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DRR/CCA- Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran, p. i

DRR/CCA- Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran, p. ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The successful completion of this DRR/CCA-enhanced PDPFP is attributed to the perseverance and sincere efforts of those who have been involved, either directly or indirectly, in the making of not only this enhanced plan but as well as the preparation of the two base documents, namely the Biliran PDPFP 2011-2016 and the DRVA Report of the province.

Profound thanks and heartfelt gratitude are therefore due to the individuals, agencies,

and organizations that are too many to mention, although the members of the Biliran DRR/CCA Provincial Core Team nonetheless wish to acknowledge the following for their invaluable contributions:

The members of the Biliran Provincial Development Council 2010-2013 and 2013-2016, both headed by the Honorable Provincial Governor Gerardo J. Espina, Jr., for setting the direction of the development of the province and providing leadership and unwavering support to the plan formulation projects;

The current and past members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan ng Biliran for extending

the necessary legislative support;

The officials, functionaries, and consultants of NEDA Head Office and NEDA Regional Office No. VIII, for constantly guiding us;

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the Philippines, the European Commission, and the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) for their financial support and technical assistance;

The department heads and personnel of the various offices of the provincial government and municipal LGUs of Biliran Province, with special mention to the PPDO, PDRRMO and PTIO, and the different national government agencies and non-government organizations, for sharing their useful inputs and skills;

And above all to the Almighty God, to whom all praise and glory are due.

The Biliran DRR/CCA Provincial Core Team

DRR/CCA- Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran, p. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

MESSAGE i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF ACRONYMS vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF MAPS xii

Chapter I – INTRODUCTION

1. Historical Background

1.1. Historical background of the province 1 1.2. Number of municipalities and total population 2

2. Plan Objectives and Context

2.1. Objectives of the PDPFP 2 2.2. Context of the PDPFP 2 2.3. Key policies and legislative mandates for the PDPFP 3

3. Coverage of the PDPFP 3.1. Historical coverage 4

3.2. Geographical coverage 4 3.3. Sectoral coverage 4

4. Outline of the Plan 4.1. Vision 5

4.2. Planning environment 6 4.3. Development issues/problems, goals, objectives and targets 6 4.4. Strategies, plans, programs and activities 6

Chapter II – VISION 6

Chapter III – THE PLANNING ENVIRONMENT

1. Location, Land Area and Political Subdivision 8

2. Populations and Settlements 8 2.1. Populations: regional and national context 8 2.1.1. Population size, density, APGR of the province 8 2.1.2. External benchmarks 8 2.2. Population size, density and growth rate 9 2.2.1. Size and distribution 9 2.2.2. Density and urbanization 10 2.2.3. Growth rate 12 2.2.4. Other characteristics 13 2.3. Existing settlement patterns 16 2.4. Summary 18

DRR/CCA- Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran, p. 4

3. Physical 3.1.

Resources General land and water characteristics and resources

19

3.1.1. Topography and slope 19

3.1.2. Land and water resources 19

3.1.3. Geologic features of the province 21

3.1.4. Mineral resources 22

3.1.5. Climate 23

3.1.5.a. Climate profile 23

3.2. Land use potentials and constraints 25

3.2.1. Land classification 25

3.2.2. Land suitability 27

3.2.3. Protection areas 28

3.2.4 Hazard Profile 30

3.2.4.a Areas prone to flood 30

3.2.4.b Areas prone to RIL 32

3.2.4.c Areas prone to earthquake-related hazards 34

3.2.4.d Areas prone to volcanic hazards 41

3.2.4.e Areas prone to storm surge 42

3.2.4.f Areas potentially at risk to sea level rise 43

3.2.4.1 Institutional capacity 46

3.2.4.2 Gaps and challenges on DRR and CCA implementation 47

4. Economy 4.1. Economic structure 52 4.1.1. External context of local economy 52 4.1.2. Patterns of industry concentration and specialization 53 4.1.3. Basic sectors and corresponding industries 54

a. Agriculture, fishery and forestry 55

b. Industry and service sector 60 4.2. Potentials for contributing to local economic growth 62 4.3. Local factors 63 4.4. Summary 64

