Sheffield Business School

BSc (Honours) Events and Leisure

Management

Title: Major Sports event have positive impact on Hong Kong

Name: Cheung Kin Ling

Student No: 91206538

Month Year April 2011

Sheffield Hallam University

Sheffield Business School

Title: Major Sports event have positive impact on Hong Kong

FULL NAME: Cheung Kin Ling

STUDENT No: 91206538

Supervisor: Mr. Calvin Ng

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Events and Leisure Management.

Month Year April 2011

1

Abstract

This dissertation focuses on Hong Kong major sports event positive impacts. These

impacts are the economic, infrastructure and job creation. It uses multi-data analysis

with the qualitative methods throughout data collected and secondary search

information to investigate the positive impact for the major sports event. It will

investigate on the short term and long term of each impact. After the analysis, it will

demonstrate the major sports event will take lots of the positive impact by hosting the

major sports event. In addition, the dissertation also points out transportation in the

pass events are not sufficient arrangement and it needs improvement in order to host

events successfully.

.The main contents of the dissertation are five chapter and three major parts,

Chapter One, Two and Three are the first part which define the objective and through

the literature review to discuss the major sports event will affect Hong Kong

Chapter Four, as the Part Two, analyzes the following three parts. There are the

economic, infrastructure and job creation short term and long term impact when

hosting the major event specially to point out the advantage for Hong Kong by the

sports events.

Chapter Five, as the Part Three, it is a conclusion that the major sports events play a

unique role in the sport development. And conclude the major sports event bring the

positive impact to Hong Kong

2

Acknowledgements

Thank you to my supervisor Mr. Calvin Ng who has given me valuable suggestions

during the discussion and guidance throughout the dissertation.

Thank you to my friend Raymond Ng for her teaching the dissertation structure.

Thank you to my friend Raymond Ng for his Proof reading to the English in the

dissertation.

3

Table of Content

Abstract P.1

Acknowledgements P.2

Table of Contents P.3-4

List of illustrations P.5

List of abbreviations P.6

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 The overview of the event P.7-8

1.2 The reasons of choosing this topic P.8

1.3 The Aims and Objectives P.9

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 .Definition of Major event P.10

2.2. Major Sports Event in Hong Kong P.11-12

2.3. Positive impact of Major Sports event P.12

2.3.1 Economic impact P.13-14

2.3.2 Construction of Infrastructure P.14-15

2.3.3 Job creation P.15

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

3.1 Secondary data collection P.17-18

3.2 Limitations P.18-19

Chapter 4: Finding and Analysis

4.1 Findings and analysis of secondary Research P.20

4.2 The event holding in Hong Kong P.21

4.3 Sports Events on the impact of Hong Kong

4.31 Economic impact

4.311 Short term P.21-22

4.312 Long term P.22-24

4

4.32 Construction of Infrastructure

4.321 Short term P.24-25

4.322 Long term P.25-26

4.33 Job creation

4.331 Short term P.26

4.332 Long term P.27

Chapter 5: Conclusion P.28-29

5.1 Recommendation P.29-31

Reference P.32-37

Appendix

5

List of illustrations

Table

2.1. The major sports event holding by Hong Kong P11

2.2 The 2010 peak season visitor arrivals by country/ territory of residence P13

6

List of abbreviations

Cathay Pacific = Cathay Pacific Airways Limited

EAG = East Asian Game

HKTB = Hong Kong Tourism Board,

HKJC = Hong Kong Jockey Club

MSEC = Major Sports Events Committee

PCU = Transport Complaints Unit

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1The overview of the event

With the advent of the 21st century, the economy is growing very fast and stable.

People are also increasing their demands of life. Different types of physical activity

such as cycling and windsurfing gradually to become a leisure activities and the

government wants to develop the sports events. With the success of the 2008 Beijing

Olympic Games, Hong Kong pays more attention with the major event development

than before.

There are variety types of major sports event in the world, for example, the World

Cup, the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup World Fair and Asian Game. Although

different countries understand that it’s hard to bid the event and need a long time to

plan it to make it success. They are still interested in those events because they will

bring out types of positive impacts.

