Chapter 3: Biochemistry Adapted from PPT by S. Edwards

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Chapter 3: Biochemistry

Carbon Compounds

Molecules of Life

Vitamins and Nutrients

Section 1

Section 2

Frayer Model - Vocabulary

CARBON COMPOUNDS CHAPTER 3 SECTION 1

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Compounds that contain

carbon atoms

Ex: Glucose (sugar) C6H12O6

Compounds that do not contain

carbon atoms.

Ex: water- H20, salt-NaCl

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Compounds LOOK –

NO

Carbon!!!

Carbon is found

in many different

compounds

because carbon

has 6 electrons, 4

of which are

found in the

valence (outer)

shell.

Why is Carbon important?

Carbon has the ability to covalently bond

to other carbon atoms and other elements

such as hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen.

Why is Carbon important?

Covalent bond: bond created when

atoms share one or more pairs of

electrons.

COVALENT BONDING

Carbon can form a single bond, by

sharing one pair of electrons, a

double bond by sharing two pairs

of electrons, or a triple bond, by

sharing three pairs of electrons.

COVALENT BONDING

Methane: CH4

• Main component of natural gas

EXAMPLE

HONC

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

and Carbon, are the main

components found in all living

things. (HONC) These elements

are found in 96% of all life on

earth.

BUILDING BLOCKS

Monomer is a smaller, simpler molecule that can bind with other monomers to form larger, more complex molecules called polymers.

Large polymers are called macromolecules. Macromolecules are organic compounds.

MONOMERS TOGETHER

Condensation Reaction = the process of monomers joining together to form a polymer, and a water molecule is released.

Also called Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis =the process where

water is used to break down

polymers into monomers

BREAKING IT DOWN

MONOMERS - POLYMERS

ENERGY

Adenosine Triphosphate =ATP

When the bonds are broken between the

phosphate groups, energy is released.

MACROMOLECULES CHAPTER 3 SECTION 2

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LET’S REVIEW CHAPTER 3 SECTION 1

1. What is

the

difference

between a

monomer

and a

polymer?

2. What is an

organic

compound?

3. What 4 elements make up 96% of all living things?

One link in the chain is one

single unit or monomer

Mono - one

Several links

(monomers)

together is a

polymer.

Poly - many

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

All contain the element Carbon.

They also contain other common elements, which

means you are made mostly of…

HONC

Four main classes of organic

compounds…

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

Made mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

(and sometimes N,S, and P)

CARBOHYDRATES

Common name:

• Sugar or starches; end in -ose

Elements Composed of:

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

CARBOHYDRATES

Monomer (Building Blocks):

• Monosaccharides= simple sugar

• Ex. Glucose, fructose

Polymer (Complex form):

• Polysaccharide

• Ex. Starch, glycogen

Bonding process:

• Condensation Reaction

CARBOHYDRATES

Common Examples:

• Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose and Cellulose

Functions:

• Short-term, quick acting

energy storage

CARBOHYDRATES

Polysaccharides

• Starch (many glucoses)- energy storage in plants

• Glycogen- energy storage in liver and muscles of

animals

• Cellulose- structural molecule in cell wall of plants

• Chitin- structural molecule in exoskeleton of

arthropods

LIPIDS

Common name: • Fats - include oils, waxes, steroids

Elements composed of: • Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

LIPIDS

Monomer (building blocks): • 1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules

Polymer (Complex Form): • Triglyceride

Type of Bonding:

saturated unsaturated

Single bonds Double bonds

LIPIDS

Common Examples: Functions:

• Long term energy storage, components of hormones, components of cell membrane

Butter, cheese,

beef

Olive oil, peanut

oil, fish oil

Lipids

• Draw Lipids

Triglycerides

• Oils- long term storage of energy in seeds and

fruits

• Fats- long term storage of energy in higher

animals

Proteins

Common name:

• Proteins

Elements composed of:

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Sulfur

Proteins Units (building blocks):

• Amino acids

Complex Form: • Polypeptide

Type of Bonding: • Peptide bond

Bonding Process • Condensation Reaction

Proteins

Common Examples:

• Hemoglobin, Keratin, Collagen

Functions:

• Enzymes, structural, transport, storage,

protective, hormones, membrane proteins

Protein • Make a drawing

Collagen-structural, tendon, hide, muscles

Keratin- structural, wool, fingernails, feathers

Insulin- regulatory, hormones

Egg White- Storage

Hemoglobin- transport protein that combines

easily with oxygen.

Nucleic Acids

Common name:

• Nucleic acid

Elements composed of:

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Phosphorous

Nucleic Acid

Units (building blocks):

• nucleotides

Type of Bonding:

• Hydrogen bonds between

nucleotides

Nucleic Acid

Common Examples:

• RNA, DNA

Functions:

• Codes for all proteins and traits

in the body

Nucleic Acids

• DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid, part of

chromosomes of cell, carrier of genetic info

• RNA- Ribonucleic Acid, transcribes message of

the DNA so that proteins can be made inside

the cell

What are the six classes of nutrients?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water

Food Pyramid

Vitamins

Vitamins are small organic molecules that

act as coenzymes

They activate enzymes and help them

function

They can be reused many times so only

small quantities are needed in your diet.

