BiochemistryBiochemistry

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Biochemistry

Water Review

3-1 Carbon Compounds 3-2 Molecules of Life

WaterWater1.1. PolarityPolarity

2.2. Hydrogen BondingHydrogen Bonding

1.1. CohesionCohesion= same= same

• High Specific Heat High Specific Heat

2.2. AdhesionAdhesion= different= different

• Universal SolventUniversal Solvent

3.3. CapillarityCapillarity

3.1 Carbon Compounds3.1 Carbon Compounds1.1. Organic v. InorganicOrganic v. Inorganic2.2. Carbon (C) BondingCarbon (C) Bonding

a.a. 4 covalent bonds!!4 covalent bonds!!b.b. Arrangements: chain, branched chain, Arrangements: chain, branched chain,

ringringc.c. Single, double, triple bondsSingle, double, triple bonds

Other Forms Carbon TakesOther Forms Carbon Takes

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups1.1. Hydroxyl GroupHydroxyl Group

• (-OH) (-OH) • Hydrophilic vs. HydrophobicHydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic

• AlcoholAlcohol

2.2. Carboxyl GroupCarboxyl Group

• (-COOH)(-COOH)

• Acetic AcidAcetic Acid

3.3. Amino GroupAmino Group

• (-NH(-NH22))

4.4. PhosphatePhosphate

• (-PO(-PO44))

Large Carbon MoleculesLarge Carbon Molecules

1.1. MonomersMonomers: building blocks: building blocks

2.2. PolymersPolymers: 2 or more monomers : 2 or more monomers covalently bondedcovalently bonded

3.3. Macromolecules: Large polymers,Macromolecules: Large polymers,

aka aka biomoleculesbiomolecules

4.4. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates: sugars & starches: sugars & starches

1.1. LipidsLipids: fats, oils, waxes: fats, oils, waxes

2.2. Proteins: Proteins: enzymesenzymes

3.3. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids: DNA, RNA: DNA, RNA

Biochemical ReactionsBiochemical Reactionshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuU

1.1. Condensation ReactionCondensation Reaction- anabolic- anabolic• AKA AKA Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis• Monomer + monomer Monomer + monomer Polymer + H Polymer + H22OO

• MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides polysaccharides polysaccharides

• Glycerol + Fatty AcidsGlycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids Lipids

• Amino acidsAmino acids proteins proteins

• NucleotidesNucleotides nucleic acids nucleic acids

Condensation Reaction, aka Condensation Reaction, aka Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

Remove H2O2 Monomers Bonded=

Polymer

ANABOLIC

Biochemical ReactionsBiochemical Reactions

2.2. Hydrolysis-Hydrolysis- CATABOLICCATABOLIC• Polymer + HPolymer + H22O O monomer + monomer monomer + monomer

• PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides monosaccharides monosaccharides

Add H2OSeparate polymer into:

2 monomers

ATP (Energy Currency)ATP (Energy Currency)• Adenosine Triphosphate= ATPAdenosine Triphosphate= ATP

– Compound with energy body can USECompound with energy body can USE– 3 Phosphate groups attached3 Phosphate groups attached

•33rdrd PO PO44 bond= bond=STORE MOST ENERGYSTORE MOST ENERGY

Energy StoringEnergy Storing Energy ReleasingEnergy Releasing

AMP + P AMP + P ADP ADP ATP ATP ADP + P ADP + P

ADP + P ADP + P ATP ATP ADP ADP AMP + P AMP + P

3 Phosphate Groups

ATP In More DetailATP In More Detail

http://http://www.youtube.comwww.youtube.com/watch?/watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFwv=bbtqF9q_pFw

3.2 Molecules of Life3.2 Molecules of Life

1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2. LipidsLipids

3.3. ProteinsProteins

4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH22O)O)nn

2.2. MonomerMonomer= monosaccharide= monosaccharide

3.3. PolymerPolymer= polysaccharide= polysaccharide

4.4. Functional GroupsFunctional Groups: : • Hydroxyl (-OH)Hydroxyl (-OH)

5.5. TypesTypes: : 1.1. Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose= Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose=

isomers isomers

2.2. Disaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactoseDisaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactose

3.3. Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogenPolysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen

6.6. FunctionsFunctions::1.1. Easily accessible energy source (glucose)Easily accessible energy source (glucose)

2.2. Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)

Monosaccharides: IsomersMonosaccharides: Isomers

C6H12O6: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Who Makes What?Who Makes What?