Most of the countries are interested in the event promotion, the sponsors, advertising,

venue construction, ticket sales and broadcasting rights income. And they hope to bid

the event since it is an opportunities for their city development. And also, the major

sports event will bring out the great economic benefit.

The Beijing Olympic Economy Research Association deputy chairman Cheng

Xiusheng in the “China Economic Weekly "interview, said.“ the economic content of

the Beijing Olympics Sense of the total revenue of about 20 billion U.S.

dollars.”( Xinhuanet,2008)

8

The following paper reviews some literatures that to find out the related impacts of

major events and analysis different impacts that major events bring to host city. The

case of the Olympic Equestrian Event in 2008, Hong Kong Rugby Seven and East

Asian Games2009 would be used to illustrate the major event is it will bring out the

positive impacts such as, the economic, the infrastructure and the job creation for the

host cities. To discuss these three major effects for the event since the economic

usually is the most important part with an event and the infrastructure will also affect

to the job creation. However, compare to the economic, infrastructure and job creation,

the political is less important to the event. So it will not discuss in this paper.

1.2 The reasons of choosing this topic

In recent years, Hong Kong had held different large scale sporting events like 2008

Olympic equestrian, Hong Kong Seven, Hong Kong Marathon and the 2009 East

Asian Games. Hosting the Major sports event would bring direct and indirect

economic benefits by attracting business, stimulating tourist spending and increasing

employment opportunities. It also would boost the local interest in sport and attract

visitors. The number of jobs created is expected to be high during the event and after

that. The event is also likely to bolster Hong Kong's image as a major estimation for

sports events. This wills recognition of Hong Kong as a global financial centre.

Inbound-tourism and related industries such as food and beverage, retails will also

receive a boost. These long-term benefits are impossible to quantify with precision.

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1.3. The Aims and Objectives:

The aim of this paper is to find out the positive impacts by holding the major sports

event on Hong Kong.

The below are the main objectives of the study:

Demonstrate the major sports event will bring out the short term and long term

positive impact for Hong Kong

Clearly indentify the

Economic benefit

Infrastructure benefit

Job creation benefit

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Chapter 2. Instrumental Literature Review

Introduction

The literature review is list of the separate review of the books and the article. The

journal and article will be use to identify the terms of the major sports event in Hong

Kong. Also, there are using the theories to explain why the major sports event will

bring the positive impact to Hong Kong. The positive impact is the economic,

infrastructure and job creation.

2.1 Definition of Major event

Major events are events that, by their scale and media interest, are capable of

attracting significant visitor numbers, media coverage and economic benefits (Bowdin,

Allen, O'Toole 2006). And UK sport (1999a, p.4) consider that three elements are

required to be classed as a major sporting event:

It involves competition between teams and / or individuals representing number

of nations.

It attracts significant public interest, nationally and internationally, through

spectator attendance and media coverage

It is of international significance to the sports concerned, and features

prominently on their international calendar.

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2.2. Major Sports Event in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the major sport event is more and more widely in the public life. There

are thousand of the major event will holding on the different city per year in the world.

For example, festival Celebrations, the fund-raising activities, the Asian game and the

world football cup, the types of the major event are numerous.

For the sport, Hong Kong devoted to develop of sports in order to organizer more

sustainable major events. The Hong Kong government ask the Major Sports Events

Committee (MSEC, 2011), launched the "M" Mark System and Support Packages (the

"M" Mark System) in November 2004. "M" Mark status will be awarded to the

recognized major sports events held in Hong Kong.

So in Hong Kong, the “M” Mark System event will be the major sports event. Such as

the Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Squash Open, the FIVB WORLD Grand Prix- Hong

Kong and the Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon.

The Chairman of the MSEC, Mr Herman Hu(2009), said: "The staging of major

sports events contributes to a sustainable sporting culture, fosters a sense of pride and

social cohesion, and brings tangible economic benefits to our community.

