Bruno Jarry

Académie des technologies, Grand Palais des Champs -Élysées, Porte C, avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt, 75008 Parishttp://www.academie-technologies.fr

Biofuels: from the 1st to the

2nd generation

Bruno P. Jarry

Plan

11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 2

1. 1st generation Biofuels

2. Biofuels production: the Energy vs Food debate

3. 2nd generation Biofuels: All options still open

4. Still an R&D business but moving fast

5. Conclusion: Will it be a single winner?

Why Biofuels?


• Fossil fuels responsible for > 55% greenhouse-gaz emissions (GIEC, 2007).

•Transportation contributes for 15%, which equals to 60% of the whole Energy sector.

•Between 1990 and 2004 CO2 emissions declined in EU, except for transport which increased by 25%.

•Biofuels , produced with renewable plant raw materials which have fixed CO2, could play a substantial role in diminishing the overall emissions.

IEA Energy Technology Perspectives (2008)


• Baseline ETP 2050: « Business as usual » Biomass: 2150 Mtep (9% primary energy )Biofuels: 70 Mtep (1 – 2% of transport energy)

• Act Map scenario: greenhouse-gaz emissions from Energy sector stabilized at 2005 levels

Biomass: 2900 MtepBiofuels: 15% of transport energy

• Blue map scenario: GHG from energy sector divided by 2

Biomass: 3605 MtepBiofuels: 26%

1st generation Biofuels feedstocks


• Ethanol and ETBE:

Corn in USA

Sugar cane in Brazil

Wheat and sugar beet in EU

Cassava in Asia

• Biodiesel and EMVH

Rape and sunflower in EU

Soya in USA, Brazil and Argentina

Palm and jatropha oil in Asia


• Brazilian ethanol not accepted in USA (> 100% tariffs)

• Biodiesel in EU: 5,7 M tons used in 2009650.000 tons imported in 20071,4 M tons in 2008; 2,0 M tons in 2009from Brazil, Argentina, USAAnti-dumping claims at WTO quite succesful in 2010 with strong decrease of imports< 1% palm oil imports from Asia used for Biofuels

• Ethanol in Europe: 25 M hl used in 200940% imported, mostly from Brazil

Biofuels: locally produced but slowly becoming a global market

The 1st generation Biofuels plan in France


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

% PCI

Target

1,2% 1,75% 3,5% 5,75% 6,25% 7%

% volume equivalent

EMHV 1,3 1,9 3,8 6,3 6,8 7,6

ETBE 3,1 4,5 9,0 14,8 16,1 18,0

Ethanol 1,9 2,7 5,3 8,8 9,5 10,7

A 2 Billions € investment

11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010

11Biodiesel Ethanol

The Energy vs Food debate


• Controversy initiated by World Bank report in 2008 after simultaneous worldwide high raise of food and energy prices.

•Little substantiation as of to-day as food cost have shown little correlation with energy cost over a longer term period.

•Still, EU enacted regulation in 2009 requiring 10% renewable energy in transport by 2020 all over EU. Biofuels production also framed with tight environmental and durable conditions.2nd generation production to be operable by 2020.

Renewable Biomass Resources


• Farming By-products : straw; corn stover; beet pulp

•Perrenual cultivated cultures: switchgrass, Miscanthus

•Short rotation shrubs ( poplar; willow): can use non-agricultural places

•Forest plaquettes and by-products

•Organic wastes ( used oil; fat; home wastes)

2nd generation Biofuels feedstocks


OVERALL IN FRANCE = 4 Mtep/year (10% national energy use); BUT…

•Biomass production remains to be optimized:

• Forest already exploited by paper and building materials industries

• Farm crops residues usable but expensive to collect

• Energy crops remain to be implemented large scale

2nd generation Biofuels technologies


From ADEME 2010

Not all technologies at same developementlevel


1. Cellulosic ethanol:ready to go industrial in US; many pilots and demonstration plants in EU, including France (Futurol)

2. Thermochemical route:Demonstration projects in US and EU, including France (Gaya;

BioTfuel)

3. AlgaeAlready used small scale for high value molecules production (DHA) or/and depollution processesProcess yield still low for economical Biofuel production. Pilots in sunny countries including France (Albius; Salinalgue)

4. « Drop-in » Alcanes by sugar fermentationReady to go industrial with cheap Brazilian sugar (Codexis-Shell-

Cosan / Amyris-Santelisa Vale-Total partnerships)


From IEA, Task 39, 2010

Microalgae


Courtesy: IGV Gmb

2nd generation biofuels yields (Tep/ha)

09/11/2010 Toulouse, 30 Mars 2010

Comparaison rendements bruts

D2n222222d generation yi22elses 1ère et 2ème générations

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

EMHV rape

EMHV sunflower

Ethanol beet

Ethanol wheat

Ethanol corn

Ethanol sugar cane

Biogaz corn based

Biogaz corn based *

Ethanol cellulose *

BTL authotherm *

BTL allotherm *

BTL allotherm + H2 *

* at 12 tdm/haTep/ha

Conclusion: will it be a winner?


• 1st generation Biofuels will stay for a long time

Technical standards have been built and cannot change fast.

Regulations are in place worldwide

Feedstocks are well defined, locally produced for most and production

cannot be easily delocalized

• Several promising options for 2nd generation Biofuels

Some with improved specs over 1st generation ones.

Many are being busily tested in industrial sized demonstrators in US,

EU and South America

Feedstocks collection remain an issue and it will take time to get

organized.

Best options will be produced in new plants to be built on purpose,

close from the feedstock collection.

•In view of the scale required for matching 1st generation ones it is likely

that 2nd generation Biofuels w’ont be readily available before 2020


[email protected]

Académie des technologies, Grand Palais des Champs -Élysées, Porte C, avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt, 75008 Parishttp://www.academie-technologies.fr

Thank you

Bruno Jarry

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