Caffeine, Sleep, & Wakefulness: Implications of New Understanding about Withdrawal Reversal...

Caffeine Sleep amp Wakefulness Implications of New

Understanding about Withdrawal Reversal

Neuroscience Center

Rockville Maryland

July 2009

Jack James PhDSchool of Psychology

National University of Ireland Galway

[jjamesnuigalwayie]

Caffeine Is the Next Problem Already Brewing

NIDA-ODS Symposium

ldquoA health advice service has been

set up as part of a Health Board

drug prevention initiativerdquo

Health Board Cafeacutefor young people

Learn About the Dangers of Drugs

as You Relax with a Coffee

Common Beliefs amp Claims about Caffeine

bull Enhances performance amp mood

bull Encourages wakefulness

Baseline Challenge

Per

form

ance

amp M

ood

Placebo

Caffeine

Degraded due to overnight caffeine abstinence

Restoration to ldquonormalrdquo after caffeine

Caffeine Withdrawal amp Withdrawal Reversal

James J E (1994) Neuropsychobiology 30 124-125

Withdrawal Reversal Hypothesis

Caffeine abstinence negatively affects performance

amp mood which are restored (withdrawal reversal)

when caffeine is next ingested

0

30

20

10

40

Pla

sma

caff

ein

e (micro

gm

l)

Dietary Caffeine Concentration Time Course

MorningTime

24 hours

Caffeine dose

Main Research Design Options for Controlling Confounding Due to Withdrawal Relief

1 Consumers versus lownon-consumers

2 Pre-treatment or ad lib consumptions

3 Long-term withdrawal

placebo

placebo

caffeine

caffeine

lsquocaffeine abstinentrsquo

lsquoacute challengersquo

lsquowithdrawalrsquo

lsquodietary usersquo

placebo

caffeine

placebo

caffeine

Research Design Controlling for Withdrawal Reversal

lsquoRun-inrsquo lsquoChallengersquo(1-6 days) (7th day) Condition

James J E amp Rogers P J (2005) Psychopharmacology 182 1-8

Caffeine Sleep amp Wakefulness

James J E amp Keane M A (2007) Human Psychopharmacology Clinical amp Experimental 22 549-558

bull Caffeine sleep amp driving

bull Caffeine use in military operations

bull Restorative effects of caffeine naps amp bright light

Fatherrsquos education

Parental education

Adolescent Caffeine Use Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)[Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis (ICSRA) Reykjavik]

Motherrsquos education

Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender

Passenger stationary

After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive

Passenger car moving

Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Academic achievement

Licit substances

Sleepiness

CFI = 955RMSEA = 044

r2 = 06

r2 = 12

r2 = 19

34

-30

-16


Parental education


Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Coffee

Tea

Cola drinks

Energy drinks

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Caffeine use


Smoking amp alcohol

Sleepiness

CFI = 955950RMSEA = 044040

r2 = 0623

r2 = 1214

r2 = 1925

3426

-30-19

-16-12

44

-28

17


Summary of Main Findings Caffeine Sleep amp Wakefulness

bull Sleep restriction has adverse effects on aspects of performance and mood

bull After controlling for withdrawal reversal dietary caffeine has

Little or no net gains for performance or mood

Little or no restorative effects (following sleep loss) for performance or mood

May exacerbate the negative effects of sleep loss


James J E amp Gregg M E (2004) Human Psychopharmacology Clinical amp Experimental 19 333-341

Keane M A James J E amp Hogan M J (2007) Neuropsychobiology 56 197-207

Keane M A amp James J E (2008) Human Psychopharmacology Clinical amp Experimental 23 669-680

bull Inference

Rather than enhancing ldquoalertnessrdquo amp ldquoarousalrdquo a main biobehavioral effect of caffeine may be to disrupt sleep amp attentional processes (previously masked by failure to control for withdrawal reversal)

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6

Main Research Design Options for Controlling Confounding Due to



Adolescent Caffeine Use Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) [Ic

