Biomass to ElectricityBiomass to Electricity · Biomass Energy – Some Rules of Thumb • 1 MW...
Transcript of Biomass to ElectricityBiomass to Electricity · Biomass Energy – Some Rules of Thumb • 1 MW...
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Yreka, October 21 2010
Biomass to ElectricityBiomass to Electricity
Gareth J MayheadUniversity of California BerkeleyIn partnership with:USDA Forest Service Region 5
Woody Biomass Utilization
USDA Forest Service Region 5
http://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Biomass Energy – Some Rules of Thumb
• 1 MW (1,000 kW) is enough power for 800 to
• Typical “burn rate” is 1 BDT/MW hr.g p
1,000 homes.• Biomass fuel is
p rchased on a Bone Dr
• 10MW plant consumes 10 BDT/hr.
• Assuming that 12 BDT/acpurchased on a Bone Dry Ton (BDT) basis.
• Typical amount of
Assuming that 12 BDT/ac is recovered, a 10 MW plant would procure biomass from fuelsyp
biomass recovered during fuels treatment is 10 14BDT/acre
biomass from fuels treatment on approximately 7,000 acres/year10-14BDT/acre. acres/year.
Source: TSS Consultants
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Advantages of Biomass Compared to Other Renewables
• Provides baseload renewable energy (24/7) on a cost effective basison a cost effective basis.
• Has numerous societal benefits:- Supports hazardous fuels reduction and healthy forests- Supports hazardous fuels reduction and healthy forests- Provides employment ~4.9 jobs/MW (NREL)- Reduces waste material destined for landfills- Net improvement in air quality- Greenhouse gas reduction displacing fossil fuels
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Conversion approach
BiomassResource
Transportation,Preparation and
HandlingTechnology
PlatformFuels/
Products
Forest & Bio-Diesel
Bio-Alcohols
AgriculturalResidues
MunicipalSolid Waste Biochemical
Thermochemical
ChemicalsDrugs
DirectCombustion
gMaterials
Electricity &Heat
Energy Crops
Source: TSS Consultants
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Biomass to electricity
Two main components:1 An energy conversion system that converts1. An energy conversion system that converts
biomass to useful steam, heat, or combustible gases
2. A prime mover (turbine, engine, etc.) that uses the steam heat or combustible gas to producethe steam, heat, or combustible gas to produce power
Note: Cogeneration or CHP is when you use the heat also
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Typical industrial system
Direct combustion to produce steam to run turbine generators
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomassSource: TSS Consultants
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US biomass power plants• 5-110MW (average 20MW)• Installed cost $2000-$3500 per kWInstalled cost $2000 $3500 per kW• Most are combustion / steam turbine• Most are grate stokersMost are grate stokers• Smaller units cost more• Advanced technologies cost more• Advanced technologies cost more
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Typical biomass power plant (20 MW)• 20 MW plant provides electricity to 15-20,000
homes• New plant construction cost = $60-$80 million • Processes ~160,000-200,000 tons/yr , , y
(1BDT/MW/hour burn rate)• Biomass transported up to 50 milesp p• Delivered biomass valued at $15– 60/BDT• Average production cost ~ $0.07 - $0.10/kWhg p $ $• Current PPA prices in CA $0.11/kWh+
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Biomass to electricity in California
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• ~ 32 plants in CA• 600MW capacity• ~ 600MW capacity• ~ 25% are CHP
3 50MW i• 3-50MW size• Most facilities of
any stateany state
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Biomass Combustion Concerns
• Availability and cost of fuel
E i i• Emissions
• Higher maintenance compared to other fuel typesother fuel types– Inorganic (ash) transformations lead to
fouling of combustion chamber surfaces and slag formation on bottomg
– Increased corrosion from acidic gases
• Maintenance issues can lead to d d it d ffi ireduced capacity and efficiency
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Power Plant EfficiencyHeat Rate EfficiencyHeat Rate (Btu/kWh)
Efficiency (%)
Natural gas combined- 7 500 45 5Natural gas combined-cycle
7,500 45.5
Coal-fired steam/electricity 10 000 34 1Coal fired steam/electricity 10,000 34.1
Biomass-fired 15,000 22.7Biomass fired steam/electricity
15,000 22.7
Biomass-fired, combined 8,500 70.0,heat and power (co-gen)
,
Source: John Shelly
Woody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
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Criteria for success
• Fuel supply• Grid interconnection and electricity sale• Grid interconnection and electricity sale• Financing
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Potential CustomersRegulated utility (eg PG&E SCE etc)• Regulated utility (eg PG&E, SCE etc)
• Unregulated utility – Munis (eg SMUD), PUD’sF t d t f t i f ilit (• Forest products manufacturing facility (eg sawmill, veneer mill, pellet mill)Agricultural processing (eg dairy)• Agricultural processing (eg dairy)
• Oilfields Oth• Others
• Customers for heat need to be local• Customers for electricity can be anywhere on the
idWoody Biomass Utilizationhttp://ucanr.org/WoodyBiomass
grid
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The Future of Biomass Power Plants Depends on
– Biomass utilization policiesRelative price of natural gas and electricity
Depends on …
– Relative price of natural gas and electricity– Environmental issues
• Emissions – particulates, CO2p 2
• Carbon accounting -- does biomass CO2 have a zero emission impact?
– Societal value placed on biomass disposal/use– Societal value placed on biomass disposal/use (e.g. reducing wildfire hazards)
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• Questions…
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