Building Narratives, Maps, and Documentation Torch Lake ...

BUILDING NARRATIVES, MAPS, AND DOCUMENTATION

TORCH LAKE INDUSTRIAL WATERFRONT

PHASE 1: From North end of Torch Lake to Hubbell Heach C&H Lake Linden

Operations Area of theAbandoned Mining Wastes - Torch Lake non-Super Fund Project

TASK 3: Historical Archive Research & Mapping

Prepared for:

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Remediation and Redevelopment Division

55195 US Highway 41Calumet, Michigan 49913

Prepared by:

MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Carol MacLennan, Ph.D., and

Emma SchwaigerSocial Sciences Department

&

MICHIGAN TECH RESEARCH INSTITUTE Nate Jessee, Colin Brooks, and Kim Mobley

July 2014

Contract No. Y14110

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BUILDING AND SITE NARRATIVES & CHRONOLOGIES

2.1. Torch Lake Phase 1 Building Narratives

2.2. Torch Lake Building Chronologies

3. GEOSPATIAL DATA AND MAPS

3.1. Geospatial Data Products

3.2. Blueprints and Sanborn Maps

4. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION

4.1. Annotated Bibliography

4.2. Annotated Bibliography of Maps (MTU Archives)

4.3. Journal Articles

4.3.1. Mining Congress, 1931

4.3.2. Engineering and Mining Journal

4.4. Interview Summaries

4.5. Substation #9 – Lake Linden

4.6. MTU Archives C&H Collection – Files Consulted

4.7. C&H Mining Co. Timeline – Torch Lake Facilities (1887-1968)

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

This document encompasses the materials collected by Michigan Technological

University (MTU) Social Sciences and the Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI)

staff in support of Phase 1, Task 3 of the Department of Environmental Quality project to

study and sample “Abandoned Mining Wastes of the Torch Lake Non-Superfund Site,

Contract No. Y14110.”

Task 3 is devoted to the historical and archival work on C&H Torch Lake

industrial facilities, and to the production of Geographic Information System (GIS) data

and associated maps, which identify building locations. The December 2014 Statement

of Work (SOW, Appendix A) specifies the following 8 tasks that were to be

accomplished by the Social Sciences Department in order to support DEQ, Weston, and

MTU in identification of on-water and on-land sampling sites for the Phase 1 area from

the North End of Torch Lake (Lake Linden) southward to Hubbell Beach:

1. Identify major contaminants and waste streams of concern from industrial buildings and likely locations: PCBs (completed through Sea Grant Michigan); chemicals in reclamation processes; sludge from reclamation; slag from smelting; coal-related products such as fly-ash; leaching reagents from stamp mills and reclamation (ammonia, xanthates); others that may be identified in archives.

2. Investigate MTU and KNHP C&H archives on building function, production processes, chemical processes, and waste streams by building location.

3. Produce Building Narratives for 18 buildings (in order of location from north to south).1 Building narratives will be prioritized according to potential to produce significant contaminated wastes to optimize information necessary for soil and sediment sampling in late spring-summer season. Narratives of buildings deemed insignificant for contaminated waste production will be brief, but included in order to document their elimination.

a. Narratives will detail opening/closing dates; production activities within individual facilities; major updates in processes; repurposing of buildings for different production activities; information on incoming chemical, metal, or other waste and possible exit sites from buildings. Narratives will draw upon archival sources, maps, blueprints, and interviews.

1 Building names are drawn from official names utilized by C&H and Sanborn Co. maps. Data for some buildings are largely collected through study of C&H electrical system and PCB sources.

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b. 18 buildings: Houghton County Electric Light & Power (Sub-Station #9); C&H Flotation Plant; C&H Leaching Plant; C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2; C&H Regrinding Plant #1; C&H Regrinding Plant #2; Lake Linden Substation; Calumet Stamp Mill; Hecla Stamp Mill; Still House; C&H Power Plant; C&H Boiler House; Coal Dock Sub-Station; C&H Mineral House; C&H Smelting and Refining; C&H Electric Shop (in smelter); C&H Smelter Power Plant; C&H Electrolytic Plant; C&H Acid Treating Plant.

4. Collect and scan available Sanborn maps (through 1928) and C&H blueprint maps for 18 buildings listed above.

5. Conduct interviews with knowledgeable individuals about individual plant operations.2

6. Provide a spreadsheet of sources consulted, relevance for which waste material or chemical – e.g. C&H box and files title/# in MTU or KNHP archives.

7. Provide a bibliography of relevant sources that detail or describe significant processing methods, chemical usages, and waste collection strategies for C&H Mining Co. during period of Torch Lake operations (1880-1970).

8. Identify, if possible, the footprint for buildings identified with DEQ staff as critical for soil sampling. This to be done in collaborating with team members involved with GIS mapping for the project.

These tasks have been completed and materials are available in this document. Several graduate students in the Industrial Archaeology Graduate Program provided research assistance: Emma Schwaiger (MS student) has provided the bulk of archival and interview data. Recently, John Baeten (Ph.D. student) and Brendan Pelto (MS student) have surveyed professional journals and newspapers for accounts of C&H facilities, processes, and other news. In addition, MTRI has contributed to these tasks by geospatially referencing data sources for use in GIS systems and by providing maps of these data.

2 Sea Grant Michigan and KNHP have funded interviews during Fall 2013 and Spring 2014 semesters. If any additional individuals are identified during the DEQ funded research, they will be interviewed.

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This document is organized in the following sections:

Section 2 includes the narratives of 22 (and additional 4 sites have been added to the original 18) buildings and sites investigated by the research team. Also included are a set of Google Maps with buildings identified by location, name. Detailed chronologies for each building are provided in the Building Narratives and on the Google Maps.

Section 3 includes the GIS data and associated maps produced by MTRI. These data include GIS-ready formats of Sanborn sketches, relevant blueprints, and descriptive maps of each dataset for use in presentations and reports. These products are intended to assist Weston and the MDEQ in their investigation and presentation of findings.

Section 4 provides various background and useful resource documents. Included are articles from professional mining engineering journals that document C&H Torch Lake developments in the 1910s through 1930s. Summaries of three interviews appear here, with most pertinent information highlighted at the end of the summary. In addition we have provided a set of resources and research notes that will be helpful in reading the historical record of C&H activity along Torch Lake.

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Section 2: BUILDING AND SITE NARRATIVES & CHRONOLOGIES

Phase 1: North End of Torch Lake to Hubbell Beach

2.1 - Torch Lake Phase 1 Building Narratives

This section assembles narratives with information about C&H buildings in the Lake Linden and Hubbell areas (Phase 1). Also included are a series of Google Maps with the approximate building sites identified, along with brief chronologies of major changes in processes and building design. Twenty-two building and other sites are documented utilizing sources from the C&H Collection at MTU Archives, articles from mining engineering journals, and interviews. The Building Narrative Template (next page) provides categories for information. In several cases, narrative categories are incomplete because archival sources did not yield any useful information.

The maps, blueprints, journal articles, and interview summaries referenced in the individual narratives are provided in Section 4 of this report. A bibliography of these and other useful sources is included in Section 4.

CONTENTS 1. Houghton County Electric Light & Power (Substation #9) 2. C&H Flotation Plant 3. C&H Leaching Plant 4. C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2 5. C&H Regrinding Plant No. 1 6. Lake Linden C&H Sub-Station 7. Calumet Stamp Mill 8. Hecla Stamp Mill 9. Still House 10. C&H Power Plant 11. C&H Boiler House 12. C&H Coal Dock Sub-Station 13. C&H Mineral House 14. C&H Oil House 15. C&H Coal Pulverization Plant 16. C&H Smelting & Refining Plant 17. C&H Smelter Electric Shop 18. C&H Smelter Power Plant 19. C&H Electrolytic Plant 20. C&H Acid Treating Plant 21. Jos. Ethier & Co. Lumber 22. Hubbell Garbage Dump

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NARRATIVE TEMPLATE

Building Name & #________________________________________________________

Alternative (common) names for building:

Dates: 1. Built: _________ 2. Modified (external structure)________________ 3. Ceased operations: _______________________ 4. Structure removed: __________________________

Maps available (Title, date, location, information present for building)

Building Narrative: (Descriptive history of building uses, processes, major modifications described with dates where available. Includes list of major sources of information and location)

Supporting Documents: (Copies of articles with extensive description, scientific papers on relevant processes)

Building Timelines: (Chronology of major changes in building activity, processes, and design)

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: (Known use of chemicals in processes inside facility; major type of waste material produced; any information on disposal of waste material)

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1. Houghton County Electric Light & Power (Sub-Station #9)

Significant: YesAlternative (common) names for building:

Dates:1. Built: between 1890 and 1902 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: between 1947 and 1969 4. Structure removed: Still exists – 58340 Gregory St, Lake Linden, MI 49945,

Schoolcraft Twp. Current use: storage facility. 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928, 1935.

Building narrative:

The Houghton County Electric Light & Power building was built between 1890 and 1902 when the land was owned by the Peninsula Electric Light & Power Co. which then became the Houghton County Electric Light Co. It was then sold to the Upper Peninsula Power Co. in 1947 and again to the Village of Lake Linden in 1969 when the building was probably no longer used as a sub-station. It is currently owned by Betsy Olson West of Saint Petersburg, FL.

Supporting documents: See research report on Substation #9 – Houghton County Courthouse documentation.

Building Timeline: Houghton County Electric Light & Power (Sub-Station #9): 1890 – Property bought by Peninsula Electric Light & Power Co. 1902 – Name change to Houghton County Electric Light Co. Built sometime after 1890. 1917 - Sanborn 1928 - Sanborn 1935 – Sanborn 1947 – Sold to UPPCO 1969 – Turned over to the Village of Lake Linden 1990 – Sold to Betsy Olson West

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: After extensive research, it is unclear whether this substation continued operation after the 1930s—the era when PCBs were introduced into transformers.

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2. C&H Flotation Plant

Significant: Yes, not for PCBsAlternative (common) names for building:

Dates:1. Built: 1918 2. Modified (external structure): 1919 3. Ceased operation: 1953 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1928.

Building narrative:

The Flotation Plant to treat smiles from the Regrinding Plants were in commission beginning in 1918 and by 1919 they realized they needed a larger building to complete the flotation. It closes in 1953 when the Lake Linden reclamation plant has exhausted all useable tailings.

Flotation is a process which uses xanthates and pine oil to get particular mineral particles, in this case copper, to adhere and float to the top of large vats in the form of foam and froth, which is then skimmed off and separated from the other materials and collected.

Supporting documents: See: C. H. Benedict, “Flotation Practice at the Calumet & Hecla” (1931). Also, CH Benedict, “Six-Cent Copper from Calumet & Hecla Tailings” (1924), and CH Benedict, Lake Superior Milling Practice, Chapter 8, “Flotation.”

Building Timeline: C&H Flotation Plant: 1916 - Oil flotation experiments underway 1917 - Flotation experiments successful 1918 - Flotation plant to treat slimes from Regrinding Plant should be in commission in summer 1919 - 2/3 of slimes from Regrinding Plant are treated by flotation, building need extending 1928 - Sanborn 1931 - Not Operational 1935 - Back into Operation 1953 - Tailings exhausted, closed

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Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: Pine oils and xanthates (toxic to aquatic biota) were commonly used to float copper from the material produced by the stamp mills. With copper removed from the “frothing,” it is unclear how the remaining material was treated. The archival and published record is silent on this aspect. The waste sludges would likely have other heavy metals in them.

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3. C&H Leaching Plant


Dates:1. Built: 1914-1915 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1968 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available:

Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928. Army Corps of Engineers, Michigan Tech Archives: 1962, 1970.

Building narrative:

The Leaching Plant construction was started in 1914 and completed in 1915. The actual ammonia leaching began the following summer in 1916. In 1942 the following information is given from the C&H Annual Reports: “The leaching process in use on copper-bearing sands is adaptable to the recovery of copper from scrap of various kinds, including the treatment of scrap from copper and brass coated steel. C&H has successfully treated at Lake Linden leaching plant, yielding the original steel as scrap for steel mills and copper recovered as oxide which is refined at the smelter. They go through 2,500 tons of scrap metals per month.”

In 1944 the leaching plant was remodeled to adapt it to the production of copper oxide from secondary copper products, but these were interior machinery and process changes to help provide the most copper possible to help with the war effort. In 1953 when the rest of the reclamation plant is closed down, the leaching plant remains open and processing. The end of the leaching plant is believed to be tied to the closing of the company in 1968.

Leaching is a process where an ammonia solution is mixed with copper bearing sands and put into large holding tanks where the ammonia dissolves the copper. This ammonia and copper solution is then separated from the rest of the material and heated. The ammonia is evaporated and recycled, whereas the copper is precipitated into copper oxide, which was then sent to the smelter to be processed into pure copper.

Supporting documents: See C.H. Benedict, “Ammonia Leaching of Calumet Tailings” (1917); and his Lake Superior Milling Practice (1955). Also see his “Developments in Lake Superior Milling”

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(1919), Chapter 9 on “Leaching:” and his“Milling at the Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Company” (1931).

Building Timeline: C&H Leaching Plant: 1914 - Ground broke for new Leaching Plant 1915 - Building complete, ammonia 1916 - Processing began in July 1917 - Sanborn 1928 - Sanborn 1931 - Not Operational 1935 - Back into Operation 1942 - Leaching process in use on scrap from copper and brass coated steel 1953 - Rest of Reclamation Plant closed, Leaching still in operation

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: Ammonia was the primary chemical utilized in leaching copper from material produced by stamp mills and in later years, tailings and scrap metals (recovery from secondary products). Benedict claims in Lake Superior Milling, that the ammonia was continuously recycled in the leaching process. A common waste material from leaching (and flotation) was a finer stamps and material that was re-deposited into Torch Lake in the vicinity of older stamp sand piles. The leaching process was regularly applied to reclaimed stamp sands from earlier milling eras (1860s to 1910s). These finer sands likely had a greater capacity to drift further into Torch Lake, settling throughout the Lake sediments as a fine material—thus spreading copper and other metal content further throughout Torch Lake. It is unclear how the waste material from scrap metals subjected to leaching was disposed.

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4. C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2

Significant: NoAlternative (common) names for building:

Dates:1. Built: 1912 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1953 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928.

Building narrative:

The #2 Regrinding Plant was completed in 1912 and in 1913 all of the buildings related to the recrushing plant were completed. 1914 saw the tube mills in the regrinding plant in operation. The plant had a remodel in 1918 and the building continues in operation until the reclamation plant closes in 1953.

The regrinding process was simply old copper tailings being re-milled by more efficient stamps and mills, where a percentage of the missed copper could be collected.

Supporting documents: See: Benedict, “Milling” (1931); and his Lake Superior Milling Practice (1955), Chapter 6, “Fine Grinding.”

Building Timeline: C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2: 1912 - Recrushing building complete (123 x 432 ft) 1914 - Tube mills in plant started 1915 - Went into operation in June on small scale, September at full scale 1917 - Sanborn 1928 - Sanborn 1931 - Not Operational 1935 - Back into Operation 1953 - Tailings exhausted, closed

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: C&H Regrinding Plants #1 and #2 were built, along with the shore plant and dredge in Lake Linden, to regrind the reclaimed stamp sands from Torch Lake. In providing a finer-grained sand for the leaching and flotation plants, these facilities contributed to the more widespread of metal-laden sands into Torch Lake after the reclamation process.

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5. C&H Regrinding Plant No. 1


Dates:1. Built: 1907-1909. 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1953 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:


Building narrative:

The foundations for the #1 Regrinding Plant were started in 1907 and the entire building was completed in 1909. In 1913 all of the buildings related to the recrushing plant were completed. The plant had a remodel in 1918 and the building continues in operation until the reclamation plant closes in 1953.

The regrinding process was simply old copper tailings being re-milled by more efficient stamps and mills, where a percentage of the missed copper could be collected.

Supporting documents:

Building Timeline: C&H Regrinding Plant No. 1: 1907 - Foundation for regrinding mill #1 started 1908 - Building erected 1909 - Plant complete 1917 - Sanborn 1928 - Sanborn 1931 - Not Operational 1935 - Back into Operation 1953 - Tailings exhausted, closed

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: C&H Regrinding Plants #1 and #2 were built, along with the shore plant and dredge in Lake Linden, to regrind the reclaimed stamp sands from Torch Lake. In providing a finer-grained sand for the leaching and flotation plants, these facilities contributed to the more widespread of metal-laden sands into Torch Lake after the reclamation process.

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6. Lake Linden C&H Sub-Station

Significant: Yes Alternative (common) names for building: Regrinding Plant #2 Sub-Station

Dates: 1. Built: Around 1912 along with Regrinding Plant #2 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1968 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928. From C&H Collection:

MS005-9654, 1931. MS005-11461, 1948. MS005-12307, 1960.

Building narrative:

This building was a sub-station located just east of the Regrinding Plant #2. This was where the power was processed and sent to be used in the regrinding mill.

Supporting documents: The Mining Congress Journal, October 1931, page 546 – East of Regrinding Plant #2, 2 transformers

Building Timeline: Lake Linden Sub-Station: 1917 - Sanborn 1928 - Sanborn Shown on Drawing '9654' - 1931 Shown on Drawing '11461' - 1948 Shown on Drawing '12307' – 1960

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: After 1930, PCBs were placed in transformers to replace mineral oil. C&H purchased their transformers for all electrical facilities from General Electric and Westinghouse. Both companies regularly utilized PCBs (produced by Monsanto) in all their transformers by the late 1930s. Therefore, when C&H dismantled their electric substations, it is likely that PCB oils were emptied from the transformers (because of the weight of the liquid) before scrapping the metal containers. To date there is no record of PCB disposal in C&H records or among individuals interviewed.

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7. Calumet Stamp Mill


Dates:1. Built: 1870s 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1944 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928, 1935. Army Corps of Engineers, Michigan Tech Archives: 1897, 1905, 1924, 1935

Building narrative:

A 50 ft sand wheel was added in 1891 and new boilers were installed and automatic sprinklers were added in 1892. In 1893 the records show that the building included: 11 Leavitt heads with steam cylinders, 14 & 21.5 x 24 inch stroke, Washers, Huntington & Haeberle grinding mills and slime tables, and a Westinghouse driving engine 200HP. In 1904 5 heads were remodeled and in 1905 the entire interior of the mill was remodeled and updated. In 1919 tanks for settling slimes were added to prepare for the reprocessing of tailings. 1944 saw the Calumet mill stop production and it did not start again.

Supporting documents: See CH Benedict, Lake Superior Milling Practice, (1955), Chapters 3-5.

Building Timeline: Calumet Stamp Mill: 1891 - 50 ft sand wheel completed 1892 - Purchased steam fire engine for mills 1892 - Automatic sprinklers installed in milling complex 1893 - Mills and docks lighted by electricity 1896 - Electric Light Plant House at mills completed 1904 - 5 heads remodeled 1905 - Remodel completed 1915 - Fire protection system remodeled 1917 - Sanborn 1919 - Mill now equipped with tanks for settling slimes 1920 - Last of round slime tables replaced by Wiffleys 1920 - Chilean Mills to be replaced by Hardinge Conical Mills 1922 - 9 of 11 units are working 1927 - 2 boilers added, 500 HP capacity 1928 - Sanborn

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1935 - Sanborn 1939 - Idle 1943 - Remodel 1944 - Remodel stopped, closed

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: The Calumet Mill began disposing its course-grained stamp sand waste material in Torch Lake in the 1870s. These sands contained copper and other heavy metals. When the Calumet Mill began to process material from the Kearsarge vein, it contained arsenic which was deposited in some of the sands. The Ahmeek, Allouez, and Centennial mines all operated on the Kearsarge vein. It stopped deposition of sands in the 1940s.

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8. Hecla Stamp Mill


Dates:1. Built: 1860s (1868?) 2. Modified (external structure): 1892-1893, 1900-1902. 3. Ceased operation: 1921 4. Structure removed: 1924 and 1940. 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928, 1935. Army Corps of Engineers, Michigan Tech Archives: 1897, 1905, 1924, 1934. C&H Collection (MTU Archives):

General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap. MS005-7928, 1917.

Building narrative:

In 1891 they were in the process of erecting a 50 ft sand wheel which was completed in 1892, along with the installation of new boilers for the mill. 1892 also saw automatic sprinklers installed and a new addition to the mill being started which was completed in 1893. A list shows that in 1893 the Hecla Mill had the following equipment: 11 Leavitt heads, equipped similar to Calumet Mill and preparing to place solid anvils under all stamps.

In 1900 the Hecla Mill was preparing for another addition, which was completed in 1902. This addition was powered with electricity and the equipment was contracted through General Electric. In 1919 the mill was equipped with tanks for settling slimes in preparation for the reprocessing of tailings.

The Hecla Mill closed in 1921 and was dismantled in 1924, with remaining equipment and structures dismantled in 1940.

Supporting documents: See CH Benedict, Lake Superior Milling Practice, (1955), Chapters 3-5.

Building Timeline: Hecla Stamp Mill: 1917 – Sanborn 1921 – Ceased operation 1924 - Hecla Flotation Plant Dismantled 1928 - Sanborn

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1935 - Sanborn 1940 - Sand wheels scrapped

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: The Hecla Mill began disposing its course-grained stamp sand waste material in Torch Lake in the 1860s. These sands contained copper and other heavy metals. When the Hecla Mill began to process material from the Kearsarge vein, it contained arsenic which was deposited in some of the sands. The Ahmeek, Allouez, and Centennial mines all operated on the Kearsarge vein. It stopped deposition of sands in 1921.

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9. Still House


Dates:1. Built: Approximately at time of Leaching Plant (1914-1915) 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1968 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: C&H Collection (MTU Archives):

General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap. MS005-7928, 1917. MS005-9654, 1931.

Building narrative: To date little information has been found on the Still House, which is associated with the Leaching Plant, aiding in the distillation process associated with ammonia leaching of copper.

Supporting documents: The Mining Congress Journal, October 1931, page 546 – 1 turbo generator

Building Timeline: Still House: Shown on 'General Map of Mills' Shown on Drawing '7928' - 1917 1 Turbo Generator according to Drawing '9654' – 1931

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: Not enough information to assess.

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10. C&H Power Plant


Dates:1. Built: 1902 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1968 4. Structure removed: 2013 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928, 1935.Army Corps of Engineers, Michigan Tech Archives: 1962, 1970.C&H Collection (MTU Archives):

General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap. MS005-7928, 1917. MS005-9654, 1931. MS005-9966, 1934. MS005-11461, 1948. MS005-12307, 1960.

Building narrative:

In 1902 a new steel electric power house was erected and it went into commission in 1903. 1905 saw the addition of 2 large engines, which shows it having 9,000 HP engines in 1906. The Power Plant could generate 2,000 KW in 1907. In 1917 the building was fireproofed and in 1929 the obsolete electrical equipment was scrapped. A new 2000 KW low pressure unit was installed which was operational by 1920.

In 1947 C&H planned new generating facilities, including two new 1000 HP diesel-electric locomotives and a diesel-electric locomotive crane, which was completed in 1949. The power plant closed with the company in 1968 and the building was raised in 2013.

Supporting documents: McIntosh and Burgan, “Electric Power Generation,” The Mining Congress Journal, October 1931. (see p. 546:- 3 turbo generators with transformers, 1 circulating pump with transformer, and 2 synchronous condensers).

Building Timeline: C&H Power Plant: 1902 - New steel electric power house has been erected 1902 - Tunnel for the electric cables to connect the Power House to the mills has been completed

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1903 - Power House is in commission 1905 - 2 large electric additions to Electric Power Plant in process 1906 - Addition to Electric Power Plant complete, 9,000 HP engines, 2 independent cable lines connect the Power Plant with the mine 1907 - Engine and generator of 2,000 KW at Electric Power Plant at mills 1909 - Erected power line to Lake Superior Water Works to pump water from the lake to the mills 1917 - Electric Power House fireproofed 1917 - Sanborn (Power House) 1928 - Sanborn (Power Plant) 1929 - Obsolete electrical equipment has been scrapped and a 2000 KW low pressure unit is being installed 1930 - 2000 KW low pressure unit operational, 2 turbines 1935 - Sanborn (Power Plant) 1947 - installation of new generating facilities is planned, should be done in early 1949 1948 - addition is nearing completion 1949 - New power plant is in full operation and gives evidence of meeting every expectation Shown on 'General Map of Mills' Shown on Drawing '7928' - 1917 Shown on Drawing '9654' - 1931 Shown on Drawing '9966' - 1934 Shown on Drawing '11461' - 1948 Shown on Drawing '12307' – 1960


The C&H Power Plant was an extensive operation, powering C&H facilities as far south as Tamarack Reclamation Plant, as far west as the C&H and Tamarack Water Works, and from Calumet north to Phoenix and Cliff mines. In 1943, C&H extended its power lines to Quincy Reclamation Plant to service the dredge, shore plant, and reclamation works. The coal supplied for power was delivered at the C&H coal dock in Hubbell, pulverized at the Coal Pulverization Plant (after 1917), and utilized as the most efficient means to deliver power. A major by product of coal use (and pulverization) is fly ash that is dispersed through the local environment through smokestacks and accumulates in furnaces. Interviewee #1 indicated that the remaining furnace fly ash was probably deposited into Torch Lake from the smelter yard. PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) are one hazardous waste produced by coal burning and fly ash production.

