CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Blood

Components

• ______ is the only

fluid tissue; complex

_________ _______;

transports _________,

________, and body heat

• Has living _______ ______(formed elements) and nonliving ________ _________(plasma)

• Breakdown of blood sample

1) Formed elements – __ blood cells, white blood cells, and __________ - 45%

2) Plasma – _______ ________– 55%

Physical Characteristics and Volume

• ________ to ________ _______in color

• ________ liters normal adult blood volume; 8% of ________ __________

Plasma

• Straw-colored, ______ ________of blood

• ______ water

• carries numerous _________ __________;

plasma proteins, _____________electrolytes, gases, ____________, wastes, etc.

Formed Elements

(Blood Cells)

Erythrocytes (RBCs or Red Corpuscles)

• Carry ______ to all cells via __________, an iron-containing __________

• Biconcave disks with ____ ___________

• ________ day lifespan

• 5 million per cu. mm. of blood – _______ ___________ of the blood cell types

Pathology of RBCs

• Anemia - ___________ in oxygen-carrying ability of blood (either # of RBCs or ____________ content)

• Sickle-cell anemia -_________

_______; deformed ___________

rupture _______ and _______ small blood vessels; occurs chiefly in ______ of ____

• Polycythemia - ______ _________in # of RBCs;__________ blood ___________

Leukocytes (WBCs or White Corpuscles)

• 4 - 11 thousand per cu. mm. of blood

• _______ _________by ingesting _______ (phagocytosis)

• Promote _______ ______and __________

• Two major groups

1) Granulocytes - contain granules

a. __________

b. __________

c. ___________

2) Agranulocytes - lack granules

a. ___________

b. ____________

Pathology of WBCs

• Leukocytosis – __________ in # of WBCs when _________ substances _________ the body

• Leukopenia - _______ _________in # WBCs

• Leukemia - _________ ______ _______causes huge # of WBCs

Platelets (or Thrombocytes)

• ________ thousand per cu. mm. of _______

• _________ shaped cell fragments

• Needed for ________ _____________

Hemopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)

• Reticuloendothelial structures 1) ______ bone marrow - found in bones (_____, pelvis, _____, sternum, _________, and long bones) 2) Spleen - ________ for blood; ___________ site for old _________ 3) Lymph nodes - produces _____________ and ________ ______; destruction site for old RBCs

• Reticuloendothelial structures (cont’d)

4. Liver - forms ______ ______destruciton

site for old RBCs

5. Thymus gland - produces ____________

Hemostasis (Stoppage of blood loss from injured blood vessel)

• Three phases

1. _________ ___________

2. ________ _______ formation

3. _________ ________ formation

Disorders of Hemostasis

• Undesirable clotting

1) Thrombus - _______ _____that forms and

______ in an _________ blood vessel

2) Embolus - a _____ __________ in the

______________

Bleeding Disorders

• Thrombocytopenia - ________ __________

• Hemophilia - hereditary “_______ ________”

• Liver deficiencies - often caused by _________ ______ deficiency

Blood Groups

• Human Blood Groups

1) Type O - _______ _________

2) Type AB - _________ _________

3) Type A

4) Type B

Heart

Location and Size

• Within the _________ behind the _________

• ______ ________and to the _______, rests on diaphragm at _______ intercostal space

Coverings and Walls

• Pericardium - _______ ________sac that _________ the _______

1) Visceral pericardium

(epicardium) - ______

layer

2) Parietal pericardium –

______ __________layer

3) Serous fluid - _________

layers in pericardial cavity

• Myocardium - _________ ________

• Endocardium - inner endothelial lining of ________ and _________

Chambers and Great Vessels

• Chambers (4)

1) Rt. ________

2) Lt. ________

3) Rt. ________

4) Lt. ________

• Septum

1) Interatrial septum - between the ______

2) Interventricular septum - between the

_______

• Great Vessels

1) Superior and inferior vena cava –

carries _________ blood from the

____ and _____body to the ____ atrium

2) Pulmonary trunk - carries ___________ blood ____ from __Ventricle toward _____

• Great Vessels (cont’d)

3) Rt. and Lt. pulmonary

arteries - branches of

pulmonary trunk; ________

___________ blood to

_______

4) Pulmonary veins (4) –

carry __________

blood from the _______

to _____ ____________

• Great Vessels (cont’d)