All disaccharides

Another…

Starch

ProteinsProteins1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O, N: C, H, O, N2.2. MonomersMonomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body3.3. PolymersPolymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein

• Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°4.4. Functional GroupsFunctional Groups: : Carboxyl (-COOH)Carboxyl (-COOH)

• Amino (-NHAmino (-NH22))• R-Group (group that changes & determines aa)R-Group (group that changes & determines aa)

5.5. TypesTypes: muscles, hair and : muscles, hair and enzymesenzymes1.1. SubstrateSubstrate: Lock & Key, Induced Fit : Lock & Key, Induced Fit 2.2. Factors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pHFactors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pH

6.6. FunctionsFunctions::1.1. Catalyzes reactions (enzymes)Catalyzes reactions (enzymes)2.2. StructureStructure3.3. Transportation in/out of cell through channels Transportation in/out of cell through channels

Amino Acid(Glycine) Amino

R GroupCarboxyl

Amino Acid(Alanine)

• PolypeptidesPolypeptides form when form when three or more three or more amino acids are amino acids are joinedjoined

• Highly twisted Highly twisted and bent due to and bent due to H-bondingH-bonding

• Structure is Structure is related to related to function!!!function!!!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4

http://kcassbiochem.wordpress.com/2013/04/13/enzymes-crash-course/

Enzymes are affected byEnzymes are affected by Temperature: Temperature:

– – As temperature increases, enzyme As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases up to an optimum. Then activity increases up to an optimum. Then it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C.it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C.

– The active sites are The active sites are denatureddenatured (altered)(altered)

pHpH: :

Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin in stomach works best at 2in stomach works best at 2

Concentration: Concentration:

– – As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate of activity increases. As the [ ] of the of activity increases. As the [ ] of the substrate increases, rate of reaction substrate increases, rate of reaction decreasesdecreases

LipidsLipids1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1): C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1)2.2. MonomersMonomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acids= Glycerol & Fatty Acids3.3. PolymersPolymers= triglycerides, phospholipids, = triglycerides, phospholipids,

steroids, waxes steroids, waxes 4.4. Functional GroupsFunctional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH), : Carboxyl (-COOH),

sometimes phosphate (-POsometimes phosphate (-PO44))5.5. TypesTypes: Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides : Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides

(TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids (TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids 6.6. FunctionsFunctions::

• Stores 2x amount of energy as carboStores 2x amount of energy as carbo’’s: long s: long termterm

• Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL)Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL)• Waterproof coating on plants (waxes)Waterproof coating on plants (waxes)• Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids)Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids)• Insulation Insulation

The Monomers of The Monomers of LipidsLipids

Fatty Acid

Hydrocarbon chain

Hydroxyl

groups

Glycerol

-COOH group of each Fatty acid is polar. It is attracted to water – Hydrophilic

The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is Hydrophobic – being repelled by water.

Carboxyl group

Lipids: TriglyceridesLipids: TriglyceridesSaturated v. Unsaturated

Fatty Acids

1Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1Trigyceride

Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid BilayerOf Cell MembraneOf Cell Membrane

Steroid: CholesterolSteroid: Cholesterol

1 Fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain

Waterproofing, protective cuticle on outside of plants, earwax

Waxes

4 fused carbon rings with functional group attached

Animal Hormones, testosterone,

estrogen, cholesterol (needed for normal nerve cell functioning)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids1.1. ElementsElements: C, H, O, N, P: C, H, O, N, P

2.2. MonomersMonomers= Nucleotide= Nucleotide• 5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base

3.3. PolymersPolymers= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose

4.4. Functional GroupFunctional Group: : • Phosphate group (-POPhosphate group (-PO44))

5.5. TypesTypes: DNA (in nucleus), RNA: DNA (in nucleus), RNA

6.6. FunctionsFunctions::1.1. Genetic Information (DNA)Genetic Information (DNA)

2.2. Controls cellsControls cells’’ activities (DNA) activities (DNA)

3.3. Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)

Nucleotide & DNANucleotide & DNA