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11. C&H Boiler House



Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1917, 1928, 1935. C&H Collection (MTU Archives)

General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap. MS005-7928, 1917.

Building narrative:

The boiler house was built in 1896 to help power the C&H stamp mills located in Lake Linden. The boilers at the Water Works were moved to this new facility in 1897 and 4 more boilers were added in 1900. This facility quickly became obsolete and a new one was built in 1907 and completed in 1908 where it remained, situated next to the Power House. In 1920 the boiler house had massive renovations. A concrete foundation was added and the side walls were coated with concrete to prevent fire. In 1929 an addition of steel and glass was added to the main furnace building. This building closed with the company in 1968.


Building Timeline: C&H Boiler-House: 1893 - Addition planned, 11 boilers at present 1895 - Foundations laid for addition to mill boiler house and stack 1896 - Boiler House erected near mills 1897 - Boilers at the Water Works boiler house moved to new Boiler House near mills 1899 - Boilers overhauled 1900 - 4 boilers added 1907 - Foundation for new Boiler House at mills started 1908 - Completed 1910 - Part of old mill boiler house has been torn down 1917 - Sanborn 1920 - Boiler House reconstruction, Concrete foundation and side walls coated with concrete 1922 - Remodeled

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1928 - Sanborn 1930 - New turbines of 8,750 KW capacity 1935 – Sanborn

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: Waste concerns would likely be associated with the burning of coal in furnaces and coal ash byproducts.

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12. C&H Coal Dock Sub-Station


Dates:1. Built: ? 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1968 4. Structure removed: ? 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:


General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap. MS005-6967, 1917 – blueprints. MS005-7928, 1917. MS005-9654, 1931. MS005-11461, 1948. MS005-12307, 1960.

Building narrative:

This building was the sub-station at the coal dock which allowed the power to be transmitted to the machinery and buildings in the area. The foundations for this building are still present on the landscape and the raised platforms where the transformers sat are also visible.

Supporting documents: The Mining Congress Journal, October 1931, page 546 – 2 transformers

Building Timeline: Coal Dock Sub-Station: Shown on 'General Map of Mills' Shown on Drawing '7928' - 1917 Blueprint on Drawing '6967' - 1917 Blueprint on Drawing '7928' - 1917 2 transformers according to Drawing '9654' - 1931 Shown on Drawing '11461' – 1948 Shown on Drawing '12307' – 1960

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13. C&H Mineral House


Dates:1. Built: 1927-1929 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1968 4. Structure removed: Still exists 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1928, 1935. C&H Collection (MTU Archives):

General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap. MS002-138-17-9003, 1929. MS005-7928, 1917.

Building narrative:

The mineral house began construction in 1927 and was completed in 1929. It had a reinforced concrete foundation and compartment walls for mineral storage for the smelter, including 10 main compartments for 15,000 tons of material and a 7.5 ton overhead electric crane carrying a clam shell bucket for handling the mineral. The mineral house closed in 1968 with the company and is still standing.


Building Timeline: C&H Mineral House: 1927 - Process of being built 1928 - Sanborn 1929 - Operational 1935 - Sanborn

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: Material stored from the leaching and flotation plants in preparation for the smelter. No known information on waste and contamination concerns.

27

14. C&H Oil House


Dates:1. Built: 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:


Building narrative: Other than its appearance on Sanborn maps, there is no information found to date on the Oil House.


Building Timeline:

28

15. C&H Coal Pulverization Plant


Dates:1. Built: 1924 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: probably 1968 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:


MS002-138-17-9003, 1929. MS002-138-13-millsmap-001, date unknown.

Building narrative:

This building pulverized the coal delivered to the C&H coal dock for use in the smelter and the Power House in Lake Linden. There is expected to be pollution in the area related to coal waste.


See: HR Collins, “The Use of Pulverized Coal” Engineering & Mining Journal, 1918. Also, FH Haller, “Transportation System and Coal Dock” Mining Congress Journal, 1931.

From C&H Collection (MTU Archives): There is little information to date on the building of this plant. However, much discussion of coal use and the benefits of pulverization for efficient electrification runs through the C&H Collection. A sample below describes the process and the facility, helping to assess it importance and potential for creating hazardous waste:

C&H Smelting Works No. 20 Furnace Building, No. 20, 21 Coal Storage & Burning System Blueprint – 1927; Drawing # 9030. Box 125, Folder 15.

Drawing of the proposed coal crushing plant from Stevens-Adamson Mfg. Co. for C&H

Smelting Works. Box 126, Folder 13.

Box 126, Folder 14.

29

“The process of crushing, drying and pulverizing fuel should be accomplished in a separate building used for no other purposes. This building should preferably be detached, but where this is not practicable it should be separated by a blank masonry or concrete wall containing no openings other than those necessary for the passing of pipes and shafting. The building should be constructed of incombustible materials and specially designed to secure minimum lodgement of dust and to relieve the force of an explosion through its roof and walls without danger to its frame. The frame should preferably be of steel with light non-bearing walls (except fire walls) constructed of materials such as stucco on metal lath, tile, metal or other similar incombustible material and with roof of monitor or gable type and all secured in such a manner as to give way readily under pressure of explosion. The monitors with louvered or glass sides or sky-lights should have a horizontal area not less than one-tenth of the horizontal area of the roof.

In order that the venting of explosion may be more readily facilitated, a portion of the exterior walls equal to not less than 10% of the combined area of the enclosing walls should be of glass. All glazing should be by means of thin glass not exceeding 1/8” in thickness.

Coal pulverizing mills and coal dryers should be equipped with suction fans or other approved means for removing dust. The collection of dust to take place as near the point of origin as possible and suction fans to discharge outside of building or into metal cyclone collectors. Dust collecting devices should be constructed of incombustible material and contain no cloth partitions, tubes or bags. All elevators including boots, legs and heads, or screw conveyors should be constructed of incombustible materials. Conveyors for supplying coal pulverizing mills should be provided with approved magnetic separators between source of supply and mill feed bins. Elevator heads, cyclone collectors or storage bins for handling or storing pulverized coal should be provided with approved vents exhausting outside of building. Machinery and other parts comprising the crushing, drying, pulverizing and conveying system should be effectively electrically grounded. All stationary lights should be protected with dust proof globes and wire guards. Smoking and the use of open lights or torches should be prohibited. All motors, switches and other electrical devises should conform to the standards of the National Electrical Code.”

-Copied from Michigan Inspection Bureau’s letter dated July 20, 1923.

Box 126, Folder 14. “All of the above goes to show that pulverized coal if delivering the goods

and that higher efficiencies can be obtained with it than by any other method, and that pulverized coal enables them to operate their plants more economically.”

-Fuller Engineering Co. letter to C&H, February 3, 1923

Box 126, Folder 20.

30

There were narrow gauge railroad tracks running between the Coal Pulverizing Plant and the No. 22 Stack.

Box 127, Folder 1. September 18, 1953, flow-sheet showing the present flow in our Coal

Pulverizer Plant. The plant used roller mills to break up the coal.

Building Timeline: 1924 - Plant construction is underway 1924 - Plant Sketches 1927 - C&H Smelting Works No. 20 Furnace Building, No. 20, 21 Coal Storage &

Burning System Blueprint; Drawing # 9030 1928 - Sanborn 1935 - Sanborn 1941 - Brick Dust Mill Air Separating System Blueprints (6’ Mechanical separator –

single whiz. Chromium Min. & Smelt. Corp. Ltd., Raymond Pulverizer Division) 1943 - Narrow gauge railroad tracks running between the Coal Pulverizing Plant and the

No. 22 Stack 1946 - Raymond Pulverizer Division proposal 1953 - Flow-sheet showing the present flow in the Coal Pulverizer Plant 1960 - Roller mills were in use at the Pulverizing Plant 1968 - C&H sold to Universal Oil Products 1969 - All of Calumet Division closed on April 8, 1969 with $13 mil writedown of assets

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: The coal supplied for power was delivered at the C&H coal dock in Hubbell, pulverized at the Coal Pulverization Plant (after 1917), and utilized as the most efficient means to deliver power. A major by product of coal use (and pulverization) is fly ash that is dispersed through the local environment through smokestacks and accumulates in furnaces. Interviewee #1 indicated that the remaining furnace fly ash was probably deposited into Torch Lake from the smelter yard. PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons) are one hazardous waste produced by coal burning and fly ash production.

31

16. C&H Smelting & Refining Plant



Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1928, 1935.Army Corps of Engineers, Michigan Tech Archives: 1897, 1905, 1924, 1934, 1943, 1950, 1962, 1970. C&H Collection (MTU Archives):

General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap. MS002-138-17-9003, 1929. MS005-9654, 1931. MS005-12307, 1960.

Building narrative:

The Smelting and Refining Plant was constructed in 1887 and in 1893 it covered about 30 acres, was connected to the mills by short railway, 4 stone furnace buildings – 80 x 130 ft, and had a water source from an artesian well. In 1924 the smelter was the central plant that pulverized the coal used as fuel, about 12 tons of coal per hour. In 1930 the smelter main furnace building was extended 45 ft north. In 1944 the smelter had a process for removing arsenic from soda slag by leaching the later with soda solution. Two major furnaces were rebuilt in 1957 and another two in 1965, but the smelter closed in 1968 with the company.

Supporting documents: See: Lovell and Kenny, “Present Smelting Practice” Mining Congress Journal. 1931.

From C&H Collection (MTU Archives): These selections illustrate the issues of waste associated with the smelting facilities (slag, fly ash)

Box 127, Folder 30. Aug. 21, 1925, one slag car requires five to six hours to solidify before it can be

dumped, which means that C&H needs more slag cars. They must dispose of at least 130 tons of waste slag per day, and each car averages 6.5 tons of slag.

Box 199, Folder 20.

32

May 6, 1954, memorandum saying that fly ash was blended into the fertilizer. Fly ash is held in inventory at the Smelter and that it is put through a gravity concentrator to concentrate the copper out of it to about 70%. Overall, it is much more efficient to use the fly ash in the fertilizer than to purify it and extract the copper.

Box 201, Folder 25. Chemical removal of soot and slag from boiler furnaces & documents discussing

flue dust and how to recycle or reduce it.

Box 86, Folder 20. Smelter has decreased activities, so C&H has told them to buy more scrap metal

to process – 1961.

Box 86, Folder 22. Procedure at the smelter (1969) & large smelter flow sheet (1946).

From C&H News and Views, August 1946: Processing “Copper Mud”After a period of experimentation, C&H introduces a new material to its secondarycopper department (reclaiming copper from waste materials), with the treatment of “Copper Mud.”

From research notes: The latest addition to this family of processes is one which makes possible the treatment of “Copper Mud”, a waste product resulting from the drawing of copper wire. The material as received is a pasty mixture of fine copper, oil, grease, floor sweepings, etc., having an average copper content of the order of 25%, and a combination of animal, vegetable and mineral oils of approximately 40%. As received, the material is not suitable for direct furnacing due to the presence of the high percentage of fat and water; but after several months of experimentation, a procedure was worked out which not only makes possible the recovery of the copper in a highly concentrated useful form, but fat by-products as well. The equipment required to process the material involves a large lead-lined digester, filters, grease accumulation tanks, copper recovery tank, and a 10,000-gallon storage tank for grease.

Installation of the various units was started during June and production on a limited basis began the middle of August. It is expected that the unit will be operating on a continuous basis by September first.

The copper recovered as a metallic concentrate contains approximately 75% copper and in this form is suitable for direct furnacing with other concentrates. The fat is reclaimed as a semi-clear liquid and will be accumulated in 8,000 to 10,000-gallon batches (40,000 to 60,000 lbs.) for shipment in tank cars.

The fat or grease is classified as an inedible oil, and will be shipped into the Chicago district for processing into oleic and stearic acids and for the manufacture of industrial soaps.

It is anticipated that the process will add several hundred thousand pounds of copper per month to the smelter intake, with the recovery of from 20,000 to 30,000 gallons by-product fat which can be readily marketed at an attractive price.” (p. 1)

33

Building Timeline: C&H Smelting & Refining: 1887 - Under construction 1893 - Covers about 30 acres, connected to mills by short rail, 4 stone furnace buildings (80 x 130 ft), water source from artesian well 1902 - 5 furnaces rebuilt 1913 - Smelting at Buffalo, NY discontinued, all smelting done on Torch Lake 1924 - Central Plant for furnishing pulverized fuel added 1926 - Second Refining Furnace under construction (Electrically operated, 40 ft Clark casting machine, 800 KW turbo generator being installed) 1927 - Refining Furnace in operation, melting furnace being installed 1928 - Sanborn 1928 - Melting Furnace in operation, 800 HP waste heat boiler installed 1929 - Small, hand-dipped furnaces being dismantled, furnaces supply steam to a turbo-generator that furnishes electric current for power and lighting 1935 - Sanborn 1944 - Process for removing arsenic from soda slag by leaching the later with soda solution is now in regular operation, new refining furnace installed 1946 - 2 furnaces rebuilt 1947 - new refining furnace 1956 - 2 major furnaces rebuilt 1965 - 2 furnaces rebuilt 1968 - C&H sold to Universal Oil Products 1969 - All of Calumet Division closed on April 8, 1969 with $13 mil writedown of assets

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: The major waste by-products from the smelter were slag and fly ash. C&H typically loaded slag (probably granulated slag) onto special rail cars whose sides dropped open for dumping of the slag. It is likely that the slag deposits adjacent to the smelter on the south (and north of Hubbell Beach) was the primary deposit site for smelter slags. Granulated slags (as opposed to hardened lump or rock-like slag) are more vulnerable to sloughing of heavy metals that remain in the smelter waste. Fly ash deposited in the furnaces was likely disposed of in Torch Lake. However, in the 1950s, C&H conducted studies of the copper content of fly ash to determine if it would be cost-effective to process the ash and retrieve the copper. It is unclear whether C&H ever developed a copper recovery program from fly ash.

The smelter yard is another location of possible hazardous waste contamination. In 1945, C&H launched its “Secondary Metal Department”—an indication that reclamation of copper from scrap metal waste had become an important part of the business. C&H News and Views has photographs of burning some of the secondary waste material before treating it in the smelter: co-axial telephone cable, stripping insulation from armored Navy cable, burning insulation and grease from motor parts, etc. (July, 1945 issue). In

34

addition, interviewees mention that the smelter yard was a site for burning copper wire to remove the insulation before smelting.

Dismantling of the Smelter furnaces would have left brick that had been contaminated with heavy metals. It is likely this material was deposited in dump locations or possibly in Torch Lake, or along the slag piles south of the Smelter.

35

17. C&H Smelter Electric Shop



Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1928, 1935. C&H Collection (MTU Archives):

MS002-138-17-9003, 1929.

Building narrative: To date there is no available information on the Electric Shop at the Smelter, other than its appearance on Sanborn maps.


Building Timeline: C&H Electric Shop (in the Smelter): 1928 - Sanborn 1935 - Sanborn

36

18. C&H Smelter Power Plant



Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1935. C&H Collection (MTU Archives):

MS002-138-17-9003, 1929.

Building narrative:

This building was actually a portion of the larger smelter building, which housed the electrical transformers and turbo generators to power the smelter facilities.

Supporting documents: The Mining Congress Journal, October 1931, page 546 – 1 turbo generator

Building Timeline: C&H Smelter Power Plant: 1935 Update of 1928 - Sanborn Blueprint on Drawing '9003' - 1929 1 Turbo Generator according to Drawing '9654' - 1931 Shown on Drawing '11461' - 1948 Shown on Drawing '12307' – 1960

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: PCBs, as noted in description of Coal Dock Substation and C&H power plant.

37

19. C&H Electrolytic Plant


Dates:1. Built: 1912 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1922 4. Structure removed: Still exists – currently known as Osmose (PCI) 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1928.General map of mills, MS002-138-13-millsmap.C&H Collection (MTU Archives)

MS002-138-17-9003, 1929.

Building narrative:

The Electrolytic Plant foundation was completed in 1912 and was 155 x 270 ft. The facility closed in 1922 and did not re-open.

The Electrolytic Plant purified copper through dissolving the unprocessed copper on electrodes and electroplating it. This only lasted a few years in the Keweenaw as the process did not work well on native copper.

Supporting documents: See entries in H. Stevenʻs Mine Handbook for C&H between 1912 and 1922 for a short history of the electrolytic plant which proved to be unprofitable for Lake Superior copper (i.e. it did not have an adequate silver content to the ore, making the process successful).

Building Timeline: C&H Electrolytic Plant: 1922 - Not operated since 1922 1928 - Sanborn

Potential Waste/Pollution Concerns: No information available.

38

20. C&H Acid Treating Plant


Dates:1. Built: 1919? 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 1922? 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, Michigan Tech Archives: 1928.

Building narrative:

This building is believed to have been associated with the Electrolytic Plant and operations would have ceased in 1922.


Building Timeline: C&H Acid Treating Plant: 1928 - Sanborn

39

21. Jos. Ethier & Co. Lumber


Dates:1. Built: 1898 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Army Corps of Engineers, Michigan Tech Archives: 1905, 1924, 1934.

Building narrative:

Jos. Ethier & Co. was a lumber company in Hubbell, MI. In 1905 Joseph H. LeBlanc bought out Ethier’s share and the business was renamed after LeBlanc and sons.

Supporting documents: None, other than appearance on maps.

Building Timeline: Not known.

40

22. Hubbell Garbage Dump

Significant: Yes Alternative (common) names for building: Hubbell Beach, Hubbell Dump

Dates: 1. Built: Unknown 2. Modified (external structure): 3. Ceased operation: pre-1984 4. Structure removed: 5. Last time seen on map/aerial photo:

Maps available: Army Corps of Engineers, Michigan Tech Archives: 1988 – Ramp at Hubbell Beach

Site narrative:

The Hubbell Dump is believed to be the municipal dump for the Hubbell area as well as Torch Lake Township. It was located just south of the C&H Smelter, which has led researchers to believe that it was also used as a dump for smelter slag and other company waste. It was cleaned up in the 1980s and turned into a park with a beach and boat launch for the local community. Archival and Township records have yet to provide any substantial information about the area.


Torch Lake Township Recreational Plan 2009-1013. Prepared by WUPPDR (no date). MTU Archive - Vertical Files: Townships – Torch Lake.

Hubbell dump closed before 1984; area was using the Calumet Twp. landfill by then. Interview #3

See Summary for Interview #3: description of types of materials deposited in dump site.

Timeline: To date, no known dates on first and last use of this dump site.

41

2.2 – Torch Lake Building Chronologies

Torch Lake Building Chronologies Phase 1: Lake Linden & Hubbell

Google Maps with Building Outlines

42

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44

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45

Section 3: GEOSPATIAL DATA AND MAPS


3.1 – Geospatial Data Products

This section describes all the newly available geospatial data and the associated maps, which are serve as a graphical representation of the data provided. MTRI has made available Sanborn and other generic blueprints, which cover the 18 buildings listed in Appendix A of the current Phase 1 statement of work. Here are the 18 buildings which MTRI has provided GIS-ready data, and associated maps:

Houghton County Electric Light & Power (Sub-Station #9) C&H Flotation Plant C&H Leaching Plant C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2 C&H Regrinding Plant #1 C&H Regrinding Plant #2 Lake Linden Substation Calumet Stamp Mill Hecla Stamp Mill Still House C&H Power Plant C&H Boiler House Coal Dock Sub-Station C&H Mineral House C&H Smelting and Refining C&H Electric Shop (in smelter) C&H Smelter Power Plant C&H Electrolytic Plant C&H Acid Treating Plant

These data have been previously shared with MDEQ and Weston Solutions Inc. A Compact Disc with these data and reports will be delivered to the MDEQ, however these data and maps can also be found at the following address:

ftp://ftp.mtri.org/pub/Torch Lake GIS/Revised Maps and BluePrints/

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ftp://ftp.mtri.org/pub/Torch

The following will breakdown the GIS-ready GeoTiff file name; the buildings which are located within each file and map figure numbers which are below.

1. File Name: 1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet7b_CoElec.tif; Building(s) Located: Houghton Count Electric Light and Power Figures 1 and 2

2. File Name: 1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet8.tif Building(s) Located: C&H Flotation Plant, Sub-Station, C&H Leaching Plant, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 1, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2, Calumet Stamp Mill, Hecla Stamp Mill, Still House, C&H Boiler House, C&H Power Plant Figures 3 and 4

3. File Name: 1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet1index_HubbellTamarackNorth.tif Building(s) Located: Mineral House, Electric Shop, C&H Smelter, C&H Smelter Power Plant, Electrolytic Plant, and Acid Treating Plant. Figures 5 and 6

4. File Name: MS002-138-13-millsmap-001_georef.tifBuilding(s) Located: Coal Dock Sub-StationFigures 7 and 8

5. File Name: MS002-138-17-9003-georef.tif Building(s) Located: C&H Smelting, Electric Shop, and Mineral House Figures 9 and 10

6. File Name: MS005-6967-georef.tif Building(s) Located: Coal Dock Sub-StationFigures 11 and 12

7. File Name: MS005-7928-georef.tif Buildings(s) Located: Hecla Stamp Mill, Still House, C&H Power Plant, C&H Boiler-House, Coal Dock Sub-Station, Mineral House Figures 12 and 13

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Figure 1: Here, the Sanborn GeoTiff file “1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet7b_CoElec.tif” can be seen with the outline of the Houghton County Electric Light & Power Building overlaid upon the data.

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Figure 2: Similar to Figure 1, this map shows the location of the Houghton County Electric Light & Power Building. However, the underlying Sanborn data has been removed to show modern aerial imagery as provided by the ESRI ArcGIS Company.

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Figure 3: Here, the Sanborn GeoTiff file ” 1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet8.tif” can be seen with the outlines of multiple buildings, which include: C&H Flotation Plant, Sub-Station, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 1, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2, C&H Leaching Plant, Hecla Stamp Mill, Calumet Stamp Mill, Still House, C&H Boiler House and the C&H Power Plant

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Figure 4: Similar to Figure ,3 this map shows the various buildings listed in Figure 3. However, the underlying Sanborn data has been removed to show modern aerial imagery as provided by the ESRI ArcGIS Company.

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Figure 5: The Sanborn GeoTiff file "1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet1_index_HubbellTamarckNorth.tif” can be seen with the outlines of multiple buildings, which include: C&H Smelter, C&H Smelter Power Plant, Mineral House, Electric Shop, Acid Treating Plant, and the Electrolytic Plant.

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Figure 6: Similar to Figure 5, this map shows the various buildings listed in Figure 5. However, the underlying Sanborn data has been removed to show modern aerial imagery as provided by the ESRI ArcGIS Company.

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Figure 7: Here, the blueprint GeoTiff file “MS0023-138-13.tif” can be seen with the outline of the Coal Dock Sub-Station overlaid upon the data.

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Figure 8: Similar to Figure 7, this map shows the outline of the Coal Dock Sub-Station. However, the underlying Blueprint data has been removed to show modern aerial imagery as provided by the ESRI ArcGIS Company.

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Figure9: Here, the blueprint GeoTiff file “MS0023-138-17-9003-georef.tif” can be seen with the outline of the C&H Smelting & Refining, Electric Shop, and partial coverage of the Mineral House overlaid upon the data.

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Figure 10: Similar to Figure 9, this map shows the outline of the various buildings. However, the underlying Blueprint data has been removed to show modern aerial imagery as provided by the ESRI ArcGIS Company.

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Figure11: Here the blueprint GeoTiff file “MS005-6967-georef.tif” can be seen with the outline of the Coal Dock Sub-Station overlaid upon the data.

