POTASSIUM IN PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD by Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University Istanbul, Turkey
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POTASSIUM INPOTASSIUM IN PLANT PLANT GROWTH AND YIELDGROWTH AND YIELD
by by Ismail CakmakIsmail Cakmak
Sabanci University Sabanci University Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey
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High K Low K
Low K High K
High K
Low K Low K
High K
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Control K Deficiency
Cakmak et al., 1994, J. Experimental
Bot.
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K
WaterRegime
ProteinSynthesis
Cell elongation Phloem Exportof Photosynthates
Photosynthesis
EnzymeActivation
Alleviation of Effectsof Stress Factors
POTASSIUM IN CROP PRODUCTIONPOTASSIUM IN CROP PRODUCTION
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K and Cell K and Cell Elongation/ExtensionElongation/Extension
In most cases, cell extension is the consequence of the accumulation of K in the cells that is required for both stabilizing the pH of the cytoplasm and increasing the osmotic potential in vacuoles.
Cell elongation by GA is Cell elongation by GA is dependent on K supplydependent on K supply
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Potassium is essentially needed for cell Potassium is essentially needed for cell elongationelongation
Potassium is essential for GA3 (gibberellin)-induced cell elongation/extension, especially under deep-seeding conditions(seedling establishment!!!)
Potassium is needed for turgor potential to avoid drought stress in arid environment
Potassium and GA act synergistically in elongating cells(Chen et al., 2001; Plant Cell Environ. 24: 469-476)
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Auxin-stimulated cell elongation is also dependent on presence of potassium.
There is a strong correlation between expression of K-channel proteins and cell elongation following application of auxin
Rogg et al., 2001, Plant Cell
Auxinedefective
line
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TRH1 encoding a potassium TRH1 encoding a potassium transporter proteintransporter protein:: essential for root tip growth. As cell elongation is driven by turgor pressure, the operation of K translocators is crucial for growth.
In the mutant lines without TRH1 protein root hair formation was totally blocked. .
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Rigas et al., 2001, Plant Cell, 13: 139-151
Line with TRH1 Line without TRH1
Root Hair Root Hair FormationFormation
With K With K proteinprotein
Without K Without K proteinprotein
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Wild Type
trh1 Mutant
trh1 trh1 +TRH1+TRH1
Scanning electron micrographs
TRH mediating K transport TRH mediating K transport essential for root hair formationessential for root hair formation
Rigas et al., 2001, Plant Cell, 13: 139-151
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Potassium is Potassium is a critical a critical mineral nutrient mineral nutrient in tree in tree growth and wood growth and wood formation.formation.
In cambial region and xylem differention zone a strong potassium demand has been shown.
Langer et al., 2002; Plant Journal, 32: 997-1009
Differentiating xylem cells involved in wood formation represent a strong sink for potassium that provides the driving force for cell expansion
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Potassium concentration in xylem tissue, cambium/xylem differention zone and phloem tissue
Langer et al., 2002; Plant Journal, 32: 997-1009
xylem
cambium/xylem
phloem
K nutritional status strongly K nutritional status strongly affects development of wood affects development of wood producing cellsproducing cells
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Xylem expansion zone
Cambium Cambium
Xylem expansion zone
0.05 mM K0.05 mM K
10.010.0 mM K mM K
Langer et al., 2002; Plant Journal, 32: 997-1009
low Klow K adequate Kadequate K
Under K deficiency cambial and cell-Under K deficiency cambial and cell-expansion zones lack 2-3 cell layers expansion zones lack 2-3 cell layers eacheach
Lack of cell divisions in the vessel development region results in reduced wood production
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The cambium cells divide and The cambium cells divide and make new make new woodwood on the inside on the inside and new and new inner barkinner bark on the on the outside. In this way, a tree gets outside. In this way, a tree gets bigger around as it grows! bigger around as it grows!
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Potassium is highly needed Potassium is highly needed for for woodwood production. production.
Potassium is driving force for Potassium is driving force for expansion of wood producing cellsexpansion of wood producing cells
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Photosynthesis and PotassiumPhotosynthesis and Potassium In K-deficient leaves photosynthesis is impaired at different levels
stomatal CO2 flux into chloroplasts
conversion of light energy into chemical energy
rubisco activity/CO2 reduction
phloem export of photosynthates and,
detoxification of toxic O2 species
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K K K
Photosynthesis and PotassiumPhotosynthesis and PotassiumDuring a mild K deficiency in cotton, increased stomatal
resistance is first to result in a decrease in net photosynthesis and, as the deficiency becomes more
acute, biochemical factors contribute.
Day 13 Day 26Day 19
Bednarz, et al. 1998, Environ. Exp. Bot. 39: 131-139
+K
-K -K
+K
Severity of K deficiency
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0
10
20
30
13 19 26
Effect of Varied K Supply on Photosynthesis in Cotton
Ph
oto
syn
thes
is R
ate
(µm
ol
m-2 s
-1)
K deficiency
Days
adequate K
Bednarz and Oosterhuis, 1999 ; J. Plant Nutr.
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Decrease in photosynthesis with K Decrease in photosynthesis with K deficiency becomes more distinct deficiency becomes more distinct when plants are exposed to when plants are exposed to elevated COelevated CO22 concentrations concentrations
Enhanced K requirement of plants Enhanced K requirement of plants when exposed towhen exposed to increasing COincreasing CO22 concentration concentration
in atmospherein atmosphere
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
normal CO2
high CO2
Ass
imila
tion
Rat
e
[µm
ol C
O2 m
-2 s
-1]
Effect of Elevated CO2 on Photosynthesis
at Varied K SupplyAdequate K
Low K
+K-K
-K
+K
Barnes et al., 1995, Plant Cell Environ.
