
n,
mg k
g-1
1. Control
3. Foliar Appl.
4. Soil + Foliar Appl.
Zn Applications
2. Soil Appl.
Location-I Location-II
25
61
49
65
0
2
4
6
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Gra
in y
ield
, to
n h
a-1
Gra
in Z
n,
mg k
g-1
1. Control
3. Foliar Appl.
4. Soil + Foliar Appl.
Zn Applications
2. Soil Appl.
Location-I Location-II
27
48
28
44
PAKISTAN(Partner: Pakistan Atomic Energy Comission)
0
1
2
3
4
0
10
20
30
40
Control (No Zn)
Booting + Milk
Milk + Dough
Foliar Zn Applications
Stem + Booting
No Soil Zn Appl.
With Soil Zn Appl.
12
27
22
29G
rain
yie
ld,
ton h
a-1
Gra
in Z
n, m
g k
g-1
-Zn +Zn
-Zn +Zn
Cakmak et al., 2010,
J. Agric. Food. Chem.
TURKEY
(Partner: Ministry of Agriculture)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Gra
in Z
n, m
g k
g-1
1. Control
3. Booting
4. Tillering + Booting
Foliar Zn Spray
2. Tillering
5. Milk
Cultivar
Akmola
Cultivar
Trizo
KAZAKHSTAN
(Partner: CIMMYT Kazakhstan)
WHEAT
19
54
18
44
Grain Zn concentration in different countries with and without zinc fertilization
Average of all countries -Zn: 26 +Zn:50
Country/Location -Zn +Zn
IndiaVaranasi 29 47
PAU-I 25 81
PAU-II 28 77
PAU-III 26 61
PAU-IV 49 65
IARI 33 45
KazakhstanLoc-I 19 54
Loc-II 28 73
PakistanLoc-I 27 48
Loc-II 28 44
Loc-III 30 40
Loc-IV 29 60
mg kg-1
Country/Location -Zn +Zn
MexicoYear-I 21 45
Year-II 36 60
TurkeyKonya 12 29
Adana 32 57
Samsun 23 49
Eskisehir 22 43
ChinaLoc-I 28 54
Loc-II 19 26
Australia
Loc-I 18 39
GermanyAverage 20 32
IranAverage 17 28
BrazilAverage 30 52
mg kg-1
Country/Location -Zn +Zn
IndiaVaranasi 29 47
PAU-I 25 81
PAU-II 28 77
PAU-III 26 61
PAU-IV 49 65
IARI 33 45
KazakhstanLoc-I 19 54
Loc-II 28 73
PakistanLoc-I 27 48
Loc-II 28 44
Loc-III 30 40
Loc-IV 29 60
mg kg-1
Country/Location -Zn +Zn
MexicoYear-I 21 45
Year-II 36 60
TurkeyKonya 12 29
Adana 32 57
Samsun 23 49
Eskisehir 22 43
ChinaLoc-I 28 54
Loc-II 19 26
AustraliaLoc-I 18 39
GermanyAverage 20 32
IranAverage 17 28
BrazilAverage 30 52
mg kg-1
Average Concentrations
of Grain Zn(10 Countries with 32 locations)
-Zn: 26 ppm
+Zn: 50 ppm
Grain Zn concentration in different countries with and without zinc fertilization
Staining/Localization of Zinc in
Wheat Grain (red color)
EMBRYO
ENDOSPERM
ALEURONE
ALEURONE
Cakmak et al., 2010
Cereal Chemistry, 77: 10-20
Localization of Zn in grain
after foliar application?
LA-ICP-MS Tests on Seeds
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
Cakmak et al., 2010,
J. Agric. Food. Chem.
White arrow: Zn in
entire cross section
Black arrow: Zn in
endosperm section
entire cross section
endosperm section
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/K
g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/K
g)
No Foliar Zn Application
Foliar Zn Application at Stem Elongation and Booting Stages
Foliar Zn Application at Milk and Dough Stages
B
cr
cr
cr
Endosperm
Endosperm
Endosperm
LA-ICP-MS Tests
Cakmak et al., 2010, J. Agric. Food. Chem. 58:9092-9102
No Zn
Zn applied at stem
elongation and boot
Zn applied at milk and
and dough stages
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/k
g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Distance (µm)
Zn
co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/K
g)