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Figure 12: Similar to Figure 11, this map shows the outline of the Coal Dock Sub-Station. However, the underlying Blueprint data has been removed to show modern aerial imagery as provided by the ESRI ArcGIS Company.

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Figure13: Here the blueprint GeoTiff file “MS005-7928-georef.tif” can be seen with the outline of the Coal Dock Sub-Station, Mineral House, C&H Power Plant, C&H Boiler House, Still House and the Hecla Stamp Mill overlaid upon the data.

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Figure 14: Similar to Figure 13, this map shows the outline of the various buildings. However, the underlying Blueprint data has been removed to show modern aerial imagery as provided by the ESRI ArcGIS Company.

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MTRI also shared another set of GIS-ready data with MDEQ and the Weston Consulting Company. The file, titled “C_and_H_Historic_Buildings.shp,” is a GIS shapefile data set and was derived from existing data. This shapefile was used to in each of the above figures as the “Historic Building Locations” layer, which are displayed as red polygons. This dataset contains an associated description table, known as an attribute table, which can be used in most GIS software packages. The table contains important information about each of these buildings, such as the date the buildings were erected, dates of new activity or products, and date of demolition or production stoppage. Figure 9 is an example of these data.

Figure 9: Here is an example of the attributed information that accompanies the shapefile that MTRI delivered to MDEQ and Weston. Some of the information includes the year of construction, demolition, and other important dates such as changes in production or machinery.

In addition to this GIS-ready file, MTRI provided a Microsoft Excel file, which contains all of the information that can be found in the attribute table mentioned previously. This Excel file is for use outside of GIS software. The Excel file is titled “Phase1_Building_Details_and_Dates_LakeLinden_Hubbell.xlsx”

All of these products described above can be found on the MTRI , File Transfer Protocol (FTP) website, which can be found by cutting and pasting the follow address into any web-browser:

ftp://ftp.mtri.org/pub/Torch Lake GIS/Revised Maps and BluePrints/

These data will also be shared directly with MDEQ on a Compact Disc.

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ftp://ftp.mtri.org/pub/Torch

3.2 – Blueprints and Sanborn Files

In addition to the GIS data layers and maps, we will also be delivering separate Blueprint and Sanborn files for use outside of GIS software. These files will include all of the previously mentioned Sanborns and Blueprints, but will also include all of the original files that have been shared with MDEQ and Weston Solutions Inc. The following list will breakdown the file name; the buildings which are located within each file (if known) and the corresponding figure number found below.

Sanborn Files 1. File Name: 1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet7b_CoElec.tif;

Building(s) Located: Houghton County Electric Light and Power Figure 15

2. File Name: 1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet8.tif Building(s) Located: C&H Flotation Plant, Sub-Station, C&H Leaching Plant, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 1, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2, Calumet Stamp Mill, Hecla Stamp Mill, Still House, C&H Boiler House, C&H Power Plant Figure 16

3. File Name: 1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet1index_HubbellTamarackNorth.tif Building(s) Located: Mineral House, Electric Shop, C&H Smelter, C&H Smelter Power Plant, Electrolytic Plant, and Acid Treating Plant. Figure 17

4. File Name: 1935sanborn_Weston 20101207 Power Plant SArpt.tif Building(s) Located: Calumet Stamp Mill, Still House, Electric Shop, Hecla Stamp Mill, Regrinding Plant No. 1, Regrinding Plant No. 2, Leaching Plant, Flotation Plant Figure 18

Blueprint Files 1. File Name: MS002-138-13-millsmap-001.tif Building(s) Located: Coal Dock Sub-StationFigure 19

2. File Name: MS002-138-17-900.tif Building(s) Located: C&H Smelting, Electric Shop, and Mineral House Figure 20

3. File Name: MS005-6967.tif Building(s) Located: Coal Dock Sub-StationFigure 21

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4. File Name: MS005-7928.tif Building(s) Located: Hecla Stamp Mill, Still House, C&H Power Plant, C&H Boiler-House, Coal Dock Sub-Station, Mineral House Figure 22

5. File Name: MS005-9654.tif Building(s) Located: Mutual Pump Station, Tamarack Reclamation Sub-Station, Ahmeek Mill Power Plant, Ahmeek Pump House, Coal Dock Sub-Station, Smelting Works, Lake Linden Power Plant, Regrinding Plant No. 2 Sub-Station, Still House, Calumat Sub-Station, #1N. Kearsarge Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station, #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Cliff Sub-Station, Phoenix Sub-Station, Tamarack #5 Sub-Station, Tamarack Water Works, and Lake Superior Water Works. Figure 23

6. File Name: MS005-9966.tif Building(s) Located: Lake Linden Power Plant, Centennial Sub-Station, Calumet Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station , #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Central Sub-Station, #1 Iroquois Sub-Station, #3 Allouez Sub-Station, #5 Tamarack Sub-Station, Tamarack Water Works, C&H Water Works Figure 24

7. File Name: MS005-11461.tif Building(s) Located: Ahmeek Power Plant, Smelter Coal Dock, Lake Linden Power Plant, Regrinding Plant #2, Calumet Sub-Station, Centennial Sub-Station, #3 Allouez Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station, #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Iroquois Sub-Station, Tamarack Water Works, and C&H Water Works Figure 25

8. File Name: MS005-12307.tif Building(s) Located: Quincy Booster Pump Station, Tamarack Reclamation, Ahmeek Power Plant, Coal Dock, Smelter, Regrinding Plant No. 2, Lake Linden Power Plant, #2 Centennial Sub-Station, #3 Centennial Sub-Station, #6 Centennial Sub-Station, #4 N. Kearsarge Sub-Station, #3 Allouez Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station, #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Iroquois Sub-Station, #2 Seneca Sub-Station Figure 26

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Figure 15: Here is the Original Sanborn file “1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet7b_CoElec.tif”showing the Houghton County Electric Light and Power building.

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Figure 16: The original Sanborn file “1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet8.tif” provided here covers the locations of the C&H Flotation Plant, Sub-Station, C&H Leaching Plant, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 1, C&H Regrinding Plant No. 2, Calumet Stamp Mill, Hecla Stamp Mill, Still House, C&H Boiler House, C&H Power Plant buildings.

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Figure 17: The original Sanborn file “1928LakeLindenAug1928Sheet1index_HubbellTamarackNorth.tif” here covers the locations of the Mineral House, Electric Shop, C&H Smelter, C&H Smelter Power Plant, Electrolytic Plant, and Acid Treating Plant buildings.

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Figure 18: The original Sanborn file “1935Sanborn_Weston 20101207 Power Plant SArpt.tif” shown above contains the locations of the Calumet Stamp Mill, Still House, Electric Shop, Hecla Stamp Mill, Regrinding Plant No. 1, Regrinding Plant No. 2, Leaching Plant, Flotation Plant buildings.

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Figure 19: This original blueprint file “MS002-138-13-millsmap-001.tif” contains diagrams of infrastructure and other buildings, including the Coal Dock Sub-Station.

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Figure 20: This original blueprint file “MS002-138-17-900.tif” shows the locations of the C&H Smelting, Electric Shop, and Mineral House buildings along with other infrastructure.

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Figure 21: This original blueprint file “MS005-6967.tif” contains the schematics of the Coal Dock Sub-Station.

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Figure 22: The original blueprint file “MS005-7928.tif” here contains schematics for the Hecla Stamp Mill, Still House, C&H Power Plant, C&H Boiler House, Coal Dock Sub-Station, and Mineral House buildings.

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Figure 23: The original blueprint file “MS005-9654.tif” here shows the electrical diagrams between the following buildings; Mutual Pump Station, Tamarack Reclamation Sub- Station, Ahmeek Mill Power Plant, Ahmeek Pump House, Coal Dock Sub-Station, Smelting Works, Lake Linden Power Plant, Regrinding Plant No. 2 Sub-Station, Still House, Calumat Sub-Station, #1N. Kearsarge Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station, #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Cliff Sub-Station, Phoenix Sub-Station, Tamarack #5 Sub-Station, Tamarack Water Works, and Lake Superior Water Works.

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Figure 24: The original blueprint file “MS005-9966.tif” here shows more electrical schematics for the following buildings; Lake Linden Power Plant, Centennial Sub-Station, Calumet Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station , #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Central Sub-Station, #1 Iroquois Sub-Station, #3 Allouez Sub-Station, #5 Tamarack Sub-Station, Tamarack Water Works, C&H Water Works.

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Figure 25: The original blueprint file “MS005-11461.tif” above, shows diagrams between the following buildings; Ahmeek Power Plant, Smelter Coal Dock, Lake Linden Power Plant, Regrinding Plant #2, Calumet Sub-Station, Centennial Sub-Station, #3 Allouez Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station, #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Iroquois Sub-Station, Tamarack Water Works, and C&H Water Works.

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Figure 26: The original blueprint file “MS005-12307.tif” above shows more schematics between the following buildings; Quincy Booster Pump Station, Tamarack Reclamation, Ahmeek Power Plant, Coal Dock, Smelter, Regrinding Plant No. 2, Lake Linden Power Plant, #2 Centennial Sub-Station, #3 Centennial Sub-Station, #6 Centennial Sub-Station, #4 N. Kearsarge Sub-Station, #3 Allouez Sub-Station, #2 Ahmeek Sub-Station, #3&4 Ahmeek Sub-Station, Iroquois Sub-Station, #2 Seneca Sub-Station.

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To summarize section 3, MTRI has produced a series of GIS-ready files which include Sanborn and blueprint GeoTiffs; as well as additional GIS-ready file which shows the outlines of each of the 18 buildings along with a timeline of important dates. To supplement these GIS data, we are sharing maps with all the GIS data overlaid upon them. These GIS data and maps are available on the accompanying Compact Disc and are in a folder titled “GIS.” The GIS data will be in a sub-folder titled “Data” and the maps will be in a separate folder titled “Maps.” As previously described we also included a Microsoft Excel document, which contains all the important dates of the 18 buildings for use outside of GIS workstations. This Excel file is also available on the Compact Disc

In addition to these GIS data and maps, we are also including all of the original Sanborn and blueprints for use outside of GIS workstations. These original files are on the Compact Disc and can be found separate folders titled “Sanborn” and “Blueprints” respectively.

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Section 4: SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION


4.1 – Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography of Sources on Lake Superior Copper Milling/Refining and Calumet & Hecla Facilities

The sources listed below were systematically consulted for information on C&H Torch Lake facilities and the milling and metallurgical processes for refining copper. They provide critical information for anyone continuing to research the industrial history of the Torch Lake waterfront. Because MTU Archives has an extensive map collection, a separate annotated bibliography is provided.

(1.) Published sources

Benedict, C. Harry. Red Metal: The Calumet and Hecla Story. 1952. The history of C&H, written by the engineer who helped developed some of the major milling and refining processes along Torch Lake.

Benedict C. Harry. Lake Superior Milling Practice: A Technical History of a Century of Copper Milling. 1955.

A valuable technical treatise of the major milling and refining processes (including flotation and leaching) utilized in the Lake Superior copper mines. Provides a good historical account and detailed description of the development of innovative methods in which mining engineer Benedict participated.

Stevens, Horace J. Copper Handbook. 1900-1913. Continued as the Mines Handbook to 1931.

Provides a good reference to the major changes in processes and facilities by company (C&H, Quincy, Copper Range, and earlier companies absorbed by these three firms. Draws heavily upon company annual reports and news accounts.

(2.) Professional journals for mining engineers (found in MTU Van Pelt Library, general collection)

Engineering and Mining Journal (1918-1940)

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Engineers from C&H regularly wrote articles on developments in copper milling, smelting, and reclamation processes. To date articles were collected on all C&H facilities from 1918 to 1940—the most active period in milling, leaching, flotation, and refining innovation at C&H. Most of the processes developed in the 1910s and 1920s remained the same (with some modifications). These articles provide useful information for Phase 1 Buildings during this period:

“Ammonia Leaching of Calumet Tailings” (C.H. Benedict) July 14, 1917 “Developments in Lake Superior Milling” (C.H. Benedict) July 5, 1919 “The Use of Pulverized Coal” (H.R. Collins) August 17, 1918 “Six-Cent Copper from Calumet & Hecla Tailings” (C.H. Benedict) February

16, 1924

Mining Congress Journal. October 1931. Series on C&H Facilities This issue provides a detailed overview of major facilities and processes at C&H in 1931.

“Transportation System and Coal Dock” (F.H. Haller)“Electric Power Generation” (Rober McIntosh and A.L. Burgan) “Milling” (C.H. Benedict)“Flotation Practice” (Robert M. Haskell)“Historical Development of Refining and Smelting Native Copper” (H.D.

Conant) “Smelting and Refining Native Copper” (HD Conant)“Present Smelting” (E.R. Lovell and H.C. Kenny)

(3.) MTU Archives –Collections and Resources

Calumet and Hecla Mining Companies Collection. MS-022 This is an extensive collection of company records that includes correspondence, production records, financial accounts, maps, and blueprints. The finding aid (which is searchable by key word) can be located online at: http://www.mtu.edu/library/archives/collections/documents/MS002 Hecla and Calumet.pdf

C&H News and Views A newsletter for employees printed by C&H between 1942 and 1949. It contains updates on new production and processing activities during this era, including substantial information on updates to facilities, new practices, and on topics not regularly found in other materials—e.g. water supply, transportation, etc. Is a good chronological source for the era after which the Stevenʻs Mine Handbook, ceases to detail company activity. Call number in MTU Archives: F574.C2 C33 ARCH.

Calumet and Hecla Annual Reports Provides an annual view of operations, new developments, financial information. Often recorded in more descriptive form in Stevenʻs Copper Handbook and Mine

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Handbook—yet worth utilizing to put developments in context of overall company financial picture and developments in non-Torch Lake facilities.

Daily Mining Gazette (DMG) There is no index for the DMG and the paper must be read on microfilm in the MTU Archives. It is best utilized for specific time periods where known events would be recorded and described. For this project, the DMG is being read from 1968-1975 for information on the closing, dismantling, and disposal of C&H properties along Torch Lake. The C&H Collection is silent on this time period, with no records on what happened to individual facilities.

The Native Copper Times A weekly newspaper published in Lake Linden, on microfilm in the MTU Archives. This paper is utilized for information on the 1968-1975 period, investigating the closing, dismantling, and disposal of buildings along Torch Lake.

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4.2– Annotated Bibliography of Maps (MTU Archive)

Annotated Bibliography of Maps Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Historical Collections,

Michigan Technological University, Michigan.

Section A – MTU Archives Map Collection

13200 Volt – Electric Distribution System. March 13, 1931. MS005-9654. Shows the C&H electric system originating from the Lake Linden power plant

and spanning from Tamarack to Lake Linden, and Lake Superior Water Works to Phoenix.

13200 Volt Transmission Line for Mine. June 13, 1934. MS005-9966. Update of the C&H electric system originating from the Lake Linden power plant

and traveling to Lake Superior and to the Central Mine.

Army Corps of Engineers. Keweenaw Waterway Michigan including Torch Lake, Chart No. 944.

Detroit, MI. March 15, 1905, October 7, 1908, April 18, 1917, September 1943, September 1964, January 1967, January 1970, and June 1973. Map Folders 20 j,

20 k, 20 l, and 20 m. These are a series of maps made by the Army Corps of Engineers showing the

Keweenaw Waterway. Over time there is change in the waterfront including the transformation of company land and buildings as well as the filling up of the lake due to stamp sand deposits. By the 1970s the northernmost area of Torch Lake is almost all filled in, and the sunken dredge can be seen as a shipwreck from the 1964 map onward.

Board of County Road Commissioners Houghton Co. Engineer: T.A. Coon, Surveyor: W.L. Kaiser, Plotter: A. Sippola, August 1928. Map Folder 27 bb. This map shows the towns and companies along the coast of Torch Lake

including Quincy, C & H, Osceola, Lake #2, Tamarack, Mellonsville, and Ahmeek.

Calumet and Hecla Consolidated Copper Company. Trap Rock Valley Railroad, General Map

Calumet and Vicinity. April 11, 1924. Map Folder 27 w. Shows the industrial coast including the Tamarack Mill, Ahmeek Mill,

Hubbell, C & H Smelter, C & H Stamp Mills, and Lake Linden.

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Calumet & Hecla Mining Company No. 2 Coal Dock Plan of Tracks & Buildings. 1:100. June

18, 1917. MS005-7928. Shows the Torch Lake landscape from the north end of the Mineral Building

to the Power Plant, Boiler House, and Hecla Mill.

Calumet & Hecla No. 2 Coal Dock Sub-Station Floor. ¼:1. May 23, 1917. MS005-6967. Blueprint of the Coal Dock Sub-Station.

Calumet & Hecla Smelting Works. 1:50. March 1, 1918. Map Folder 61 c. Shows the Electrolytic Plant and substation.

C & H Stamp Mills and Houses. 1:290. 1966. Map Folder 61 c. Shows the power plant and substations in relation to the C & H mill complex.

C&H Smelting Works. 1:20. March 5, 1929. MS002-138-17-9003. Blueprint of the Smelting Works including the smelter power plant, mineral

storage building, and coal pulverizing plant.

General Map of Mills Along Torch Lake. 1:200. April 1, 1923. Map Folder 61 c. Shows the lakeshore from Osceola to Lake Linden.

Historic American Engineering Record. Quincy Stamp Mill Location. Eric Hansen, 1978. Map Folder 26 c. Gives the layout of the buildings in the Quincy Stamp Mill complex including

the #1 and #2 pumps and boiler houses, tank house, oil house, and waste water pipe.

Map of Quincy Property and Vicinity. Map Folder 5 k. Shows when Quincy lands were purchased. On Torch Lake before 1891 and

then in 1896 purchased from Mesnard & Pontiac companies.

sc eola, Lake N 2, Tamarack and Ahmeek Mill Sites. 1:600. March 1, 1918. Map Folder 61 c.

Shows the power plant at Ahmeek and the substation.

Property at Mill, Ahmeek Mining Co. 1:100. April 1, 1923. Map Folder 61 c. Shows the Ahmeek Stamp Mill and the stamp sand lines.

Single Line 13KV System Diagram. March 4, 1948. MS005-11461. Update of the C&H electric system originating from the Lake Linden power

plant and spanning from Mason to Lake Linden, and Lake Superior Water

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Works to the Iroquois Mine, including line mergers with the Upper Peninsula Power Co.

Single Line Diagram. September 8, 1960. MS005-12307. Final update of the C&H electric system originating from the Lake Linden

power plant and spanning from Mason to Lake Linden, and Lake Superior Water Works to the Iroquois Mine.

United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey. Laurium, Mich. 1948 Edition. 1946.

Map Folder 3 a. Topological map of Torch Lake and the communities of Mason, Hubbell, and

Lake Linden as well as the Quincy mill complex.

Section B – MTU Archives Collection of Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps

Sanborn Map Company. Lake Linden Mich. New York, NY, September 1885. Map Folder 32 a.

Map #1. Torch Lake City with the waterfront. Map #2. Laurent Jacques Wagon Works on the Torch Lake waterfront.

Sanborn Map Company. Lake Linden Mich. New York, NY, July 1888. Map Folder 32 a. Map #3. East side of Torch Lake with the Gregory Lumber Yard and the west

side of Torch Lake with the Osceola Consolidated Mining Company’s stamp mill.

Sanborn Map Company. Lake Linden Mich. 1:50. New York, NY, 1893. Map Folder 35 c.

Map #1. 1:50. Armstrong and Thielman Planing Mill, C & H Dock and Mills, and the Peninsular Electric Light and Power Company (Lake Linden Station) including the coal trestle in the lake.

Map #4. 1:50. Close-up of the Hecla Mill and the Calumet Mill. Map #6. 1:50. Shows the Gregory Sawmill and the Osceola Stamp Mill.

Sanborn Map Company. Lake Linden Mich. 1:50. New York, NY, 1900. Map Folder 35 c.

Map #1. 1:50. Peninsular Electric Light and Power Company (including the coal tramway and two outbuildings) and parts of the C & H complex.

Map #5. 1:50. Hecla Mill and Calumet Mill. Map #8. 1:50. Tamarack #1 and #2 mills and Osceola #1 and #2 mills.

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Map #9. 1:50. Centennial Mayflower and Old Colony Mining Company Owners as well as sawmills on the east side of Torch Lake.

Sanborn Map Company. Hancock, Mich. 1:50. New York, NY, November 1907. Map Folder

39 a. Map #21. Shows the Quincy Mining Company #1 and #2 stamp mills, coal

shed, and the waste water pipe at the Torch Lake shoreline.

Sanborn Map Company. Lake Linden Mich. New York, NY, May 1908. Reel 27. Map #1. 1:50. Houghton County Electric Light Company and the coal

tramway. Map #5. 1:50. C & H Power House near the Hecla Stamp Mill.

Sanborn Map Company. Hancock Mich. 1:50. New York, NY, August 1917. Map Folder 40 b.

Map #18. Shows the Quincy Stamp Mill complex along the Torch Lake shoreline.

Sanborn Map Company. Lake Linden Mich. New York, NY, October 1917. Reel 27. Map #6. 1:50. C & H regrinding and leaching plants and the C & H

substation. Map #7. 1:50. C & H Power House near the Hecla Stamp Mill. Map #8. 1:50. Houghton County Electric Light Company (shows no tramway

and says “vacant”). Map #13. 1:50. Mutual Water Light & Power Company near the Osceola

Consolidated Mining Company buildings.

Sanborn Map Company. Lake Linden. Chicago, IL, August 1928. Map Folder 32 b. Map #1. 1:600. Hubbell, Tamarack City, and Lake Linden, all owned by C &

H. Map #7. 1:50. C & H Consolidated Copper Co. Mine Timber Sawing Mill

(abandoned) and the Houghton County Electric Company (Transformer House).

Map #8. 1:100. All C & H owned: power plant, both Hecla and Calumet stamp mills, regrinding plants #1 and #2, leaching plant, and the flotation plant with lime treatment.

Map #9. 1:100. C & H Smelter and Refinery, Electrolytic Plant and testing house, and a power plant inside the smelter.

Map #13. 1:50. C & H Consolidated Copper Co. Ahmeek Stamp Mills, including the transformer house.

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Map #14. 1:100. All C & H owned: Osceola, Lake #2, and Tamarack mills. Also the Elec. Sub Station and the Mutual Water, Power & Light Co. at the Tamarack Reclamation Plant.

Author: Emma Schwaiger Industrial Archaeology MS Program Social Sciences Department March 2014

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4.3- Journal Articles 4.3.1 ·ess, 1931 Flotation Practice

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88

530 THE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Octobrr, I !J31

I'LorAT t 0 /11 !'&.ow ,s,,n' 0,

C AWMI T, ~ND , .. H IC., .. ' ,..."

