Biology EOC Key Concepts

7/30/2019 Biology EOC Key Concepts

1/25

KeyConceptsforBiologyEOC

1-ExperimentalDesign:

Whenscientistsdesignacontrolledexperiment,onefactorcanchangeatatime TheIndependentFactoristhefactorbecauseitsthetestedfactorandit

mightaffecttheoutcomeoftheexperiment

ReadingChartsandGraphs: Themetricsystemusesunitswithdivisionsthatarepowersoften TheSI(InternationalSystemofUnits)willmostoftenusemeterforlength,gramfor

mass,literforvolume,andsecondtomeasuretime

BiogeochemicalCycles:WaterandCarbon:

2-TrophicLevels:

Eachstepinafoodchainorfoodweb


2/25


3/25


MassExtinction: Isaneventinwhichalargepercentageofalllivingspeciesbecomeextinct

inarelativelyshortperiodoftime

5-RenewableandNon-RenewableResources: Renewable- the resources that are replacedbynatural;processes faster

thantheyareconsumed

Non-Renewable-resourcesthatarefoundonEarthinlimitedamountorthatarereplacedbynaturalprocessesoverextremelylongperiodsoftime

5-Clearcuttingrainforest:

TheremovalofsomuchnaturalforestwillcausemanyspeciesonEarthtobecomeextinctasaresultofhabitatloss

5-ClimateChange:

Edgeeffectsarewhendifferentenvironmentalconditionsthatoccuralongtheboundariesofanecosystem

Typically,thetemperatureandwindwillbehigherandthehumiditylowersontheedgeinatropicalforest

5-CoalPollution:

1. Istheleadingcauseofsmog,acidrain,andtoxicairpollution Causingchangestothecompositionofair,soil,andwater

5-WindTurbines:

2. Isadevicethatconvertskineticenergyfromthewind5-IntroducedSpecies:

3. Whennonnativespeciesthatareeitherintentionallyorunintentionallytransportedtoanewhabitat

Notatreattobiodiversityintheirnativehabitats Competitionoccurs

6-WaterAdhesion,Cohesion,DensitywhenFrozen,&SpecificHeat

4. Adhesion-isthetendencyofdissimilarparticlesorsurfacesclingingtooneanother5. Cohesion-referstothetendencyofsimilaroridenticalparticles/surfacestoclingto

oneanother

6. Whenwaterisfrozenitislessdense7. SpecificHeat-istheamountofheatrequiredtochangeaunitmassofasubstanceby

onedegreeintemperature

6-MacromoleculesProteins,Carbohydrates,&Fats

Proteins-isacompoundmadeofsmallcarboncompoundscalledaminoacids Carbohydrates-compoundscomposedofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygeninaratioof

oneoxygenandtwohydrogenatomsforeachcarbonatom


4/25


Lipids-aremoleculesmademostlyofcarbonandhydrogenthatmakeupthefats,oils,andwaxes

6-CholesterolHydrophobicandHydrophilic:

Hydrophobic-meanstheydonotdissolveinwater Hydrophilic-Capableofhydrogenbonding

6-Enzymes,Processes,andproducts:

Enzymes-arethebiologicalcatalyststhatspeeduptherateofchemicalreactionsinbiologicalprocesses

Processes-Arestepstoaresult Products-substancesformedduringreaction

7-Prokaryotesvs.Eukaryotes:

ProkaryoticCells-arecellswithoutanucleusorothermembraneboundorganelles EukaryoticCells-containanucleusandotherorganellesthatareboundby

membranes


5/25


7-AnimalCellsvsPlant

Cells

7-TypesofMicroscopes:

CompoundLight-seriesofglasslensesandusesvisiblelighttoproduceamagnifiedimage

Electron-usesmagnetstoaimabeamofelectronsatthingslicesofcells

7-CellTheory:1. Alllivingorganismsarecomposedofoneormorecells.2. Cellsarethebasicunitofstructureandorganizationofalllivingorganisms.

7-CellStructure:


6/25


3. Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of theirgeneticmaterialontotheirdaughtercells.