And also he agrees that “the 'M' Mark events to reinforce Hong Kong’s status as

Asia’s sports events capital," Herman Hu(2009).There are some majors event hold in

Hong Kong( Table, 2.1) (MSEC, 2011) (See Appendix 1)

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The list of the “M” Mark Events is set by the Major Sports Events Committee (MSEC,

2011), and special support and sponsor are given to each event it will have the special

support and the sponsor, such as the professional advice from the MSEC Advisory

Panel concerning the organization, sponsorship, marketing and promotion strategies

for events, the Enhanced local and overseas publicity opportunities and the funding

support comprising interest-free loan, or matching fund or direct grant for a maximum

period of three to six years

2.3. Positive impact of Major Sports event

This section review on the literature related to different impacts on major sports

events. Since hosting major events had long been perceived as a tool for urban

regeneration or a way to boost economy for host city and in general, there are

perceived that hosting major events is beneficial, especially in terms of economic.

Although they are one-time and short-term events, they have long-term positive

consequences for the cities and communities that stage them. The Hong Kong Rugby

Seven, and the 2009 East Asian Games and FIVB World Grand Prix-HK would be

used as examples.

Positive impact of hosting major events to the host city can be divided into the

following parts:

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2.31 Economic impact

There are a variety of the research discuss the major event will bring out the positive

impact in the economic. They highlighted the economic benefits in the form of tax

revenues, employment, and other additional income (Getz, 1997; hall, 1989; Deccio &

Baloglu,2002). The large pool of external visitors will then help generate positive

economic benefit to the host community(Getz, 1997; hall, 1989; Deccio &

Baloglu,2002) since the visitors are likely to spend money on travel, accommodation,

goods, and service in host city or region( Bowdin, et. Al,2006). According to the

Hong Kong Tourism Board, the major event such as, the Rugby seven attracts

numerous visitors to Hong Kong every year. In March 2010, when the Rugby Seven

was hosted, total number of tourists arrived in Hong Kong is 441.731( Table, 2.2)(See

Appendix 2 ) which is higher than the peak season likes the July, August and

December. It also bring the 56.1% of all visitor travel Hong Kong overnight and the

hotel occupancy rate up to 88% in March

Moreover, another also defines that the impacts of an event will derive from the

expenditure by visitors from outside the region. ( Faulkner 1993, Jago and Dwyer

2006). For example, the Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon, the ‘M’ mark

system event which the participant numbers increase every year Standard Chartered

Hong Kong Marathon (2011). It attracted over 1,000 entries in the first year and up to

65000 entries this year since they will arrive Hong Kong before the event, so they will

consumer in Hong Kong these days which will help the economic.

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According to Sanderson et al (2000), they indicated that the Hong Kong Rugby

Sevens is a major event that attracts large numbers of spectators, especially young

rugby fans who are unlikely to visit Hong Kong for other reasons. After experienced

the city, they are likely to return for further visits, either as general tourists or business

travelers. They also stated that the media impact gives Hong Kong recognition among

the rugby-following nations that might not be achieved by other means. For the

tourism’s multiplier effect, it is anticipated that there would be increase in tourism due

to the hosting of the event. Tourist may contribute to not just increase in tourism but

as well they would have expenditure on accommodation, dining and also

transportation.

2.32 Construction of Infrastructure

Staging of major events often required large infrastructure, for instance, hosting The

2008 Olympic equestrian games and 2009 East Asian Game needs many large

stadiums as there are many different sporting event involved. Moreover, as it is

expected that there would be increased in tourist, it is necessary for the host city to

improve or build new transportation system like railways. It is also important that

there are transports that link up different competition venues.

For the 2008 Olympic equestrian games, the Hong Kong Jockey Club(HKJC,2011)

investment in the equestrian events was multi-faceted. Over and above its

commitment of HK$1.2 billion to fund the building of world-class venues in record

time of less than two years (HKJC,2009, p46). And the Hong Kong Olympic Village

is located in Sha Tin which is modify by the Royal Park Hotel and the involving at

least 350 million dollar fund. The Village will serve for the Beijing Olympic and 

15

Paralympic Equestrian Events about 400 athletes and accompanying officials

( Xinguanews, 2008).