Changes in Endosperm Zinc Concentrations
Cakmak et al., 2010,
J. Agric. Food. Chem.
0
20
40
60
80
1. Control (No Zn)
3. Booting + Milk
4. Milk + Dough
2. Stem + Booting
Gra
inZ
n, m
g k
g-1
Turkey
32
57
23
49
Location
Adana
Location
Samsun
0
20
40
60
80
37
64
29
55
High Nitrogen
Low Nitrogen
58
51
Grain Zn Concentrations as Affected from Soil N
Fertilization and Foliar Zn Applications in Turkey
Cakmak et al., 2010
J. Agric Food Chem
Changes in shoot and grain
concentrations of Fe and Zn
depending on N supply
Nitrogen Effect
10
15
20
25
30G
RA
IN Z
n (
pp
m)
20
30
40
50
60
Zn
YIE
LD
(g/h
a)
0 40 80 120
N (kg/ha)
Zn YIELD (g/ha)
GRAIN Zn (ppm)
EFFECTS of N FERTILIZATION on GRAIN Zn
CONCENTRATIONS and GRAIN Zn-YIELD
Cakmak et al., 2010b
Possible Nitrogen/Protein Effects
on Zn/Fe Concentration of SeedsSeed Effect•protein synthesis•storage proteins•sink activity
Re-translocation/Phloem Loading•N-containing chelators•Transporter proteins
Transport•N-containing chelators•Proteins contributing to xylem loading•…
Mobilization & Uptake•Transporter proteins mediating uptake•Root exudation (e.g., phytosiderophores)•Root growth•Microbial activity
Effect of increasing N supply on root
uptake and root-to-shoot
translocation of Zn in wheat
65Zn uptake rates and root-to-shoot translocation rates
of 22-day-old wheat seedlings precultured with low (0.5
mM), medium (1.0 mM) or high (4.0 mM) N supply.
Erenoglu et al., 2010, New Phytologist
65Zn uptake rates root-to-shoot translocation
Grain K Concentration
No Foliar Application
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Low Adequate High
Soil Zn Supply
Gra
in [
K]
(%)
Grain K Concentration
Foliar Zn Application
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Low Adequate High
Soil Zn Supply
Gra
in [
K]
(%)
Grain Fe Concentration
Foliar Zn Application
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Low Adequate High
Soil Zn Supply
Gra
in [
Fe
] (m
g.k
g-1
)
Grain Fe Concentration
No Foliar Application
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Low Adequate High
Soil Zn Supply
Gra
in [
Fe
] (µ
g.g
-1)
Grain Zn Concentration
Foliar Zn Application
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Low Adequate High
Soil Zn Supply
Gra
in [
Zn
] (µ
g.g
-1)
Grain Zn Concentration
No Foliar Application
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Low Adequate High
Soil Zn Supply
Gra
in [
Zn
] (µ
g.g
-1)
Low N
Adequate N
High N
Zinc
Iron
Potassium
Effect of
Increasing
Supply of Zn
and N on Grain
Concentrations
of Zn, Fe and K
Kutman et al., 2010 Cereal Chem
65ZnSO4
65Zn
Effect of N nutrition on transport
and accumulation of 65Zn in grain
after the treatments of the flag
leaves with 65Zn-labelled solution
Growth at 3 N levels in soil
65Zn Flag Leaf
Erenoglu et al., 2010, New Phytol.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
60 180 540
Gra
in 6
5Z
n / F
lag
le
af
65Z
n (%
)
N supply, mg kg-1 soil
65Zn-Translocation Efficiency into Grain
Erenoglu et al., 2010, New Phytol. in press
Distribution and partitioning of Fe
and Zn among the stems, leaves,
husks and grains in wheat grown with
low and adequate N supply in
greenhouse
Kutman et al. 2010b
Shoot Part Low N High N Low N High N
Husks 9 7 10 6
Grains 38 60 59 78
Leaves 48 28 17 8
Stem 5 6 14 7
Fe Zn
Zinc and Iron Partitioning (%) at Maturity
Kutman et al. 2010, in review
Nitrogen Dependent
High Protein in Seed:
a Sink for Zn and Fe ?
Possible Nitrogen/Protein Effects
on Zn/Fe Concentration of SeedsSeed Effect•protein synthesis•storage proteins•sink activity
Re-translocation/Phloem Loading•N-containing chelators•Transporter proteins
Transport•N-containing chelators•Proteins contributing to xylem loading•…
Mobilization & Uptake•Transporter proteins mediating uptake•Root exudation (e.g., phytosiderophores)•Root growth•Microbial activity Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal
Chem, 77: 10-20
Cakmak et al., 2010
Cereal Chem, 77: 10-20
Staining of Protein, Zinc and Iron in Wheat Grain
Protein Zinc Iron
Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal
Chem, 77: 10-20
Staining of Protein, Zinc and Iron in Wheat Grain
Protein Zinc Iron
High Protein in Seed:
a Sink for Zn and Fe
Int’l Zinc Assoc.
Acknowledgement
Mosaic Co.K+S Kali
IFA IPNIOmex Agrifluids
Sabanci University
Thank you…
Thank You…
Sabanci University
Change in Nutrient Composition With Milling Affects
Bioavailability & Warrants Consideration in Breeding
% of Total
in
Unmilled
Grain
WHOLE
GRAIN
WHOLE
GRAIN
WHITE
FLOURMILLING
Phyta
te/Z
n r
atio
+Zn
-Zn
No foliar Zn application
After foliar Zn application
SEEDZINC
IncreasingResistance to
Diseases
DecreasingSeeding Rate
Better Seed Viability and
Seedling Vigor
Improving Abiotic Stress
Tolerance
ImprovingHuman
Nutrition
Higher Yield under Zn
Deficiency
Agronomic and human nutritional benefits
resulting from use of Zn-enriched seeds
Cakmak, 2008; Plant and Soil, 302: 1-17