7-CellMembrane-PhospholipidBilayer:

1. Whentwolayersofphospholipidsarearrangedtailtotail7-EndoplasmicReticulum-SmoothandRough:2. Smooth-Performsimportantfunctionsforthecell3. Rough-Produceproteinsandexportittothecells

7-OsmosisandDiffusion:

1. Osmosis-thediffusionofwateracrossaselectivelypermeablemembrane2. Diffusion-isthenetmovementofparticlesfromanareawheretherearemany

particlesofthesubstancetoanareawheretherearefewerparticlesofthe

substance

7-PassiveandActiveTransport:

1. Passive-movementsubstancesacrossmembranes1. Active-themovementofsubstancesacrosstheplasmamembraneagainsta

concentrationsgradientrequiringenergy

8-PhotosynthesisandCellularRespiration:

2. Photosynthesis-istheanabolicpathwayinwhichlightenergyfromtheSunisconvertedtochemicalenergyforuseofthecell

3. CellularRespiration-isthecatabolicpathwayinwhichorganicmoleculesarebrokendowntoreleaseenergyforusebycell

8-StagesofCellularRespiration:


7/25


8-GlucoseMolecule:

1. Isasimplemonosaccharidesugar

8-ATP:

2. isthemostimportantbiologicalmoleculethatprovideschemicalenergy

8-MusclesandLacticAcidformation:

9-DiploidandHaploid:3. DiploidCells-twocompletesetsofchromosomes4. HaploidCells-onecompletesetofchromosomes


8/25


9-CancerCells:1. Istheuncontrolledgrowthanddivisionofcells

9&10-MitosisandMeiosisStages:


9/25


10-MendelianGenetics:

2. Mendelianexplainedhowadominantallelecanmaskthepresenceofarecessiveallele

10-PunnettSquareCrosses:

3. Predictthepossibleoffspringofacrossbetweentwoknowngenotypes10-Di-hybridCrosses:

4. Whenfourtypesofallelesfrommalegametesandfourtypesofallelesfromfemalegametescanbeproduced

10-SexualandAsexualReproduction:

5. Sexual-Whenbothchromosomesarepasseddownfromtheparents6. Asexual-whenanorganisminheritsallofthesingleparentschromosomes

11-SexLinkedPunnettSquares:

11-Pedigrees:

1. Adiagramthattracesthe inheritanceofaparticulartraitthroughseveral generations

11-Hemophilia:

2. Recessivesexlinkeddisorder3. Characterizedbydelayedclottingoftheblood

11-GeneticDisorders:1. CysticFibrosis-thegenethatcodesamembraneproteinisdefective2. Albinism-genesdonotproducenormalamountsofpigmentmelanin3. Galactosemia-Absenceofthegenethatcodesfortheenzymethatbreaksdown

galactose

4. Tay-Sachdisease-absenceofanecessaryenzymethatbreaksdownfattysubstances


10/25


11-FruitFlies:1. Contains75%ofthegenesthatcausediseasewithhumans

11-Polydactylism:

2. Whenapersonhasmorethanfivefingersorfivetoes11-PKU:

3. isarareconditioninwhichababyisbornwithouttheabilitytoproperlybreakdownanaminoacidcalledphenylalanine.

12-DNAStructure:

4. containsugardeoxyribose,aphosphate,andoneoffournitrogenousbases:adenine,guanine,cytosine,orthymine

5. looksliketwistedladder

12-DNACoding:1. 20differentcodes2. usedtorecognizedthewayDNAvariedamongorganismswithintheirsequenceof

bases

12-TranslationandTranscription:

1. Translation-wherethecodeisreadandtranslatedtomakeaproteinthroughaprocess

2. Transcription-thefirststepofthecentraldogmainvolvingthesynthesisofmRNAfromDNAinaprocess

12-DNAReplication:1. WheneukaryoticDNAunwindsinmultipleareaasDNAisreplicated2. Inprokaryotes,thecircularDNAstrandisopenedatoneoriginofreplication3. ProkaryoticDNAistypicallyshorterthaneukaryoticDNAandremainsincytoplasm,

andnotpackedinnucleus

13-PlasmidsandBacterialDNA:

1. Plasmids-smallcircular,doublestrandedDNAmoleculesthatoccurnaturallyinbacteriaandyeastcells

2. BacterialDNA-Anucleicacidthatcarriesthegeneticinformationinthecellandiscapableofself-replicationandsynthesisofRNA

13-HumanGenomeProject:1. Wasaninternationalprojectthatwasin20032. Agenomeisthecompletegeneticinfoinacell3. Thegoalofitwastodeterminethesequenceofthe3billionnucleotidesthatmake

uphumanDNAandtoidentifyallofthehumangenes

14-UreyMillerExperiment:


11/25


wasanexperimentthatsimulatedtheconditionsthoughtatthetimetobepresentontheearlyEarth,andtestedfortheoccurrenceofchemicaloriginsoflife

OrganicmoleculescouldbeproducedfromgasesproposedtohavemadeuptheatmosphereofearlyEarth

14-RadioactiveDating:

Isatechniqueusedtodatematerialssuchasrocks

14-LouisPasteur:

FounderofMedicalBiology Discoveredvaccines ProvedtheSpontaneousTheorytobewrong Discoveredthemethodofpreservingfoodbymeansofpasteurization

14-Endosymbionttheory:

Theancestorsofeukaryoticcellslivedinassociationwithprokaryoticcells

14-MitochondriaandBacteriaSimilarities:

15-Evolution:

Todefinecumulativechangeingroupsoforganismsthroughtime Theoryofevolutionisbasedonnaturalselection Conceptofgradualchangeovertime


12/25


15-NaturalSelection:

Whencompetitorsstruggleforexistenceandsurvivebetterthanothers

15-GeneticDrift:

alongwithnaturalselection,mutation,andmigrationisoneofthebasicmechanismsofevolution.

Anychangeintheallelefrequenciesinapopulationthatresultsfromchance

15-Speciation:

Whenapopulationmustdivergeandbereproductivelyisolated AllopatricSpeciation-aphysicalbarrierdividesonepopulationintotwoor

morepopulations

SympatricSpeciation-whenaspeciesevolvesintoanewspecieswithoutaphysicalbarrier

15-Extinction:

Whentheentirespeciespermanentlydisappearfromthebiospherewhenthelastmemberofthespeciesdies

15-PepperedMoth:

DirectionalSelectionoccurred Whenanextremeversionofatraitmakesanorganismmorefit

Happenedbecauseindustrialpopulationfavoringthedarkcoloredonemakingthelightcoloronesnotbearound


13/25


16-SkullAnalysisforSpeciesIdentification:

Primatesshareseveralbehavioralandbiologicalcharacteristics,whichindicatedthattheyevolvedfromacommonancestor

16-PrimateEvolutionandSkullsandProgression:

PrimateEvolution: Mostprimatestodayhavetraitsthathavehelpedthemsurvivethatpastenvironmentstheyvelivedthrough

1. ArborealAdaptation-whenprimatesevolvedfromgrounddwellinganimalsthatsearchedforfoodinthebranchesofforestshrubbery

2. PrimateAncestors-theyrelatebacktowhatalotofspeciesareevolvedtotoday

3. DivergingPrimates-thisiswhenprimatesspreadoutamongsttheworld

4. Displacement-thisiswhenprimatesareputintoasituationwheretheycannotwithstandliving

5. Monkeys-arewhatwesoonevolvedfrom6. JourneytoSouthAmerica-wherethemonkeysmigratedwheresea

levelswereloweranditwasmoresustainabletolive7. Aegyptopithecus-thiswasthemonkeythatwasthesizeofabouta

catthatisnowextinct

SkullswithProgression

17-ClassificationK.P.C.O.F.G.S.:


14/25


17-SixKingdomsofLife:


15/25


17-Cladograms: Isabrandingdiagramthatrepresentstheproposedphylogenyorevolutionary

historyofaspeciesorgroup

18-BacteriaReproductionBinaryFission:

21-GymnospermsandAngiosperms:


16/25


22-PlantStructure:

22-XylemandPhloem:

Xylem-isthewatercarryingvasculartissuecomposedofspecializedcellscalledvesselelementsandtracheids

Phloem-mainfoodcarryingtissue

22-Meristems-PrimaryandSecondaryGrowth


17/25


22-RootsandRootHairs:

Therootisthefirststructuretogrowoutoftheseefwhenitsprouts Roothairs-Athinhairlikeoutgrowthofanepidermalcellofaplantrootthat

absorbswaterandmineralsfromthesoil

22-LeafStructure:

23-PlantReproduction:

Dependsontheplantspecies


18/25


23-FlowerPartsandReproduction:

23-FruitFunctions:EudicotandMonocot:


19/25


24-ReproductiveStrategiesforWaterCreatures:1. Hermaphrodites-whichproducebotheggsandsperminthesameanimalbody2. InternalFertilization-occurswhenthespermandeggcombineinsidetheanimals

body

3. ExternalFertilization-occurswhenegsandspermcombineoutsidetheanimalsbody

4. Asexual-producingoffspringswiththemgeneticallyidenticaltoparent

24-SpongesandFeatures

Notissues Noorgans Nosymmetry BodyStructure:Twolayerofindependentcellswithajellylikesubstancebetween

thelayersaccomplishallofthelifefunctionofsponges

Feeding:Filterssmallparticlesfromwateranddigestsbywatercomingthrough SpongeDiversity

1. Demospongiae-composedofspongingfibers,silica2. Calarea-consistsofcalciumcarbohydrate3. Hexactinellida-glassones

Reproduction:Byfragmentationofaspongethatisbrokenoffbyanotherone

24-CnidariansandFeatures

Arejellyfishandseaanemone BodyStructure:haveonebodyopeingandtwolayersofcells Feeding:containacapsulethatholdsacoiledtubethatcontainspoisonandbarbs

makingiteasyforpreywhentheyentermembraneanddigestedmaterialisgone

throughthemouth

Bignervoussystem


20/25


Reproduction:theyreleaseeggsintowaterwherespermiswherethefertilizationoccurs

Diversity:1. Hydroids2. JellyFish3. SeaAnemone4. Corals

25-Mollusks:

27-Chordates:

29-Birds:

Have feathers Lightbones Haveendothermtokeepwarm


21/25


Preenglandsecretesoilsthataddswaterproofcoatingtofeathers Airsacshelpthembreathebetter Eatlargeamounts Incubateafterhatching

30-Mammals: Glandsformilkforwhenyoungisborn Hairisusedformanythingssuchasheat,camouflage,senses,andwaterproofing,

signaling,anddefense

Theyfeedoffalotofthings Digestivesystemdependingonmammal Teetharewhatassumehowhardwhatevertheyeatisbeingdigested Havetokeepupwithownheat Reproducethroughsexualintercourse Diversity

33-PartsoftheBrainandNervousSystem:


22/25


34-BloodFunctions:


23/25


34-RespiratorySystem:

35-Hormones:

Isasubstancethatactsoncertaintargetcellsandtissuestoproduceaspecificresponse

Steroid-Affectthehumanreproductivesystem(estrogenandtestosterone)

AminoAcid-mustbindtoreceptorsfoundontheplasmamembrancewhichconcludestoadesiredresponse

36-HumanReproduction:

Male-


24/25


Female-

36-Embryology:

isthescienceofthedevelopmentofanembryofromthefertilizationoftheovumtothefetusstage

36-Gestation:

isthecarryingofanembryoorfetusinsideafemaleviviparousanimal

36-AmnioticFluid:

protectsandcushionsembryo

37-ImmuneSystem: Infectiousdisease-isadiseasecausedbypathogensbeingreleasedfromone

organismtoanother


25/25


Biology EOC Key Concepts

Documents

Transcript of Biology EOC Key Concepts