Getting Ready for EOC!!!

Objective 2

Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body

Systems

Objective 1: The nature of science

Lab Safety and Equipment

Measurement

Representing Data

Lab Safety and Equipment

Scientific Method:

1. Observation

2. Research

3. Hypothesis

4. Prediction

5. Experiment

6. Conclusion

Lab Safety Rules

1. Read, understand and follow all safety instructions.

2. Follow directions and only use equipment that you need.

3. Locate safety equipment.

4. Pour acid to water, not water to acid.

5. Use water to wash chemicals off eyes and skin.

6. Keep correct spatula/stopper with the right container.

7. Report accidents, spills, broken glass to teacher.

8. No eating, drinking or directly smelling chemicals.

9. Keep hair and clothing away from fire.

10. Point test tubes away from yourself and others.

Equipment

Match the equipment to its correct description.

1. C

2. D

3. E

4. F

5. H

6. B

7. J/I

8. K

9. L

10. M

11. N

12. A

13. G

Measurement

Accuracy: how close you can get to the

correct (true) value.

Precision: how consistent you can get the

original value, known as repeatability.Measurement SI Unit Tools

Volume Liters(L) Graduate Cylinder

Length Meters (m) Ruler/Meter Stick

Force Newton’s (N) Spring scale

Temperature Celsius (°C) Thermometer

Mass Gram (g) Balance

Levels of Organization

• Atom• Molecule• Organelle• Cell• Tissue• Organ• System• Organism

Chloroplasts

Central

Vacuole

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Lysosomes

Cell Membrane

Cyotplasm

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

How do things go in and out of the cell?

Diffusion

Molecules move from

areas of high

concentration to an areas

of less concentration.

i.e. from where there are a

lot of them to where there

are none…

Ex. Mom is mopping in

the kitchen and you can

smell it in your room…the

Pine Sol molecules have

diffused across the house!

Osmosis:

Another way a cell maintains homeostasis

Water moving in and out of

cells…

Hyper”skinny”tonic Solution

More water in cell than out

Cell Shrinks

Hypo”hippo” tonic Solution

More water outside cell than in

cell swells and blows up

Isotonic Solution

Equal amounts of water in and

out of cell Cell is Happy

Moving the Big Stuff!!

Large molecules are more difficult to get

passed the “Bouncer AKA cell membrane”

Passive Transport

“easy” no energy

Moving the Big Stuff

Some molecules are still too big!! “Bouncer Needs Some Help”

Active TransportNot so easy

Need Energy ATP!!

Cell Cycle: Cells Have to Reproduce

Organisms must:

Grow

Repair

Reproduce

Eukaryotes…

More complicated!!

Prokaryotes

(Binary Fission…simple!!)

Photosynthesis:

Energy from the Sun

Cellular Respiration:

Energy from food!!

ENERGY: Monster Drink for Cells

Light

Water

Macromolecules

Nucleic Acids

Genetic Info

Proteins

Structure and Enzymes

Carbohydrates

Source of Energy

Lipids

Storage of Energy

Nucleic Acids

DNA

Double Stranded

Composed of

nucleotides:

Deoxyribose Sugar

Phosphate

Nitrogen Bases

• A-T G- C

Is the “Blueprint for the

building”

RNA

Single Stranded

Composed of

nucleotides

Ribose Sugar

Phosphate

Nitrogen Bases

• A-U, G-C

Is the “Construction

Worker who builds

Proteins”

Replication:

Copying DNADNA Cells Copy DNA before they divide

Occurs in nucleus

A=T, G=C (visa/versa)

Sometimes mistakes occur

Mutations:

Changes in DNA

Transcription:

From DNAmRNA

Uses DNA info to make mRNA

Occurs in Nucleus

No T in mRNA only U

A=U

T=A

G=C

C=G

Mistakes in replication are carried on through transcription!!

Translation: The Finale

mRNA Protein

Occurs in Cytoplasm

Players:

Ribosomes

Amino Acids

mRNA

Protein

Mutations during replication and transcription make wacked out proteins that may not work well!!