, C..LM1MATI

.. ... ,

~ .:

l't'arenta are added to the ball-mill feed. bind and are recovel't'd only In the final thickened product ia elc~\·ated by meant The pulp demity overflowing ball mill tells. of a 2-in. pt"fu ure diaphragm-pump to <) ... iller ia 40 pereent oolids, but !.his The flotation tailing flows t.o a 4-ft. ia lowered to 30 to S3 perttnl aolids 6-irL Dorr duplex clauifier whkh makes ~~= ~=:~~:o:::~i~fo itb:r:f{er~ ';-i,~ for flotation. an overftow averaging a bout .04 percent lattor Is a 6 f t. by 4 fL Dorr<O fitted

to p4!_rcent Of t.he 800 tons of rO<k otamped per eoppe_r that amounts SO by with a short belt conveyor for diltchlrJ·

~e:~re~~~~~ 6~0ac~i~~ "rnu!~;o~~h ~~d weight of the tailing and Is dllcarded. ing the fllter cake Into a concentr~te b1n The sand product from the classlftcr Is

moat or t.he balance (primary l!lime over· split between four Wilftey tAblet upon bo~~':, c~!r~f!~~~\~~i:n~ ::·t~~ -~~~J:~: flow) goes to six 26-!t. d iameter S-tray whit h a amaH amount ot copner ia recov- The filter cake unies about 11 perce-nt thiclcenera in the mill baatment, the ft:tt. ~t! ':bt:Sro~:ke~ ~i~l~a;~i!h moisture and the dry uuy ia 66 to 60 thlcktntd s l ime being elevated by means percent eopper. of 1ix 4 in. diaphragm pumps to a 40. ia cleaned up on a finisher table, and the The filter i! run with an ovtrflow fL Forrater flotation math ine., whi(!h table taUi~

the are combined with the das-

•r_: •. which waa: at first r eturned to tlle con

does very good work on this claM of matfrial. :~~~·•to 0 fin~.~·~:r.. ~~~ eent:rate thickener. Thia tauAed the

slime to build up and make a dirty ovt.r· about a pound of copper per ton treated, The flotation circuit is aimpte. The •c; ftow. Later the Hlter overflow waR zoe. which lowere the ftotation tailing teed enters the first eell of the Fahren turned to the Forre1ter ftotatlon machinco,

wald mRe.hlne and a final concent rate Is ret~ul ting In 11 b<otter grade ol 0011centrate takC!n f rom the fi rst two cells. From f:b~i~~~~tr'2t~ t~hf;btgr~1r.rA& !r; without nlfling t he flotation tailing. Tht

a t~mall amount of coaue sand is treated the remaining cells a rougher eoneen ove.rflow of the eoncentrale thickener any change in the flotation circuit ia traiA! is made which flows by gravity under the3< conditions i• dear and "'" mAgnified oo that tb.,.. tables make ex-into a side pa ... ge in the ftm <ell di· maint so whtn operating condit ion• are

ruUy over the impeller, thUJ avoiding .. ~~~~~t~ .. :~!~te tlormal. io pumpe;l to the ose of an f:levator. This coarse eona drag dasaifie.r for removal of the Typical ~~Creen analyses o( flotation cent rate averages nearly 80 pereent eop

ptr, 10 retreatmenl is not necessary. lnerealing the grade of concentrate much ~~3~rr~.~~~~ d[:rck:~~~~~~ "t~ feed and taillntr and final taiUng alttr

tablin~ are • • follo ws:

above this point increue& the tailing lou mate-rially. As r egards op~rating ll e.:b Plot. fo' eed FklL T•Uin.r Jo'lnal T•llll'l« conditions on the flotation mathines it Ptretnl Wt.. AUU Perc.ent Wt.. A• a1 Ptftmt. Wt. A~>t&1

is advisable to carr)· a very high pulp 8.~ .u '7.7 ... -.to level and comparatively smal.l amount 11.

In : •.• .It o{ 1~7 .

results n:::::::: ::::::::: IU

ttl: 1 ... froth for best laving t.h• + Itt................. 17

J:i .1

:5 ,fit 11.1 .. 11.1 ...

coaner u ... parlid .. of copper. Flotation -1.... ....•....•.... . .. .fi t l .t .Oi +*····- ............ u .••

..... 3.1 ,. IS 1.1 ... ol most ol the copper iJ rapid, as tb~ - tot.,., ... ,.... .... . fi t .l .It fil .l ·~ 1&1 .tl

following eurve shows: ~

Toc.&l .... •• ••••.•.. IM.O .IT Some of the heaviet~t particles Jag be· ...

CALUMET AND HECLA CONSOLIDATED COPPER COMPANY

Milling at the Calumet & Hecla Consolidation Copper Company

MILUNG ttl tlw Calumet & Dec/a Consolidated

Cnpper Company

0~·

• ·. n.Benedle~-

,..__ ~ ._., '-tA~1111 .fMIIL 1~ l,_ltf•¥ /thMt, 1~1.. l""k•

liD

89

THE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Oao~. 1931

~NTA.-.. ~ C.lf""rr _,__,~_,..,.

1;f.f.,...-...,. ,..,.,.._,.. c-Nw __ .:~-....,.~a--

.L

J

90

Odob~l', 1 !131 'tHE M1NING CONGRESS JOURNAL t.t\l

..

91

THE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL

Fl11.,,. 7. 4m~t.., .. M _.t,.tlott ,..• P• ht ,,..,.,,., , ... , . 14 1..~ ,;,.,,.,.

~~ ot II>• l<ar~h•r 1•I.11L. (II, P. lliO'!.I

C.C.st,..., .,.., """"" C'olk-no• ...,... ... &:1 ......... ~~ Ul '*"""

ra<l ....... al.«ll • .. - b --~ ~ :u=:~.!"' ~"'..!:' ""'"1*1 -·tJ ,_ o. at~ I , "" • altlo .,..,. • lift ol 1 .... 11 1110 I ....... .... ~t ....

....,

.. ...... .... ,.,, ... ....

onll .. ril) ~o~mo ll .... ...... lo<•t· aectlate cr~J-h~ I• dl t_.iJ h nan.u of ........... p;a•w•• Letov\11 "•'"PI• wblth h • alaclto ••· ~

.... ._ , .... ,....,. ••'"Ia.• •••mP. ff roth- r ..,.,.~, .. ttillll(n. r.-.llf Cit~- ., ...... 1'1)

.. lf~t.. t+tt

..... ,. The- n•·• ef tho •·tamJ,I 11 ~~ ln, thc l GA.dlr Mho .. I

No. U' CNd. I It ~t~ui• .... .:1t 11 ...

w•i«hl M <hr•t t• 11.\oot UO 1"":1 ...-.

the w"Mi.,llt llf niC'JYI All lUttlM uhuul GJ)Uv Th~ fi.r\lt'JIIil Ml * f1lt' ~~itltlfl lbt., •n•l II•• ho,.oj!O'I\'11

"'UI t'ffn. d~v~l"l~; l I• cvntr'lltee only. lnrh.nJin~ ntti! crl ntll~.

fo" '<nd" ~ l .. <!biol! aod ~outlno r\'l'o .. rl•t, 11&•"" The atarop IIC'ffi'n• h"t 'lift loo 1ft" u fullowJt

i:';",,r'")~ .... ··.:~ ~ .~~~·~ ~t! ., <hortWI fi'OIII triflln Uoe tl op 111 •.. _1.,

.. ....

r a Yo•••ll.-q """""' ,~ wtl" malofO ~· ·""·~IGnll. I · tl•-"• ............ -- p:.,...,., a "'" 4it<b,... t1 , _ ..

bllilll r~ I ............hJ .... oa._.,u .... lo_.. ...... ~

rl akw\ I • 'TlJ• .....

~ ... ..,.. ... .., • ,4 .............. '"" ......,... ,

-c.o·-..nor •""' II _.,.,

.... ,. ... n... ....,.r ,...._.

... a.1t ......

_,..., ... d r ... lad'L For tJrdf

1o

·-·.!0-lo t~l«<litloi<IT

• I I I• ""..! - cloiOI~ 1•

JI.!Jt~~<~ •,.,lalll•"""'.... 111 tllo

U.. " puf'TM41 • W•Wlnul

i~t.wor ....., •llk~ ruk .. ,..,, R.,dl•r 1 .. ~>t>Lt mill& aod 1\"Uftt:r produ<u: tall'- fN t,.ot .... •t Of th• rt,nl<llld I sn,.. at ohtHlt W o.a.1o. ••Old ~not ~vory w•• M I~• 111"""1.0<1 nl

~. lf9t<h Pro<loct lot tahl• lro•otmvnl. """' TIHo ~UIJI " 1 Chilean Olill plont In llll)7, Whl•·h onllll wel'• IAtor }1, Coiu'""' CI)J>Ptr CIOn ...

4 .. lltld -..uul r•placod 11y IT•tdln~• 1111lt.. C.,.r.M nn. t'f!ftil'lt

l ldJin~

I. L¥aehJftat lll.nl Wh('IY antn20niA Tbb woodb""' ,,.,.,n.. o~ ..... I<J~thl~ "' p,..,t...., on U.t eq•lallintc one<! al l.h< Calomol l 11,.1• AM

""' to ~orr

,PUI.l< .... lpl01 JIOO M01••hl. Thu rtanl dt«tl"' l or '"" ~"''""''· ot\~l,u,h It II 101~ ,.... btb>a 4lcj>llt00d In • ,,.., .,..,,

Wall 4. '"11>. """""" eoo.J.•n '" tlold {Or tlol- .-wq ia &llo 41J~ ld \r rio tr

t,h. tr laaoili«

1$1* t.M n.l t all#•.., ~ ili wlileh -~ oal) *' \JOI ~~..,. ~~~~ ool••

r,..,.. ""' \Dt.fl, 41'h .. '1Joft \lw: a; ..... .

I• • ._.__ ..r u.. n..r. ·~ ..... ~~an ~t .......... ...... ~n .~'i!:..:: .::7:~~~,~ .i'.P por • .....,. tFip•r I I TW .. ...

- 1l nltt), .,,. - .t U.. So. I ~ ~:: i;.ra.:;.':::'~"'~ w.c ....... llol1 """- .U•C ~ l ... ·b-.... ._ <( lkl't

v:"i' ... .- ..

:.:-:.._ (&( wWdo ... ....,.--.J::''i!'~.: ... :: ttW " 1 ........ .. .,.., .. ·-

..-... 'fbo ,... , .... .

92

\

Octobf!l". 19:11 THE .MINlNG CONGRESS JOURNAL

''-Hrtt 10. fllt'tUIM ffft4 P1#1Jttr~ /tit,_ U. ~tfll ~ L.~t Unll.11tt

The 'CQI!l ul \.hut grlhclltiC J)clr ton l,'"ur tht year 1930 i• u fn lhtw.l't

. lj! tl .....

,-~ I~~ 't

93

THE KTh'tNG CONGRESS JOURNAL

94

--(}(lt(lbfr. 1931 THE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL

'I'bo tolal ... t of op.r•llon of she reclamall<in p!Jult "lor th• ¥tar 1930 ba.-d on t....._ <lredtod tollowo. 'l'h .. e

=:ttitr::J;:mj~~~~t~!'i"ho~ m prt'-rlont pa..racra_ph1.

.... 111't"'Gntut.l .a~tioca. .1 (111'114

..,. alii . . .......... .......... --- IJ., o..c.. .. , ~--..... alllml .. .... '-dl: ... ftYCif- 4· :::t ..''" ..

~ :-:.:-·~.:-. ~~ ... ......... t,15t' .. ~ ...... Llolt

'T.uil ... ~·-············~ ,_-.... -1!&1 \jpcr llwo

:..~ ~,...~:;.d!--:'l= U, at ,.P,b da'..o II ..-.s ,o.hut ...,.,. .-

:,~ =~~ot opu~~llllc •• U.. <llll9

'Wuucx~PI.&i<'t

Ibt. pi&Gl. •• d.....o...i · - .. n[d> ... tlo. plul lmltin& t ... ""'~~ ....

u.. - .....!a a! U.. «rle!uJ Ca.Wiwt. & Hecla aiM. h -·-1>-0l uwnding 0\'R • ....Woetioo ptr:<ad or poulblf 4~ JHD. fu lli!Rllfon .,... ao. •ucCii!IJd"l.iJ tllf.t tft.ttmtn't C!f \bl.:o~

~sn;;:te ::~.~~:t::::~":r.!m:: b~Ot •hleh smnod _,..tl.,. Ia 19-ZI. Ia·

-··--,.-..... .............

95

626 THE MlN!NG CONGIH!iSS .JOURNAL

96

THE MINL'lG CONGRESS JOURNAL

97

Electric Power Generation

I

! I

1 I Dy

l Rtthert

••• ~frlutot~••

j 1\. LBurpa'

Ele~trie Power

Generation

98

540 THE MDITNG CONGRESS JOURNAL Ortobtr, 1!131

f'iprt J . Air•~• Mill lfnll Po*"" PI,..&. lno41•1 fl!llllto 4ft.IJ~f" tlttJ C:4tlt'rtMM .,, tltf! •l ,.fl .,. laln• ~ by o 401Abll! lf'fltll. t..lud dn;(~a~ ttnlf" file ,_.,

tndt ,,..,., w aMI '""' lt• il• lhtC1 t'M c..tr-l!f• •WPJIOI'fl n, .n .. cr .. , , •

...

r.-· s. ..~- ·"'" B.U.. ,_ ,_.., . .. ,. ,.,. .. will ,, •• ,.,w,.. JtJf':ll'f.

99

Octo/JP.r, 19ll l THE MlNING CONGRESS JOURNAL 5J1

TABLE 1

~-...

l'eu.ietd for 11.1e ·• • ,.ynehronocs coo- The two MixeiHtreuurt~ c.arb1nca eacls dtMe.rs-.. tw'\-e .. b .. arh-- and a. lt);w .. pr.mre C11..mdtr._

0 d.,....,_ Mm ltiWW H......, Cr01111 ...t~"-•

Cl"LUMET AND HEOl.A OONSOUO"'TED GOPPER COMPA"V

100

542 THE )liNING CONGRESS JOURNAL

n, .. ,. .. ",.merit: . ,..,,MW, MUI I' ~HUT J/tJt,;_,.. Jio. llr .AIIHHM 11r ure Y. Altm~ 'fill P<Wn fluv,.,, /Vo~ • hubl~tfll n.Nifn• ~t~tit wtllt iu 1.1/i(NJ_,.ltf w#teltho.rttl~ r-tMM1 •lww411J, rf'irt/n""fl NJ"''"' tut-bl~te fuu,.ll~tlluw

ftflfl NJtttlt:n.er

l he ln.;l•·Pn'~U:h! e)'UliJ\!k'a Ol)et"-'tll\R 0 11 than 't¥'h(!n the net.eut.l'Y prt>Uura. r~duc ... u•ed lor mill •vc••~iop, ond I• •lw•~• lloUttf' pr~"IN<D~ of 1.80 lbt.. and _.)l"ttao•t· Pen lAiru pl•ee by th rurtli.pll·· <iUra111 ing- t, r{'lft':h•r,_rs tunn~t•d tu lhe \Ow· QliOd ~Y lbe rtill! doe• ""' fully l .. d th• au§~~ w~~ll~t!!~~m;·>~~ not tJJUr\L

pr~'"" crllndus. Elrbauat from Ll>o t•rbine and pronflon HI INdo to bri11g U1an JO or tii percent bfttf.'r Wilh &~Orr

et:Htn .su.mpt aJ..o 4l0'".,' to tM lof•~N den,.{r.g- than ,,~~·h.h no•rondentfn.g thro 11 tron. Ex.~rl!ftU' Ill. u,_.

oprf"'.. pres&un eyhndert uJtb IM'n. piPt ~i:: t~ ~J~:~~,:-:~~=.:.~': Ahm~t t11lll from ll•" mill rttaurt~ In tbh lfno Is txteu txbautt t.n tho low~pttau~ i!ihf)w~ IQ) lncreJ'f41 ln etum C~•ntump. tndintfiin••' at e.bout 1 lb. abuvll atntOt>t .tltum ,oty11l•m to ~ ul'if!tl in thu low• tloo !ur tbe •nti-rc plant of 8,000 lt1a. l>llr

P:ri!t~ ~tn!~~il~~fM~li':b.~ t~~ pr<>~re ryllnrtrjt"'J 1)t 'h~ t.ur-1\ln.,., In rho honr wben lhl' ~1lflnKt' wa..• mA1I•~ !n~cu pi)Wtt" plut. ll)WrA\Ut~ et.a.m(~B (\Mdt1~ln1f, t O ltprr-a\

'air into th• IYdEI!I. ThL< 36-in. piP< AL lhf S.,.ltiu II'Gtko • WWll!l.f' in4r them non~nd<mln.r and f!<>nftatlnN ads n a lo"-prtUUTe ttam nlt"-'rvolr hoUR 8~U ~ .... turlil .. op. .. tiJ>Jr at 1M tol£ot-U'tt-hJ" wit'b U.flllt u.beusl ih!4nt. into vrh\th cume• t~wt. •team 1rfm\ is The t.trh~t~:ttt l!tl!t.w LIU'bln• i:IMIII'atcfl lhe lll.om]lll, hl,h-P""''""

Jbs. J)l'tlll~ll~ t'<Jodt.~nAlna:-. Aop:plit~.1 turbln• eylln 1'1tth fteam fl'Qm wu1 e heat boll<ro. Two ~.M ttw. w1tb -an fncretHce ln *T~nm cnn·

dcra, f&e<t parnp•. J\ tld If r~uired, part lnflllnj( furnaoeo dt .. barrt th•t' hqt iUinJ•I lon !or the wbol• •yotem ot unlr of tbe ~u.L1nun tho •till hou,. lur c .. u throll!rb 200 •nd U!I(J lop. boll•n 8~11WI lhL por l>•>Ur. ''lUilal'dlt U• 4 lhf,

·-m~ Vre® H. ~a.m [I tabn for tb~ r~ivolr aftd t_, nnalne /urnt\Ad -i'tl'a.nt uur k.,·tl. JlloduNI'L J""-P""'"""' .-ylindr~ of tbc turblrus,

