by KEN WEAVER

Published by the Americon Society of Civil Engineers

345 Eost 47th Street New York, New York 10017-2398

Il i DAM FOUNDA TION GROUTING

TABLE O F CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... .

1 INTRODUCTION

l. 1 The Basics . . . . 1.2 History Of Grouling In The U.S. 1.3 Elemenls Of A Sueeessful Grout job 1.4 Limitations . . . . . . . . . .

2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2. 1 Generai Considerations . . . 2.1.1 Predietability of Results

2.1.2 T est Grou ling . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Grout Curtain Depth .. 2.1.4 Single Une vs. Multiple Li ne Curtalns 2.1.5 Grout Hole Spadng . . . . .... . 2.1.6 Blanket Grouting . • . . . . . . . . . 2.1.7 Supplemenlary Grouling With Chemicals . 2.1.8 Grout Caps .... . 2.1.9 Grout Galleries ...... .

2.2 Geologie Considerations . . . . 2.2.1 Primary Geologie Features . 2.2.2 Solution Cavities (Karst) .. . 2.2.3 T eelonie Fealures . . . .. . 2.2.4 Stress Release Fealures and Landslides

3 GROUTING MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN

3.1 Grouting Materials . ....• 3.1.1 Cement ........•

3. 1.1.1 Portland Cemenl 3.1.1.2 Ultrafìne Cement

3.1.2 Pozzolans . . . . . . . 3.1.2.1 Fly Ash ..... . 3.1.2.2 Blast Furnaee Slag o

3.1.2.3 Condensed Silica Fume 3.1.2.4 Natura! Pozzolans o

3.1.3 Clay ..... . 3. 1.3. 1 Bentonite . .. . o

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. 1.3.2 Other Clay Minerals . 3.1.4 Fillers ..

3. 1.4.1 Sand .. .. . 3.1.4.2 Clay ... . .

3.1.5 Chemical Addilives 3.1.5.1 Dispersanls . 3. 1.5.2 Accelerators . 3.1.5.3 Gas- Producing Agents .

3.1.6 Chemical Grouts . 3.1.7 Water .. . .. . .. .

3.2 Grout Mix Design ..... . 3.2.1 Generai Consideralions 3.2.2 Water:Cemenl Ratios 3.2.3 Bentonitic Grouts .. . 3.2.4 Sanded Grouts . . . . . 3.2.5 Fly Ash-Cement Grouts 3.2.6 Clay-Cement Grouts .

3.3 Rheology of Grouts . . . . .

4 FACTORS AFFECTING GROUTING EFFECTIVENESS .

4.1 Materia! Properties Affecting Grout Penetration 4.1.1 Viscosity ... . 4.1.2 Cohesion ........ . 4.1.3 Specific Gravity . . . . . 4.1.4 Settlement (Decantation) 4.1.5 Grain Size . . . . . . . .

4.2 Fracture Characterislics Affecting Grout Penetration 4.2.1 Fracture Aperture 4.2.2 Roughness .. . . 4.2.3 Hydraulic Routing 4.2.4 T ortuosity . 4.2.5 Porosity ..... 4.2.6 Permeability • . .

4.3 Procedura! Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness 4.3.1 Orientation of Holes . . . 4.3.2 Drilling Procedures . . .

4.3.2.1 Circulating Medium 4.3.2.2 Staging of Drilling . 4.3.2.3 Borehole Deviation

4.3.3 Protection of Holes . . . 4.3.4 Grout Mixing Procedures

4.3.4.1 Equipment . . . . .

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4.3.4.2 Proportioning 47 4.3.5 lnjection Prcssurc 47 4.3.6 Stage Length . . 51 4.3.7 Refusal Criteria. . 51 4.3.8 Closure Criteria . 53

4.4 Climatic Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness . 53 4.4.1 Winter Grouling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.4.2 Hot Weather Grouting. . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.5 Design Factors Affecting Grouting Effectiveness. 55 4.5.1 Depth of Curtain . 55 4.5.2 Width of Curlain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.5.3 Hole Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4.6 lnfluence Of Drilling Method On Grouting Effeclìvcncss . 58 4.7 Factors Affecting Grout Durability 58

4.7.1 Geochemical Environment . . 58 4.7. 1.1 Deleterious Minerals . . 58 4.7.1.2 Aggressive Ground Water 59

4.7.2 Grout Mix Design . . . . . 59 4.7.2.1 Water:Cement Ratio 59 4.7.2.2 Grout Materials 59

4.7.3 Hydraulic Gradient 59

5 EQUIPMENT . . .

5.1 Drilling Equipment 5.1.1 Rotary Equipment 5.1.2 Percussion Equipment . 5.1.3 Rotary-Percussion Equipment

5.2 Washing And Testing Equipment . 5.2.1 Washing Equipment . . . 5.2.2 Water T esling Equipmenl

5.3 Grouting Equipment ... . 5.3. 1 Mixers .. .. . . .. .

5.3.1.1 Colloidal Mixcrs . 5.3. 1.2 Paddle Mixcrs 5.3. 1.3 Other Types .

5.3.2 Water Meters 5.3.3 Agitators . 5.3.4 Pumps . 5.3.5 Headers . 5.3.6 Packers . . 5.3.7 Sleeve Tubes. 5.3.8 Equipment Layout

