� Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov pioneered research

into a form of learning known as classical conditioning.

In classical conditioning, one stimulus causes a

response that is usually caused by another stimulus.

� Classical conditioning can help people adapt to the

environment and can help eliminate troubling fears or

other behaviors.

� Classical conditioning is a form of learning that involves

the use of a stimulus to generate a specific response.

� Conditioning is a type of learning that involves stimulus-response

connections.

� Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning in which one

stimulus calls forth the response that is usually called forth by

another stimulus.

Section 1: Classical Conditioning

• Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov used

dogs in his studies of classical

conditioning.

• He trained the dogs to associate the

sound of a bell with food.

• They learned that the sound of the

bell meant food was coming.

Pavlov’s Dogs

• Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus

that causes a response that is

automatic, not learned

• Unconditioned response: caused by

an unconditioned stimulus

• Conditioned response: a learned

response to a neutral stimulus

• Conditioned stimulus: a previously

neutral stimulus that causes a

conditioned response

Stimulus and Response

Taste Aversions

• Taste aversion: learned response

to a particular food

• One-trial learning

Spontaneous Recovery

• Spontaneous recovery:

Reappearance of an extinguished

conditioned response after some

time has passed

Extinction

• Extinction: Disappearance of

conditioned response when

unconditioned stimulus no longer

follows conditioned stimulus

Generalization and

Discrimination

• Generalization: The tendency to

respond in the same way to

stimuli that have similar

characteristics

• Discrimination: The act of

responding differently to stimuli

that are not similar to each other

Flooding and Systematic

Desensitization

• In flooding, a person is

exposed to the harmless

stimulus until fear responses

to that stimulus are

extinguished.

• With systematic

desensitization, people learn

relaxation techniques and

then, while they are relaxed,

they are gradually exposed to

the stimulus they fear.

Counterconditioning

• In counterconditioning, a

pleasant stimulus is paired

repeatedly with a fearful one,

counteracting the fear.