5. Transportation, Access and Circulation 5.1. External linkage 67 5.2. Internal circulation 68

6. Income, Employment, Service Access and Poverty

6.1. Employment and unemployment rate 72

6.2. Family income levels 72

6.3. Level and extent of services 74

6.3.1. Health 76

6.3.2. Education 79

6.3.3. Housing 83

6.3.4. Security 86

6.4. Utility/infrastructure services 88

6.4.1. Water and sanitation 88

6.4.2. Power 93

6.4.3. Drainage and flood control 96

6.4.4. Solid waste management 97

6.5. Other services and facilities 98

6.6. Poverty 99

6.6.1. Subsistence incidence 99

6.6.2. Poverty incidence 99


7. Land Use and Physical Framework 7.1. Existing land use, trends and potential expansion 100 7.1.1. Existing land use 100 7.1.2. Trends and potential expansion 102

7.2. Physical framework 102 7.2.1. Demand for land 102 7.2.2. Integrate demand with supply 105

7.2.3. Integrate other land use requirements 105 a. Settlements framework 105 b. Protection framework 108 c. Production framework 111 d. Transport/infrastructure framework 112

Chapter IV – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (Issues & Problems)

1. Issues and problems

1. Massive poverty 114 2. Disaster risk and climate change 114 2.1. The province is hazard-prone 114 2.1.1. Population exposure to hazards 114 2.1.2. Built-up areas exposure to hazards 126 2.1.3. Critical infrastructures/lifeline facilities exposure 151 2.1.3.1. Roads and Bridges Exposure to Hazards 151 2.1.3.2. Power system and communication facilities exposure 165 2.1.3.3. Health facilities exposure to hazards 165 2.1.3.4. Educational facilities Exposure to Hazards 166 2.1.3.5. Economic Activities Exposure to Hazards 168

a. Tourism exposure to hazards 168

b. Agriculture exposure to hazards 168 2.1.4. Environment exposure to hazards and impacts of climate change 178 2.1.4.1. Forestry vulnerability to erosion and flooding 178 2.1.4.2. Water system vulnerability to drought and sea level rise 181 2.1.4.4. Agriculture vulnerability to erosion and drought 183 2.2. Institutional capacity needs to be strengthened 189 3. Lack of proper waste disposal system 190 4. Poorly planned settlements 190 5. Underdeveloped tourism industry 190 6. Lack of industries 191 7. High outmigration 191 8. High dependence on agriculture 191

Chapter V – DEVELOPMENT GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND TARGETS 193

Chapter VI – SECTORAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES 195

Chapter VII – LAND USE AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 196

Chapter VIII– STRATEGIES, PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, AND ACTIVITIES 197


LIST OF ACRONYMS

A&D Alienable and Disposable ADB Asian Development Bank AIP Annual Investment Program APGR Annual Population Growth Rate AusAID Australian Agency for International Development BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management CAB Climatology and Agro meteorology Branch CC Climate Change CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCC Climate Change Commission CCVA Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment CMBS Community-Based Monitoring System CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CLPI Core Local Poverty Indicators CMP Community Mortgage Program CPDO City Planning and Development CPH Census on Population and Housing DepEd Department of Education DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOH Department of Health DOTC Department of Transportation and Communications DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DRA Disaster Risk Assessment DRVA Disaster Risk Vulnerability Assessment DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction and Management DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development DTI Department of Trade and Industry Execom Executive Committee ETC/S Existing levels, Trends, Comparisons, Significance FIES Family Income and Expenditure Survey

FMB Forest Management Bureau GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index HH Household Head IPDF Indigenous Peoples Development Framework IPDP Indigenous Peoples Development Plan ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone LDIP Local Development Investment Program LGU Local Government Unit

LQ Location Quotient LPRAP Local Poverty Reduction Action Plan MAO Municipal Agriculture Office

MDG Millennium Development Goals MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office MTPDP Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan MTPIP Medium-Term Public Investment Program M & E Monitoring and Evaluation NAMRIA National Mapping and Resources Information Authority NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board NDHS National Demographic and Health Survey

NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council NEDA National Economic and Development Authority NFPP National Framework for Physical Planning NGO Non-Government Organization

OCD Office of Civil Defense PAGASA Phil. Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration PAO Provincial Agriculture Office