After the equestrian games, there are many good comments with the competition

venue. “The venue is spectacular. You don’t get that kind of facility anywhere else in

the world.”(Jill Henselwood, 2009). And also Sir Philip Craven(2009) , President of

the International Paralympic Committee also commented. “The Hong Kong Jockey

Club for delivering such a wonderful venue, Paralympic village and Games

infrastructure.”

The recent international sporting event that Hong Kong hosted was the Fifth East

Asian Game. According to the official paper from the Legislative Council, it was

estimated that the cost of constructing the Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground would be

up to $352.3 million in 2006. There were 13 venues that undertaken upgrading

projects in order to meet the international standard of hosting the Game. In the paper,

it noted that the total estimated cost would be $392.8 million (Legislative Council

2009, P.2, P.4).

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2.33 Job creation

One of the economic benefits that hosting international games bring to the host city is

the creation of jobs before and during the games, particularly in the construction

industry and service related sectors. The organizing committees of the games also

require salaried staff to run the events.

The Hong Kong Equestrian Committee recruit nearly two hundred people work for

the organization the event (Job market, 2006). According to the Equestrian Company

(2008), they also recruit 2,400 volunteers to operation the Olympic and Paralympic

Equestrian and more than 400 contract or part-time employees.

As for Hong Kong, during the preparation period for East Asian Games, the

construction work such as build up the Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground and

construction improve 13 new government venues to create 1 000 job opportunities,

there are numbers of the temporary jobs (Legislative Council, 2009, P.7) and recruit

over 6,000 volunteers to provide service within these two years (Agency for Volunteer

Service Recruit, 2009). These jobs are including the hospitality for the athletes, the

venue control, the administration work, the operation and extra. The students and

employees will also benefit since the volunteer job and some job did not know the

professional knowledge. So the staff and the volunteer are including the housewife,

student and the unemployed people.

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Chapter 3. Research Method

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the positive impact on when Hong Kong

hosting the major sports event. The qualitative methods throughout data collected and

secondary search information are used to demonstrate the positive impact for the other

country and Hong Kong to hold the major sports event., it explore the sports teacher

and the citizen’s comment on bidding the Asian Game. The follow part will discuss

more about the research methods.

3.1 Secondary data collection

The secondary research or data defined that consists of information already in

existence somewhere, having been collected for another purpose, such as

government official statistic or other researches data( Kotler, Bowen and Makens

1999)

The secondary data collection aims to get more information on positive impacts of

other major sports events, likes the Rugby Seven and the benefits of Hong Kong

applying Asian Games 2023, secondary data had been collected from journals, books

and newspapers.

In general, the book, articles and the journals are including most of the data of each

major sports event. Such as the information for the event, the evaluation results from

the participant, the short term and long term economic benefits for the event. And

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throughout the journals, it mentions most of the theory which is the academician

research the positive impact and the major before. These articles are a good example

to guide this paper to develop as a consistency and reliability research.

The information research is providing the variety data for this paper. The paper will

apply the information as the examples to build up the stronger supportive and to

demonstrate the major event will have positive impact for short term and long term.

Moreover, the types of the survey result from government and committee will use to

compare and analysis. Finally, some of the articles from the other country, such as the

“Research on the Large-scale Sports Event and the Communications of Shanghai City

Image” Edit by (Fung ho,2010) and the journal “Economic And Fiscal Impacts Of

Mega Sporting Events:A General Equilibrium Assessment” (John R, 2006), are used

as a reference to find out the direction of the paper.

3.2 Limitations

Develop this paper as a professional paper; it requires the government internal

document. Such as, the government income statement document for each major event

since the income statement is their internal document. Based on the government

strategy, they will not publishing these information for the public since there are some

international information. However, if the paper without the details income statement

with each event, it could not strongly demonstrate where the benefits come from

where.

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On the other hand, the paper would need to demonstrate the Major event will bring

out the positive impact for Hong Kong, so the date and the result should be the most

reliable.

However, based on the timing and the manpower problem which is the survey should

length for nearly one month to collect the result and it need many people to do the

survey outside, so this paper does not include the questionnaire.

As the Hong Kong Research association already done a questionnaire for talk about

the public opinion surveys the East Asian Games, it has more than one thousand copy

validate. So this paper applies the questionnaire to analysis and find out the result with

the paper objective.