:::. ••<~~ h•• •196 hp, bolter. Steam rr th!U Nv.w I'OWl!ll l'ulll'-.'\uMEEI> .lin.•

~~~,.~~~~gmili'1b:.r.d~::·~\'r.:

= a va:ll•bltt fn-r pcrirpe.t -and batinr J)IJ.f'· 'fhu Aflm~k ~Uil 1'0Wf'r 1)1-ant, at rhh puat .. lf}{l"" t~f Lhe rtmu a-nd t¥!'o of tbt1

tb'MjJi. .t:Tt JlOI. OpetJltfng, loW•J)TeiiiO rtl boiler• """ b., fir"'l iml•/"'"aonJiy tt ••· =~~t1,{~ ~;:,~·~;A~':r~~el)l K, ~gg r k Sl4!-!ln1 fUT hC!&th\t: J~ &[fil d\llilable !rOm

:.I!~~ qul•ocl Th!& is ol-d don• (or tk ntbed~J)tc.."l!o:"U"ti! turblh'f

•"t no:ril{ ,..-bld'l then ~' •• bi..Ou turbtn ...

~:u::~l~ ~;,:u~m ·~4)~ln!~~.z r :·~: r;~r-;~~ ~~~~. 1::: ;~~l:;.~ Obculatil'!l watt.' it talcen from lb• l~ tako thl' pllet" of • \dlt.r hou~ tn .tU.:e.J

~e:r ta.A bt: taku fn1q lh«!o "ttnnul l:40:u~:f':~ ~:~bo~ T~ ~~~t b~k:

'-' ' ,..,vhue••mfnt. «rstem ill Jeg oost.. The «.hflllt a\iopt.a .Ut-:r a1eftil COu· -.nd in W(th .$tonto obau~ ~00 (L dl•tn•~ from the At powtr t~e Ahmeek 1»ill t<.~bau.1 <t>Am ioltJ~Liott I,'ORJUit16~'UtJl

f'tom \.be .ttarnp~: ~Ot~ to • ! 1000 kw, ll•w~ pl&nt "ltll tb• mfllt b4ttwo<n th<m. '!'~• turMnt. wMcl't al-o up.. pllm]'a. tn N•:ulu "'" preNvt~ ~ lhete art t SO.. ntJJ e4~ '~~~~;~ ~~:c::-~~~rs ~~=~l:~:~~~~·

ft"*18• mfti;;! e..-,ate(l by higb .. ..

~~iv~~:h :e~_:l J.'rftntar\t .-te.am Md;,1r lll'ld ~ (~.(!_., i llJitrhC!&t., to ll'f'nttltlt 7 500

kw. 'l"ilh bOIIe:r 1

goltf'rnot control c-Uc.ns. f]cr dwy, arul ~e

J)FbiUf'e ak!Am d.irytl u, ,,ump Mlt"hi· Tho 19211 '""ord• • how tho r...,.. ou\.o a Cll.,d•,.uSnc •lt!am Wtt.iin• vnit. and

ga,.n whir;k !' a trtp]f;\ np.tnston rklpi"'· put gf tb< 1111l~••• 132,~0VMCl kwh. 1"1\>t l,!UU ILw. t:roru a b1Jr.b·pr'fllfltll\'l tol'l:irnt <11ll'n1r ~t .. m pump of GO million Jeol· ~~~o~L~ea~!!'du":a~ :c~o~:~f!~t ~·tmc:rati~ u.nlt eotTna -.s .s redu<'ilur

~,~n:~. ~~~ -~~(~reo ~do~!; ~!-;:~,! ta;ut.t';Jy~3fl. 1thm al l!J(J J~ tan ~pply wuter tor «:on.drl'l3i:ne: or ul£11 ~!~ ~~ :J•u!t~ ::.l~~~~!~ f'rt\'(k1m Joon:a 1nttorruJJtft-Ju of !l(lt VIet' ..rurt~ l~nd~[ftl '\nt.!t u~ 1n dM oandidto.na. Po•rft:, tu,pUfd ey tb .. nri· bol.&tr of P.6nu:uolol.11L IDipor'ilino..-, thil bo~f· pow& ~l•nt b r•tornod r •• mill ... by odo u in Tobl• I era Wctrr lnt~bdJed of unt~.> ~h tha1 WliJ ~Mwn a~ Al·

' e~~:;~~ntn:~uoh!::rl~~~~~)k!: 1 1 ~U fj~~ rt:cl ~~r~~~:,~::~r;·lt~~

holJ.J(b m ... boiJ•r• •ro nonnalh· 1 In U8t', l'lln ' two ~tTY ihe ltJo•d

D"Lav.al •I!~ tu.rlilne un1t rceeivlnlif npower ur::t

~tumu.kin.. Thu olht!r f(IUT ... .,.,, as 1~ lbo- and uhauatln~ •J l~ ~t~J~~~ur::~rt t~~ ~f ~~·"~~~~;

.. It""'' &mountlng to Jl porcent of !he n... abo... •"""'1>~•""· r«r«<ffil

6f C'OfJJ)er.ammonta *"" l tbow tht amount or J»W•r rl~ 1fo t totaUte in dirtlllation. 1·•b>po!(l •• '" bv-~rodoet ol U.. m\Ufnlt r::~ ~W!r. ·~" e="~ 1: ,:,~~~u/. ~~:'t,tr:'om .~~llt~f~~"l!i~.~~.!~:f

lft# b wnttnlrtt'd to proyftle p.M-..ibl• "tand ""'tiU~~g npen~\lct~ ~pp t""" Tho unlto •• .. ton ror " lourllJ builor tbuut~ tho lyln3 by..pl'od•ot n•ll"•••rily

",:" 'Rwt.•r :fb%lt., J:):U:~tb1

futll~ au~h adftlthm dl'f'llrablt. th~ nteu~rr d.rQp ~n

O:."":Jt pret~tuT"'- ~i!t of~:: ~~~~~1:;

tiHlkc ft n

u::o:,.•;.r,:r.r.:,;~ fltJU.IltNOf

Wl>rla o l\d SUU R uu"" lurblnro '"' nol Both lb< boilrr hou~ ud •~• 7,000 · and h. ccm\toUt!d by a. proe-oure covtntot' "" th• n~auo¢ of lbe tvrbl,... t:~~c~~ ':~::b.~cr.'i:~~·l c!:J~ kw .. turOJnt;- room are: (),/ su-d !r•n~

11~• •••< covered with ~lvamft\1 ocrrruc•CW ii'Ofl

Spe«i i• ftxod by q-n<h"""'"' o~ntl6fl amountln• In about G 000 to~~ Ill 19211. 2 lo. mot:tbtd wood •h«llhlaJ: '"Ill •1th lb~ '''"tn power QflfU'tl. Of;)e1"otlntJ 'f1w uutpUt ~.( t1hl li.u·hJittJif ( rom «ta niS) f>OP•• bOL.-...n. Rwet .. ,h w\111 ~h•~ ul tb~r »lULt. ern fhhl t:.~rhaun lfk~m h11• e:x.h&u.c~-t follow• tll#ll&.nd \'~U!WI)' t!f!Ct.l H w.lndowa .tnd roof vemlhHOt"' turn boc!n Q•lw oatW"""""' and ill beote it about \!qll&l to t.ht~ •mo»nl ttl liOWUr IIJI>t oll(f wntflatll>n. Tb• r'OOft uo

CAL\JM["T AND HEOLA CONSOUDAT'ED COPP£fl COMPAHV

J

101

TBE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL 5J8

f,~l 1tfps.dm ,Ufil~ll'tt'd on atHI fraru. nc at~d ro'llt!r(!d wlth a .• p1t rotu(M)&Ition

l'f)Ufhuc Th·· 1nsltl•• -...!~ an finida~J wltb ct>m~nt plaL•t•J un m\:laJ l.a(l\. Oon· creW pUiJtst ttlt.tpdr~ 11.11 vo1urnn• ot Oulldlf~AP! 'lHfl cunvcy{)l' a.~ v:~IJ u tht (AOnrtntkm.:; ft.lr tUI'lHII.Of ~~~IJ_.hl. llrul ttod<.

The ••rbmt l•ulkii!IJII• "!lliJ>Il<'l w1tb a. ti'al\'f!Ung tlnttt' deJIPed for a SO ton qurm•J Ju:u.l. an~ ..ail<, t.-,n OOCAtaolnlll loa/J. fipN'I 10. ,tfJll Pn'"'' Crn•• ,.Tht! tll 't't•!ta.ry h .. ._, 1I.Am~ PUm1. •rrrJo ,

ln thlJ. b~Allrtfn.,; i.! ,..,.f!lutaltnl "'1"11''11<'"-t., f:'vi, l••d by unll hel\l.tr.A. the con1J f1-tt~..at~ to~~~!~;-n~~l':;. f.~~ping t& t~J,.lur\lln\!

buf.i~;: !nr~:~~'h::,,~:::~, ·~l:ur~Ul prwaure it.am and UhaUitlllf a\ -.bout S lb&, ~,....,u.,, Tlt•Y &rl! t'QUif>POil with

Cu.u. RA'iul.l!tt: han.d &nd lJUIQ\l\llllt: ,peed nh::vlntof"''lo tar~ llofler has • turbine drlv<n lo-1

Erittln~ <ool bl11a whl•h ••rvttl th• old dl'tl1t fan and a motor drlvvn .. hu~t hol1flr plant uUti Th•)1 11no u~J. art tn-

:b/:h~~po~ ::: n:;t.moz~ ~~N:= ~ 'h. aboVl' thn .,.-r,ountl. Coal fl dtUwfl!d rn 2:t-ton tArt DVU lbt! r{l l1l1)&.n)' ullruad ttnd dump(!() from the t'Oek s:e"i..- tr•<:k th~uw:l1 bopprN ••ul t.huU!d i.ato tht bin.a.

f-'N.m th• hiru eMJ rUJlJ by rr.-vltr (o a 2'4.ir,. C"onv~yo" \rtl\1\!-lhtW: tas.t

~1;.:; tg:• •pton

~':in:•~ ~~!ft!: b~n!l:?: ~ii •ltlveJ:t ~ .. Toll eru.~her. Thf cruJher dtopa lh(" t'OiiJ '" · ·i.te. 1 ~ ln1 -aod lmAI1("r to a truuvt;lo, bell ron\'t!)'Or ln,....Ung ••Mh. Tbl• boll lo 110 IL bot~n ('t-nh·rJ, i11':1t tr.. 'oltide anrl IDfrlined -.t It\ an!tlf a( lB df'lgt'&ft. h fn lUMl deliver. t.&-. toa.l til anothe.t •lmllat con-

;:;)r(ht!2~~~~~d~·1~~c~,.i~~~~:: .,:ij!~ )u,u,w and dJs.t ri\'tJ'" the NllllJ ht mn.M or • tlilnk t)'JH'- trlpptr.

8Qn.rx•

.tl~ ~ui~;l\l!~n'~~e "'~~~"\ci~~ t~o}OO ltJ,. ol •!<'11m ......,Joo d.,., .... Jlt't ll<lur at 4BoJ lb.<. t'"*'

•uwh"'· eo,.,...~· ~~tr:1:, ~~:'~:::~~ b;l:u:r~rr.rt:: about on•·half lo tor mlll Pbf'P<,..• and

thTh~:r .. ~11U:~ij ~r:A :~·.nr~·~~:'.:ttnl{, .1-dmm ~>on • .- hom fur 4&0 lb.. pr<uu.-.. !Adt 1-. l)f'OVIdMt ..tth &UJ)Orhi2lllr. lOOt ~lo"rn. S.800 IIQ. fl. ...,. .. ,,.., aad •tohr. Tbe !IO~<N .,.. the •illlll• ..,4,a 1·rclort. :18-IUY<••·• uudcrleod tYJJf Witlo -to-.blt:: H>ll dlnkfl " ~Jndet" •nd .S11t~l lwtt·

r:Jj:~'~:r~~~M t~t~:::. IU~~:;vr~~:: Co\lUMET AND FIECl" jlOHSOLIDATtO llOPPE'R COMPANY

102

~--

THE :MINTNG CONGRESS JOYRNAL

40!000 Q.. t. Ul. apru~t. o 11t&Ut prosaur·~ ero:tt- to h(lld eonaunt t u.rnMe r:morQ ~~ 0 in. ot water. 'fh~ •lthaort fttn eo~ p= Ln~:~:,jj'l~f~ui~~.{;~nfJ'Le:;,Of·'~. pacicy •t•l'htt the .Plne. l\end ia 70..~000 !?'ht:"j.:::r~~· ~~::..-~h:.:-s!; e. f. m. o1 710 r. p. m. ancl 36,000 <. t. "' ,.;tblo 6 )bo, •hove •r billow nPrmal ~~~·e~~~1~:~i'!t=~k~'~rre ef~::~~1 at •oo r. p. m. The O>lutllll f...,. dfli,-o:r ro Ill• m<k •hkh I• of .. i.b,{ur<OO tvn· f:emfcl:!~"£:d~' r.,d:~:~j:!.~e~ h~tftontal dovb1t auetion mow·r dri•um

1e"r('itc 12 tt. frudda diame:ttr and 175. tt... al t'he will cf th :r;rator or of boldine !W:~ 7~1j;J, ~. ·:~ :~!~rr:~;~tr::~!:.;; bi(ll..

=:.. "60 g. p. n1. lou ~li.~'.:ir!~. ~~11:-rl• tlle 'l'tirw r·•~ae cti'J· ,~d ntbu ~~~~·~ •. ~~~~~ 'b;~i~!''AhJ.~:k3~;~/P f; ~~ ~.,,:"'.~ '!!I~':d:~~: .uu B.<HD~II<O ::u"W'~J't~ ;,:i;~y "('::,~ ~.~ ~~~~

utt. water Jine-s to et'On-omh.t!r&- are J)J"Oo. 8 t."~:!'; ~ 'l:'.l'fu''d.:!~~ b,rJ.~ ~ 'tbu t hUOO g. p "' c;f'C'u.taun;: ftUmp "ldod, .,.,. ~ump h&'l'lnc ~u111tJtnt .,.. ailrus Ita watn ('mm the ..t(~Ulh pr

~n;esO.goo~. ";:"; I nits.

r:lttfq!~ ~~:t:!~ ~linker grlbdf!t& and ~•ch fo lobe. boU(tr "'"' of till• wtll o.nd w~•~ the mill pur",.. MUle floor whleh it 1t 11urfaee JICflde. e.re runni•l~. which Ia tl(l pot«nt. qr lht

hour. Hand-<>gorJ.Iod wattr noulk dlri!C1 FIIUYt 4 g!vea • Yiew of tM 1baJn JL,.,..-m, of water wbll'h o!!lulce the u b ~~~ l~~~ to~~~:~~tu~-~~ ~~!t~:~fh

tt:bm piplnu, •wirers •IJd eon.tml 'Pintle. HrronU'h doort ot lb. lloor )..,01 tnw the t Dil of the weQ below ••ter. tu flifn1nAUo Flsnu•• 1 •ad 1 •bDlF IbM foT<<d dnft hydrooHc >Y'ft- T~• bydrouUe """'"' -!b tif hNd (l~ the __pUnlp. n11 \':t"'•• tan. ond fttd pumpo. Npr< 1 J.o a """'al4 •f $60 n. ol S.in.. hard whll<l nt,l" ftqntn'd by tlle l"DIU po:""J'jl ovvr t'rOU.il!&on 1!1•., or the bollo:r 110~ .. wltlch

th• J:"'11!T11l tar•ut. (!'~;~:.~!r ~ fti~~~~:i~1uJ>,tr .\:.~ the amo.unt taJte by the drtulat1nr pu.mJ) uaul"\l• £Ondfm~lng w•t.tr 11t Ink•

ho_p1X!r4. anti rontl-nuftd In a annert:to ternuenture. When Lht! miiJ ~UIHP'- Art C:O~OJuwr'JON QJMTROL

By .,.,.,. of """bmtlon tontrol ,quiP· ~r~:.~~'!'\.~il.; ~:~· w.:·.~~"J:; ;:::111 '(t·!:~'d~O.:~~. :~~~~~d ~0 ;:;:; T.akt. ntont Uoe bollor uptako dn!t and lbo ooolesiU<'OW<l at IJ"''Il'D' pol uta aloos the

:lt":'i~~o.:..or.:~:J.~ttf'~' ~"?f~~""~ II•• or ~-In l>lpe ""' ••pplted by a C100 F'ljm~· 'aaa, •h•w lbo lu•bln• w1th ;c:-. T'• tn.. tft11klr dttv"n oump••, ·~ U~O lbf~ its vuxitlarl9 and wtt.chboerd, Ulltf A'l't~~

on tht lx>ller1. /u Q>o lood •arl.., the prtt•Qro, ll'lftten ton• or b p•r hour preuuru lo the ma1'n Al.eam hca(ter tan be. h"ndletl. X!wf::.Z 'rbt: ;~~~~:~~~~~~·t.l~~~~ i:lwl&""· tll#hUy, artu.aUn~r • mut.<tr , ,r.oo bfnqKw. Tl!l&JIIl<l 1 auxJHa.rlu artd t''~~hohboa..rd.

~.:: ~~~ct.;~ !:.'tr~~.:! f ,I\Oi).(cw. 1.25{1 Kw. Tlluo-OI:Nt:AAt<JK-llD>ur•xv Jb• onll llt••r•t<> J l 1.500 tor V e.ch bafler. in tttrn Adjual !ia~ ~ntJ·~ t:~;:~~:":!~~~!'·lh~~

AJ.VO.Or...Suri!IU.i£4¢0 ThHt~ • tb• up"-k< draft dlmll"l'l and tho .. ._ 'l'ho Alnnft'll tniU ti!IJUtn. 60.0(10 I~ ~r:r tp~~!:!~~r rr~:~:',: s~trJ:~; aUra.etion "oulft nre pmvl-ch.'d fc1r tw•t·

ln:g the {'olnctt~psate uml n)ulc!f•DJJ w•t•tr \'Y~~~:;, g~~.t_r:re:;~~·~:l. i~~~;:~a ·~ n.ctDated by th('o mas~r t"nntrnUf'n op- torlw>il.r 10«1. 1.-.d'n~ ttt;. Lone.r PW-''""' M --t2r. 11•• t.•

103

o~{obu. 193i TH.E MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL

w ~ ~ura ~~ .. ~~n -tOO II'PIIt•~ J ... r .. •• ww.. . ••• ~ •t

' ·-~ -U ,.~ , ~i ~.

·· I ~ ~ I ... i'\

.....,jJ Jll. ... : ~-·

. I !U .I UltW .. 2 "'

~- :,o,~V1fiJ -

lijfi lb>. Til• turbin• t•unnUtg &1• UUO ' I . :~~ I

p••• ... ; 101 ...

r. 1 'D), OIJ"rnU!t: the &f!n.~ralor Ill 7!10 !.i~i: ~~A--oct; .... .... .

' r:, f.h:n~~~~~~:f.\t~t!~c~:;~•!:.f:" tUJ<bin~

. - ~ ~':)

10\Nfbol;.lifJj

I J Ill ,..., ,J tnrtf(>$ utt.~ut 1 •O detrr~ Of tllpct'b~f., ' 1"' ~J::;~• ~~~:,;~1 {t!"1~2~\':.~' t'.frtY~:nr.

U

I ~~-]0

1 rh~ ~1~111~'\;y .~;~J!jj~~~r"~,;./t":.m ..!:! I Art Jtt'O"'id4.-d; ono 4·0.. with hat~S eoo4

.. ·~ ,, ~-~ t.rol, •nd On6 .J·if'l. and one: 2-in.. with tt(-1llolur~ Not to hoi.! a colll!ta.n~ ~ll!!!l\UI'e ... . , ~

~~~~:. U}~~~~~J~~O l\::ru_u:e~~ L)~: ..

th~u~h tht HtAT fLOW DlolGAAM U.k~n by·P$3:141, 1tl I Upel·· bea1 ts: 2:1i0 deog""h'+s,- au, 00£1_\~red witt! J:IO'IU.t PLI.Nl·Alotlttfl; IIIIU. •• L40 ue~e~~ in ~be. Lu.rbjn:o ~;~.xhiUI.S-t. C.wllrl ~"'-'c-.,.... r-. !o ~· ~ t.hQ mill uu:ae;bi-nf.ry ia nul lld-rkd IIGI!Itt.4 11ifCU 1fl.Q1

~~~~~ t~r ~=~~~~~~!:t.e,~" l! 1

f(IJt,'IIJ

1 tve dry •aturftl:ed ste.ant f tlr -pilll _pur- "'"'~'· 1:1

r ~'!~~~ b~~-waer~ul~!~~or qalft.t1

t::·in t~I:· ltJr dP.-auperttecating npproxl· pumrJ•J f(ti'ted draft f-A,Us. and atc.ikeu, which wptdd t"'U8t!' ad h.tt.teni IOC41e 011 the

tnelt<ly 6 .. ~00 £bft, o( W'&te.r per hour whe.n t turbint• furn.il11t'A 11'\e wk-am. and ~~ PE1h.o ~~in~:u: :~i&~~:··~r~~':n ·~~! ~t{~~~t,n~~obg!a!:~t:f:tu.J~

Pout 12.000 tb .. , ·per hoa.r wben atoa.m It ¥;:~ti~~~u~~l~but~f!O~~p,~~~~h•:t = the -aca-le-.fo.tmlrtg ai~J·u~af.a ln ike feed

~~! J~"~~~. t~: .. ~~~~~~ :l:td':: n .... wo~r. fotm• l!netr dlv1ded intolubl •

2~b d"!l, to • ""'~«' U<nk olld ~-... {lhospha~' Wblth reolaiu in suspeniiO,n

;:P,b~'~ac.~~~\lr:~~~· -~=~~~~'£~~ tn tbe t<>l~t fliO!d putnpa Jrom ,.,hl<h j t lind "" tcmoved by blow-do.wJL A• llli• fUJet :thro~h the e-cooe~m1urt, (!.fitf;r phoophA[e t<doe<S alkalinity, cau.tl<

t,to:tl)t 8-tann> rc.htatua a.nd m-.in tifA!Mru tna .f lin~. aao

tllP bollf.!J'S &l • firm~rMturl!. od"ll:o :;~ ~:~to:. '!t~~!"~rr.~~.~jl~~

fli~/'lf"h II ohnwa thtt hil'bi:ne! ~the:r "'lth J~~~~ ft:~f~ v~~: :hr:v:: ~~~ ~;it~c~6:;rio~f=~~b!~~ :~.6 t~tc, i ·~~~~~ ~:~"'~~rb1:! !~ ttolt~ the llow of ma.k~vr.op uo wat.er ttntQtl:hit 2.3(1P4oit .,.lt.~boani .. wou •• the lb~i! ~ond~iift,\:f qt the kw. unit by ic:~~~d~;b~~~~e!~L~u~~~at!!!:u.~~~~ !>:cr~htrr 2~.0011 IC· p. "'- mlU t>ump. ado)lHlng J~st t b• •mllunt noeeo&Ary \l> totethot with ill• ~ .. !!rating hea~er. ao

m,olfltaiJJ thu aurgu tank water level bt· eun protectiOn a~:aluxt JDlJ,\lte> water. F'ru::nWA'l':tm. ,..., tb~ ovorll<lW pclnL A. s«on~ 6o• t

Undtr nonu.a.J «;:nditiotLt tlt~;~ bOiler va.lve about 4 tt. lower than Ute fit~~ '"""'~~ fftd w•t~r iJ nuedc up of .. prn'Ox.imatl!l)' PN\'idf-5 tor the .l"'ClJJttol of ,tDA.k~up lll:<orqioiC ~·'d iudicalj_hll: :mei.olrs .,,. 50 llOl'toeOl cl)hd<'r,._l;e fruru l~t' 7,1ii)O.Jrw. w• ter dintt to tbl! deaerat:lng h~ater used \o furni•h ihforllll!llvn Uc efficiO!tt unit., ?oil peJ"NoL lrom Ut4! !l,OOO·kw. U• wbt'n the '1,600 kw. tur.bi.De ta· jdJe, or 6per•tlon 6! b<oi""' ~114 tvrlllne• .. well h.auet stt;am \lftit, and lS percent. La.lco lf lOt' an)' bthl\r rUiPD that tiOW~.'i!.. qJ .,. to d\!Wtonf,.> th• proper dlotlibvtlon Sowlor malto-up •ntet. ned watu f401. ln thia ~!!P. t hl! c.~m· Q( stenm and {N>"''tt t'f:l$tl,.

to~~';k~·~~~d f·dt,~~~ r~~r= t:~~ !~ 71::.:,r~g1";~!'/:r ·~ Count«T• on th.- twker ut.orl. QJ:i,.._

Jl' llibB!ft&J "'h~n cati~rdl!ll irt ~e-.vie:u ovw

i~~r::vf~~~~!~~~=:!~ ~~t~~ruH~t:~ ~::_!~ o!{ e~~ri:foe·!~e ~~~:'~!extb~ ~ pl>tlod or mootba, will puriJ11L 0! •1•-

du.r•th:m • bine roOm.. ~~;'1t:n!r. 00, _a t~lit'n·oir is pro\'ldeil at ~i~Q~U:&~"wtf:~~ e(ltlV:ti.DlUnt. t_fi.IVatii.itl a fCW hUlldt"cd rt~:t !litton tor onch boilu fFD1 WATf'lt TRf'AT:-Jr.:n 1101> im:~ratlng-!o•ont th• boik'T bou,.. . . lL hue a eapaci~t 0 1 of 3&0,to(}(J gnflont , auffident to ~~~ """' T~v tl~Bm tor the 2.,000 lew. turbtue

1 it' p~~~JJ: 1~ ~oJ'f! ~~U~L ~~~la":k:

OJ fuJkf..U:., !ot !lO hiJdts, A.. ttuat -va~tf ~dng cb• oxlta\llt !rom tit< '"""P•. lho individual boiler utftc:ie:nq. on tl;! IY!lcl 'k~ttt P-• the «arvoir ful), rcndt>nsato- from tbLJ wrbinf t~oultljrul f .. -ilfl_,.l/ T't! gjvoe. ~bO b.Mt lrtll-.nt.~e with

The makt~~up wau.w enlert th(l C'On~

'' ""'"' ur the 1,1\00 'k,.. t.u>~lne '"" Ill ~~~~;~l·:...r:~~~ .. ::~·i:!: ~: r•ur

J>UmJ)«< tf! ;:: d(l!•req~ ... t:o o( con<litlOCIS U 1o

with the e<>ndon••\0 lh'«)UJth 'I' \I.'U pre&iU type IAJld ftl tort with ett1,~t~a~;~~~~;::; :::e:~rr~~ tho j,'l!nunil!>r llir <e>i>llil', addint • !~w .. ,.guloDt and !>lkall Jeedlnli' 'oquipnt•lll •h.·~~rC!C!i Ut U\('1 Witt-er tenljltrat.uTt!, The ate W!ed to ~movll

tett or tbfts otl ~fore it P•>WPA Gos'rs

condt:!n!Jitt' £rot11 thr r..ondenStT (t( tlw. joim. Ibn t~e 1><?\lur 1..00 w;rl~r. Wit'hout il1tc!'l"Mt a.ud d8pTeciatio-tt 2.000 )of. turbine the.n jolnl! the water 'l'tt pc~vide for the dea:lted UrnJtatiCJ"A d\argQ:a,, exbilost steam turbin• l!bste t te

~~~~ ~·~~.~.j ~:.~:~~~~I~P'h";.f";:m tJf the boJrc-r watf)r ~neentraUqn, P tcm· unde--z J10 cemb p•r kwh. lt i£ tl)(l eJtdy

2 ~';'.~·~;.~t:·:~~ i~"'tt. ~~~~,! .~; to ,:tn t.ht I)OWf 0ost .:1 Qf t11~ oe~ tu,. ~~:~ti.:" ~~1::.t~· !!~Jl u~!iij;~GOS ~~~ t.inea, ~u• it j f! ~paeV.A Uu&~ tht.~tt WUJ

dmm •f toeh boil•" 1'bo ulJ>j.,. parl 0. und•r J!Q .. nts P"• kwb. to• tht UoO bf~. 'flh1t faE.'d ,.,nte:r nqw Gt tl teru- Of \Ito ~ •• t m {i» WI\(<P .. biOWJl dUWII k,w. onit~ a.nd tmd4!ll .3S Cttnt.£ pe.r kwh.

r~~~~·r~t~•~ ~~/~~~;.!".~!.tth:o~~~ Ia r..,l&lm"<l by tlta storun flubin.tl to the loy the\ t,.:;M lew. unit. ecni!.rtUJht hratO{.

~fi!r~r:!f~c::::~"farb~!Pde~~r~h: Tho Hall J..•bol"lltotito ·~.,Cern is uoed ,..5~"" .:~~iJ ~~~":''~:;. lu t_.'-Unt rul Htu rl1utnltttl rmnpt11!1tlort r,}' J 1\ly 1, 19SQ a ru:l 1&\'f'll mbn(Jl1J

c·Pate-'! r:hl

~~ h[::~io:11~~~~~ tthud~W; 'i:~~ th !! bolle.r wcner i\fltl ~U prevcnl the Pl't~ 1

ant d 1 Itation Df diMofv~ SoUd5 '1.0 ~';..~~~~fl.,.a f9rm 1t! tbis Yt• t . tftf! t'l1

104

THE MlNlNG CONGRESS JOURN~L Octobor, t93l

,. . i

. ~·

• • :

~ :.. ; , ·E t

ii H -"

'1 ~ " .; t

~

CAI.UMET AND HECV. CONSOLIDATED COpPER COMPANY

105

Coal Dock Transportation

Transportation System an•l Coal Dock

\V lflilX !he wr~ minu in 'he- Kewf!e.n.uW P4!nluJU.Iti. o! aqrtbem N"ft-hil'llfl wuc o(.'l('JH.~ ltt the: C()'a t~r eortil!.r. the ueatt'1\ raih'Oa4 was- af Gt!i!t'll BftY. Wis., atO wJl~ awD.'y and an<)' min· H'A oompany r'l!l.luir.h~.g t raMpurtaltion fih.niltiEa wu c..-ooopeUcd. to ereatt- then\. F6rtoo.u.U>I.Y, bow~ver, mnst: of tlu~- .mtce:s "'-e.t·e w.tli1.n " few mllcs o! lHnhors oo Lake Super1Qr o:r 1ts in.U.b, suc:b ~ Purt.nct- IAlk~ flnd Tortb o wh-ich Jitrmitted ~if)mt"nti'l r !AU.

