NEED THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

Thursday, December 17, 09

THE PROJECT

Update on project

Course Outline

Sr. |Chap|Final Exam Chapter HeadingNo.|No. |Q. No.1. 1 1 An Introduction to Motivational Concept (260909)2. 2 2 Motivation in the History (101009)3. 3 3 Darwinian Theory of Evolution and Motivation

(171009)4. 4 4 Instinct and Motivation (311009)5. 5 5 The Effect of Frustration, Conflict and Stress (051109

& 071109)6. 6 6 Need Theories of Motivation (051209)7. 7 7 Reinforcement/Incentive Theories (171209)8. 8 8 Expectancy Theories of Motivation9. 9 9 Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance10. 10 10 Motivation and Monetary Rewards11. 11 11 Motivation Through MBO and Performance Appraisal

Marks Distribution:

Number of Quizzes attended + Midterm + Final assignment

DEVELOPMENT OF EXPECTANCY THEORY

TOLMAN (1936) LEWIN (1938) Relationship between Stimulus and

response “Motivation is a goal directed behavior

involving an active process of evaluating the valence of outcomes and the expectancy of goal attainment”

Expectancy Theory

Effort Performance Rewards

Expectancy

Valence

Instrumentality

Expectancy Theory

Expectancy — belief that working hard will result in desired level of performance.

Instrumentality — belief that successful performance will be followed by rewards.

Valence — value a person assigns to rewards and other work related outcomes.

THEORY OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

ATKINSON (1957, 1964) “Goal directed action tendency is a joint

function of the strength of the motive and the expectancy of the goal attainment”

Motivation = Strength of motive+ expectancy of goal attainment

“Achievement motivation is considered a function of motive, incentive and expectancy”

Vroom (1964)Expectancy theory states that the strength of an individual's motivation will depend on the extent to which they expect the results of their efforts to contribute towards their personal needs or goals.

He suggested that the strength of an individual's motivation is the product of two factors.

1. The strength of preference for a certain outcome - Vroom called this 'valence' stating that it could be positive, negative or zero - since outcomes might be desired, avoided or considered with indifference - 2. The expectation that a particular outcome will result from certain behaviour - Vroom called this 'subjective probability' or 'expectancy', which refers to the individual's perception of the link between behaviour and outcome. It is represented by a number between 1 [probable] and 0 [no chance] -

Vroom – example 1

+ 25th

December=

V = Santa brings presents

E = Christmas Day

F = Good Behaviour

Vroom – example 1

+ =

V = reaching targets

E = performance related pay agreement

F = efficient working

How Expectancy Theory Works

Expectancy

Effort - Performance Link

E=0

No matter how much effort

you put in, probably not possible

to memorise the text in 24 hours

Instrumentality

Performance - Rewards Link

I=0

Your tutor does not look

like someone who has £1 million

Valence

Rewards - Personal Goals Link

V=1

There are a lot of wonderful things

you could do with £1 million

Your tutor offers you £1 million if you memorise the textbook by tomorrow morning.

Conclusion: Though you value the reward, you will not be motivated to do this task.

Study Question 2: What are the process theories of motivation?

Expectancy theory Motivation (M), expectancy (E),

instrumentality (I), and valence (V) are related to one another in a multiplicative fashion:

M = E x I x V

If either E, I, or V is low, motivation will be low.

Needs (Internal stimuli)

Incentive(External Stimuli)

Perception EPPIIN

Abilities and traits

Motivation

Satisfaction

PerceivedAnd Equitable

Reward

Performance

Productivity

EP: Effort performance, PI: Performance Incentive, IN: Incentive -Needs