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Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis

Introduction

After review the literature to explain the critical points of the paper in the chapter two,

the following chapter is going to analysis how the major sports event will have the

positive impact Hong Kong. It would present the finding and the data based on the

survey done it by government document and the Hong Kong research association. The

secondary data like the press releases and reports that launched by governments will

be also applied to supplement for the analysis. This chapter will also explore the short

term and the long term impact for Hong Kong holding the major event.

4.1 Findings and analysis of secondary Research

The major sports and increase the city competitive ability. At the same time, larger

cities also hope that through organized sports to become more international, to get

experience and benefit in the sports world and major cities.

Since the return to the motherland, Ex-Hong Kong Sports Development opened a new

page. Government Sports Policy Review Team in 2002 published a report, listing the

three major sports development policy, there are including: help elite athletes to

pursuit of excellence; develop a strong sporting culture in the community ; And

enhance Hong Kong status as an international sports event center (Legislative Council,

2011). So in these years, Hong Kong continue to build up the Hong Kong Sports

Institute, organizer the Hong Kong Games and provide more funding to athletes aims

to strive achieve the objectives.

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4.2 The event holding in Hong Kong

Hong Kong hold more than hundred international sports event each year. And also the

government continues to enhance the scale of the event and to enlarge the impact of

major events (HKTB, 2011) (See Appendix 1)

4.3 Sports Events on the impact of Hong Kong

4.31Economic impact

4.311 Short term

Table 2.2 ( See Appendix 2) by the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB, 2011)

showed that the 2010 peak season of the visitor arrivals to Hong Kong. According to

the (HKTB, 2011), these seven month are the most high record with the visitor arrival

Hong Kong. Since there are some events in these month, such as the Lunar New Year

in February, the summer holiday in the June to August and the Christmas and the East

Asian Game in December.

For the number of the visitors, the March is the highest month since the Hong Kong

Seven will hold in Hong Kong. It seems that the Hong Kong Sevens which is hold in

March is a main reason to raise the visitor’s number. According to Sanderson et al

(2000), they indicated that the Hong Kong Rugby Sevens is a major event that attracts

large numbers of spectators, especially young rugby fans who are unlikely to visit

Hong Kong for other reasons. There are almost of the sports term from the long haul,

such as the strong team Fiji, New Zealand and Australia. Most of the visitors are come

22

from this country to support their lovely team and travel Hong Kong after the event. It

will affect Hong Kong to have the immediately benefit from these visitor since they

will consume in these days.

On the other hand, the large pool of external visitors will then help generate positive

economic benefit to the host community(Getz, 1997; hall, 1989; Deccio &

Baloglu,2002) since the visitors are likely to spend money on travel, accommodation,

goods, and service in host city or region( Bowdin, et. Al, 2006). So, it is direct benefit

for the Hong Kong on that period. “As the Hong Kong Rugby Football Union

mention that, the international Rugby Sevens in one of the most successful event in

Hong Kong. The ticket sold out immediately. It is expected event will attract twenty

thousand tourists and lot of the visitors come from oversea. They will expect to spend

ten thousand during the competition”(Hkheadline, 2009). It cause the overnight

visitors made up 56.1% of all visitor arrivals to Hong Kong in the first quarter of

2010. Hotel occupancy across all categories of hotels in March this year, at the rate

of 88%, was six percentage points higher than in the same month in 2009 (HKTB,

2011a).

4.312 Long term

The major sports events also bring out the long-term positive consequences for the

cities and communities. MuZaffer Uysal (1994) state that, one of the long term

positive consequences is the t major event direct effects to increase mass media

coverage in the world. For example, there are 16 organizations purchased the East

Asian Games broadcast rights for television which the broadcast right is an important 

23

part to get the income since the event would have TV broadcast to different countries

(Sina,2009) ; several million TV viewers worldwide shared the event. These can

attract their concentration and focus in Hong Kong to be the travel destination next

time in future. It can as an effective promotion method of Hong Kong because the

Major event world attracts repeat visits and new comers.