PD Presidential Decree PDC Provincial Development Council PDIP Provincial Development Investment Program PDPFP Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan PDRRMO Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and management Office Phivolcs Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology PHS Philippine Health Statistics PopCom Commission of Population PopDev Population and Development PPA Programs, Projects, and Activities PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office PPFP Provincial Physical Framework Plan PSF Peoples Survival Fund PTIO Provincial Tourism and Information Office RA Republic Act RDC Regional Development RDP Regional Development Plan RDIP Regional Development Investment Program RPFP Regional Physical Framework Plan SAFDZ Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones SEP Socioeconomic Profile

SLR Sea Level Rise SST Sea Surface Temperature TWG Technical Working Group UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USNOAA United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

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DRR/CCA- Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran, p. viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Core Elements and Sectors 4 2 Data Requirements 5 3 Land Area, Income Class, and Number of Barangays by Municipality 8 4 Population, Annual Population Growth Rate, Density, and Area

by Province, Philippines, 2000, 2007 8 5 Biliran Population, Annual Population Growth Rate, Density, and Area

by Municipality, 2000, 2007 9

6 Biliran Population Shares, by Municipality, 2000, 2007 9 7 Estimated Population and Density, Biliran, by Municipality, 2015 13 8 Estimated Population and Density, Biliran, by Municipality, 2015 14 9 Household Population 5 Years Old and Over by Sex/Municipality, 2000 14 10 Household Population by Ethnicity, by Language, by Municipality, 2000 15

11 Urban- Rural Distribution by Municipality, Province of Biliran 2000-2007 15 12 Number of Households and Average Household Size b Municipality, 2007 15 13 Hierarchy of Settlements, Province of Biliran: 2007 17

14 Slope Range and Area Coverage, Province of Biliran 19 15 Historical Mean Seasonal Temperature for 30 years, Biliran* 23 16 Projected Temperature Increase (in °C) in 2020 and 2050 under the Medium-Range,

Emission Scenario, Biliran 24 17 Observed Baseline of Seasonal Rainfall in 30 years, Biliran (1971-2000) 24 18 Projected Seasonal Rainfall Changes (202 and 2050), (Projected Rainfall

Change= Observed baseline + (baseline X% change) 24 19 Tropical Cyclones that crossed the province 50 km from boundaries

(1948-2009), Biliran 25 20 Land Classification, Province of Biliran 26 21 Land Suitability, Province of Biliran 27 22 SAFDZ Areas, Province of Biliran 29 23 Matrix for Flood Susceptibility 30 24 Template for Rain-Induced Landslide Susceptibility 32 25 Template for Ground Shaking Susceptibility 35

26 Template for Liquefaction Susceptibility 37 27 Template for Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility 39 28 Thermal Areas in Biliran 41 29 Areas Potentially at Risk to 5-Meter Sea Level Rise 43 30 Summary of Hazards that could potentially affect the Province 45 31 Historical Occurrences of Various Hazards 45 32 Self-assessment of Disaster Risk Resiliency of the Province Using the

Hyogo Framework 48 33 Assessment of Provincial Institutional Capacity to Implement LGU

Mandates under the Climate Change Act (RA 9729) 50 34 Assessment of Provincial Institutional Capacity to Implement LGU

Mandates under the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (RA 10121) 50 35 Data Matrix: Total Family Income by Sector/Industry (P1000), Region VIII, 2000 52 36 Joint Probability: Shares of Total Family Income by Household Head of

Business/Industry, Region VIII, 2000 52 37 Concentration: Total Family Income by Household Head, Kind of Business/

Industry, Region VIII, 2000 53 38 Specialization: Total Family Income by Sector/Industry, Region VIII, 2000 54

39 Palay and Corn Production, Province of Biliran, 2005-2007 56 40 Crop Production (MT) & Area Harvested (ha.), Province of Biliran, 2005 – 2007 56 41 Inventory of Livestock & Poultry by Kind (Backyard & Commercial Farms)

Province of Biliran, 2005 – 2007 57

DRR/CCA- Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran, p. ix

42 Fish Production by Type (in metric tons) Province of Biliran, 2005-2007 58

43 Fish & Shell Sanctuaries Established and Monitored province of Biliran (as of December 2009) 58 44 Number of Establishments by Major Industry Division, Province of

