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BIODIESEL PROCESSING USING ULTRASOUND CLAMP ON TUBULAR
REACTOR FOR PALM OIL
LEONG BOON SOON
A thesis is submitted in
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Master of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
MAY 2014
ABSTRACT
Biodiesel is defines as monoalkyl fatty acid ester has represents a promising
alternative to be substituted as an alternative fuel for the use of diesel engines. The
catalyst used in this study was sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and reactant methanol to
obtain chemical compound called methyl esters which is known as biodiesel. The
approach of this research is to enhance the yield of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters,
(FAME). By using ultrasound clamp on tubular reactor, immiscible liquids of
vegetable oil and methanol is able to emulsify together in a short period of time
based on ultrasound clamp as compared to the conventional stirring method which
takes longer period of time to emulsify and to achieve the desired yield of FAME.
The use of ultrasonic energy will eventually cause the rapid movement of the mixture
molecule hence creating cavities where the liquids will breaks down and cavitation
bubbles is produced. Based on the previous research by Achrnad, 201 1, the optimum
result achieve was 98% conversion of esters by using jatropha oil at 5 minutes. The
production of biodiese1 using palm oil on ultrasound clamp on tubular reactor with
selected angle of 15", 25", 35" or 45" has been undergone. The obtained results for 1
minute of conversion was 94% ester using Visawit palm vegetable oil, methanol to
oil molar ratio 9:1, catalyst concentration 0.75 wt.% with the homogenization
temperature at 64.5 a C. The produced biodiesel from this technique has been referred
according to the ASTM D-675 1 and EN1 42 14.
ABSTRAK
Biodiesel ditakrifkan sebagai monoalkyl asid lemak ester adalah satu alternatif yang
berpotensi untuk digantikan sebagai bahan api alternatif untuk penggunaan enjin
diesel. Pemangkin yang digunakan pada penyelidikan ini adalah sodium hidroksida
(NaOH) dan "reactant" metanol untuk mendapatkan bahan kimia yang dikenali
sebagai ester methyl yang dikenali sebagai biodiesel. Pendekatan kajian ini adalah
untuk meningkatkan hasil daripada "Fatty Acid Methyl Ester", (FAME) dengan
menggunakan pengapit ultrasound pada tiub reaktor. Pengapit ultrasound digunakan
bagi meningkatkan pencampuran antara cecair tidak boleh campur seperti minyak
sayuran dan metanol untuk ditindakbalas bersama dalam tempoh masa yang singkat
dibandingkan dengan kaedah konvensional iaitu dengan menggunakan pengacau
mekanikal yang memerlukan emulsifikasi yang lebih lama untuk menghasilkan
FAME yang diingini. Penggunaan tenaga ultrasonik akan menyebabkan pergerakan
campuran cecair yang lebih tinggi disamping memecahkan rongga diantara molekul
cecair. Kajian terdahulu adalah merujuk kepada penyelidikan yang dilakukan oleh
Achmad, 2011 telah menghasilkan 98% ester daripada minyak jatropha dalam
tempoh 5 minit. Pengeluaran biodiesel daripada minyak sawit dengan bantuan
pengapit ultrasound pada susunan tiub reactor basudut 15", 25", 35' atau 45" telah
dilakukan. Dapatan bagi penghasilan adalah 1 minit dengan penukaran ester 94%
dengan menggunakan minyak masak Visawit, metanol kepada nisbah molar minyak
iatu 9: 1, kepekatan pemangkin 0.75 wt.% pada suhu pencampuran sekata iatu 64.5 C.
Penghasilan biodiesel tersebut melalui kaedah ini telah dirujuk kepada piawaian
antarabangsa (ASTM D-6751) dan piawaian Eropah (EN14214).
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