,nacwn~t}' . ... d -s\ip.J)U~ to ~ madt in &he summer by h~;ta\, f rom rnu:ntrlacturi.ng center.a. (l.n Lht! tower Jakt!t '£heae were delivered tu lh'~ .mtnes alter .(OCDJ)arati\lt.ly 1.hoct hauls o\1~r \f'agun·toAd! fir train-wa.ya;

~i~~ d~!in~;b~k!!su:~J\I~l~~~ii~:; h ttd to -bo lNi.tuat! all t-b" way f'4'0m t•a fl t raft.i1p(trlatioh lt:rm\nl!dlt. Shipmt!nts of t'(lltP'!f troQJ the rnlne& wet-e made in. Lbt' eame fuh iun, by buat. or br lont: ove_r-... land ht~t.l:.'\o A.ll·~rnil l.Ta.ffie tnto .and nuL o1 tM eop_pet di!!tl'itt of MiebJgau wa:t nut i)ti~~Slib!~ until lhe :M;.rtillCtte. Hough. (.(In & Ontonagon 1'af l..r\)lW wu ,eomple-ttd lo tb~ r-a.U o( 1A83, fllOl'C- tlusn 17 jf8 1"3 aller tht~. Calu.u*t min• Wa¥ open.ed. In th\' rot.•antime lhc cu5'f,orp o{ eh)p pint

::::l~:~~y ~~~:~,h~ !~~~ :::;r~ ~~ )'~31'1,\ Jtj'O, the rreater P¥Tl of the eon ... per .U,ipped f rbrn )JJcllt£-1~n --reflncri~e went- out- by boat. ' Todny the dotk1\ on both Portage Lako and Tol'eh Llk~ ure ~ildily &«<S.Gib!e to the la.rgez;L &t lbt' Gtcnt Lt.kc:• csrriet.t and all 4hipm~u ot tool n w.U as other bulk u~ J"l<k· ~ge freight •re reoeived by boot. (Stu lfUllpS. )

Tbo Jirst stamp mill for the Oalum~t mlnu wa~ t~n ly a "hun dfrtance away and th• ru"'t!- wu ba.ulcd to It ln bors6-dtawn tram·<an. (S.. Fig11re J.) 'J'he fi,.,.t mill for Qle Grieb min~ wu locatl!d on To-rch ~kt' and th!> nHud.a and 'l'Qrch Lake'' _.allroad wu built in 1867 to tonnect U witl'(!l.d was tour _.,.d

h. the mibt'. Tltb r•U .. 1hrcq~uarter:s miles

lon' '-n.dintr -nt thfl- head of an inC!Jinf. of v•t'la~~ pitch, a mile lqng, tb, W'w~r c11d u..ac,hing to tht~ or~bios or the mUJ. Tf\4! grades at the ihclinc were m\lth foo tfl~ll for th~ locomotives that ope-rated on tht n iJroad ; but L~e loadtd f'tt8 g<>ibg dmrn drew the .elt\Ptiea up by m~n& of win ,-.,~ roonnedlonfi>....-.A mf'tho6 then comm9nly u~ at :Se\!VRI pro.r~ertitts in the fl1ftritt. {Soo l'i(lffrt

~~b(~~:~1~nl~fJ~lt :~':d:Cn~~~!:~ Lake aod haultd to the tnin,. o\•er this railroad. The I(IIU~ of t.ho tradt was 4 ft. ( in., the tAl'S v.' "l"e foUr-~,beel'ed ltoxe,; t'arl'ying 2'>6 tuns. ore. aud the F'lt11r~ 2. Olrl btdbu• kl CNimnr• ~\fiJI on ot

Wt'rc vnr, small.. A!lv $0Me Torti• L• kc. to Jocr.m~tivet J8o1 1886 .. Y~<~!'@: t.h~ l:lE<:l• tr.HII '1\·as f'Diar.te(l, A now Oalumet mill ,., .. bull~ ctos.c w It, :nint fltudutti4n ~Wni it)~U~, <"6t'8

Uy Frnnk II. llinDer• t&tr1l~ double the toon• w~r• ~till and harg'J.' l()t!(lmoth•d w~a:P pu«ba.i.Ed: llUii the oltl JncUne t'Ont.inu,_'d in cornrui~ t k>• ror 19 Yl"'"· About 1866 • b<U...-

CAlUMl:.T AND HECU( CONSOLIDATED COPPER COMPANY

106

lllG T HE MI'NlNG CONGRESS JOURNAL

) niltoacl (attn •r>U~a>11 or •• th• J:le~:la and Torth Lab) hu continu•d to grow holh i1~ equipment a nd ln t annAte hal'laleid Uut has 'M-ntlll.oc..t.d; a private indlls.tTiaJ 11~tem. I t! mAin line is five mlleJ lu.r,~: 1rum the m1nvs to t'ho m1U )lll.rd:s an~ ill lald wltb DO-lb. •.nd SO.,Ib. otcel. At Uw Calun>•L end It hat •xmw"On•, brand,.• and !lldlngo totaling ~2 rnllca of tro<k l11d wltll 80-lb, 70-lb. ond 60-lb. alt~l. At 1he lake t~nd it 1.trves the va· riou» mill huildirlgs, t he trnelt e-r a nd· U.. coal dock with 10~ mllet of b"r-.nc:ha a.nd tidh•a•· Thij l'ollina e.loclr aonalaa.. of 250 hoppt.-r .. bott.om ()rt care of 80,000.. lb. o:apaclty; l9 all.,.t.ol, IOO,OOO·Ib., bottom-dump tn\neraJ c:a n ; 3& •tcel, 8-toa min.,ral ~: 90 wood&'l\, 12-tM'Ir siGe· dump, watW-rot'k and ash t-&Uj 86 ,.ooden lbu and rondo! .. ; 6 mel, 12-·yd., Western air..ftumperl!'; G w(J(Jden, 30-ton box CA'U, and three pa~nger cu.al:bn f or OCCtUliona l aeniro ht anying em· ploy~ to and f·rqrn work. .

ln ! 923 t:h~ Ahlt.'leoek, Kt-At'tlll:'~, A Uoue-z,, Centennial an d OM't'ola miMii

... were merged with C'.alumr.t. and Hcefa

... A:.nd. being -withnut ra.Hroa~11 •lf thdr own, abip~ their ore by the ~lln•r•l

" !:"f:~[~¢roer~u;~om_,~~~e~~;'1!';,.:;: v adeo. Th• lltri!T rat..o were 1<> hi.-h on thla lino tba~ d11rlng IJ\d after t ho work· hiif ot'Jl of d\e cc,>nsoUdaUoni much st.ri· ou1 lhoc~rh~ wu •giv.etJ W plannlng a mo·re dlre.~ route with moderato gr&dta., t(l t,. built and oporated by !Jit Calumet and l:locla Comol.idal<!d Cop))tr Com pany aM ln. 1926 tl\il< rr.fuo" wu compl<tecl; It i• 9\i tull .. long fran• tht .Ahnw:ek mine to the at s

nallm; w m!llil Tnrrll La~ .. -

trol hronch tro~ 100 11t;col, 00. ton ore CAN, 2 e;onaolfdati..,n.t.ype loco... mo\J"•• w•l• hiru< zoo,ooo ll>t . ... h (S.. E'il/lu't ~), arid otN!r •oxllfsn · .qui~ ment wert~. porch~d f rQm lh/J l\iln\lral flange rallroad for t.hv neVf l.int, the

Flpr-r 5. (J~ru.a rallr(JIQd ttfkk,tl I•• • dO...ot# ,. .. er ff tltf! ~,.,...., .,.q._J•fl i• B ,,.

.9 { cf!f ~~~ Kl iRter.

location lnt the lower end M lhe. tnUroad war. determined upo~; (he nR fi'Ute added 50mewbt to lla longt.h

mlured 118 gnde and morl• v••but

S='tlr e:ibl6 the use o! Jocomotivn all tbo \"a}'. Tbo lli<IIM wu linolly ab~ndon<d In 188{). Br 1900 t he C:(lmpans's plau_t a t. Ca lumet ~ i.t.t mllla and ttmd t u ~n Tortb Lake h&<l wry greatly ""pa.nded; axt.enli.ona and Qdinl(a of the. t""llroa.d ·had boen built at. a r~pld P.- w keep up .,.ith the lurea.aif18 bufJlnH.A, but tbt4 &ntill tars were a ttemendaU$ handiu.p: ~u ateumpJitbed w1tbout tnteL•lerlnJ whol~ ll<i•E •pokep of lOCAllY u t~e fh ut1ty it1J~11me tuUy ~vifJ_out- ~hat lau·trer wlth tlroduc.t!on trum lhll 1'tliMK. Tro.1~ Roek Valley raDt•olld. l u addition

~~~f -~~ ~f;~~te ~::ti~~u::~ ~~~ Sinr•• 1Jie" tlte C.!omot and llecl11 to tlle n<:w h'ock. laJrt wlrb 8~·1h. •t>lcl,

-solutt.ly ~ti$1. An order f91' 140-ton or.o- cars Qf st-eeL and ~COd c:unSt.t1.iel.:.on corrEll. ORE, COAL, ~IL"'ERAI .. ETC- TIANDLED was given to the A.rned ca.n Ca-r -anti Foundry Ooli~j)any; theee wtJl-. $J•eeially y.., e~':il~e C'.O.lfr6eulb1. N IDIIl•t

!:i~tn!~~~ y!~~;or:~nft~~Tf ::O~:J .. to .. a ..un.

W~t.ero••'k 6u"t~~~~· !f~lwe.._. • i" to••nlli ~e> du.mp ......... l o:ie: ... .. . Utf.11J!I Uf,&of 18.ei'1 n~.u•

t.be- bui~inef!. All traekt .,..nrc ch \!,78UIUI ltt.lti ftilgcd .,27 •. .. ... -Hit;..lltll ft,911 n::m t~~:n: to tt. u n,Jtia U5.WI• standard 114fllll llliltltl 190,)1$

gauge, j 8~ ln.; a dcn.tn ,.,.

~ ~~ ~.l.M,)10 441,~iG 11~ .8H 117At-l 'U"'ll.HJ '·tOll Ot mo~:e Joc:o.mot.i'fet were. broad-p ugad

,., ...... a.tn,i't$ ·~m Ultill l t !U MI ~ a8 wQ)I as all the n•t can, mtoeraJ earl',

.... ~ 'fowl

·~. In use a t thai tlmo,. This work ...... ~ t,l<t71~U ~ JU.a.t t !O,J'l6 U .M.Il.Hil

CALUMET AND HECLA CONSOUDATEO <;OPPElt COioiPA~V

107

THE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL

\bi"' a.tf oow H._ miles of uton11onli "''1.11 •di.,tabt. ~pr .. a. ~ k*~' aftl! ctocl otruelul'f llovfng .uol)s tor 15 u4 11d1np lal4 •ith 80·1\>. omd ?l).lb, for clarill~ to:nb wbne two 1I!IJn locomotr .. a and upalt pha for two"""" -.1 ot mnto.. Tblt liM ...... .,.. u.

or "'" - and paullol. (S.. r~ .. ,.. •·>

Glll!llt!Oa W1tl1 th• R•da alld To'l'<l> Lal:• Thi"N locomotlv• era,... (a Brownholtt ~ .. :. ~h~und ~!111.1;.. .!.I ~·:·.::~ rlll""'d •nd llot.ll .,... operf!<d •• • .,. an4 lwo I odbttri&l>) ..uh uha 1•1'11!> thne an t)l.rM loeomdtl'h NAUtta tt•· ~fttln. cl•m .. hell bU<bts • ro abo uM<! leT

111 Jl'lt" ol tho rugfod, lnUy <ountry m<Nior aMw IMlJ>4 (S.. li'fg•n 1.1 ~r;!,!"1.(" ti:'dr.~:ft~~~~.:.~· tntm«< br tilt now r•llroad, a max!· .,.n eoJ)pu ore-, mirwnl, coil, «~lr..., haD· ....,ml'li•hed b7 tol•phl>n"" «>nnl>l'ttna 11111m allawabl• ~do ol 6/l~th1 .,.,,..,.., dfcd lo tb• tnirUna: "4>flUll:l-OY~ ()JM"f'UtiODl tllh:l ma\te-.up p:rdk, \ttmtnald al'Jd ud a muhnum wrvatu.re. of g d~nc• ill Wtighod 00 mnd.,.d rali,_d iwk junction point-. A. ,.ell equlppood ,..,.,. wu adbertd w tn c.-on6t:l'\l;etlon. The "'"I••· At the agproo<hea 1o lb• &tomp r• palr ohop ill malntalnat .al Co)umet•d· uu.,..o , rado j, So/ IOOtht yer..,nt ·~4 mill• tlwt aro tbr .. 711-ton Palrbanla j .;u.•tnl to t he Jltlne Alws- and fuuudry. t.a~r; t.be loads ut uU pomta. Atl"e ll"llta -wlt.h St.rcetet'-.AmEtt &UtUJ'IUit(o laP. 'l'be of ooppo.r oro, ltom two (IOnetete and -wtecl •Sadott• f'C!Con111'11 att..,e.hft,e.n,.1 at th~ L'OIJ doe.k ..mou•~ ~>J. !111,. ove...- •l'l lntuaib•n car Une and • ata.te an4 tho Jmoltor tl>ert """ lh,... ln•t.all•· •r•l ....... bandkd dOJ;i .. tho p .. t a .. lUah-..at, ~r• a:r~ o" brldau Qo Lhi!i L"o-•u wltb ltowt patent retCrdJnr b.!a:m.t.. }-...n b lb(f'l(n In tbe labl• on pa .. 61& U... -.1u tho at.Hl rt .. u. •PJif.W. lv Tha rou:nd~houee •l C•Ju.ma i• a Jtlme of 2.000 lbt . tho Abn..O milL (Stt f"ilt'<ro •• )

•• ""'* Thm ""'· how-r, ~ plvanluod, eorropttd molal and nmfor<od ..,.,. (!'ItO rulv~rb and nurnr h....,. lUlL NK> ....,, ar\b and ..,a euta a...,lf\<1 SG,Slti yda, II"< mtle; 6Ut a"Knp 63,· 0U )'f:lt.. p« mHr, tb~ utra m.-terlal ln -~ ~ bein« obtalno<l by wld•nlnt the. (llltl.

Coo<lltlnno In llle «lPP"' iadu•trp bYo b<en auoh {hat tral!!o bandied on lh• Till) I<Qol'. VaJI•y lin• hu .II'!Vft &P· pl'OVhC'd the bmnagt' CQUDU!d upon wh~tl

... il

1*,.., wu -plann.&~:l Nr:wrtl!.e.le ... t.b• unit

('Qft. ot t riU11portatl1>n bu beftt belo'llf th• fi4,"1Ji"e, •od dori:n~ the a .... )'f!aJ't

~. •:~~:: ,!u~Mto .:::P:~ :~ =~~ ~Oilaft 1\a'lltd haft *n 1ftU GY'If' a

.....

...Wio<l dqll•n. "'~'"" ... ..., tht.ll ... .,.,.. tbe et~Ure C"Mt. .,., ton5tl"Uctio.e and ~u·p •

\, ,._ 11,ato<l abov .. tb~ old r~U""'d and

""'"PII•r lho new ...., •~~<rated by lb• nilnlna

·~ on• .,. .. ,. with 1410 1nlkoo Of moln lin. 6ntl o'vtr U mil.. of btant"b.!l1 txt.enafqna •-Dd lrldl.~p. To ltee'p Ltleau traekJ C':lettNd for ac:tt6n at

!!!o~~tr ~1181 L~·~;:.t! ~:~:'!.,~t:r~:~~:! a IIJ!IAII t••k. (Soc Pis/UI'o 1.) ~ ,_,ot~ e-m\cd t nol"·ftMH are ~t)' Ill mlli.V pi&OOJ, lndoBint tho taldl around lbt mi..., and !Uhetantlaf .,..,..

:;:oep,l"""tw

u f':tulpm~nt

•• it Nqui-ned. A No, £

r."'-:.;~ ~~~,11~ wtt:r-' C..J>--I'Ipt. 1. U ttnalltr l'hnr-J: of 'faJ'iou tf1Mt, tuewMoJl••

UOf'tof will M-trtl

,.,. tho• •"'"

l fqr

..,. IO>Iffl

.w.... i ,.. ,_,.._.

I'IIJU• ••

CAUJMET AND HECI.A CONSOLIDATED COPf>[R COMOANY

lJ

108

518 THE l.UNING CONGRESS JOURNAL Octobu·. 1 \illl

rtRu..rt '.1. Old rCHJ dotk in UJi! ..1(1 Ol' 5(J yf'fl-n ~ Uft 1'u.tella LH~. f'lp re JO. Tll ~t t.oaf luitlr'P nnd Jr,-k jmm , ,,,. Ink,. 1'/.,. lmHI it.t

t#.#> /oNtpnrm tJ b l ltr "H~tnM•17 tliH-Itnr~:luK d nor11n fl/ IJ;•I~rinn pttbWa.

posiUqn [(fl' de•r obaernt.\tlQ.. The ('R· lonr.. htw rn,r ea,.c1ty t(1r 476,(100 ll>tu 0tlrt! bridp. trll\1!l.s at t he r.ate of GO ft. Vlith, additionl'll !fM-ee available undt~r the ~ ::;:~~l"~r J:.r:~ d:vfc:~~~~ .. ;~-~~r ¥!, m.~t~ .~~"f!f~"' ~~ ~~:taf~~ft conlilever Cor about 00.000 t.... Wh•n

1 !ft"'!~~- ~t P""~~n~~~~~Ynf~'~~:~~~i\~~ St S!.lpportcil oa 32 SO-ln. dlam~.tqr wheelt ~:~i~~~~~ ~::~ ~:~heU~w!';~ie!-~e:. A. re~l)rdh.lg: •ncmlotntLt~.r s1la<wl .,n the !Sn\lle.t ln J)attem UJ tit.andard ear witt -auftkienl n~Ut'Otld earA AVatlab1e .for top chord of tk~ tmdg~ \J attt:utgtd t 11 ,..lt .. b. IS.., J.\gllr.• 10 and u.) fvadlog-, the ea.p~t'

rar i ty of thu B,tDipolt'l1t o~,·at•~ vitdblc W#..l"Dlntt IJiWti~ &.nll tv

Th~ m!l.i~ bridge •van tts 882 ft. tl in. 0 0 lll"eilk i ht tJ 8Vt"l"Sing I)UWtf" t:"ll'tUlt Wht•n •ffi lfl'ng,h, tb.e: canUie.vt:r V\"ltrbaugiog tbc ~::~~~u~au~ ~t!~· 2~ h~~!n;~ t-ear JeJ ~;ng 1 Ui ft. lnn;g- Dlld t.b .. 0:• 4 1 t~.;d;i~i ::.. ,~ne:;i;:ie)!~ .!~'"; ~rvS~: tt.nJJion tow:rrd the lake ~7 ft. in length 1:&~: 1:;r~·i:~:· uit~t;.:~fi •itndi""t vettll.'.elly at~Qv~ lbu -ca.oo ()( th• t.h«! "-"it belug dt'OppOO_ on tht1 pill:!. ln ru:t

T: 't~t:~~~ ~~~rJe:~1~h: ~~!::B~~

rlock a t wh:th I•Qint tt\t. .. Ppnm·end."' 1* the i.nC.t' tvab between tb~ fl.rtldl or .ctn r· lJt th~ n!lemdrru,Jti!.r 11hu~ tll't tbr ()OWt.l'

r~·~~nd ~~·~~·r:. ~~k:~t::mr:. gou or ln "'int-er, th• coal tn .a-tor~e is a•t~fC!~t;;:n~~t"~~~~fa1o~l~n~~~~v-llng t~e r«laimed ~Y lbe ..... 9·1:Qn ~O.k<t t1lo.~

h·olley tl' run uut- W puillt5 v-'r- is uud in unJoa.dhtJ; boot.a. There nrr:; t'l~t.Jon at thJ' brldg" is t'h~ mngnf'ti{'

~~-~ !~!r~::, ~~~t~~~ - :~~ ~=~= tw~ raUroad tra~ l1long the doe'.k tront swJit;h t-()ntrc..llu or I{U.lOI"n&ta:. 1kew·Hmit fQr Jnadinr <:a~ f rom th" fJ'ont hl>pJ)er tlrsVi<"e. \VU h OVllf)'thing i·o iu l!f•nnal

!ate ~ n to otra .no ~ttlicUao td" t\J'Itl Plf'lht-1' ttnck a.t th-e l'·M -r. PI! 1;hn~n por.lllon, IJoth ond• of Lhc bridge wilt :.Mp m~ etc., wlwtl ~ls .u.re bt.!lJ'Ii In the t. rgt>r pic,t.urc, Fig,•rt 11~ travtl in the "'~~me direction at thtt $llme tblft~d •Iong l~t <!D<k. Th• b<)Mm It is 110\ •uslomary to ose all the ISIO<'l<· J;pCfd unll!!& cmc end h1 l'tlt.at•tl-ed by wind chord o! the main lrua i.r. ?0 ft. v"r· eft~t&:, f~lt:Uf\n l•r d.ta~~~n.g n.tl gdpL t.kally aho\le tlle doc.l( lev"1 u.nd tha deo. r ~!~ :1::;: i~o~ t~~!t ~~(J.~~s~~:;~~'i}~ 111 tt-'0 (rnr ('t'lll does 1•-«• t:hcl Jlt'ew~lfmit ~-:l)"iU't below tbr but~lellowe 47 ft. tur for 21tortnr Daniab pebh1eJ -which are slow:~ dhWD the !lad.tng- nlOttJr tJntJl the SlOfl\,g~. ust.'lf in the tniUine ttpersUoru~. /i'(IJ!lr'f end~ 1U'f' n5(l'ln eve~. By proper mauir•

1'he eth'tme or l~}~rat!"t"Jn is hoth s•mple JtJ 31:\v'w:t. tht twid_g:t uoloudtn'" • ~.-argo ala~f\n of th t mute-r sv.-ltdtn ... 1ther ll1ld t!oo.ru>m:ieal, A l"'a1 kat \v:ith ll oi l)C!bbl.s. At th< &outb ••d of tb• end may bet o-peratorl In eitber dii'Cdton r.-.rgo of 8,000 cr JO,OOO tons tiea u,p dock eoniid.,rable ·~·eo is token by pilca lllonKslde t.hi! dook, the aproo is towt!t'Vd 'If MthriLeit~ e ru.ahed Umf!stonn and ~~11':~w~;._~~~.~~ce lt~ •• ~= ~vu the bclat1 the bl"irt~ ia moved to

:::!!::! tckc ~iDt-J, ~ that the J>OOm .-.·a.il· mn~l l!Vhf>n hne t nd lap r1:1Me than 22

thtJ Tig)tt ~itibn l'.l \·er a hatcn. and alile.to~:.1toring steam C'Oal has • eapac.lw rt. bt!hlnd lh~ otMr , Jn»lilJIUtb U tht" 1mloadin~ getfi undef"ffay quickly a\ the fle)til1i.Ji~· pwvl~ in the brid~ dealgli rtl.te of 300 to- tJOO t1111s ])et houl' UePQod 4 ()f&,{tr::::!tf~ · i~·?~n~~li n~rat«l In~ on l.b~ d111cl>••gc ]lCfnt ut tho grnl> l'ail~lampa J()e)c: the ~rtdgt $truet~ ta ::~,:~Mm~tt. ozhe~l~f t;h:'!:h::.pw:;; t-\lt:bt.. The lot~gitudlna1 $lo-ra.~e sp~~r! !hf. ab-utlnent$ t%'ffpt durin.& the r~w i¥- Jt!ft ~ whl~ margin of !..'tf~t)' and t!f'r• 11D~t1 lhv mJLin $PBn i:t sbout 11400 (t. tt~()n.1 G'nts t'0Qolrod to mtt\'.t. fn)m h.ttteh I..~J.'tlt)4 ~o nr:wrnlion.

CALUME.T AND HEGLA CONSOLIOATtD COPPER COMPANY

109

Historic Smelting

The Historical Development of

SMELTING and REFINING

Native CAtpper

~TH the beginning of copper mining in the Lake Superior region o( Michigan about the year 1847, a new feature was introduced into the metallurgy of copper. Before that time co·p By D. D. Conant• per had been obtained f rom sulphide or oxide ores by a smelting process that involved s.everal operation!!: for &eparat.ing the metal from the sulphur, iron and other impurities with which it was combine<! in the natural state. The product of the Lake Superior mines is native coppe1', and no complicated processes are required to prepare the metal for use in industry; it is necessar y only to melt the concentrate& and masaive copper , remove the s lag formed by the rock in which the copper is found, and then, by a simple refining operation, U> prepare the metal for pouring into the various shapt:os requi1·ed by manufacturen. Both melting and refining were formerly performed in the same furnace, but as prac ' tic(' has imJ)roved, the two functions t have been separated and are now generally performed in different fur naces.

Whf'n the Lake Superior copper mines belan operation, the concentrates were shipped either to the R.evere Copper Wor ks near Bos ton, or to the topper smelter at Baltimore where the sulphide ore! of the Atlantic states had been smelted for m~ny years ; but in the yea r 1860, owing to dissatisfaction with the quality of copper produced at those workJ, and in order to reduce expense, fou r of the largest copper rolling and brass manufacturing companies in Connecticut joined in constructing a copper smelung works at Det roit, Mich., of for melting the mineral, as the concenwh ich the present Calumet and Hecla trates f rom the stamp mills at the mines ~ne/:e:ie~~d !~l~:r~!~~~h~:~J;af:·r h~~~ smelter is a di rect outgi'Owth. are called, and the massive copper which fining. Following the old Welsh methods,

At the Det roit works there were at ranged in site from pieces weighing a the first step in refining was to remOve first one small reverberatory furnace for pound or less to some that weighed ten impurities by oxidation, called rabbling. smelting the concentrates from the mines or fifteen thousand pounds. The concen This was accomplished .by forcibly and refining the copper and one small t rates and smaller masses were shipped splashing the copper up into the air cupola for recovering the copper con to the smelter in barrels-thu!J giv ing with a rabble-a hoe-like implement with tained in the ~lag taken f rom the re r ise to the term 11barrel work" for the a 4 by 6-in. blade and a long iron handle. verberatory furnace. The maximum fur sm.aller pieces. At the smelter the bar While the inlpuritiea were being oxidized nace cha rge oC refined copper wa!l lim rel:s were emptied on the floor alongside in this manner, they formed a slag that it«~ to about 16,000 lbs., while today the reverberatory furnace and the con floa ted on the s urface of the c.harge and charges of 600,000 lbs. are common. In cen trates ehoveled into the furnace by could be easily skimmed off. A.e !lOme 1861 a copJ>(!r smelting works wars built hand. while the heavy masses were lifted copper oxide was formed in this opera· and put in operation on the shore of by hand-operated j ib cranes and lowered l ion, the next sUp was accomplished by Portage Lake, opposite Houghton, in the into place through a large opening in the bu rying the ends of hardwood poles in mining dist rict of Michigan. The equip top of the furnace. Charging the fur the copper, permitting the carbon in the men t was of the same type as at the De nate was usually done during the after wood to unite with the oxygen in the troit worh and one descl'iption will ap noon and the melting was accomplis hed copper which left the latter in a pure ply to both. du r ing the night; the s lag formed by the metallic state. On the completion of re

The rc,·erbcratory furna('es were used portion of cru!\hed rock that remained fining, the copper was _poured into molds in the concentrares and mass was of various shapes, some for small ingot!J skimmed from the furnace as the charge used in brass making, aome for fta t

631

CALUMET AND HECLA CONSOLIDATED COPPER COMPANY

110

TilE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Oct •I•..,., 1081

41 ch• maehtM. At Ar•L the. t'OOpt:r wa.t dlppod ft'()lll lh• fo rroa(• ""'' poured Into O.• mnl.da by m••"" of lo.llet ~•Jidlng tram JOO ta 1~() lbt., whieh wttrf •v .. =-~!;':b:.'~hl!d "'~~·{: !::T~~{ ett thr :turn.aee•M ....U!IJ( o,. ... tilt motel-. I!J hood, Lalt( tJlao ladl01 ... tl'o OOI>fl'" """" by ........... . .,. ... t.ld by ht· •lralllft J)()we.r 0 11d lnt.o -wt.teh tilt! CC\1).. ttt!'.r ftt..,nd dlnd t N)m the turnfl.:a hy groYI\y.

n•Y~IJ!Jr:~~" nl ,:,:~:fer in fl~~Ju!: au;~ tht t~roe add•tloaol ll>fiU~ fln'n.... of lbl>ul 0... .,....., """' anil

:~r ~·t~n ~~· .~~:mJ:t d!~:~::h(!~ l~ the top w•to looatoci •ion~ U>• •idet, per:m.Hllbg- t11e ~rn'u:.t•nttalt!& Lo ptvi1.'\:l

~=~·~:C. ~~!'~~~~~l'•~~r;k nblod~: fu":. natf rwpair•. TMa it tho 1\n&. msta~ 1ttt t'"l)(llr...l nf •ldr w•ll dJAt~J!C1 e l'l'f""'~~~J~o l'•W'Ite6 b1 ot'l).(!ra Min)' TeAJ:I. t.\·u an4

"~l~b .~ ::!\~d ,~::.:;"!! ~~~~~··--#!.f';bi\n.to'ey ma1tln3 turnn('t ht e'(}I\Mtt'nn with a n~finJnt furnllt@. !Ull'CJll( 4 rll.pe<ity or 100,000 lila., woa bollt oM

~r;!:::J~!g \~~~::,~rcn~~~-;~~~~ l>t pou...t fo I• t.hM o q\lllrlu •1f th• tirQ4 NINIUJI;1~ prwyioQA:Iy and at mliC.h rt:~~e f!:Oft-t, In t.h~ fAm.t )'tar a ~ttd A~d

~""::,~1 ri::,"'.Jl;;.l< i .. 'Q' .~~:. ",~~1 ~~·~~ ~~·~.:~~r~;~,J~:.~: ~ift':, ';:"!::!. Wllh •• •"'1''- oupi>b of eath:l ... nail·

~:."'·.!Jw": ':':r:!~~tf,.w .. ~~.~h~~~; <h .. Nt!d ln!o th<l odjocont m•ltlng tl!r• •••e from whl!h molten ropr•>r ..... cl.t awn, flowing tln-.,ug-h 11 Al)c')t.Jt f~nt -~l't f\JT'Q-ftet' tti the !'lth,.r t.o ~ltr\r..mllt'IL tho U tltOOe "'lli>U alr.ody llll'ltod In \lor f<finla~r furn•O€'. S•vna1 (I( th~ fllr~ • .,., WU~a at ·~• ••010 tl..,. pro\'ldtd with wut• htA: bollera, and "" •PI',... (' t.nl;l• a:rnovut of •t~Rm wa.• ftbb~; M~ t~, t 14YW co8t ta atd In tkt t'l'nfrrt~on vr •tftea trle. ~t'T'tnt Jor th• 4!flt'tl'atyt.i.u plont,

ht lOOG tLer ut·t•tlftr nf usi~ ~hun t'lTMnoto oll(lil ... t.l iOUT lh• a ,...ol¥11 e.Tit'nl aod roiM lhr oloctrical oonduetiorih• <>f mppor wu lnl.rudll<td ol 11><1 0;111.,. Ray ,.rk>. A mixtun ot 00<1• •ak and fitriA hl a. thrown •••• lho •eQU&l •d••• orooomOM ..

or tbe !urn• "" f.hA"~ dur"lng lhe Ol'{db -lng A." t~f rt• flnl-n~;, lormll'ltit • •1•tr tn whkh tb• .;,x-. Jdfti.tlt: ll._ir Wl8 abl<orbed lO~ WIUI wMth It wu •ldmm.U out 6f th rv,. ,....._ Tllia pro...t I') bt olt<rll•• e..t I~ tt~1'e •h•n l~ Son,.,, or:IWI't'" of ~•Jn~ eothod .. In l~• clla..,.• in """'' ~P~t;,~~ ;h;;~'ih!'~~ih;!~~ftw~t;: m•~• d.lt! Ml conb!n •nou,B ~u • ., to poy ro~ tbt ol .. troMia tr•&lll1!lnt. T~• Uk e( t!QI1ii ~&I; fur thJJ OU.t~ ha" M\1• Unued tb the. prf..Wont rimei bUt. '"'lelld or '""••Hill! It ~r t,ho ,..,r..,. or the ~ •t al llrllt, ft is rthil hl.lwn lhrnVp iron ~Iota 11114 the e<U~I><,. bol•w tho aurtaN1 thtu auurln' nl(il'i f~ll~ !'IUHt! f otttlet wfth tha. IH~~Il'niuua CUdltr ,

ln:~JF.~ri~:t~~·,:·:;!b~~~)~~;'y turnafH was t6.,.fdtl'frU :u a fttt.orr r)f ICI:U'\OMY and. t!lftdft~· \,~ U• O( t h 1 t tJpi af r~ ~·'"ill ··n:n gtOI'r...l fnr mll'\f ~nrn In lilt e<U~Ctl\ l.nd<rnff and •ifta) 1012 fo r ~r tll'ht1Lin• In C•n IU!JL 11.h.e od•J&tn.Otf!'& of hurnlng l'.(u\1 fn

CALIJME't AND HEClA CONSOLID!ITTiD OOPPEI! 001>1P-'NY

111

Present

r Smelting

Present Smelting Praetiee

B)'

tiadleott R. Lo,•eJI• and

Ben-an C. K enny+

T BE sme)t<r Ia eltu.ted on th• eedun~ ~& t hal the. melti.n~ f urnace is a).lore of Torch Lake about a milt~ from t!a.Jlt"'l upon to dellvet a .D)~{ted, ~~

~r.t~~:~n~~b ~~~ J!'k:Eu;;~~~ of 20,000 toos. 1'he :at.eel lrnmtt"'"n·k: lor tomeUmea dafly and tOmethnes leH frt.· the balldinl and tlle t'.-.ne runwAy Is ~':'!~. -~~ u:!~g ~P~~~ !e'i: ~ ~~-o~,r::.·ror t;*i:;p~Wlc::;:;&~ t&r•J.e.d on the bin ·w-alls.. A ttavelii'lg t -f&rlti. :.una ~be 1ull l!!ngth o! lhe build· 1'hf' operation foUolrin.r Jilelting ·ia eo

l•k.e atu.mns and for reteivinc llupp1i~. lnt and la tqulp~od w1Lh a 2-yd. buokel 1'1\gulot.d Ulat both mlttllJ'\10 will be Rail &hlDDlMIJI ••• made via the )!ln. ("Oi retla.!minJr and q1bt1nr tbe ooneen ... DMd np in the pro~r praP..ffion. Eaeh en.J Ranc~ or th~ Ca-ppe.r Ran~ I"&H· tratu. St. F'fgttr4 -:.. nilittUh is bedded with eoal io a "Se~ l"'td1, Whl~h hn- cl)nocc..-t.toruo with yhe The gangH a.uoe:ated. with •ll c.on· uate bin and 111 tp =xet~ af~~ tmdt addi-Oa.hmaet. and Heel~ &ytstem. centrate& from t ilt oon, lOtne:t•tttlcxkl ctt· 1 1

~:=~~~~· ~~:n'erth~ ~\:~J~:;: cept the 6Qlatioo col\ceDtl'aJee its fe:rt'l.l · ~t:; ~n:~n-~~;~~thb u!e~~[ ~~c!~~ ginQua, whe~t th& amygdaloid pngue aod droppinll !hom in • dilfttenl port of

bottom..di~t.bUire ~au and ~~ore takt<-n fa tiHciou.J a.h~ e:ont.aim cotl.lider•bfe the blft, seveial li'met it ~o.ry. See t.r o ..

tb• C9nt4!nlrllt~ trlora~ bld.ldlog. a 1 u m I n ,. Th.e flotatlon-.coneentra to Fiq•,.. ·' -llOPJl<r l rom lh( min .. •• W.ll a• &11~Ut Is nat OlilY aiJitioos bat high in (kwpu QXidt !t(lm tbe ammonlt leach

!rOm O.e mOb- iJ. Meetved on ft~t tat" t.ltlmina •" well. The probl\!11\ 1n'lf01v00 i ng p!a..ob i• !llo~d ln • ~waratil biQ 111d taken dJte~:tJ.y- -tu tho fu:rn&C(II!.. 'rb.a La beddi.Jl& to ~t an

.: eoneentrat~et i.J

• ... inti a n{! mi~ed with about 8 --pereeJlt of eo•l