45 Biliran, 2001 – 2005 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles by Type, Province of Biliran,

60

2002, 2004 & 2005 61 46 Location Quotient: Total Family Income by Sector/Industry, Region VIII, 2000 62 47 Status of National and Provincial Roads, Province of Biliran, 2008-2009 67

48 Status of Municipal and Barangay Roads, Province of Biliran, 2008 69 49 Distance to Municipalities 69 50 Rural Road Density, Province of Biliran 70 51 Number of Permits/Licenses Issued by Province, 2001-2007 70 52 Landline Telephone Distribution by Province, 2007 71 53 Labor and Employment, Province of Biliran, 2002 and 2003 72 54 Labor Force and Employment Status, HH Pop. 15 Years Old and Over

Province of Biliran, 2000 and 2003 (in thousands) 72 55 Main Source of Income, Province of Biliran, 1997 and 2000 73 56 Total and Average Income, Region VIII by Province, 1997 & 2000 73 57 Local Service Standards 74 58 Crude Birth and Death Rates, Province of Biliran, 2006-2008 76 59 Mortality, Leading Causes, Number & Rate per 100,000 Population

5 Year Average (2002-2007) 77 60 Maternal Mortality Leading Causes, Number & Ratio/1000 Live births 77 61 Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 Live Births, 5 –Year Average (2002-2006)

5 – Year Average (2002 – 2006) 80 62 Number of Medical Personnel, Province of Biliran, 2006 – 2008 78 63 Basic Education Data, Division of Biliran, (SY 2004 -05, 2005-06 & 2006 -07) 80 64 Literacy Rate of 15-24 Years Old, By Sex, By Urban/Rural, Province of 81

Biliran, CBMS Survey 2006 65 Comparative Performance Indicators, SY 2004-05, 2005-06 & 2006-07 81 66 Comparative Performance Indicators, SY 2004-05, 2005-06 & 2006-07 82 67 Proportion of Population Who Are Informal Settlers, CBMS Survey 2006,

68 Province of Biliran Proportion of Population Who Are Living in Makeshift Housing, CBMS

83

Survey 2006, Province of Biliran 84 69 Households with Access to Safe Water, By Service Level, By Municipality 90 70 Status of Electrification, 2008, Province of Biliran 93 71 Service Connection by Type of Consumer by Municipality 94 72 Household Connections by Municipality 94 73 Average System Rate of Selected RECS, (With the highest and lowest rates) 95 74 Poverty Incidence among Families and Among Population, Province of

Biliran 2003, 2006, 2009

100

75 Annual per Capita Poverty Threshold, Region VIII by Province 2003, 2006 & 2009 100 76 Existing Land Use Distribution, Province of Biliran 100 77 Land Requirements for Settlement Expansion 102 78 Flood Population Exposure, Province of Biliran 115 79 RIL Population Exposure, Biliran Province 117 80 Population Exposure to Ground Shaking, Biliran Province 120 81 Population Exposure to Liquefaction 122 82 Population Exposure to EIL 124 83 Built-up Exposure to Flood 126 84 Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to Flood 128 85 RIL Built-up Areas Exposure 131 86 Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to RIL 134


87 Ground Shaking Built-up Areas Exposure 136 88 Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to Ground Shaking 138 89 Built-up Areas Exposure to Liquefaction 141 90 Table 90. Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to Liquefaction 143

91 Built-up Areas Exposure to EIL 146 92 Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to EIL 148 93 Road Network Exposure to Flood 151

94 Summary of National and Provincial Roads Exposed to Flood 151 95 Road Network Exposure to RIL 153 96 Summary of National and Provincial Roads Exposed to High and Moderate RIL 154 97 Road Network Exposure to Ground Shaking 156 98 Road Network Exposure to Liquefaction 158

99 Road Net Exposure to EIL 160 100 Summary for the bridges Exposed to Flood Hazard 162 101 Summary of Bridges exposed to RIL 163 102 Summary of the cell sites exposure to RIL 165 103 List of Schools identified as prone to Flood and Landslide 166 104 Summary Checklist of Physical Assets that may be Exposed to Hazards 167 105 Agriculture Exposure to Flood 168 106 Agriculture Exposure to RIL 170

