Bio 9D: Thursday, 4.28.11 Title: Evidence for Evolution
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Transcript of Bio 9D: Thursday, 4.28.11 Title: Evidence for Evolution
Bio 9D: Thursday, 4.28.11 Title: Evidence for Evolution
Homework: None
Silent Do Now: (in NB w/ title and date)As you know, different organisms are related to
each other through evolutionary history – this means that they share a common ancestor.
What are some species that you think are close evolutionary relatives of humans? What are some more distant evolutionary relatives of humans?
Today’s Objectives: Explain the 3 types of homologies and use them
as evidence to build evolutionary trees.
Evolution Dry Lab Part APart A Computer LabAll in the Family: Which Animals are the Closest
Relatives? Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/index.html
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…
Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships
and build phylogenetic trees Part A focuses on using the three different types of
homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationshipsObjectives for Class:
• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONWhat is the evidence that all species on
earth are related to each other and share common ancestors?
Overview:3 Major Types of Evidence: 1. Homologous Structures
a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures
b) Embryological/ Developmentalc) Molecular/Genetic
2. Fossils3. Geographic Distribution of Species
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES – Similar structures due to sharing a common
ancestor that had those structures
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Anatomical Homology – similar body parts or bone structures
Don’t necessarily have the same function now, but did in the common ancestor
Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing all have same bones
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Anatomical Homology, continued:
Vestigial Traits - Don’t have a function now,
but suggest that they descended from an ancestor that did use them.
Examples: human tailbone, human goose
bumps, ostrich wings
Ex: human tail bone, human goose
www.toptenz.net
animal.nationalgeographic.com
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Embryological/Developmental Homology
Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/ developmental stages of development
Examples: fish, reptile, bird, and human embryos all have gill slits and a
tail (but some lose these features before birth)
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Molecular/Genetic Homology Similarities between DNA or amino acid
sequences for different organisms Closer the similarities = Closer relationships
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Don’t confuse Homologous Structures with Analogous Structures
Analogous Structures structures that have the same function but NOT the same
skeletal structure This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common
ancestor with that trait
Ex: insect wing and bird wing
bio.miami.edu
Insect wing
Bird wing
Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each
Notes stop here.
Evolution 3-Part Investigation Dry Lab
Key Questions:1. What is the evidence that one species
can branch into two?
2. What is the evidence that multiple species are evolutionarily related?
Objectives for Class:• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things
Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present
Nodes indicate most recent common ancestor of two branches
Bio 9A: Monday, 5.3.10 Title: Evidence for Evolution: Anatomy vs. Molecular Evidence
Homework: Lab Part B: Finish Tree #1 and Analysis Question #6 by
tomorrow Finish the whole lab packet by Thursday – you’ll have
tomorrow class time plus HW time (but you have Exhibition Night Tuesday night)
Do Now: According to this diagram, which organism is the
closest evolutionary relative of a bat? What is one piece of evidence you could use
to explain this evolutionary relationship?
Today’s Objectives: Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies
as evidence for evolution
Bird Bat Mouse
Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 1
Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic EvidenceThe purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…
Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and
genetic homologies as evidence for evolution Tasks for Today:
Complete the pre-lab questions Complete the Data Chart for Tree #1 Use the chart to build an evolutionary tree for 7 animals based on
anatomical traits
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Bio 9A: Tuesday, 5.4.10 Title: Evidence for Evolution: Anatomy vs. Molecular Evidence (Day 2)
Homework: Lab Part B: Finish the packet and all analysis questions
(typed up and stapled to the packet) Good luck at exhibition night tonight!
Do Now(s): Take out Lab Part B packet and turn to the page with the
amino acid sequences Get a marker and highlight the human sequence on both
rows We will count off (monkey, kanga, frog, turtle, tuna).
Highlight both rows of your assigned organism. Today’s Objectives:
Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 2
Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and
build phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical
and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution
Bio 9A: Thursday, 5.6.10 Title: Evidence for Evolution, continued!
Homework: Complete Lab Part C up to Task 5 and type your response to
question 1 for the analysis questions – completed lab is due Monday!
