BIO 238. Support Protection Leverage- for motion Mineral Homeostasis Blood cell production ...
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BIO 238
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Support Protection Leverage- for motion Mineral Homeostasis Blood cell production
Hemopoiesis in red bone marrow Triglyceride Storage
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Parts of a long bone: Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis Articular cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum
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FIGURE 6.1A
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FIGURE 6.1B
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Matrix= 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% crystallized
mineral salts
Osteogenic cells- in periosteum; Osteoblasts- secrete collagen fibers- Build matrix and become trapped in lacunae
Become osteocytes- maintain bone Osteoclasts –formed from monocytes
Digest bone matrix for Normal bone turnover
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few spaces, right below periosteum Units = osteons (Haversian system) Central canal- blood vessels, nerves,
lymphatics Concentric lamellae- layers of matrix Lacunae- “lakes” contain osteocytes Canaliculae- little canals
nutrient flow from canals and between osteocytes
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units containing trabeculae spaces between trabeculae often
contain marrow Two types-
Red bone marrow- produces blood cells and platelets
Yellow bone marrow- stores fat
No osteons but include lacunae & canaliculae
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FIGURE 6.2B
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Ossification- formation of bone 1. initially in embryo & fetus 2. Growth 3. remodeling 4. repair of fractures
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Mesenchyme model - replaced with bone
Intramembranous - Bone forms directly in mesenchyme layers (membrane like)
Endochondrial - forms within hyaline cartilage developed from mesenchyme
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FIGURE 6.3
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FIGURE 6.4
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Length- chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate divide and increase cartilage layer
On diaphyseal side they die and are replaced by bone
Stops during adolescence Periosteum supports surface growth for
thickness
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FIGURE 6.5
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The adult skeleton: maintains itself replaces mineral reserves
Remodeling: recycles and renews bone matrix involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and
osteoclasts
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Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress
Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger
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Bone degenerates quickly Up to 1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a
few weeks of inactivity What you don’t use, you lose Stresses applied to bones during
physical activity are essential to maintain bone strength and mass
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A dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts: plus small amounts of magnesium,
fluoride, iron, and manganese
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Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis, and stimulates osteoblast differentiation
Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity Vitamins K and B12 help synthesize
bone proteins Vitamins D helps with calcium and
phosphate absorption.
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Growth hormone and thyroid hormones stimulate bone growth
Estrogens and androgens stimulate osteoblasts
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate calcium and phosphate levels
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Bones store calcium and other minerals Calcium is the most abundant mineral
in the body Calcium ions are vital to:
membranes neurons muscle cells, especially heart cells
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Calcium ions in body fluids: must be closely regulated
Homeostasis is maintained: by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone which control storage, absorption, and
excretion
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Bones: where calcium is stored
Digestive tract: where calcium is absorbed
Kidneys: where calcium is excreted
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Produced by parathyroid glands in neck Increases calcium ion levels by:
stimulating osteoclasts increasing intestinal absorption of calcium decreases calcium excretion at kidneys
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Secreted by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid
Decreases calcium ion levels by: inhibiting osteoclast activity increasing calcium excretion at kidneys
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Nutrition is also important for bone health
Each night we deposit minerals in our bones
These minerals are stored for use by the rest of the body
If we do not replenish the mineral supply equally or faster than it is used osteoporosis results
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Calcium and phosphate ions in blood are lost in urine
Ions must be replaced to maintain homeostasis
If not obtained from diet, ions are removed from the skeleton, weakening bones
Exercise and nutrition keep bones strong
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Fractures: cracks or breaks in bones caused by physical stress
Fractures are repaired in 4 steps
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Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Pott’s fracture
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Comminuted fractures
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Transverse fractures
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Spiral fractures
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Displaced fractures
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Colles’ fracture
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Greenstick fracture
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Epiphyseal fractures
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Compression fractures
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Kyphosis – exaggerated thoracic curvature (humpback)
Lordosis – exaggerated lumbar curvature (swayback)
Scoliosis – exaggerated lateral curvature
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Bones become thinner and weaker with age
Osteopenia (A condition of bone in which decreased calcification, decreased density, or reduced mass occurs) begins between ages 30 and 40
Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade, men 3%
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The epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws are most affected: resulting in fragile limbs reduction in height tooth loss
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a disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components, sometimes resulting in pain, decreased height, and skeletal deformities: common in older persons, primarily postmenopausal women, but also associated with long-term steroid therapy and certain endocrine disorders.
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Severe bone loss Affects normal
function Over age 45, occurs
in: 29% of women 18% of men
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Estrogens and androgens help maintain bone mass
Bone loss in women accelerates after menopause
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Cancerous tissues release osteoclast-activating factor: that stimulates osteoclasts and produces severe osteoporosis