107 Agriculture Exposure to Ground Shaking 172 108 Agriculture Exposure to Liquefaction 174 109 Agriculture Exposure to EIL 176 110 Forestry Vulnerability Parameters and Sub-indicators 178 111 Summary VI table for the Impact of Erosion to Forestry, Biliran Province 179 112 Summary VI table for the Impact of Flooding to Forestry, Biliran Province 179 113 Summary VI table on the impact of Drought to Water Supply System 181 114 Summary VI table on the impact of Sea Level Rise to Water Supply System 182

115 Crop Production Vulnerability Parameters and Sub-indicators 184 116 Summary VI table for Crop Production vis-a-vis Erosion Hazard 184 117 Summary VI table for Crop Production vis-a-vis Drought Hazard 184 118 Summary of Sectoral Vulnerability to Climate Change Impacts* 187 119 Summary of CC Variables, Threats and possible impacts on critical sectors 187 120 Potential Exposure of Areas, Population and Physical Assets to Various

Types of Hazards 188 121 Issues/Problems, Goals, and Objectives/Targets 193

122 Sectoral and Spatial Strategies, Programs and Projects 198 123 Land Use and Physical Development Strategies, Programs and Projects 203


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Plan Linkages 2

2 The Integrated Framework 3 3 Population Density 10 4 Settlements Hierarchy 18 5 Regional Economy 53 6 Share Diagram: Agri/Fishery/Forestry Shares of Total Family Income by

HH Head, Business/Industry, Region VIII, 2000 54

7 Histogram (Specialization) 55 8 Total Family Income by Province, Region VIII 74 9 Crime Rate by Type 86 10 Crime Solution Rate by 100,000 Population 86 11 Proportion of HHs with Access to Safe Drinking Water 89

12 Proportion of HHs with Access to Sanitary Toilet 91 13 Status of Electrification, 2008 93 14 Household Connections 94

15 Subsistence Incidence, Region 8 99 16 Volcanic and Tectonic Map 108

Map

LIST OF MAPS

Page

1 Region VIII; Biliran Province 7

2 Province of Biliran 7 3 Population Density, Year 1990-2009 11 4 Biliran Annual Population Growth Rate 12 5a Built-up Areas 16 5b Existing Hierarchy of Settlements 17 6a Major Rivers in the Province of Biliran 20 6b Slope Map 21 7 Geological Map (Source: DENR, NAMRIA, BSWM, RPFP 22 8 Climate Map 23 9 Land Classification Map of Biliran 26 10 Land Suitability Map 27

11 Protection Areas Map 28 11b SAFDZ Map 29 12 Flood Susceptibility Hazard Map 31 13 Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map 33 14 Ground Shaking Hazard Map 36 15 Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Hazard Map 38 16 Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Map 40 17 Photo-geologic Map of Biliran 42

18 Potential Sea Level Rise-Inundated Areas 44 19 Location of Industries and Key Support Infrastructure 59 20 Map of Industries with Best and Declining Potentials 66 21 External Linkages and Internal Circulation Routes 68 22 Location of Health Facilities 79 23 Location of Education Facilities 82 24 Location of Housing Facilities 85 25 Location of Security Facilities 87 26 Ground Water Availability, Province of Biliran 88 27 Location of Water and Sanitation Facilities 92 28 Location of Power Facilities 95 29 Location of Drainage Facilities 96 30 Location of Solid Waste Facilities 97 31 Location of Existing and Proposed Facilities 98 32 Existing Land Use Map of the Province 101 33 Initial Settlements Growth Map 103

34 Initial Settlement and Protection Land Use 104 35 Settlements Framework Map 107 36 Protection Framework Map 110 37 Production Framework Map 111 38 Transport/Infrastructure Framework Map 112 39 Overall Physical Framework 113 40 Population Exposure to Flood Hazard Map 116 41 Population Exposure to Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map 119 42 Population Exposure to Ground Shaking Hazard Map 121 43 Population Exposure to Liquefaction Hazard Map 123 44 Population Exposure to Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Map 125 45 Built-up Areas Exposure to Flood Hazard Map 127 46 Critical Points Exposure to Flood Hazard Map 130 47 Built-up Areas Exposure to Rain-Induced landslide Hazard Map 132 48 Critical Points Exposure to Rain-Induced landslide Hazard Map 135 49 Built-up Areas Exposure to Ground Shaking Hazard Map 137

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DRR/CCA- Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran, p. xiii