Wanna know how to make a protein?

Okay Solve the Puzzle

Find the protein:

-AUG CCA UUA

Met – Pro – Leu

-AUG GGU UCA

Met – Gly – Ser

-AUG ACU UUU

Met – Thr – Phe

Genetics

DNA makes up Genes

There are two parts to every gene called Alleles

Each allele is either:

Dominant: Expressed (Capital Letter T)

Recessive: Not Expressed (lower-case letter t)

If both alleles are dominant then the gene is

Homozygous dominant (TT)

If both alleles are recessive then the gene is

Homozygous recessive (tt)

If one is dominant and the other is recessive then its

Heterozygous (Tt)

Genetics

Genotype

That Gene stuff again ex. TT, Tt, tt

Phenotype

What it looks like Tall, Short…big nose…little

nose

You get the idea!!!

Examples of Monohybrid Crosses

The P generation pea plants consist of TT tall plants and tt- short plants. Tall is dominant over short. Cross a tall plant and a short plant

Genotype Ratio:

4Tt

Phenotype Ratio:

4 Tall Plants

Probabilities:Being Tall: 4 out of 4

Being Short: 0 out of 4

Cross: TT X tt

T T

t

t

T t T t

T t T t

Examples of Monohybrid Crosses

Cross two F1 generation plants Our last cross only

produced one genotype Tt

Genotype Ratio:

1 TT: 2Tt: 1tt

Phenotype Ratio:

3 Tall Plants: 1 Short

Probabilities:Being Tall: 3 out of 4

Being Short: 1 out of 4

Cross: Tt X Tt

T t

T

t

T T T t

T t t t

Levels of Organization

• Atom• Molecule• Organelle• Cell• Tissue• Organ• System• Organism

Human Body Systems

Circulatory System

Major Structures

heart, blood

vessels, blood,

lymph

Functions

transports

nutrients, wastes,

hormones, and

gases

Digestive System

Major Structures

mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach,liver, pancreas, small and large intestines

Functions

extracts and absorbs nutrients from food;

Immune System

Major Structures

white blood cells, lymph

nodes and vessels, skin

Functions

defends against

pathogens and diseases

Stuff that makes you

Sick!!!

Integumentary System

Major Structures

skin, nails, hair

Functions

protects against injury,

infection, and fluid loss;

helps regulate body

temperature

Muscular System

Major Structures

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues

Functions

moves limbs and trunk; moves substancesthrough body; provides structure and support

Nervous System

Major Structures

brain, spinal cord,

Functions

Regulates behavior;

maintains homeostasis;

Respiratory System

Major Structures

lungs, nose, mouth,

trachea

Functions

moves air into and out of

lungs; controls gas

exchange between blood

and lungs

Skeletal System

Major Structures

bones and joints

Functions

protects and supports the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Endocrine System

Major Structures

hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, pineal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries

Functions

regulates bodytemperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems

Taxonomy:

Classifying and Organizing

Eight Levels

1. Domain - Broadest level DID

2. KINGDOM - KING

3. PHYLUM - PHILLIP

4. CLASS - COME

5. ORDER - OVER

6. FAMILY - FOR

7. GENERA - GOOD

8. SPECIES - most specific SPAGETTI

- Species can interbreed and produce

offspring

Classifications

There are only 2 Domains:Prokayota - All Bacteria

Eurkaryota - Everything Else

There are 6 KingdomsArchaebacteria & Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Cell Membranes

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Animals

Plants

Fungi

Eukaryotes

Protists:

Uni/Multicellular

Autotro/Heterotrophs

Membrane-bound

organelles

Prokaryotes:

Bacteria

Cell Wall

Unicellular Only

Auto/heterotrophs

Eukaryotes

Cell Wall

Autotrophs

Membrane-

Bound

Organelles

Eurkaryotes

Heterotrophs

Membrane-

Bound

organelles

Eukaryotes

Cell Wall

Heterotrophs

Membrane-bound

Organelles

Multi/Unicellular

DNA/

RNA

•I can not

reproduce

on my own

•I’m Non-living

•I’m just a

Little “Robot”

•I cause HIV,

Influenza,

Small Pox

Bacteria vs. Viruses:

Living vs. Non-Living

•I can reproduce

though Binary

Fission

•I’m Alive

•I have all this

Cool cell stuff

Inside!!