5) Aorta - carries __________ blood from

Lt. ventricle to _____ _______ _______

Circulation

• Pulmonary circulation – from the ________

side of heart to lungs and _____to ____ side of

heart

• Systemic circulation –

_____ ____side of heart

to the body tissues and

_____ to ____side of heart

• Portal circulation - part

of systemic circulation;

from _____ to GI tract

through liver to _______

_______ _________

Valves (4)

• Atrioventricular(AV) valves - open during ______ _______and closed when ventricles contract

1) Tricuspid valve –

between ___ _______

and ____ __________

2) Bicuspid (mitral) valve –

between ___ _____and

___ ___________

• Semilunar valves - _______ during heart ________ and ______ when ventricles __________

1) Pulmonary valve –

between Rt. ventricle

and _______ ________

2) Aortic valve - between

__ _______ and _____

Pathology of Valves

• Incompetent valve – valve_____ ______close properly

• Valvular stenosis - valve flaps become ______; heart beats _______; leads to _______ and ___________

Blood Flow Through Heart

• Right side – contains deoxygentated blood

• Flow on right side -

Superior & Inferior

Vena Cava

Rt. Atrium

Tricuspid Valve

Rt. Ventricle

Pulmonary Valve

Pulmonary Artery

Lungs

• Left side of heart - contains oxygenated blood

• Flow in left side -

Pulmonary veins (4)

Lt. Atrium

Bicuspid (Mitral)

Valve Lt. Ventricle

Aortic Valve

Aorta

All Parts of the Body

Cardiac Circulation

• Rt. and Lt. coronary arteries -

branch from ______ of _____;

supplies heart with oxygen

______ _________

• Cardiac veins - drains

__________ of blood and

empties into coronary ______

on back of heart

Cardiac Circulation Pathology

• Angina pectoris - _____ _______that results when myocardium is deprived of oxygen

• Myocardial infarction - _____ ______; heart cells die due to __________

Physiology of the Heart

Conduction System of the Heart

• Autonomic nerves

• Intrinsic conduction (nodal) system

1) Sinoatrial (SA) node -

located in Rt. atrium; “_______” of the

heart

• Instrinsic conduction (nodal) system (cont’d)

2) Atrioventricular (AV) node - at junction

of ______ and _________

3) Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of

His)

4) Bundle branches - in ________ ________

5) Purkinje fibers - ______ within ______

_________

Pathology

• Heart block - when ____ _______is not _______ by ______ ______

• Ischemia - lack of ________ ________ ______

• Fibrillation - rapid _____________ ________of heart muscle

• Tachycardia - _______ heart rate

• Bradycardia - ______ heart rate

Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds

• Systole - ________ phase

• Diastole - ________ phase

• Heart sounds (lub-dup) - due to_____ of _________

Cardiac Cycle Phases

1) Atrial Systolic Phase (.1 sec) -

a. Rt. & Lt. atria ________

b. Tricuspid & Bicuspid

valves _______

c. Pulmonary & Aortic

valves ________

2) Ventricular Systolic Phase (.3 sec) -

a. Rt. & Lt. ventricles

_______

b. Pulmonary & Aortic

valves _______

c. Tricuspid & Bicuspid

valves _______

3) Diastolic Phase (.4 sec) -

a. Entire heart ______

b. Tricupsid & Bicuspid

valves ______

c. Pulmonary & Aortic

valves ________

Pathology

• Heart murmur - __________ heart

sounds due to _______ __________

• Congestive heart failure (CHF) - __________ _______ of heart is ___________ ; circulation is _________to meet _________ _________

Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels

• Arteries - ______ blood _______from heart

• Arterioles - ________ branches of _______

• Veins - carry blood ________ heart

• Venules - ________ branches of _______

• Capillaries - __________ vessels between ______ and __________

Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels

• Tunica intima - __________

_______ _________lining for vessel

• Tunica media - bulky _______

layer of muscle and elastic

tissue

• Tunica adventitia –

_________ fibrous tissue layer

• Walls of arteries - ______ ______ in veins; withstand _______ pressures than in veins

• Veins - have valves to prevent __________; have ________ ________than arteries

Major Blood Vessels

Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation

• Aorta – largest artery of the body

Major Veins of Systemic Circulation

• Superior vena cava –

______ _______from head,

arms, and chest into Rt.

