BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY3º DE E.S.O.

Chapter 1:

The organisation of the human body

What is a cell?

1. INTRODUCTION: LEVELS OF ORGANISATION

Definition of CellA cell is the smallest unit that is

capable of performing life functions.

http://www.edistribucion.es/anayaeducacion/8420042/SC1_UNI3/unit_03_video_02.html

Which are the life functions?

The three vital functions are

Nutrition: living things obtain matter and energy in order to survive

Interaction: living things are able to sense changes in their environment and react in

order to survive

Reproduction: living things produce descendants that maintain their

characteristics

Cell Theory

All living things are made up of cells.

Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.

All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Examples of Cells

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

Cells may have the DNA

Eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells

in the cytoplasm inside a nucleusor

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KQbVr9kFO0&feature=related

Enjoy travelling inside a cell.¿Is it eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KQbVr9kFO0&feature=related

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68_0JLZzlR0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

Prokaryotic cells

Some of them have an autotrophic nutrition,

other have an heterotrophic nutrition

DNA in the cytoplasm

Plasmatic membrane and cellular wall

They don´t have organelles except

ribosomes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXVG-DwOtKU

They may use either a flagellum or many

cilia to move

Prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria 

Eukaryotic cells

Some of them have an autotrophic nutrition,

other have an heterotrophic nutrition

DNA in the nucleus

They have a great variety of organelles in

the cytoplasm (vacuoles,

mitochondria, ribosomes,…)

Eukaryotes include the domain Eukariote with four kindoms: plants, animals, fungi, protista

Typical Animal Cell

Typical Plant Cell

Which type of cells make up your body?

2. HUMAN CELL

Animal Cell Parts:2.1 CELL MEMBRANE

2.2 NUCLEUS2.3 CYTOPLASM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4L_QO4WKtM

2.1 Surrounding the Cell: Cell Membrane

• Structure: very thin double layer that covers the cell

• Function: controls which substances go in and out

2.2 Nucleus

Structure:

Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane

Contains genetic material – DNA

Holds the nucleolus

Function:

Controls the activities of the cell

Nuclear Membrane

• Surrounds nucleus

• Made of two layers

• Pores allow material to enter and leave nucleus

DNA

• Complex chemical substance in which genetic information is contained

Chromosomes

During cell division DNA is condenses in tiny packs called chromosomes

Chromatin

When nucleus is no dividing the DNA appears as tiny granules called chromatin

Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus

• Contains RNA to build proteins

2.3 Cytoplasm

• Structure:

Gel-like mixture which fill the cell

Surrounded by cell membrane

Contains organelles: mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmatic reticulum, Golgi body, membranous vesicle, lysosomes, cytoskeleton and centrioles

2. CELL ORGANELLES

Mitochondria

• Structure:

Double membrane.

• Function:

Cellular respiration

Ribosome

Structure:

• Each cell contains thousands

• Are composed of two sub-units

Function:

• Makes proteins

Endoplasmic ReticulumStructure:• Is formed by a series of

interconnected sacs and canals• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes• Rough type (pictured): ribosomes

embedded in surface

Function:• SER stores and moves materials

in the cell• RER +make proteins

Golgi Bodies

• Structure:

Membranous sacs, from which vesicles emerge

• Function:

Move materials within the cell

Move materials out of the cell

Membranous vesicle (vacuoles)

Structure• Small membranous

sacs. Traditionally, they were called vacuoles

Function• Stores nutrients and

waste substances

LysosomeStructure

• Small vesicles that are generated in the Golgi body

Function

• Celular digestion

Cytoskeleton

Structure

• Long and thin filaments which extend around the cytoplasm

Function

• Holds the organelles

• Gives shape to the cell

• Takes part in cellular movements

Centrioles

Structure• Two hollow cylinders

composed of filamentsFunction• Organize the separation

of chromosomes during cell division

• Take part in the formation of filaments (cilia and flagella)

2.4 CELL DIFFERNTATIONThe process that a cell

changes its shape and structure to carry out an specific function.

3. Human tissues

• Cells combine to form tissues• A tissue is a group of

cells organized to perform a specific function

Cells combine to form four primary tissues

Watch this video and answer the questions about the tissues

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKWTJ3_-1E8

EPHITHELIAL TISSUE

This tissue covers the external surface of body, forming the skin, and cavities and tracts such as the stomach and the intestines

MUSCLE TISSUE

This tissue contracts and relaxes moving the body

NERVE TISSUE

Nerve tissue is made up of neurons, which coordinate the functions of all the organs

CONECTIVE TISSUETheir function in the body is to connect and support.

There are five types of connective tissue: conjunctive tissue, cartilaginous tissue, adipose tissue, bone tissue and blood tissue.

Conjunctive tissue is a type of connective tissue which joins the other tissues together

CONJUNTIVE TISSUE

This is a type of connective tissue which forms part of the skeleton and provides support to the soft parts of the body.

CARTILAGINOUS TISSUE

This is a type of connective tissue which provides energy reserve and thermal insulation to the body

ADIPOSE OR FATTY TISSUE

Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue that provides support to the organism and protects the vital organs.

BONE TISSUE

Transports oxygen, nutrients, waste substances and carbon dioxide; regulates the temperature and defends our body from infections .

BLOOD TISSUE