For the mass media, the event is magnitude of the participation and worldwide

publicity. For example, the 5th East Asian game holds in Hong Kong on 5 to 12

December 2009. Throughout the different media to promote and broadcast it, it will

bring the event almost better to the non-ticket holders many miles away (Hiller, 1989,

120). so the extensive media coverage translates into a higher level of the awareness

of the country which is also build up a good image for the oversea visitors and attract

them to travel while they are the business or the holiday since it will benefit for the

future in Hong Kong different industry.

Moreover, the sponsor is a part for the event success. It should not be a short term

benefit for the city. The “sponsor is companies or individuals who provide money,

services or other support to events and event organization in return for special

benefit.”(Getz, 1997) such as, the annual Hong Kong Sevens Tournament’s main

sponsor is the Cathay Pacific/Credit Suisse Hong Kong Sevens 2011. The Cathay

Pacific as the sponsor for a long time. Throughout sponsor the event, they also

produce the relative event products to earn money, such as the clothes and the balls

(Kukri sports, 2011). It’s a good chance to promote their company to development

their business for the future. So they own a positive image with the different industry

and the country. It makes more participants understand their company ability and their

service (Cathay Pacific, 2011). It is also good for the government finance department

24

since the sponsor can cover some of the event operation and management capital. As

Organizing the EAG is expected to cost about 240,000,000 which 123,000,000 will be

funded by the Government. The other 64,000,000 cash raised and 10,000,000 fees will

sponsor by the individuals or the organization for the event. (Legislative Council,

2009)

4.32 Construction of Infrastructure

For the majors sports event, no matter there are the smaller events or the large event,

the facilities and the community infrastructure are required (Getz,1997). So building

up the new facilities also brings a different impact.

4.321 Short term

The researcher Murray(1991) advised that impacts are realized in stages, commencing

with planning and bidding and proceeding through construction, production and

wrap-up stages. Therefore, the stages are demand numbers of the people to work for.

As the EAG(2009) in Hong Kong, aims to make the stadium suitable for holding

major international athletic events. The organization created about 1 000 jobs to

construct the Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground and for the thirteen venues improvement

works.

On the other hand, according to the research that had done by Hong Kong Research

on the public opinion survey the East Asian Games(EAG). It is randomly selected

telephone numbers for the territory-wide telephone survey and 1085 copies are valid

(See Appendix 3). They find out that, there are 81% people are total satisfied with the

25

Hong Kong team in the medals results (Hong Kong Research association, 2009). And

also, Mr. Tsang Tak-sing also agrees that athletes that home advantage can greatly

enhance their performance (Xinhuanet, 2010). Actually, the Hong Kong Team made

the best performance in the previous large-scale international sports events. They

receiving 26 gold, 31 silver and 53 bronze medals (See Appendix 4), ranked fourth in

the medals table, behind In China, Japan and Korea (See Appendix 5 )

4.322 Long term

“… … Once the facilities are building up… …the facilities are able to attract new

events … …”(Murray 1991). Numbers of the citizen are considering with the event

venue application after the event. Most of the event will translate their useful with the

venue aims to get the profit and make the venue to save. For example, the 2008

Beijing Olympic main venue Bird’s Nest are use to organizer the different. Such as

the Famous opera Turandot debuted in the Bird's Nest on the evening of October 6,

under the direction of Zhang Yimou, the director of Beijing Olympic Games opening

ceremony: after that, the Italian Super Cup also held at Bird’s Nest and also the ROC

2009 to be Held in the Bird’s Nest (National Stadium,2010) . Those of the event will

need to change to rent the venue. So it will build up a long term impact to the

government and as a sustainable development projects for the city.

It also useful for Hong Kong, the organizers can easily to use sports facilities after the

major event to develop the local sports and the department held a variety of

recreational activities every year to encourage public participation in sport. Such as

the Hong Kong government organizer the 2nd and the 3rd Hong Kong Games in the

Tseung Kwan O sports ground. According to the Leisure and Cultural Services

26

Department, the 3rd Hong Kong Games is attracting over 3000 visitors which are

higher than the 2nd 2307 visitors. The Tseung Kwan O sports ground but also becomes

an ideal training base for athletics in Hong Kong and to hold the other types of the

major event. For example, the first World Chinese Conference Campaign will held in

Hong Kong in 11th November in 2011(Wenweipo,2010).