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T AOL[ OF CONTENTS

5.4 Automated Systems . . . . . ... 5.4. l Drilling Paramctcr Rccordcrs

5.4.1.1 EN.PASOL ..... . 5.4.1.2 Lutz Drilling Parameter Recorders . 5.4.1 .3 Papero . . . . . . .....

5.4.2 Grouting Parametcr Recorders . 5.4.2.1 Craelius Rccording System 5.4.2.2 Hany Recording Systems . 5.4.2.3 Lutz Grouting Parameter Recorders . 5.4.2.4 Paguro System .. ... 5.4.2.5 CRT Display Recorders

5.4.3 Automated Headers . . ... 5.4.4 Automaled Batching Systems 5.4.5 Automated lnjection Systems

5.5 Miscellaneous Equipmenl . 5.5.1 Hydration Tanks . 5.5.2 Winches .... . 5.5.3 Scaffolding ... . 5.5.4 Mobile Platforms .

5.6 Uplift Monitoring Devices . 5.6.1 Generai Considerations 5.6.2 Rigid Bar Extensometers . 5.6.3 Alarm Extensometers 5.6.4 Tillmeters . . . . . . .

6 STANO ARO PROCEDURES

6.1 Pallern And Sequence . . . 6.1.1 Multiple Row Curtains . 6.1.2 Split-Spadng Sequence

6.2 Drilling Procedures .. 6.3 W ashing Procedures .

6.3.1 Special Washing . 6.3.2 Pressure W ashing

6.4 W ater T esling Procedures . 6.4. 1 Generai Considerations 6.4.2 Lugeon Tests . 6.4.3 Routine T ests . 6.4.4 Special T ests . .

6.5 Grouting Procedures 6.5.1 Genera! Procedures

6.5.1 .1 Ascending Stage Grouting . 6. 5. 1.2 Descending Stage Grouling

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6.5.1.3 Circuii Grouling ..... 6.5.2 Agi lator Calibration Proccdures 6.5.3 Packer Seating Proccdures . 6.5.4 Mixing Procedures ..... 6.5.5 Groul lnjection Proccdurcs

6.5.5.1 Basic Proccdures .. 6.5.5.2 lnjeclion Prcssurcs .. 6.5.5.3 Use of Grout Mix Chart 6.5.5.4 Trealmenl of Caving Holes 6.5.5.5 Grout Communication Between Holes 6.5.5.6 Lost Circulation Zones .. .. . 6.5.5. 7 Artesian Flow .•... .. . . 6.5.5.8 Treatmcnt of Surface Leakage . 6.5.5.9 Leaking Packers •. ..... . 6.5.5.1 O lmplementation of Refusal Criterion

6.5.6 Special Problems . . . 6.5.6.1 Flowing Water . 6.5.6.2 Natural Gas ..

6.5.7 Hole Backfilling . . . 6.6 Proteclion Of Grout Holes

7 SUPERVISION ANO INSPECTION OF GROUTING

7.1 Preamble . 7.2 Supervision 7.3 lnspection . 7.4 Outies Of lnspectors

7.4.1 Record Keeping 7.4.2 lnspection of Orilling Operations

7.4.2.1 Grout Holes . . . . . ... 7.4.2.2 Cored Verification Holes .

7.4.3 lnspection of Grouling O perations 7.4.3. 1 Preparation for Grouting .. 7.4.3.2 Basic lnspection Procedures . 7.4.3.3 Field T esting . . .

7.4.4 Safety Consideralions . 7.5 Outies Of Data Coordinator

8 RECORDS .

8. 1 Field Records 8.1.1 Orilling Logs 8.1.2 Daily Orilling Reports

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8.1.3 Pressure Testingand Grouting Logs 8.1.4 Daily Grouting Reports 8.1.5 Field Tesling Reporls. 8.1.6 Progress Drawings

8.2 Office Records .... . . 8.2. 1 Tabulations . ... . 8. 2. 1.1 Progress T abulations .

8.2.1.2 Paymentltem Tabulations . 8.2.1.3 Summary of Drilliing and Grouting Data .

8.2.2 Progress Charts . 8.2.3 Pian Drawings 8.2.4 Grouting Profìles

9 QUAliTY ASSURANCE

9. 1 Review Process .... . 9.2 Closure Crileria .. . . .

9.2.1 Permeabili ty Crileria . 9.2.2 Grout Take Criteria .

9.3 Slatislical Evaluation Procedures 9.3.1 Reduction Ratios . . . . .. 9.3.2 Mean Value Bar Graphs .. 9.3.3 Frequency Distribution Histograms 9.3.4 Summation Curves .. 9.3.5 Permeability Profiles .