~~~i!.;. ·:~~~J'~l~."f \~~ lnt.te mi~t1lre- of th:t tteveta.l vo.r.k:tie~ w+enlng• in th._ ,.....,.. d...,.ii)ed. lDd gtade!!J fo eue·h ,fl. r'r!A.t:U\fr that lbe Flux.t~-4\lc-h u Jjmestone. wb1eh i.l used

tbo oonol•tmtrates ar~ du:mpOO from t he rMoltlng produd b Je1f.ftu:doJ. No wlth llt.l .,..,. coppor--<'baf'«)al )>rl. ctll. 1'tlt»e bina,, u Rhuwn in tlt~ cUa.. RURi are -added to Ole conoont:ratt!l be· qucttee, -iialld, a.l1d Qther bulk eu.pplies CU'tl r-rarn. nre. flU!}\ 48 f t. lonj' by 2.2 ft. JoTe raeltin~, but •boat ~ Jltrct!bt of mAl _,.t.Ol'ed In A .a~d aet of 10 llttllUer bin• -.Ide by 9l ft, dHp, and each j)royidca lttfa.Ct eap.~.d~y fc>t 2,000 ton.a ot con· ~x:te:~:. ~o"i~s!! ~~!~:rl!J adJitt'Dt to the t;Once-ntrate bit~. . ObO

of Lhe .).,.r< bine i• eqqlpped with • ftlror eentntes, ~r • C.Ota.l availabft t a-padcy made b'ollt the lo-"'OI!!eDtraW b)1 mb(fiB

!: bottctm Md an overflow tor de,o.a~

-a T1cb m.J.nu're rurylng Abou\ '16 •per .. fD&' 8:r&nulsred ·llag trom l,hQ rffi:i'lin i' rent tO}lpet a rul • ~'f·l<(ado v! abolJI tv.o~.ace:~t. to a tUn:Pet bt.Jow bf)th sertea iO JlftOIUJIL 'ttt. ttat-Ob lor t}ij$ pro· of bin• there art!: ra~{ro&d t'ta.ekt~ ldt-

o811

CALUMET AND >IECLA CONSOUD'ITED COPPEA COMPANY

112

THE M1N1NG CONGRESS JOURNAL.

Ff,,,.,. 4. Scol~t 011" ~<t·i•h ~:Pt.•rc.,_ IAtrlll•lf. to:N.C:~ft.I.Nt-"• IUJr~" kiltl..i:nc

