ASSIGNMENT

Stages of dyeing

(FIBER, YARN, FABRIC & GARMENT)

Presented by

Kirti Tikyani and Eesha Rathore

B.Sc (H.Sc.) Sem I

Definition of dyeing

Dyeing is the process of coloring textile materials. This coloring can be done with the help of natural agents or synthetic agents.Dyeing is done with the help of dyes.A dye is technically defined as a compound that can be fixed on a substance in a more or less permanent state and that stimulates the visual sensation of a specific hue. They can be natural and synthetic and adds colors to the fibers.

Application of dyes

Machinery used to apply dye

Fiber dyeing

Kier dyeing

(Natural fiber

)

Dope

dyeingFor

man-

mades

Yarn dyeing

Fabric dyeing

Garment

dyeing

Skein dyeing

Package dyeing

Beam

Fiber dyeing•Kier DyeingKier is a large iron cylinder and before putting in this large cylinder, fibers are put in a small cylinder which is perforated and closed, so that it is easier to extract the fibers. Fibers get dyed without getting lost. Large iron cylinder is filled with dye solution.

•Dope DyeingDope is the filament solution in which dye is added and then it is extracted in form of filaments. Pigments are added to polymer before extrusion into fiber.

• Stock Dyeing Used to dye fibers. Total capacity is 500 kg. Fiber is dyed

inside of perforated tubes. Same machines can be used for package and beam dyeing. Large quantities of dyed fiber can be blended for color consistency.

Disadvantages of Fiber DyeingHigher level of wastage

Pavlov’s theory

He did the majority of his research on the physiology of digestion at the Institute of Experimental Medicine (1891-1900). He showed that the nervous system primarily controlled the digestive process, and this finding is the basis of modern physiology of digestion (Babkin, 1949).

Being a behaviorist, Pavlov studied reflexes, automatic behavior that is caused by a stimulus from the environment i.e. blinking eyes when a puff of air comes, which was the base of his theory.

The theory of Pavlov was tested in experiments conducted in a laboratory. He often used animals in his experiments. His most famous experiment is where he used dogs to demonstrate classical conditioning.

Conditioning and Pavlov

Pavlov's interest in conditioning began accidentally when he was investigating the digestion of dogs. He noticed that dogs restrained in an experimental chamber in his laboratory had a reflex response (an innate response) of salivation before they received their food. As part of his experiments, Pavlov devised an apparatus for measuring the amount of saliva secreted by a dog.

He noticed the dogs would start to salivate in anticipation whenever they saw food or anything they associated with food.

Why did Pavlov choose dogs for his experiments?

Pavlov believed the dogs were learning an "association" between the food and other stimuli that accompanied the food which led them to respond to the other stimuli with a response normally elicited by the food. They were becoming conditioned to respond to these other stimuli. He then wondered if the dog might also associate some completely different object or event with the food and begin to salivate in response to that.

Fascinated by this finding, Pavlov presented the food to his dogs and noticed their natural response of salivating. Then every time he gave them food, he rang a small bell, which was another stimulus. The dogs salivated whenever the food was presented and the bell rung.

After several trials where he presented the dogs with both of the stimuli together he then rang the bell without presenting the food. The dogs would salivate to the sound of the bell alone. They had become "conditioned" to expect food whenever they heard the sound of the bell. This is the most famous example of classical conditioning in which a reflex response becomes conditioned to another stimulus.

Basic concepts in his theory

•Unconditioned stimulus- is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. i.e. smell of your favorite food.•Unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus i.e. feeling of hunger in response to the smell of your favorite food.•Conditioned stimulus -is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response i.e. the sound of a whistle with the smell of your favorite food smell•Conditioned response - learned response to the previously neutral stimulus i.e. a hunger response to the sound of a whistle.

Classical Conditioning is a simple form of learning as it involves a single stimulus. The stimulus can be anything noticeable to the senses: sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. In this form of learning a child might learn to associate two stimuli that occur in sequence such as thunder follows lightning. It can be used in education and training.

Other concepts of conditioning Forward conditioning:. The onset of the CS precedes the onset of the US. Two common forms of forward conditioning are delay and trace conditioning.

Delay conditioning: The CS is presented and is overlapped by the presentation of the US.

Trace conditioning: The CS and US do not overlap. Instead, the CS is presented, a period of time is allowed to elapse during which no stimuli are presented, and then the US is presented. The stimulus-free period is called the trace interval or conditioning interval.

Simultaneous conditioning: The CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time.

Backward conditioning: It occurs when a conditional stimulus immediately follows an unconditional stimulus. Unlike traditional conditioning models, in which the conditional stimulus precedes the unconditional stimulus, the conditional response tends to be inhibitory. This is because the conditional stimulus serves as a signal that the unconditional stimulus has ended, rather than a reliable method of predicting the future occurrence of the unconditional stimulus.

Temporal conditioning: The US is presented at regularly timed intervals, and CR acquisition is dependent upon correct timing of the interval between US presentations. The background, or context, can serve as the CS in this example.

Unpaired conditioning: The CS and US are not presented together. Usually they are presented as independent trials that are separated by a variable, or pseudo-random, interval. This procedure is used to study non-associative behavioral responses, such as sensitization.

Criticism of Pavlovian theory •His work paved the way for a new, more objective method of studying behavior.•Pavlovian training has been used in many fields, with anti-phobia treatment. •The uses of the conditioned reflex techniques developed by Pavlov have become the major methods used in studying brain-behavior relationships in modern psychology.• His contributions were very important to the development of modern psychology.•Pavlov's research in the physiology of digestion led him to create a science of conditioned reflexes. In his study on the reflex regulation of the activity of the digestive glands.

•Pavlov's discovery of the conditioned reflex has been quite influential in the scientific community, particularly in Russia.•Critics likewise have acknowledged that Pavlov's failure to satisfactorily explain the true mechanism of the conditioned reflex represents a serious limitation.• Nevertheless, scholars have continued to see Pavlov as a pioneering figure in the study of physiology and have observed the tremendous influence his work with the conditioned reflex has exerted on the modern field of behavioral psychology.

My Experiences throughout the project

I have enjoyed studying Pavlov’s theory.I can now easily prepare similar projects.I can now keep my thoughts focused and concise.The project has improved my concentration and planning.I can now communicate academically with the audience.It has further helped me develop my creative, intellectual and computer skills.

Bibliography• http://www.psyonline.nl/hof/en-pavlov.htm : Pavlov’s theory• http://www.learning-theories.com/classical-conditioning-pavlov.html : Why Pavlov chose

dogs for his experiments?• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning : Types and stages of classical

conditioning• http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/pavlov-ivan-petrovich : Critics on

Pavlov’s theory• http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/ivanpavlov.html : Biography of Ivan Pavlov• Babkin, B.P. (1949). Pavlov: A Biography. Toronto, Canada: The University of Chicago Press.• Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S.E. (2004). A History of Modern Psychology. California

Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. pp. 273-282• http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A2KJke5t24VOdXUAe7GJzbkF?p=pavlov

%20classical%20conditioning&fr=sfp&ei=utf-8&n=30&x=wrt&fr2=sg-gac&sado=1

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