Biochem of cell.ppt

8/18/2019 Biochem of cell.ppt

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Biochemical Compositionof Cell

Dr. Farhana Ayub

Assistant Professor


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What is Cell ?

The cell is defined as any of the protoplasmic mass making

up organized tissue consisting of a nucleus and the

cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclearenvelope also called nuclear membrane.

The cytoplasm is surrounded by a membrane called cell or

plasma membrane or even plasmalemma.

THE CELL


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Cont…

The cell is the structural and functioned unit of all living

organism.

The nucleus contains the chromosomes that are made up of

DN molecules. Each chromosome is actually one DN molecule.

The nucleus also contains some !Ns and large number of

factors that regulate the e"pression of genes.

THE CELL


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Cont…

The cytoplasm is composed of#

Cytosol

$uspended particles and organelles.

%rganelles are specialzed structured and include# &itochondria

Lysosomes

E!

'ree ribosomes

THE CELL


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Cont…

THE CELL


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THE CELL


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Cytoplasm#

$tructure# gel*like material found inside the cell+ made of,ater+ salts+ and organic materials.

'unction# holds the organelles+ keeps them separate


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Cell Organelles

&itochondria#

-po,erhouse of the cell

$elf replicative

$tructure# t,o lipid bilayer membranes

outer membrane

inner membrane / shelves ,ith attached o"idative

enzymes &atri"0 contains necessary enzymes

'unction# transform the energy in food to energy the cell

can use to drive chemical reactions.


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Mitochonria


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Formation of A!P


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"ses of A!P


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#$DOP%A&M'C (#!'C"%"M

Ultra-microscopic organelle

which are present in allEukaryotes, responsible for the

protein, carbohydrates, lipids

and steroid hormone synthesis arecalled

Endoplasmic Reticulum.


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Cell Organelles

Endoplasmic !eticulum#

$tructure# tubular 1 flat vesicular

2nterconnected ,ith one another

made of lipid bilayer along ,ith protein Endoplasmic matri"

Location# located ne"t to the nuclear membrane and

connected to it

'unctions#

Conduction

&etabolism


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!ypes of #(

$mooth E!#

does not contain ribosomes+

makes lipids+ transports proteins

Drugs deto"ificationContain enzymes for glycogen breakdo,n

!ough E!#

contains ribosomes

makes proteins


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Cell Organelles

)olgi 3ody#

$tructure# 4 or more stacked layers of thin+ flat enclosed

vesicles

Location# near the nucleus Function)

packages proteins from the E!

$ynthesize certain CH%

hyaluronic acid 1 chondroitin sulfate

Lysosomes5 secretory vesicles

distribute them around or outside of the cell.

(rominent in secretory cells


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&tructure

Distinct cup like structure

$eparated from nucleus by !ough E!

Consists of a number of flattenedmembranous cisterns arranged in a stacked

,ith associated vacuoles and vesicles

surrounding its surface.


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Functions

2t act as sorting device+receive protein from

!oughE!.

!e6ect those proteins having no signal ortransiet peptide region.

)olgi comple" receive synthesized protein

from its cis side by !ough E! throughtransfer vesicles.


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Formation of proteins* lipis + ,esicles from #( +

-A


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Cell Organelles

!ibosomes#

$tructure#

made of !N and proteins

'unction# produce proteins

Location#

'ree in cytosol

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.


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%ysosomes

'ormed from )olgi apparatus $tructure#

lipid bilayer

$ac filled ,ith enzymes Hydrolases Compound 7 ,ater

(roteins888888. a.a

)lycogen88888...)lucose Lipids8888888..'atty acid 1 glycerol


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%ysosomes

Bactericial agents

Lysozymes

Dissolve the bacterial cell membrane

Lysoferrin 3inds iron

cid

ctivates hydrolases 1 inactivates bacterial metabolism


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Autophagy


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/etero Phagy


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(elationship of %ysosomes 0ith Disease)

Lysosomal membrane release their enclosed hydrolases

in response to certain circumstances+ such as ionizing

radiation+ some carcinogens+ silica particles+ asbestos

dust+ heat and certain drugs0 cell death may take place in

some cases+ or the genome may undergo mutation

leading to malignancies.


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2n case of hyperuricemia+ uric acid entering the cell may

damage the lysosomal membrane releasing hydolases

that lead to gouty arthritis.

%steoclasts of bones may release lysosomal hydrolases

that cause the erosion of bones.


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Lipofusin# indigestible residue of the breakdo,n of cellular

material +rich in protein and lipids.it is the age pigment ,hich

has been implicated in ageing process.


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%ysosomal &torage Desease)

There are more than 9: different lysosomal storagediseases and these are classified on the basis of the natureof the stored material.

$alient features of these diseases are the involvement ofnervous system

;idney &uscles

Liver spleen Heart 3ones.


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$ucleus

Control center of the cell Contain DN


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&tructure of nucleus


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Cell Organelles


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Chromatin

$ubstance of chromosomes#

Consist of mostly DN

$mall amount of !N is also present.

Chromatin is the combination of DN and (roteins. &ostimportant proteins are Histones. types=

2t occur in T,o forms#

Euchromatin

Heterochromatin


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(ole of /istones)

!esponsible for (ackaging of chromosomal DN into a form

called Nucleosome that represent primary level of DN

organization


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Pero1isomes

2mportant organelles specially present in liver

and kidney.

&icrobodies and lined by single membraneand rich in enzymes.

$ynthesized on polyribosomes and fold prior

to entry into them

(ero"ins are involved in their production.


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Pero1isomes

2nvolved in metabolism of

cholesterol+plasmalogen bile acids+D*amino

acids and H % .₂ ₂

?enobiotics


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(ole of pero1isomes in β-oxidation

(ero"isomal fattyacyl*Co synthetase is for

very long chain fatty acids.e.g he"acoanoic

acid


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Pero1isomes

'ormed by self replication 5 $E!

2ntracellular digestive system

%"idize poisonous subs. as alcohol

Enzymes# %"idases

%"ygen 7 Hydrogen Hydrogen pero"ide

Catalases


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2ell0egir synrome

)enetic defects causing lack of

pero"isomes assembly factor*.proteins

reuired for the formation of pero"isomes+

,ill not formed.

Cause accumulation of very long fatty acid

chain occur.also defect in bile acid synthesis.

Neurologoical impairment occur at birth.

&i t f 2 ll i


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&ign an symptoms of 2ell0egir

synrom

2nfants e"perience muscle ,eakness

(oor feeding

Hearing and vision loss $keletal abnormalities

Donot survive beyond the first year of life.


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#nosome

&eans a vesicle that has lost its coat of clathrin+ a protien

that lines the coated the pits of plasma membrane.

'our classes of endosome#

Early Endosome

!ecycling Endosome

&ultivesicular 3odies

Late Endosome


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#nosome

&eans a vesicle that has lost its coat of clathrin+ a protien

that lines the coated the pits of plasma membrane.

'our classes of endosome#

Early Endosome

!ecycling Endosome

&ultivesicular 3odies

Late Endosome


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FG;*LLH ;H2!

Biochem of cell.ppt

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