The tt~elting up(tr~tion is e~~onled out the maltrlal (lshtg- fnnn t.he- bo.t.tbm r~er\•lnc the fornacn.. Coneentrale~ a1'e. brirt~J u-:p • of coal ~Hhh

~~~oO"ca~rr~: ;:aelt~::S ~=\&~;~:, ' n a re\•0rt~tu-.tory !Urnate iirf!d with uJ&.U tci'Ct'niJ.'Iitll

it pulveriud •oi>l. Thil l'uroa"" 1• ar.d n.1 long ttl • blanket of fino coal oquippod with ta~pln1< . ,.uirW< for plag remalM on the tUk'hmt of the b.•th, lht!

Scale u..r witb ~h,asye Ieavtng ~ncen· dungc,. of oxidatiol' is !!Ught. Slog b nl'l one Mtlc ne~r t'ach &Dd a nd with u Lr~\e:s ttorntee buUdlng iJ ; h own ln. fi' ig· t.lppi~ Alut f1>r «oppor not drawn oft' while appoo 1~ ir-bluwing ia un tbe o ite

lll'.tl.+. ptog....._ All•• ~ru. sidt,~. 1\ear thi! burne:r r:nd'* 'th~ "''~t f u.t· In blowtns li l n t'llllflidC!n~ tbc htrDILCt flperatlonli, i8 ntt.('e clulrte il brourbt front the e~;c~pped, sltLg sll.uw'-d l.luMn~o .. the ~ t~ t~ep•

it rrro~ be borne in nlil'ld tl'at the pr eir ... r.a~, a.nd the Lapping . 1! then usu.med. \.ratot norP~ bli.ildklg in ~ta1t! fticlt. d't furnate ptnnt 11. lln o_utgruwth from 'WiU. ~nd l''rom 2: to 4 lnche:'t of ! la,g Mre h~ allowed boilltt<l ClAM j!(lve l \lllits t a re, -whlch a ra wbleh pm'«<ed it, and, al to rei)1Aln on the bath anti the t.."UfJ»er overtuTTled .lr.tc storage b1M owr the. thr•ugh a n(!W p)aot would be tSUnwwtut.t t urc:uu:c. 1'h~~ are aigbt ot the!l.e. bins dilf'e«Ptly a:rra.nged, the pN$Ent ~qnlp-o in lin&1 n.tlldo lara.e 10 that the Jrreauer ~::~~=·~"']~ ~h':·)~:; ..,'~'l:~:;e~'\1.{ mcbt doe-s vcrr we.U Indeed fo.r the pu.r· part can he CCPI».'I" l;!alh lo retain. a

• ccrtf.in n.n\nijnt of the ~lK~IHra.ta h~ndling

.. po~. Thl'rt a.rt all§O ~veral orw,ratilln.1i of lrclq ond •ulphur In but tho done on ll}e day •hift.,. The !u rqac:e. ~olution. ia invoh•cd in the pr 11ed ce of smeltin~ lake

f~:S~e: t~~~e~~l!(rhof~l~c ':;~, ~~; Ol!lidation remoftt • ~msld~t,.l•l .a pat•t 811co.,pr>e•· whieh da not. eonform t~ tho.w. of the irol'l •

Q~ i n ma-Lt~ smelting. i "oT tbi~ ditfer c.h"""in~ is pra.tiool ln !alii' coppetln•lt•noe tht!re- pro ~rY ~ «Mcms a.l-· A.nAJy .. t .. ,,f ~1 ,..ttinl ""'urtutf'..i! VlJnt~r 1 l nfl Cu rnac..-e~. &J'Id is, nn doub4 tha moat t~o.ugh they aro not alw·ay, apptu'f.'J•\. elte....-tiYe mothod under-ctxilk! rrom tb.~ c::()'(:omst,aU:t:t'e\'. ~r :: . .'"'' Exrtpt -the copper am· ;~ :: ~~~:~

The p t'tl(liell irt to ehil.rge. tl certain num· t;, .....

" • • •• • 11...2';,. monip; feut'hlng. the ent ire met.al oont.ent bl}r o.f boles every tv.-o houl'll, nr at "'"'· '' ••• •• Q'.t41.< ~~ thf' tvnecntrales 1fi natwe (':4)1)Jl-tl'r. 'rM l nn~te.r intl>l'¥tlbl, d<:('tnd.ftu~· on tbe npi(J. cop~.r J5 t t"lO ldw in aslvcr tu Wa:tt'&nl Tht ~]Of formed in t he molLlnQ lurity of melti~Ur al lhe vllrlous poinUo along dot:troJytic refining a.nd. ~ontain!;, uo &,."'ld tlt" nac~ wrwld uot f:m considCtrtd \'CI'Y 4lt~tlle fa.maee. Wbq• tbar.ging 1$ ~oina ·wba.tenl', and tbcrt are IW otl'l~r . im· l':!i t a blc! toT a m:ol.lo {U"rnacl'. but it Js on, .l'll\g 1¥ ~.pg d ray,-u td! iMrt. fH' l('se puritlet wbit'h t an not be T~m.ovfd h1 t.o quite fu3ible It • •uffiC!IQnUy hiKh G t i nt· C()ntinuouslyl lltal'lh\g fron.a 4 hour~ ~{!~~:~¥;~~~ ~» o! the vru:ll(l~r ia perttluTe. Thot fittt rGUo\rin~ is nn approxia fter the tbaree. or as &llQn as thc.

u\1lte ~\"P.t'Ate 8111!; ilnulyt~t fur ooru1al o.t &:lag bccummt •\1Jno:l~QU1 fluid. The fllr. De !m.d t i:nt ~~~·u.Hott CQnnst...

•wps: : nace otmo~pbere. durw.g the meltiOa; ~perati('ln . thHe eutnti.al (1) mll!ltin.«, b'y poriori ll\UJ~t be keJJt sUghtly rcdud~ fl'•tt:n~1

whkh the. tnetill ll relta..~d a.n.il the aiO, ., ........ 1'hfl tedqdnK M.tmot phtre, together , t~G gang·ue l.s l'etnl)"ied u: ilag, (2) Y¢0ninc wi~h

the toa.1 ,;c.reenin~ mixed 'with tht: : ::~& - that h. the rt>moV"Ill of im-pu.ritloa by 'M.., . .:. · .. . charge. prevt:nta oxidation tho metamc SI•O O:Kida tio.n and slag,gin;;, !ollowed h.x the I)(

ar c.o . ... • . t,. .• «»p~ and "ubaequent !oM o.xidit(.'ti ret.luct.t''" t•! .tbe ~~ CL'Cid(! hs pol~r1g, (:U . f\.00 COPP\!:t' in the stac. At • elm!\ rougl\1)' nnd (3) c•sti'l" i.he l"4!~flci1 m4!ta1 lnw l~ b ourt OOCort\ the «<DDtfr 1s W he> M t)lc ela...t leavt,. th~ m~lthu: ·turnaf'l• sl)a.pt'S. topped !rom tb• f urDJioo, cllotll:ing ios stopp~d and th~ ptlrs ol ton~c:otra~ e.re ~t~ ~~-~h;~~~~ ~n 6-t:_~~i1!1l~n:~~ ..U..wod to mtlt dqwn. Before the pU.. v;••u1tn slag (lump. Two fi'Utnf'M in scrlc:t nre !lat..~ " lr ill intr(.ldu,~ ~low th'* 15o:-~ are Usc.d In 't.bbJ· opt:tretiort. S.a.n,\,lttlj Of faoe of th.e hnt.h fo~ a p11rlod ot f!"4.lm the il'e Are. b ktn au'-Omnliea.lly • • i l 4 to 6 boun. Tbt purn••• o! tho oit Qnt('t'l!l the ~ntl PUJhP cnmp. l> to u slot In brlnglng up •~• unmelted 'f'he. ftmfJltP,r b.,, ln1·ncd tf'Ot;u bit~ mal»ril\1 [tOni lho bottom. 1L I• t$LI e·XJ)erience ttlat lt. If DfK't!.U&ry to hate matcd thal ebout 7 boun of tlw ll>Cltinw t.ulr.-eil.lnl $·pare furn)(e rapa.dty th 1"&t l 'f11f it 1aved ~n t.h is mn.nne:r.. It is olac-e. nn,y unit on ahqtt ~. Tb~re

fo.re t.wo Cu.rn~ lor mclUn.r •~ J.l'a11· lml"'rt:anl - to ol(idizo Ute, hofb too nl:tlt. tar. or lho t lag 1~ wliJ bf "h.igb : but 'l'he nt1WC!t mcltiuJC f u rDAJ.'i', No. '20t Is l..rgcl" lhD..n the oldeT furn.e~. No. :.!3, nrul t£ roorc odvanta~Jy v\at:fed. Tho i nl.tn!ion it 111 ... No. i!8 • • llttl•

:~ur:l~~ b~} i!;i:~! \':o~~~: ~it~~= "eW.T (urn•c:~ 4Utth • 6 n t.rH:tum ,,.•pl•ett-IJ'ent. No. 20 turnaee- b . .o l«ated t.ft,t

CALlJMf;T AND ~ECLA CONSOLIDAT£D COP~ER COMPI\!>IV

113

OtiOIIO. 1~:\1 TBE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL

0.. 1114l!rn t)lorjlt ol .. PP<• ean l!f pU.. • .. hlp NIOil~h lo 1""""' Lbim> rJett wor\:, sutfl ., 1111~ • IYJf11oft clt••a ~er through brk.k·11Dt!d, tal"l·lrott r ... m riA!JIJ. l.h• b&lh will k h>o ... ad 10 uf tht atrlr ot pat.tbtfl'g: thtt wa_l~. f•Ye:n

launcUro .6(1 • • 6~ IL long to tiW.t o( ~p. AtteMpt. to o!lvi•te the WX;I~On.sive llfx wt:e"•· T'bne ~"'P•~ osQ.etly t·Dfail rwtl rdnlnk fuLnan•• StH·af.cl(l near Jt.. rwt-dQ.wn o))t!Tu\)un lr'C •UD btlnK made a thlitdown of not more tban ono or twO

....C.p~'"

. from No. ~'3 lur,.ct 1111101 h< and lni.Y pJOVt. .aut'tlct..ll!o.t In dtawin~ <loy.., which <M no~ -t•rlalb" ml:ltr

cati"u.~J ta tt.t" rtrtl iHn~ furUCI's 1n l iMon oil CIIPJlOf uodot tho •Ja,.- lay~r II It nij)l; 1.1!• f,llpttnuinn nt tb(l ptaat. At Ja~l.,._ A llh'*"~t••ph Af U.. lnl<r!or (I( C"Wit.outarr to r.M11 c.h• .AlaR awar tht ta._p- thn"r or four-m~Jnlh tut:fonalJ 1 lnqu mttlh\t rurn.act Nn. !!0 It ~how-n 1n , ... i#~ plnlf OII"Dinr bf cbarl{ing omaU amount.t "'Jllllt b -; 1),. ma.dOoOIU bl$l

uf ~uatfl\r&~ a~ th&l pofnT; tlwt alatt l!t tl!M ltrr " vtr)1' exttm!dvr ~tltwaJ Qf 'MoJ"""n rDPJ"'' t"' nnt ~ raeUy tuuHHtd tbon bcl4 bt.t:lt by .. cl.n>I•J aod «p~ wAIIl and antb wuuiJ oot t.. ov<or ·~·

u mafJJ-. Jn t~e fir•L plftCI!,. itA mt•JUng I• tapP«f fo'Om horu>ath lt. w.olr. point. 1• m.u~h bight", •nd, uDie•• lt t• Ttl.o Nnstrurthtn o( <h~t mtitlf'lg {111'~ Sot-tom ~qc.,..•l• .,. • dltr~t • lf•lf:'. h.talitd 101VRtkk>raL1y ,o.l~•• tbll u~ltin,g .,.,. Ia obOwo. Ia tiM a.-.panJb>« A bOllom t.hollld lUI two yun or .,. .. oolnt, I< will ""' "'~ In tb• laund..,. skNe:l'loM aad pliotecraph-. A.JI 1\U"'U•t.,_ t'b• dlft!<ulty or ffit>Oftl d•P<I"t• apoa w'thoJ~\IIrt"t'~huc. 'llt~ ltW"ltiO£ teftJ¥: •1f •f<l• u-. t'QU]pped with wttt.u--oooW c:.n.fnnt tho .._.~ 011 .. m... IVI>tll • '"""'..,. f,Oppt:r ht t~J a.rn~JI and it.a tw:ll cont!UC'-" plain to pn•••t bt0Jikout1 Si<ew- bottom 'hu to ll<l ronewe<l, tbe l l5k of

::::= i:7' r;.....,. -r,. .... ., - --1! ... -,.'\o ... ~"'S"-....1~"'"~ . ...,..

t,._rb !Hid tohJlt'lt-·holt jo.tk:t~ •u·e nllldO •If !l.l'l'l.ddiud Mtrfl'e~'" a.od • 're aOO wal~r·~ tOOled. W•teM:Obl"

....a al"'!~·weld,..J ~

dAmi>Ors ·~ 1ro all auu t XHP' attn !;~~~=~frn~:~rJnt'~:~:'~ ~ plio<~ fn~m l'or<b Lou by c..nlr!IQJt.U P""'Po.

rarnuce fnundatfons ot melUn« and 'c-1\_,JRI fot:p~l. •tc \If ~lid cootNtt. t'lrt:ll't for km.J'itudin~~ot IUid traMWrH" tiNild d!WIS. J'Q1111<0 boti<>ma ... ill- . \I'VC~ aillc:a. 'Lrlek ar~t1a. 18 Qr tO tn. tbtrk, Uader the llottt.rm _vrtrptr t. •

'::~."tl;'l.~nr;~ ~~:~ th'!~.,:.'"!'f the ~utut.ec1 a.tt'h u1naU~ oon•i•.., of htldt~ot• or fnrnaoe ""'"'"'"'- Rul'l>fd·in •llica OJ' land bonollll an UOIJo.....tui In Lah ..Su))Airioi 11ractlci.

Th.o 111e ol lloc brlo:k wur~ dopfltldJ ••· tlrely oo tbt prodlf<tfon ~ilto. At tall apad.t.Ji (l il ~t1' to rl¥ klro.- ,.._

114

i'i36 THE MIN.ll{G CONGRESS JOURNAL

,.,.,,., 6. ltJ• l~r.;o,. of m~t· i ll,- f •riJG C ft

/Vu·. :t)

tion t~roaah No. ~0 and No. 21 !urn•< lA i'ltl'rt &.

In, adrliticrn to tJu~ molte-n ('.1\ar~:o._ eo ~r u:dd

i• & frbm tbct l•..ac.hJna ~llmts·

t"'~d!.d by tb•R furna<... Slo.., tl 6xfde vary em·Yoah•e to b.ritk ¥o~orX. b customary to ttrl)t«-t \l1e. bQttom a1 sidea ot 1.hl. lu.rna~, np~1a0}' Mar t.l

!::f:':~~·~ n.'i!~:te~~~lk~t etf.;;!j J!. the tornaec, together wlth whatever r fin1ntt !<!rap oY aera:p mold1 or mine m,a

ula&:icn a11d automatic ¢u.rblln-d(oJci.de baVt) a. tapaC.:ty of f1:,1m 250 tt> 450 tQn!l Ui uaileble, before lhu molt.f.n ~'rC\1 record~rs. Df molt.cn metal, ilepe_ndtng: on "Wbether

the ~-ttom and ,sJdea an new o·r very ::~;na:= ~~·c=:J' :~~~·in~~] Cmt ur Mdlln.a fui'D&CC Operati~· much l'Vtn. Either of thete furnaee;\ utPltJhg fu.rl'l&~ tb.rougb ll ehule. pr

J'tt 'tda Of_ C~ttt\J'_.l .. can be run ot A 1·ate aafflth.mt W t:a.re ! or vid,ed foT thf p \U'JHUIC, bot the. J.a..r~ ~~-~~· -&i;::·1~~ t ile entiTe pTOduetion ot eopJl(lr In 11or4 plec:o 11re ~b.ngfd iDCD t:llr ~rinh'l' tu SQpcJC. . ··~ 0. .. .. . . . . ' o.:!i ·?,~~~ .. !'; -:.(; '~~-:::- il.tt! ~u~ !1·~~ :":~r1~~i~~lf:U::: ~r! ~~~: :::~ng~~u~f: a~h~v;!~rn::et!r::~ m.,.._lf,.--..,.~ ••••.. .

:.-:: !Ul calel. The cohl t r.actioa oJ: Ule -r.&tining •j~s crf tho ~pper o.x:itlf!, whiM u n 1

tur ruu:-es ::~~~=~~ ~~ similar to thot ~r tbQ m~lt.~ qoite uriaua, or i·n a.ny a'·e·nt. •PKt.uCI lng furnaces. Ttft: main dHreranees l n lar, it is Pect!$!1ar)" at least tu partly me dude~ thP. ~!minatlon or the "vetb" aDd l hiJ etutrge aln!!Bd)' rn l.bl! htrruu.oe btlal 1'«-aJ Ktl~ Oott ... . . 11.10 tM UR of J••lcel.s lnsl.,.d •I botl<lUl tl• adding molttn m~tAI.

The 12'l(!tal drawn "from the tnelP ng .'\1 aoon .a the n.1olten eh.rn Is in \1 fut ntl-t:e5 1a run W ·ont ol t\t"D r~!l-nl11g r::s t~%.~~1nL~hdi:;:,•f.ib~.~~; JUr113Nl1 Otic'J.aQtln t~f (h(t l.atb with a fol:Jl&CI!S- of the stmtrlGrd type. 1ben fu.rnaeo No, 2Z in #'i;ur-e 7 and a 8ft ... commencta. ('Qf11JH'(IS¥d llh' b lntr

CAI.UM~T AND HECLA CONSOUDA;TED COPPER OOM PANV

115

11 n .tnllrr, 1931 THE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL 537

.. U\U'<'U un~er \he •lU'f•"" u( tho h•th

.. llin:nlJh iron ploe• 00\'et~d ~th a l'f'>fraetory tflnb:n4.. Tf1 is b dt!ne u ~ at rua.ov poinbJ tho II 11 I)Ol'Ll1hl• so llult ,.barp will h• fltlly ·~id.iltd by the nme it ts eonwlei.Wy melt~. ln order to r~ [L moft tbt iron •nd eutp.l\ur

"' od 11 rapidly u

poulblt, the oxid•tlon l• W'Tild r.rtber

oxldiJfnK lo .. •· th•n In t•ellnfng ecnlu;-ciH.. OttrinK the

.. p!riO<Ij t-ho iron rr.mov~ ftmn

th&, bath would ol'dlnar.Hy fo-:m "" tn~ fulibae •t•.Jf on u..., a.\lrfa~ but the -tha-r:t(e 1e r..apidly anal:ned t<t1' Iron Ill> 11 ton rtf\nlnw oand • litdfitit:.nt qua.nQty o! Jl a.ltld il thrown flrtln the

,. 10 bath 1:4) ftux t bt!

fron ~ide •• It II liberated. Th'if bul .. 11-

.. 11H:l1t re~ultt In a vcey ftuld slag wbieoh.

... h alhnrned uf, annuJaud In w3tttr, tuJd

.. )QU'l~ t(t lhe nnu bJn lu the ct~nt:~e-11 · ,.j batt:! Sl.t:ll"agtl bulltlin.g. Thora. it it df'· ,.t.c:,.td. mb:od wilh t!Qoll ll(retnln;t~ • .and

J • lt .. ~";::'m~~ ~~e~~~~gp!:~d: i~'f~~ th~

i!~ V:.\':; ::;,;:u:d ~'::et~!'d f.:~~ ., pou.ncb. per llQur. The op~rittion i1i ron

•re p- Linuttl2a. AI. SOQn Ji# tbt>" Ulelal b~ whidl ahnoya l• 8(l1 The mull-tvliclty of •hap"" in nqulre~ by •acying CQliPvt OOnBQmct.;:t nece!-.•Ttatd. p it l-).n,_g u

trmoUn.OL lho ll10M i• outoltllltlca.Oy dump«! fllt.o art fnnl}en,!e" ftiK!Ji of topj)ei lh m~JdJ. ,_ ir AU thl:l _fUrna.ce Cba-'1Jtll contldn 8l'IN>niC a ""fer booh:, An~ i• "'""'"• hom ~.sh W(no size' and Oa

m..t by • . PIUI •.:t~nvey(lr hlr.11 an ln aU t orrtu d au in"'p

lcn. be l)hilnfa

"bleb rn~r b. romovod to eloctrioal e iruu t !'nn table. aliSO r. J.ia:rt of th tOn\l"tSJfOt, «~nduc-tlvlty &pn(tific:.tlons. at~r lbt~ Jrnp<td~t-iolla a re, ,"Jicmt.+t"8 ::~~~~t ce~:~·r:,.t.~e:!:!.

and auJJ)hu" have tw.en •limia.t.cd, The s.rrtcm, wher.., l!old P.«••nt• a Mula. I.

proLitm, g f~apor •lOJ118<

re!lluvtl is atoomplltht'tl byl•l•lwin pmr .. r:.;~~t~r..:~uhure f~ '""f• catt- tnu!l~ bf. readily ~ibJe for 1he Ctl.$t· <l•lt'ii ••d• ""b lnw tho bath, Tbe l•a mao~ine &.,;j Iilli ••• not bo allow«! fonn.• -t\ Ruid -.,Jag WI'Jicb a.baorhs ar•~me to necup,p \"'&JuabJ~ •.P~~.~.:u. .A

~r!~~·mJ!!~e n~~1be ~ ~i'~~~i,ir;:~:n:,; Rdtal,.,- C.'OII1111 bui.lctln1

COrn\trly ·~~ tor •le<1:ro1J'Iit lanlt ho"*' 1'"., 1\la -of nn.-roo .. h11.11 beu rcunod~cd and nr"'s -veq ·weD

Ill< bath too li•l!l(. lo~ .ttorQ.ge pllt"pOa.er. l,l Ia not unoo:m. After ta.. Urli6nie ls ntl'lloved, ttr e"~rt ~!r~~t~·~c;;i, :~:;· ··t~ 1nol") to have 6JIOO,OOO pound• of t:op;~r

"ltll• It 1. l>e(ng rbmovtd, JJOUng ho dA""tk-d 4• l'(!dUCE ~be exc~l! P¥;ygt.n tn :~'":.~~;~~-· :·: · :.:: ·~·

fJU~U"3t!..f•:~IJs , • , • •• • fJt t:J

Lh" bath, C:tt<..-.n han;lwood nre- uud IIM.W• P..,-.u-C:r•t~~-1'(-a.nl. ~h,"J'1.:~b~t::.ph~-~~~

T"" J'M~Ie.s ·::·'"::.

in.tP«""tion and aiold 3-tora~. :4.!r.

In ti>f ll'lllh~ pr-. ••mn coo a.-:li,~;·s~~ ·::::··~ ~r: Fi'o1n lht. I .. J>tctlon '"ble tlut c.aat !tnt ol j ho botl; ,. reduotd Ill o.~l tv 0.05 P<fllfOt, whToh

.,..{ld"-C .. bll' i•

• fl!t •bout fight ~ugti

•-llr• , ., .... ftrr .ba~t1rt-.aCne:t~~r1ee .. . · ~ , ~

_pltl·h toppn. •nd lht! metal ts read)• fqr :=;~n~:r;'h!~~/~!~~1! :h!

~•11og-. 1\)t1l , " ~ •• , •• ..,, , ,, ,J't.YI smelter dot'l.. for rake dtiom.ent or t.u a m.rage l'll'<l ..,..,.d b.1 qverbo;ad cran ... fn tutin:g th.t; ~pper, U.e rnttal It ObptJCr dt(lhb arc m~de tin hydraulic odravm off froru the lurnae.~ inti) tlltlnz ptold ll'l'~!tt o"it.har ~te.r.ooolt.*d copper f.tdleot which Alll)ldy th moldt.. The ~1:.d~l! ~~~~ilr:dd ~~ b~p:.:!~

JJWf'.d• 1 a crane arw ut cult. ~opper tuJd a~ P~•d ADd aa PJectM~ 6ft truck..

o.n a cuti"C wbffi or thu Clirk tYPe. ~~1 c:'n'!;~t'Q:oi3~~~ ~ eC::~,JYJ~t! tapec1t~, d.t~ndtna- .,ly of Ill• ~~u f1trna

!ll .. ro!lnlnJf ..,. 1<> lilo ll"hlth bas a \I.JX pr""'ttn •i(her by means 0"( M"'a.no-cup ... tht t:hapl" c:sun , M frotn 60,004j to l<IO)KIO llo"rl.d IIIA1io• or dire~ by 6r&Vity. Olllthtl~tf Ltbftr ~ ,._ • • • • • , ......... .,

Slii1'1.U.t utfo Po1\'tt' ~··v , ••• t..-of l11~1~ IUICI tMC.ttr ctoi-'JIU •.t~ ~~ J~llbl,:-~t.a;_,l'" ~

'LIUI O..ttinr t'd __ _. , , .ll01'

In ad"ditlon t~ tile T<O!tlhtr "'~nittr f•J-Ih!ln 1• a tarn.u oC t)>aut ?o,~~.,. "'!'"<Tty e<tuipp«! !or lr91ley..Jai!U diPplnJ, Thi• •mall IUI'Ila<o wu bl1ia ta~ ct..!i~OJr billet& and for milll>c II]> •mall or<ltH ut •Declal Mapb wh;eb eotild no-a be made. ~ncm.fc'ally ~\1 the ~r~r tlar-nM~. The I -ar:nlitel (tpere.tes irilel'Dilt.-6tntly a~ ordCrt t or bUlet.a t.ccumM,J~. It it to arraniod lh•t ., Jtrp 'opillli\g tD the ar~ ctln lie ...0 fur cl!&rglllf un.

.-.·~or,~ to. . .. ...,......, . ~. ...

=t~~ :t~il~~~ c:,:~pe" and

......._-1'",,.,.,~~

.._.'"- """• -- All lut"r)aces ort 6roo Wlt)l plll•en~•d t0•1, .The cod puJve'TiJJib"c" pllat. b eto-

p;,_,.. . ~~~i«r.!~i ':d b~~-:~.it :ti!... bh\t IM!rv:ng ea.el1 furna~·e.. The

m.: ..coaJ

plant t. equ{pped l"ilh • Jinrle rem

116

538 THE MINING CONGRESS JOURNAL Oclob!'''· 19i.ll

crushert maiJ'D(!tic ~h .. •eparatot't, 100 .. ranged lor pulvntxed ~1 firing in taM' nul.ny Ul!t!, JJUCh a11 wa$hlng '""ehin~!l, too <To~hed. co.. bin, Ru.ggle:s • C41et a fU)'fta~ should bt- ibu~ down a.nd addi· :-.utc>mobHe r•dlt~tor <·ort-a.. 'i ud r~iri£dooblepau drytr, nnd two .Ritl•Mond fi:iX. tlonal ote.m sboul~ be d.,.h·cd. 'l'ho enltor.!l. roll~r milU. A washer, and a Dra oeo waste hut beoilen on th-e meUing f ur

T~1·iral A Mf,.,.j ... tllW.r uw4 tq rQmove d\l&t from tb;e naces l,oive w ry tair pertormBnce .re.<-urdK C){ Th1'1."e Onmt .. 0\f(t. nr drying and grinding &)'$tem8 1'flpt'C.' in tpito of tho hl~t ~.akeo up Jn t·be t or. (App,~

tlveJy. The buildlnr: ma tle&lgned to nuce. EVI\l>Orfltf()l)s nf 7 to 1 rrmn Qnd rfirnc- Cltll f'..,N>Rl .N•t:=!AfJ

prQl-~de ior duplic:atio>n of dljlng' 11nd :tt 2l2 d4'gtfoe~ .Ft. a rc Mt urseonnnon nri "!PlUM t(rlnding unit• . i1 the »tee:ssity sh()uld the. total coal butn«< In the ! urnrwe. TJu., ~N' (Ito~ ~~'"'

Al'tlel).•c • , • • ,. u~=~ fli! H J\• a.riEe. "rhe e;oal burned is a ''e.J1.~ good gas t cmpc:ratUl'ttt' e:nted n6f thi1. bvHcr ) f(ifl ••• U llli lf fltllil

grade of bigh-volat i1e bltumltlt'IO"a. hnv .. ;~~!: ~g~eZ~i~~h!~ ~~ tn:·~= N.i~:llid ·- ••• 'II,IIC•tl fltlflll &tl~biU ~- - 11,01,1.~<. !Mill\

ins; an alh e~>ntent of /TC•n\ 3 tO 6 I>

per.... O:tVI'tfl •••• ~~~~,. OtU~O ceot., &ulphur a lW.ya· ~low 1 ptr«nt, about tiO() degref!. Stetllm lx ~ ff/1" and a heating uaJac of from H.200 -to • rnnnin!if a.n NOO-kw. 1Uf.MI{Mt l«<.IIIH\t Lur bi.t!e 5(eneratvr 14.,?0() B. t. a. ~ po.und. Sinee tbe &nd tor Otho~ mt-;eellolWQUS st.;am .. (;'1. 111«'~1 •r.wnk! tt~t.rkf I• CL cr.da

;t;' Othu n-.uiJtan QOntent 1s \'e.ey low, rl pm md 0•4ti in e:unnt.tor d veo equ'i tl\t t til ll~t.. \~rtiUalS~> [(lr hestin.g IJ\Jft\ i'l~ Mtllf.

U Hll\t:r .. nltlb.

d!;~n~i~::r~:le f~0 ~f:i:n~~ t hl! bufldings in winter. It Th•·ee bra1kl& o( ropper u·btch at\l t ht .. • Arw11.£r .. ,,,. 'f'lq rw111 I .. _ ·•• 11.-.

count ot the ~>tl9W on the ttodt pHes aud t~ificd by- art~Jnie. w ntent arc 'Prul.l a~;t<l a~ NaJ UrAl C&H and C 1.. ~r'1nid1 att eoaJ e~~ra:. drying i.a alwar.s n~~ltr.)'· the @111eftet". T)'J)ieul anulvsea of the?£~ 1pe:tifi ed fo-e a•·ehitect~ll'tlt l WQ'r'k, owinl{ An • ll'ort fs ma.dt to keep the .moi~ture three brandt ar~ g)'i'e.D in an a(',o..."(Jmpuny~ Lo J.h!! incNa.P..ed alre:fth t\i'l~ n:8i1tance eonten~ t,t lhe pulvemod coal below l log tahl•. 1pt:~rt'i!nt.. 'rbe fineness 'Yd.rie.s trotn ,G to The stAl)ChuQ 8t)CeiJi.;.at irsns c•f th.a !I?M:O~~!~~n ~rn!b~tc ase1r~ht'E~•~~<;; 85 per<ent thro•gh the 200 me•ll. de· Ameriea.n Society for Testing Mt~tel'ials TJra«fte (OT JQCOmotive tirtiX•J(ftt ltnd

~~:!~i:r:o!t': ~i~i~J~f (t~~~ J~~~ Joy low [email protected] Lakt- ~o-pj)el' lift' t,J'u~ ttaybolt.t. &-Gm\l Ia all particulars u t,.hose for elec~ tn :.dditi(ln w theee btBnd~ &Oil~ meW!

per ton crl ooa.l. trol)rt:ie copper. Pri:m~ .C&H ill Utitod ill ill s1.11d on lht1 tla~I.J M silver eontenl. All furnaces art provh'l~ wit}) w• ste all ti1~ I)[ wirt {or clectrieal purpose-a. Rlgb-silw• Calunwl & Ele<la oopJ>fr,

M•t t'loil(lra wliitb ean be by-·pasiftd if Ort Ae((.!Unt o! l\.8 lnhertmt high mr(iv~ which •maintain." itK Ki.r<1ngth .at biKh n~a:ry. The mf>ltint furnaces ban _pu:rlty. toug-hnt'J!S. dl.ll."tiJit)', and ten!litedust <haDlb~• !ollowin~ the bl>il<'l's. sl>Mfl'h. prime C&IJ sheet "•nd strip ~~l!r:~~· t~it u:::ui~~~l~~l:d~~~fub; Th~ie mc.ltil'Jt·llt.Jt'nact boiler• are ae- oo.p!)e:f eojqya pOpulari~y in the trade for meL

GAlUNET AND HECll\ CONSOliDATED COPPER COM~Ar<Y

117

4.3.2 Engineering and Mining Joumal Ammonia of Calumet Tailings

Engineering and

Miitin2Journal Jn.Yt l I

ptl o-.• rv·ll•~tlHII'

~~i:~l ~.~~~·s~ I, .......

CJ:t~~.wiw . llli:J ... \~t •t.>c:tllJ.<!f"·oW'rUBI.i!Cfll:lf

~· 111'"-'llfl .. Jo

u , ....,._ !l·:f~~ :'d::~n;.-.:;tiil 1.-'ll,Cidtf.)ol~; T~~J~Jt~t...u....W.... to,uifdi..IIJ~'L\tt.!l!q,ltlllllr y,.!A'fl""'oJ..._-!I II oOloltlf:lll1lf<i~•-~ 1')1-!l .II..-i"'_,."'"''"~• ifnr .....:t.r .. worri«llb-,:rf"J-'-frll toll,~ll'lfr l-.: .. -.. .. ,lmiC10141dlit•"•"<r' ~1tlt.¥r'fi'U~· ~ t~ -MU~~ h! Urt t./ll .. ,. 1., lUll

118

to~lrtl ltur ..

It (loll 411-f.!"t!J rt. l11 11·~~' UK 11,ol l•1 """"'' ' ,.,,1,~ -...141111'•~ A.!&'tl•tf•t"'!ltln'f~ e.r'nt fl,q\Jih"lfol l ...... !>111 ltllll fPA1'114\I ~ ...... lift •ot:tlo> IIi' f!' f!IIJ .. IOI ~(l, uif •• ~ ..... ,, l!'lo.li ... Vllt

lllo\'""'""""ltfo.loooH~io.•n<ldt.,.,..,a.WJ<e """'"""" ....., Wo~tlo,l<illlll\lARd!I.Oot:.""':&' 111 lii•J!t''"""' ftrlomlto •••U...Jol!l'tr •It <Millo!'~ ~~.,. •1!~, ~'"' o<d. 1$1111 ht ..,__, .ofuU••• 'Ill" ' ' " .... 111 ,.;t~ '- ..r mo•••t.. llo \t ·~.1 • !o>. urn aor.,\'foi!Uo • tllflholif>tA •-W !lit lmtf""'ll/;1 '"'~·to t~ri~Th fll~Jorl~ ,_., I!Od.- f'<!l ~till <II LW ..... 1~111% 1'\Ai o. ,..._ '"' •~• to Ill• tho ~ tt""'lffi ••n""l""" • .., "" tt~~I!IW' .. .,,;, ... l~cootni po ll>dfl}.• •·t~~'-•-"W w..n ... !-.I W> ..... ,.. dill...{); 110> <q)OII \.tt h- j .. •t_,-Q.,.I a,., h 1>6.1 fll "'f • VVl!lllltal• .o~ill,. o\N ..,llil,ljlll .-\lof lf:(r :t•un,.

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. Ko~ -v.O-r-- t~l:lJ.l'V. ~~~~ w ~· ... ut.M~I •nrloo w• \~•I>'I•J ~•...,., I• I;• .. ll1"n ~~~ t;olll• :-...\~'t-.111-'ltol\.olll

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121

Developments in Lake Superior Milling Copf/t< On!"-Or<*'"'t""d L<.Jchini:cPnl<ll'<.-Two TYS>c:o of Ore N!'<<s!itote 0\fl'ertllt Metbo<b.

Of Which the More CO!llPllcated Includes Stamphlg, Regtindiog, 1'ablio&, LeechiO& 01 &ndS by Anm>Onis Soliltiont apd F lotation of $lim ..

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Building Narratives, Maps, and Documentation Torch Lake ...

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