Brain stem & Cerebellum. The brain Telencephalon Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem.
Brain Cancer.pptx
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Transcript of Brain Cancer.pptx
7/27/2019 Brain Cancer.pptx
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/brain-cancerpptx 4/21
The Brain
Contained within theskull
Receives and interpretssignals sent from body
parts and externalenvironment
Control center for vitalactivity necessary tosurvival
Controls emotionThe brain makes us
conscious, emotional, and intelligent
7/27/2019 Brain Cancer.pptx
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Brain CancerDisease in the brain in which cancer cells (tumor)
arise in the brain tissue
Inherently serious and life-threatening because of its invasive and infiltrative characterin the limited space of the intracranial cavity
Two types: primary and secondary (metastatic)
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Early detection of a brain tumor is
difficult because..
The brain is well protected by the skull
Brain tumor can only be seen when diagnostictools are directed at the intracranial cavity
Detection occurs only in advanced stages when thepresence of the tumor has caused unexplainedsymptoms
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The most common primary braintumors are:
• Gliomas (50.3%)
• Meningiomas (20.9%)
• Pituitary adenomas (15%)
• Nerve sheath tumors (8%)
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NCI grading of brain tumors
• Grade I: The tissue is benign. The cells look nearly like normal brain cells, and they grow slowly.
• Grade II: The tissue is malignant. The cells look lesslike normal cells than do the cells in a grade I tumor.
• Grade III: The malignant tissue has cells that look very different from normal cells. The abnormal cells
are actively growing and have a distinctly abnormalappearance (anaplastic).
• Grade IV: The malignant tissue has cells that look most abnormal and tend to grow quickly.
7/27/2019 Brain Cancer.pptx
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Brain tumors are named accdg to..
Cell type and grade because they seldom spreadto other organs ; eg. grade III (anaplastic)
glioma
As opposed to other types of cancer that arenamed accdg to location and spread; eg. Stage4 lung cancer
7/27/2019 Brain Cancer.pptx
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Causes of brain cancerRisk factors
Modifiable
Persons working in oil refinery, handlers of jet
fuel or chemicals like benzene, chemists,embalmers, or rubber-industry workers
Non-modifiable
Genetics (heredity)
7/27/2019 Brain Cancer.pptx
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Signs and Symptoms (3 categories)
Category 1:
Consequences of intracranial hypertension
Headaches Vomiting (sometimes without nausea)
Altered LOC (somnolence, coma)
Dilation of the pupil on the side of the lesion(anisocuria)
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Category 2:
Damage to surrounding brain tissuesleading to cognitive and/or behavioralchanges
Impaired judgment, memory loss, lack of recognition, spatial orientation disorders
Personality or emotional changes
Hemiparesis, visual field impairment, impairedsense of smell, impaired hearing, facial paralysis
7/27/2019 Brain Cancer.pptx
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Category 3:
Irritation
Abnormal fatigue, weariness
TremorsEpileptic seizures
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Diagnosis of brain cancerMedical history
Physical examination
Diagnostic tools
CT scan(computerized tomography) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Biopsy
Other tests (white blood cell
counts, electrolytes, or examination of cerebrospinal fluid)
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Treatment for brain cancer• Should be individualized
Surgery Removal of the tumor cells by cutting the tumoraway from normal brain tissue
Radiation therapy
Destruction of tumor cells by using high-energy radiation focused onto the tumor affecting thetumor cells' ability to function and replicate
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Chemotherapy Attempts to destroy tumor cells using chemicals
(drugs) that are designed to destroy specifictypes of cancer cell
Eg. Bevacizumab (Avastin)- drug approvedfor treatment of glioblastomas
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Side effects of treatments
• Surgical side effects
Damage to normal brain tissue, brain swelling,and seizures
• Chemotherapy side effectsNausea, vomiting, hair loss, loss of energy,immunocompromised
•
Radiation side effectsReddish and darkened skin, hair loss
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Nursing Interventions(Chemotherapy)
Prevent Infection
Check V/S q 4h
Report fever (<38.3C) for longer than 1 hour
Pt should be in a private room
Do not expose pt to people with recent infection
Avoid rectal or vaginal procedures
Instruct pt to use electric razor Avoid fresh fruits, raw meat, fish and vegetables
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Maintain tissue integrity
Discuss potential hair loss and regrowth with pt
and family Prevent trauma to scalp with Vit A and D
ointment to decrease itching
Begin to wear wig before hair loss
Prevent skin breakdown (do not apply anythingto it unless prescribed by the physician)
Nursing Interventions (Radiation therapy)
7/27/2019 Brain Cancer.pptx
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Provide Safety
• Institute seizure precautions
• Assess increased ICP
• Assess LOC of client
• Assess any damage to any part of the brain which will be manifested by specific altered body
functions
Nursing Interventions (Surgery)