Slide 11


ldquoA health advice service has been

set up as part of a Health Board

drug prevention initiativerdquo

Health Board Cafeacutefor young people

Learn About the Dangers of Drugs

as You Relax with a Coffee




Baseline Challenge

Per

form

ance

amp M

ood

Placebo

Caffeine









0

30

20

10

40

Pla

sma

caff

ein

e (micro

gm

l)


MorningTime

24 hours

Caffeine dose





placebo

placebo

caffeine

caffeine





placebo

caffeine

placebo

caffeine










Parental education



Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish


Licit substances

Sleepiness


r2 = 06

r2 = 12

r2 = 19

34

-30

-16


Parental education


Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Coffee

Tea

Cola drinks

Energy drinks

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Caffeine use


Smoking amp alcohol

Sleepiness

CFI = 955950RMSEA = 044040

r2 = 0623

r2 = 1214

r2 = 1925

3426

-30-19

-16-12

44

-28

17












bull Inference


Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6





Slide 11





Baseline Challenge

Per

form

ance

amp M

ood

Placebo

Caffeine









0

30

20

10

40

Pla

sma

caff

ein

e (micro

gm

l)


MorningTime

24 hours

Caffeine dose





placebo

placebo

caffeine

caffeine





placebo

caffeine

placebo

caffeine










Parental education



Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish


Licit substances

Sleepiness


r2 = 06

r2 = 12

r2 = 19

34

-30

-16


Parental education


Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Coffee

Tea

Cola drinks

Energy drinks

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Caffeine use


Smoking amp alcohol

Sleepiness

CFI = 955950RMSEA = 044040

r2 = 0623

r2 = 1214

r2 = 1925

3426

-30-19

-16-12

44

-28

17












bull Inference


Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6





Slide 11






0

30

20

10

40

Pla

sma

caff

ein

e (micro

gm

l)


MorningTime

24 hours

Caffeine dose





placebo

placebo

caffeine

caffeine





placebo

caffeine

placebo

caffeine










Parental education



Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish


Licit substances

Sleepiness


r2 = 06

r2 = 12

r2 = 19

34

-30

-16


Parental education


Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Coffee

Tea

Cola drinks

Energy drinks

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Caffeine use


Smoking amp alcohol

Sleepiness

CFI = 955950RMSEA = 044040

r2 = 0623

r2 = 1214

r2 = 1925

3426

-30-19

-16-12

44

-28

17












bull Inference


Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6





Slide 11






placebo

placebo

caffeine

caffeine





placebo

caffeine

placebo

caffeine










Parental education



Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish


Licit substances

Sleepiness


r2 = 06

r2 = 12

r2 = 19

34

-30

-16


Parental education


Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Coffee

Tea

Cola drinks

Energy drinks

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Caffeine use


Smoking amp alcohol

Sleepiness

CFI = 955950RMSEA = 044040

r2 = 0623

r2 = 1214

r2 = 1925

3426

-30-19

-16-12

44

-28

17












bull Inference


Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6





Slide 11








Parental education



Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish


Licit substances

Sleepiness


r2 = 06

r2 = 12

r2 = 19

34

-30

-16


Parental education


Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Coffee

Tea

Cola drinks

Energy drinks

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Caffeine use


Smoking amp alcohol

Sleepiness

CFI = 955950RMSEA = 044040

r2 = 0623

r2 = 1214

r2 = 1925

3426

-30-19

-16-12

44

-28

17












bull Inference


Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6





Slide 11



Parental education


Watching TV

Talking

Family structure

Gender


After a meal

Reading

Sitting inactive


Lay down to rest

Smoking

Alcohol use

Coffee

Tea

Cola drinks

Energy drinks

Icelandic

Math

English

Danish

Caffeine use


Smoking amp alcohol

Sleepiness

CFI = 955950RMSEA = 044040

r2 = 0623

r2 = 1214

r2 = 1925

3426

-30-19

-16-12

44

-28

17












bull Inference


Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6





Slide 11












bull Inference


Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3



Slide 6





Slide 11


Caffeine, Sleep, & Wakefulness: Implications of New Understanding about Withdrawal Reversal...

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Transcript of Caffeine, Sleep, & Wakefulness: Implications of New Understanding about Withdrawal Reversal...