4.33Job creation

4.331 Short term

A successful event needs a numerous people to work for the event started at the

planning until to the evaluation. As Getz (1997) also mention that the event staff

should be a few fill-time or part-time staff and most labour at events are done by

volunteers. As the 2009 EAG held in Hong Kong, the event is holding between 5th to

12th December. But it also create about 1 000 temporary jobs, including the

Hospitality, food and beverage, security, drivers and the each implementation duties.

However, the Ex-East Asian Games company additional staff from 60 up to about 100

people work for the administration, managing, control and extra. It also create about

6000 volunteer job for the wives, students and the unemployed people work for the

hospitality for the athletes, the venue control, the operation and extra. Since these jobs

did not know the professional knowledge (Legislative Council, 2009). However, these

jobs length is very short since the event and the company will be dismissed after all of

the evaluation.

27

4.332 Long term

For the other job creation it will usually be dispersed widely among suppliers,

accommodation and dining establishments, and retail shops and so on. For the EAG,

Hong Kong build up the Tseung Kwan O sports ground to operate the event. Although

the event will finish, the sports ground still will stay in there. And the government are

using for the future event, so the government need to apply the maintenance workers

work for the long term job. They need to maintenance the venue still up to the

international standard and improve the venue environment make it can suitable to

hold more and more major sports events in future.

Also, the venue is operating under the government, so it should need to hire the

people to continue manage it. According to the government, the venue is rented the

association and any types of the organize. So the suitable and ability people to manage

and arrange the activities to promote for the others is very important. This is a

important part for the venue get more famous.

Moreover, there are a lot of the visitors will arrived Hong Kong to take part in the

event. According to the FIVB World Grand Prix-HK, the WGP-HK Leg attracts

nearly thirty thousand spectators to the arena every year. In August 2010, overnight

visitor arrivals surpassed 1.95 million (HKTB, 2011b). So they will travel Hong Kong

for some days. It will benefit for the tour guide since they did not familiar Hong Kong

as well.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion

The study found out that the major sports event, Hong Kong Rugby Sevens can be

one of the attract tourists to visitor Hong Kong. It increases the visitor stay in Hong

Kong to spend money on travel, accommodation and goods. These chains of

expenditure also enhance the hotel occupancy rate. So, it is direct benefit for the Hong

Kong different industry. On the other hand, the Hong Kong Rugby Sevens also bring

the long time benefit. As the study mention before, the event would have TV

broadcast to different countries; several million TV viewers worldwide shared the

activities. These can attract their concentration and focus in Hong Kong to be the

travel destination next time in future. After that, the sponsor is a good chance to

promote their company to development their business for the future.

Moreover, the event infrastructure is becoming the important role for the event. It

helps to create jobs for the construction and improvement works in that period and

many researchers are emphasis that the infrastructure will provide the athletes that

home advantage and greatly enhance their performance. Furthermore, the event will

attract the new event when the venue translates the usage which will bring the

economic benefit from the venue rental for others. And also the government held a

variety of recreational activities every year to encourage public participation in sport

and promote the venue to the oversea to invite the organization to hold events.

In addition, the job creation is absolutely benefited on the event period. It can save the

company expenditure also can provide the chance for the people take part in the event.

However, it should be more consider the long term for the job creation since the event

29

will need the continuance maintenance and the management work for the venue

promotion. Also, as benefit by the event which is attracts lots of the visitors; the tour

guide may need to provide the service to promote Hong Kong.

Finally, the study demonstrates that the major event will bring out the short term and

long term positive impact and the benefits in the economy, infrastructure and job

creation part Hong Kong. It is provide the useful information for the event organizer

and the government to know the Effectiveness and benefits for holding a major sport

event in Hong Kong.

5.1 Recommendation

Undoubtedly, there are many benefits when Hong Kong hosting the major sports

event, likes bringing the short term and long-term impact on the economic,

infrastructure and job creation. But it is worth reflecting that when organizing the

major sports, how to achieve a full range of needs and the coordination of the

successful results. These issues are the Hong Kong should be to think about when

organizing the major sports event.