Two Types of Vitamins

1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins – dissolve in fat and

include Vitamins A, D, E, & K; these are

absorbed and stored like fats.

2. Water-Soluble Vitamins – dissolve in

water and include Vitamin C and the

group of B Vitamins. The body cannot

store these vitamins so it excretes surplus

amounts in urine.

Vitamin D Our skin synthesizes large

quantities of vitamin D

when it is exposed to

sunlight

Minerals

Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that are used to make certain body structures

They also help to carry out normal nerve and muscle function

They also help maintain osmotic balance

We get them from the food we eat and excess amounts are excreted through our skin in perspiration and through kidneys in urine.

The Digestive

System

and

Enzymes

The Digestive System

A long hollow tube called the

Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) has the

purpose of breaking down macromolecules

that you eat into molecules that your body

can absorb.

Process of Digestion

1. Ingestion: taking food in

2. Digestion: breaking food down

3. Movement: from one segment of the tract

to another

Process of Digestion

4. Absorption: when nutrients cross the wall

of the GI tract and enter the cells lining in

order to enter the blood stream

5. Elimination: undigested molecules are

removed

Pathway of Food

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus

Stomach Small Intestine Large

Intestine Rectum Anus

The Mouth

The first stages of digestion occur

here.

• First: mechanical Digestion or

chewing occurs here.

• Second: The food meets saliva (a

mixture of water, mucus, and a

digestive enzyme called amylase)

•Amylase: helps break starches

into sugars!

The Pharynx

The location where the GI tract and

respiratory system cross over.

The Esophagus

Long muscular tube that

connects the pharynx

with the stomach

muscles in the

esophagus wall.

Stomach

J shaped muscular organ that lies on the left side of the body beneath the diaphragm.

• Stores food

• Stomach acid and gastric enzymes called

pepsin begin to break down protein.

Small Intestine

Digests carbohydrates, fats, and

completes the digestion of proteins.

ABSORBS nutrients

Large Intestine

Absorbs water to prevent dehydration

Absorbs vitamins (B and K)

Forms and rids the body of feces through

anus

Accessory Organs

Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic fluid to the

small intestine

• Lipase enzyme: breaks down fat molecules

to free fatty acids, diglycerides and

monoglycerides.

Accessory Organs Liver

• Produces bile, destroys old blood cells,

detoxifies blood, stores iron, and helps regulate

cholesterol levels.

• Bile: ENZYME produced by liver, stored in gall

bladder helps to further process of digestions.

Gall Bladder: stores bile

6 Classes of Nutrients

3 that provide the body with energy,

promote growth and development, and

regulate metabolism.

• Carbohydrates (monomer: monosaccharide)

• Proteins (monomer: amino acid)

• Lipids (monomer: fatty acid)

6 Classes of Nutrients

Minerals: inorganic substance that occurs

naturally in ground.

• Living organisms require them for parts of

cells, body fluids, and structural components of

tissue.

• Ex: calcium: bones and muscle contraction and

phosphorous: bone, phospholipids, ATP

6 Classes of Nutrients

Water

Vitamins: organic compounds that the body

uses for metabolic purposes.

• Unable to produce these on its own

• Many are co-enzymes (enzyme helpers)

• Ex: Vitamin D, B, C, ect

What is an enzyme?

Enzymes are proteins

Serve as a catalyst. Catalysts are substances that begin or accelerate a reaction without the reaction itself being affected.

Enzymes speed up or slow down reactions, but remain unchanged.

What is an Enzyme?

A molecule that can break apart other

molecules or combine monomers to make a

polymer.

Enzymes Control Many Vital

Functions Including:

• Breaking down food for energy!

• Increasing the reaction rate (or how quickly reactions happen) of biochemical processes. Examples of biochemical processes are metabolism (how cells convert and use energy to grow and reproduce)

ATP

What is a substrate?

The surface of the material that attaches to

the enzyme.

(write this on your notes…)

• The active site is where the enzyme and

substrate bind.

What is an

example? Starch is a huge carbohydrate molecule (polysaccharide)

Saliva contains amylase (an enzyme) which will break the starch molecule (polymer) into pieces (monosaccharide)

Amylase is the enzyme and the potato chip starch is the substrate.

What is an example?

Liver releases bile to break down lipids.

Pancreas releases pancreatic juices also known as digestive enzymes and hormones.

How many substrates can an enzyme

work on? Enzymes can be used many times

• ose= substrate (sugar)

• ase= enzyme

How many substrates can an

enzyme work on?

The shape of an enzyme is specific for one substrate.

• The shape of the enzyme lactase is specific to break apart lactose.

• The shape of maltase is specific to break apart maltose.

What can cause enzymes to change

shape and not work?

Change in temperature ranges

Ranges in pH

What can cause enzymes to

change shape and not work?

Enzyme specificity (lock

and key)

ENZYMES STOP

WORKING WHEN THE

CONDITIONS ARE NOT

RIGHT!