9.4 Detailed Evaluation 9.5 Laboratory Testing

9.5.1 SetTime .. . 9.5.2 Cohesion . . . 9.5.3 Compatibility

9.6 Field Testing .... 9.6.1 Density Test . . 9.6.2 Marsh Viscosity T est 9.6.3 ASTM Flow Cone Test 9.6.4 Bleed Test ..... .

1 O ELEMENTS OF COOD CROUTINC PRACTICE

1 0.1 Generai Comments . . . . 1 0.2 Geologie Considerations . . 1 0.3 Other Basic Considerations 1 0.4 T echnical Specifìcations .

1 0.4.1 Flexibility . . . . . . .

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IX OAM l OUNOATION GROUTING

l 0.4.2 Surface T reatment .. ...... . l 0.4.3 Orilling Equipment and Procedures 10.4.4 Water Tesling .......... . l 0.4.5 Grouting Equipment and Procedures

l 0.5 Prequalification Of Bidders . l 0.6 Project Review

REFERENCES

INDEX ... .

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UST OF T ABLES

1. MC- l 00 groul slurry characlerislics. . .. . . . . 2. Effecl of bentonite on bleed. . . . . . ..... . 3. Selected properlies of typical fly ash-cemenl grouts .. 4. Conversion factors. . . . . . . . . . . S. Colloidal mixer data. . . . . . . . . . . . 6. lnterpretation of pressure- take lrends. . . 7. ldentification and miligation of problems. 8. Examples of typical reduction ratios. . . .

UST OF FIGURES

23 33 34 51 70

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1. Permeation of granular malerials by particulate grouts. . 21 2. Grain size distribution of particulate grouls. . . . . . . . 21 3. Pozzolanic grout filling fractures in sandstone and shale. 27 4. Graphical represenlalion of flu id types. . . . . . . . . . 35 S. Effect of fracture aperture and frequency on permeabilily. 40 6. Seepage channels created by groundwater flow in friable sandstone,

La Vueltosa Oam, Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7. lnjection pressures used in U.S. grouling practice. . . . . . . . . . 48 8. lnjection pressures used in Swedish grouling practice. . . . . . . . 48 9. Grout pian t in air-supported str ucture for winter grouling at Merrill

Creek Project, New jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 l O. W ater jacket fo r cooling groul circulation lines for ho t weather grout-

ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 11. Typical column-mounted drill rig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

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US l 01- IIGURES x

12. Typicaltrack-mounted percussion drill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 13. Typical bulton bits for percussion drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 14. Special washing head used by the W ater Resources Commission o f

New South W ales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 15. Typical water test set.up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 16. Schema tic diagram of Colerete double-drum colloidal grout mixer. 69 17. Hany high-turbulence colloidal grout mixer. . . . . . . . . . . . 69 18. Typical grout agitator, showing deOectors to induce turbulence. . 71 19. Progressing cavity grout pump wilh automotive-type transmission. 76 20. Synchronized piston grout pumps, on skid-mounted grout plant. . 76 21. Typical grout header. . . . . . . . . . . 78 22. Saunders valve grout header. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 23. T ypical packers for grouting opera t io ns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 24. Typical sleeve tubes (rubber sleeves are rolled back lo show grout

ports). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 25. Schema tic diagram of typical grout layout specified for use on Califor­

nia Oept. of Water Resources projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 26. Typical skid-mounted grout planl, with progressingcavity-type grout

pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 27. Typicaltrailer-mounted grout plant. 84 28. Hany grouting data recording system. 89 29. ISE automated grout header. . . . . 91 30. Orill rig secured on steep slope by use of a winch. 93 31. Air-powered winch, anchored to regularizing concrete. 93 32. Typical scaffolding for groutirng operations. . . . . . . 94 33. Schema tic diagram of typical rigid bar extensometer . . 96 34. Schemalic illustration of downward staying sequence. . . 107 35. Comparison of hypothesized conditions in borehole during conven-

tional grout.ing an d drcuit grouting of open fissure. . . . . . . 1 09 36. Cement content of neat portland cement grout mixes. . 116 37. Schemalic hookup (or circuit grouting. . . 118 38. Schematic diagram o( multiple hookup. . . 119 39. Typical grout hole drilllog. . . . . . . . . 132 40. Typical daily drilling report. . . . . . . . . 134 41. Typical pressure testing and grouting lo g. . 136 42. Typical daily grouting report. . . . . . . . 137 43. Typical field testing form. . . . . . . . . . 138 44. Typical drilling and grouting progress drawing (or field use. . . 139 45. Typical summary of drilling and grouting data. . 141 46. Examples of frequency distribution histograms. . 149 47. Grout density test using mud balance. . . 154 48. Marsh viscosity test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155