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The transport of K+ across the plasma membrane and tonoplast causes the turgor changes of guard cells. Stomata open when guard cells accumulate potassium (red dots), which lowers the cells’ water potential and causes them to take up water by osmosis. The cells become turgid.
. K
Stomata regulating transpiration and COStomata regulating transpiration and CO22 uptakeuptake
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Role Role potassium in potassium in stomatal stomatal actionaction
When stomata opened, the K content of guard cells increased by factor 2, indicating a very rapid stomatal opening by K uptake
openedopened
closedclosed
Langer et al., 2004; Plant Journal, 37: 828-838
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PHLOEM TRANSPORTPHLOEM TRANSPORT K plays a critical role in phloem K plays a critical role in phloem transporttransport
SourceSource
SinkSink
KK
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AKT2/3: a potassium channel protein and identified as photosynthate-induced phloem K channel.
Flower induction and rosette development of the Arabidopsis with loss of AKT2/3 function (akt2/3-1 mutant) is delayed
WT- AKT2/3 akt2/3-1 mutant
Potassium is essential for Potassium is essential for transport of photosynthates into transport of photosynthates into
growing organsgrowing organs
Deeken et al., 2002, Planta, 216: 334-344
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Sucrose concentration(mg Glucose equiv. g-1 DW)
Control
12 76
K Deficiency
Accumulation of Phosynthates in K-Deficient Source Leaves
Cakmak et al., 1994b, J. Experimental
Bot.
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Phloem Export of Sucrose(mg Glucose equiv. g-1 DW 8 h-1)
Control
3.4 1.6
K Deficiency
Decrease in Phloem Export of Sucrose by K-Deficiency
Cakmak et al., 1994b, J. Experimental
Bot.
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Relative distribution of total carbohydratesbetween shoot and roots (%)
Control K Deficiency
16 3
9784
Cakmak et al., 1994a, J. Experimental
Bot.
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Plants suffering from Plants suffering from environmental stress factors environmental stress factors such as drought, high light such as drought, high light intensity and salinity have intensity and salinity have largelargerr requirement for requirement for potassiumpotassium
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0
10
20
30
40
50
LOW MILD SEVERE
Pho
tosy
nthe
sis
(µm
ol C
O2 m
-2 s
-1)
Drought Stress
Low KAdequate K
Potassium Improved Photosynthesis Under Drought Stress
Sen Gupta et al., 1988, Plant Physiol.
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Ch
loro
ph
yll
(g k
g-1
FW
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
20
40
60
Mem
bra
ne
Dam
age
(%
)
Control NaCl + K supplyNaCl
Alleviation of Salt Stress by K Supply
Kaya et al., 2001, J. Plant Nutr.
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Increased salt sensitivity in the Increased salt sensitivity in the absence of K transporter protein. absence of K transporter protein.
AtHKT1 controls root/shoot Na+ distribution and counteracts salt stress in leaves by reducing leaf Na+ accumulation.
Maser et al., 2002; FEBS Letters;531: 157-161
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Growth of bean plants with low K supply under low and high light
intensity
Low light High light
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Plants grown under high light intensity Plants grown under high light intensity require more Krequire more K than than plants grown under plants grown under low lightlow light
SHADEDSHADEDPARTPART
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Partially shaded K-deficient bean leaves
Enhancement of leaf symptoms of K-deficieny by high light
SHADED
NON-SHADED
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REMEMBER:REMEMBER:
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Potassium deficiency makePotassium deficiency makess plants sensitive plants sensitive to environmental stress factors. to environmental stress factors. Plants under environmental stress factors Plants under environmental stress factors need additional potassiumneed additional potassium
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S-HS-H
MEMBRANE DNA PROTEIN
FREE RADICAL DAMAGE TO CRITICAL CELL CONSTITUENTS
O2h.v. e-
LIPIDPEROXIDATION
PROTEINDAMAGE
MUTATION
CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROSIS
S=S
1O2 O2
._
H2O2 OH.
S=S
CELL DEATH
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ConclusionsConclusions
Potassium has several critical roles in plant growth and yield formation including cell elongation, maintenance of turgor pressure and photosynthesis, stomatal closure, protein synthesis and photoassimilate transport.
Potassium transporter proteins play critical role in K uptake and translocation (contributing to cell elongation) and tolerance to Na toxicity
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Plants exposed to high light intensity or grown under long-term sunlight conditions like in southern countries in Northern Hemisphere have much larger K requirement
Improving K nutritional status of plants is a major contributing factor to the protection of plants from environmental stress factors under marginal conditions
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Remark:Remark: During the late growth During the late growth stage (generative phase) plants stage (generative phase) plants can need highcan need higherer amount of amount of potassium because at this stagepotassium because at this stage high amount of K is required for high amount of K is required for translocation of carbohydratestranslocation of carbohydrates
plants can be exposed to more light and plants can be exposed to more light and
topsoil with high root density and topsoil with high root density and high high K K concentration can be dryconcentration can be dry (limited K (limited K
uptake !)uptake !) High need for late K application to foliar !!
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Obrigado...Obrigado...