Do Now: Pass Part A and B forward and take out Part C Look back in your notes…
1. What are the 3 types of homologies that can be studied as evidence for evolution?
2. What are two types of evidence for evolution besides homologous structures?
Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give
one example that illustrates this. Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used as
evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Double Block
Review: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
1. Homologous Structuresa) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structuresb) Embryosc) Molecular/Genetic
2. Geographic Distribution of Species
3. Fossils
Recap: Analogy vs. Homology
Homologous Structures – similar structures due to shared ancestry common ancestor had this feature, so all
descendents have it Results from divergent (branching)
evolution Example:
Analogous Structures – similar structures due to natural selection in similar environments common ancestor did not have it, but
descendents evolve it independently Example:
Geographic Distribution
Evidence for Evolution, continued:
Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Species that live on the same continents are often closely related to each other
Based on genetic (DNA) and embryonic evidence This is true, even though they look more similar to species
elsewhere.Example:
North vs. South American rodents
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Example: Placental Mammals vs. Australian Marsupial Mammals Australia has been
separated from other continents for a long time, so its marsupials evolved independently
Marsupial traits are analogous, NOT homologous, to placental mammals
Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Fossils
Evidence for Evolution
Evidence: FOSSILS Fossils
show species that are now extinct show transitions to new body forms
Example: Tiktaalik (lived 375 million years ago) fish with legs and (maybe) primitive lungs… earliest amphibian?
Fossil Artist Rendering
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150
million years ago) earliest bird… but has many dinosaur
features
www.ansp.org
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Interpreting Fossil
Evidence Fossils form in layers of
rock (older = lower layer) Fossils in the same layer
lived at the same time Radiometric dating:
determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
What lived at the same time as the fossil fish?
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.
How did whales evolve?
Evidence for Evolution: Part C
Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day1
Part C: How Did Whales Evolve?
The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build
phylogenetic trees Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to
determine evolutionary relatedness
Today: Complete Tasks 1-4 Then we will watch this video:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution
Ambulocetus natans in action
A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales
Shown here with the kind permission of artist Carl Buell. http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whale.ev.html
Bio 9A: Friday, 5.7.10 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution
Homework: Finish Typing the analysis question for Part C. Completed lab
is due Monday. Do Now:
Take out Part C and turn to the timeline page (Task 4) Get ready to check your answers and write dates on your
official timeline!
Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and
give one example that illustrates this. Explain how whales evolved from land mammals.
Check the Answers…
Check the Answers…
Task 5: Draw the phylogenetic tree!
Draw your tree… Which organisms go on
the 3 branches that reach the “top” of the tree?
Which organism goes on the lowest branch?
Fill in the rest on your ownAFTER the video
Land mammal ancestor
Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day2How Did Whales Evolve?
Watch the video and take notes:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html
Finish Task 5: Making the phylogenetic tree For the rest of class: 3 options.
If you did not complete the analysis questions for Part B, meet in the front of the room.
If you want to do the Part C analysis questions in your notebook working with a partner/small group, go to the back of the room.
If you want to do the Part C analysis questions silently on your own, you may do so (ipods okay for this group only).
Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution
Modern Whales…
Where Did Whales Evolve From?
Zooming in on Whale Evolution
Bio 9A: Monday, 5.10.10 Title: Evolution Review & Wrap-Up
Homework: Study for tomorrow’s “Tuiz”
Do Now: Pass Lab Part C to the middle of the row (packet AND
analysis q’s) Look at the grade report and stack of graded work that is
being handed back. In your notebook: Write at least one thing you need to
complete, revise, or review (for tomorrow’s test) in order to do your best in this class.
Today’s Objectives: Tuiz Review:
Explain how populations change over time through natural selection. Explain the different types of evidence for evolution. Draw and interpret evolutionary trees.
Tasks for Today: Work silently on your own Make a review section in your notebook
and make review notes based on the study guide
Complete the practice multiple choice questions
Review all assignments handed back
Mr. Moretti has office hours this afternoon if you want to study more with him!
EVOLUTION SUMMARY Populations of living things change over
time. Due to change over time, a species can
evolve into one or more new species. This results in the branching view of the tree of life.
All living things are related because we all evolved from a common ancestor.
Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time --------------------------------------------------------------------
>present
“There is grandeur in this view of life…” – Charles Darwin
Bio 9A: Tuesday, 5.11.10 Title: Evolution “Tuiz”
Homework: None If you know you are missing work or need to revise – do
that!!
Do Now: Take out a pen or pencil and clear your desks
Today’s Objectives: Show what you know about evolution on the “Tuiz”