The future study on this topic will be improving the transportation problem in Hong

Kong aims to make the construction close to the competition save the time

transportation. The successful event require the different department to provide the

complete supportive for the holding event. However, review the pervious event

30

hosting in Hong Kong, most the event, such as the 2008 Olympic Equestrian Game,

the 2009 East Asian Game, the FIVB WORLD Grand Prix- Hong Kong and etc also

have the complaint and the research from the government is talking about the Hong

Kong transportation system.(TCU, 2011)

In addition, each major event committee is having the arrangement for the participant

and the staff to arrive there. For example, to arrange the shuttle bus by point to point

service and provide service by the specify time, provide the traffic subsidize for the

staff to apply when they after traffic or the specify transport tool for the international

staff. However, it is not a good planning and strategy for hold a major event.

However, in Hong Kong, such as the 2008 EAG, because of the organizer arrange the

competition in different area (See Appendix 6). And those of the competition venue

are far away with the athlete village which is rebuilding by the Royal Park Hotel. It is

cause the athlete use a long time to get to there which is a big problem with the

transport problem. Even the organizer arrange the shuttle bus for the athlete, it will

affect by the Hong Kong traffic system as Hong Kong traffic is easy jam. Some

athlete maybe affect by this problem. So the athlete village will need to near the

competition venue since it can reduce the time consuming for the Hong Kong major

event.

Moreover, as the Hong Kong traffic system as nearly saturated which cannot build up

a highway for one event at a short time, the competition organizer should decide the

race in the New Territories since the traffic is not as busy. It can avoid the traffic

problem like in Causeway bay. For example, arrange the competition in the Tin Shui

Wai Sports Ground. The traffic system is better since there did not have the thousand

31

of the shopping mall and the office located in Tin Shui Wai, so many of the officer

will use their own car, it is a important point to cause the traffic jam. However, these

problems will not happen in Tin Shui Wai. And also, they have one more

transportation equipment which is the Light Rail services for the northwest New

Territories Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Tin Shui Wai.

After that, the organizer should use their own shuttle bus to service the athlete, but

they need to have a well department to update the road conditions to the driver. When

any traffic accident happen in the road and will be affecting the shuttle bus service,

the department should notice the driver immediately and ask the driver to use another.

So the driver should be having a lot of the experience with the driving and the road

knowledge. Moreover, the driver reporting also important, if anything cause the

shuttle delay, the driver should reporting to the department promptly. Let the

department have enough time to do the follow up and arrangement aims to reduce any

influence for the event.

In short, major sports event as an important role for Hong Kong to get the types of the

benefit. In order to attract more events will hold in Hong Kong, the government

should improve parts of the resources and continue to develop the sports industry

make it more strongly. Therefore, to let more people know that Hong Kong as “the

Events Capital of Asia”.

32

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38

Appendix

39

Appendix 1:

Table 2.1 The major sports event holding by Hong Kong

Hong Kong Major Event before

Hong Kong 2009 East Asian Games

Hong Kong International Dragon Boat Races

Hong Kong International Ice Hockey Tourament

10th AKF Junior & Cadet Karatedo Championship 2010

Cathay Pacific/ Credit Suisse Hong Kong Sevens

Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Squash Open

FIVB WORLD Grand Prix- Hong Kong

Hong Kong DanceSport Festival

Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon

YONEX-SUNRISE Hong Kong Open Badminton Super Series

Sources: Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2011

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Appendix 2 :

Table 2.2: The 2010 peak season visitor arrivals by country/ territory of residence

February March May June July August December

Long-Haul

market: Total

274,562

441,731

372,071

340,582

384,020

348,226

374407

The Americas 98,684

157,271

144,926

137,219

150,305

128,431

138513

Europe, Africa

and middle East

133,741

217,233

169,282

141,579

171,506

168,151

165693

Australia, New

Zealand and

South Pacific

42,137

67,227

57,863 61,784

62,209

51,644

70201

Sources: Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2010

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