•I cause strep,

Staph, E. coli,

Diptheria…Yuck!

Killer T-cells (really big

White blood cells) are

Our arch-enemies!!

Virus…”How it’s All Done”

Attaches Injects Viral

DNA

Forces cell to

build virus parts

Oooh..it’s crowded in here!!

Virus explode

Out of cell

Evolution:

Change over Time

Fossil

Preserved or

mineralized remains or

imprint of organism that

lived long ago

How do we know evolution has occurred?

Homologous Structures

Structural features with a common evolutionary origin

Vestigial Structures

Body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.

Natural Selection:

Decent with Modification

Natural Selection

Organisms best adapted to

their environment will survive,

reproduce and pass on their

“super genes”!!

Ex. A strange mutation

occurs which makes a moth

white…well it snows. Who

survives best the white moth

or the black moth!!

Adaptations

Mimicry

A structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species

Copying…to stay alive!!

Camouflage

Adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings

Animals INCOGNITO!!

Adaptations:

Those Pesky Bacteria Again

Bacteria have this funny way of repelling all of our modern antibiotics and antibacterial chemicals

Because they reproduce so rapidly new mutations occur often

These new mutations often lead to RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS OR ANTIBACTERIALS!!!

Extinctions: Organisms go Bye-Bye!

Extinction

One species goes BYE BYE!!

Mass Extinction

Many species go BYE BYE!!

•Ecology

•Begins with the SUN

•Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2

Energy Transfer

ProducersAutotrophs

Gather energy from the sun (Photosynthesis)

Have the most energy!!

ConsumersHeterotrophs

Have to consume (eat) other organisms in order to survive

Energy Pyramid

Tertiary Consumer

.1% Energy

Smallest Biomass

Secondary Consumer

1% Energy

Even Smaller Biomass

Primary Consumer

10% Energy

Smaller Biomass

Producers

100% Energy

Large Biomass

Food Web:

Arrows point to where the energy is flowing

Draw as many food chains as possible!!

Food Web

Arrows point to

Where energy is flowing!!

Water Cycle

Levels of Organization

• Atom• Molecule• Organelle• Cell• Tissue• Organ• System• Organism

Living or Not

Biotic

Living

Fungus

Abiotic

Not Living

Virus

Ecosystems

Organism

• An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops

Ecosystem

Population

A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.

Ecosystem

Habitat is the place a

plant or animal lives

It’s home!!

Niche is an organism’s

total way of life

Kinda…like its day job!!

Symbiosis

Interactions between species can become

so intimate that one or both become

dependent on the otherPARASTISM

COMMENSALISM

MUTALISM

Parasitism

One species

benefits at the

expense of the

other.

Ex. Leech sucking

your blood!!!

Commensalism

One species

benefits while the

other is unaffected

Ex. Epiphytes are

plants that grow on

trees. They do not

harm or help the

trees that live on.

Mutualism

Both species benefit

Ex. Insects and birds often eat the nectar made by flowers and while doing so they will get pollen attached to their feet. When they fly away they spread the pollen onto nearby flowers which aides in the reproduction of the plant.

Predation

Organisms eating

other organisms

Ouch..that’s gotta

sting a little!!

Parts of the Plant

Roots

water and minerals are

absorbed (taproots vs

fibrous roots)

Leaves

Photosynthetic organ of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food

Stomata: pores within

the leaf that open to let

CO2 in and O2 out.

Guard cells open and

close.

Cuticle: waxy covering

on leaf that prevents

water loss