atrium

• Inferior vena cava –

drains blood from _______

________into Rt. atrium

Major Arteries of Pulmonary Circulation

• Pulmonary trunk and arteries - _________ branches to ________ ________

Major Veins of Pulmonary Circulation

• Pulmonary veins (4) –

______blood from _______

to ____ __________

Special Circulations

Fetal Circulation

• Umbilical vein (1) -

carries oxygenated

blood from _____ to

________

• Umbilical arteries (2) -

carries deoxygenated

blood from the ______

to the _________

• Foramen ovale - flaplike

opening in________ ___________

_________; allows blood to

shunt _______ _______ _________

• Ductus arteriosus - vessel

that connects ________and

_________ ____________ ; causes

blood to ________ _______ ________

• Ductus venosus –

vessel that connects

______ ______ to the

______ _____ _____;

causes blood to

______ the _______

Fetal Circulation Pathology

• Patent foramen ovale - the opening between the two atria ____ _____ ______after _____

• Patent ductus arteriosus - the fetal vessel between the ______ ______and the ______ does not close after birth; _____ ______

• Patent ductus venosus - the fetal vessel between the ______ ___and the ________ _______ ______does not close after birth; remains __________

Physiology of Circulation

• Arterial pulse –

_______ _____ due

to _________ and

_______ of an artery

• Pressure points - felt

over any superficial

artery; ______ _____

most common

• Blood pressure - pressure that blood exerts against inner walls of blood vessels; keeps blood circulating; _____ in ________, ____ in _______, and _______ in _______

• Measuring blood pressure

1) Systolic pressure - pressure in arteries at peak ventricular ___________

2) Diastolic pressure - pressure when ventricles are ___________

3) Variations in blood pressure - systolic varies between 110 and 140 mm Hg, and diastolic between 75 and 80 mm Hg

Blood Pressure Pathology

• Hypotension - _____ blood pressure; systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg

• Hypertension - _____ blood pressure; _____ ______ and ________ blood vessels due to __________ ____________

Vascular Pathology

• Varicose veins - venous valves weaken; ______ _______ ______; common in the obese and people who stand for long hours

• Thrombophlebitis - inflammation of a vein that result when _____ forms in vessel with __________ ___________

• Pulmonary embolism - when ____ ______ and travels to lungs

• Atherosclerosis - filling of blood vessels with ______, _______ ______

• Arteriosclerosis - _______ of artery(ies)

• Aneurysm – sac-like ______ of an arterial wall

• Anoxia - _______ or ______ of oxygen

• Cyanosis - _______ resulting from _______ _________ of blood

• Infarct - ______ _____due to loss of blood supply

• Stenosis - ________ of an opening or canal

Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Lymphatic Vessels

• Pick up _____ ______ ___(lymph) _____ from blood capillaries and return it to bloodstream

• One-way system, only toward ________

• Porous, __________ lymphatic capillaries

• Have ________

• Pump-less system - lymph moves by milking action of _______ and __________

• ________, _______, etc. enter lymphatics; detoured through _______ _______

Lymph Circulation

• Thoracic duct (on left) -

________ ____; drains lymph from

_____ of body

• Rt. lymphatic duct (on right) -

_______ lymph of right _____ of

body

• Both empty into ____________ _______

Lymph Nodes

• Function to _______ the body

a. Produce lymphocytes (WBCs) -

necessary for the ________ ________

b. Phagocytosis - engulf _________,

viruses, ________ _______, and

foreign materials in lymph

c. Filtration of _______________

from blood

Other Lymphoid Organs

• Spleen

1. _______ and ________ blood of bacteria, viruses and other debris

2. Destroys worn-out ______ and return some breakdown products to _______

3. Stores __________ and acts as blood _____________

4. Forms lymphocytes in ________

• Thymus

Produce ___________ for programming lymphocytes to do their protective role

• Tonsils

______ and ______ bacteria entering the

throat (digestive or respiratory tracts)

• Peyer’s Patches

_______ _____ in

the intestine from

penetrating ______

into the body

Body Defenses

• Surface Membrane Barriers

______ and ____ membranes - body’s first line of defense

• __________ response - body’s second line of defense

• The Immune System

The ________ _______- body’s third line of defense