50 Critical Points Exposure to Ground Shaking Hazard Map 140 51 Built-up Areas Exposure to Liquefaction Hazard Map 142 52 Critical Points Exposure to Liquefaction Hazard Map 145 53 Built-up Areas Exposure to EIL Hazard Map 147

54 Critical Points Exposure to EIL Hazard Map 150 55 Roads Exposure to Flood Hazard Map 152 56 Road Exposure to Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map 155

57 Road Exposure to Ground Shaking Hazard Map 157 58 Road Exposure to Liquefaction Hazard Map 159 59 Road Exposure to EIL Hazard Map 161 60 Bridges Flood Exposure Map 163 61 Bridges RIL Exposure Map 164

62 Agricultural Areas Exposure to Flood Hazard Map 169 63 Agricultural Areas Exposure to RIL Hazard Map 171 64 Agricultural Areas Exposure to Ground Shaking Hazard Map 173 65 Agricultural Areas Exposure to Liquefaction Hazard Map 175 66 Agriculture Areas Exposure to EIL Hazard Map 177 67 Crop Production Vulnerability to Erosion Map 180 68 Forestry Vulnerability to Flooding Map 180 69 Water Supply Vulnerability to Drought Map 182

70 Water Supply Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Map 183 71 Crop Production Vulnerability to Erosion, Biliran Province 185 72 Crop Production Vulnerability to Drought Map 186

DRR/CCA Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran p. 1

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION/CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (DRR/CCA) - ENHANCED PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND

PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK PLAN

PROVINCE OF BILIRAN

Chapter I - INTRODUCTION

1. Historical background 1.1. Historical background of the province

The island of Biliran was once a part of Leyte Province. Biliran first gained the status of a

sub-province by virtue of R.A. 2141, which was enacted by Congress on April 8, 1959. Under this charter, the municipalities of Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Culaba, Kawayan, Maripipi and Naval including all the territories consisted therein comprised the sub-province of Leyte to be known as the Sub-province of Biliran, with the seat of the government in the municipality of Naval. The first Lt. Governor and the first Special Board Member to represent in the Provincial Board of Leyte were appointed by the President of the Philippines with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.

The title “Governor” was formerly known as “Lt. Governor”. However, by virtue of the

amendments made to the original charter by R.A. 5977, which was enacted on June 21, 1969, the term Lt. Governor was changed to Governor with executive powers of a Provincial Governor. With the amendment, the Office of the Deputy Provincial Treasurer of Leyte, including its personnel, was transferred to the Sub-province of Biliran. The Office of the Auditor was created and all funds accruing to the Sub-province of Biliran became expendable for its exclusive benefits.

The passage of R.A. 6415,the last amendment to the original charter, which was enacted on

August 27, 1971provided among others for the creation of independent offices such as the Assistant Provincial Fiscal, the Sub-provincial Engineer, the Sub-provincial Health Officer, the Sub-provincial Treasurer and other complements of similar ranks. Under this legislation the Sub-province of Biliran insofar as its administration is concerned, existed as distinct, separate and independent province, with the municipality of Naval as its capital.

During the synchronized elections on May 11, 1992 a plebiscite was conducted to ratify the approval of the conversion of the sub-province of Biliran into a regular province pursuant to Section 462 of Republic Act No. 7160. On May 21, 1992 the members of the Plebiscite Board of Canvassers proclaimed by unanimous vote the conversion of the independent province, to be known as the Province of Biliran.

According to folklore, Biliran derived its name from a native grass, “Borobiliran,”which was abundant on the plains of the island during the pre–Spanish period. Long before this era, seafarers passing through the narrow straits of Biliran that separate the mainland of Leyte and the island of Biliran had noticed the fertile plains and the lush green hills of the island.

In the early 18th century, a group of settlers led by Fr. Gaspar settled in Albacia (now a sitio of Barangay Hugpa in the municipality of Biliran). Years later, the same group of settlers but led by Fr. Lorenzo Rivera transferred to Magsanoc. Unfortunately, Magsanoc (now Sitio Nasunugan) was burned to the ground. The group finally settled in the plains of Biliran. This


settlement developed and grew and so by 1878 it was formally declared a municipality of Leyte by the Spanish authorities – the first town in the island of Biliran. This significant event led virtually to the naming of the whole island as Biliran.

1.2. Number of municipalities and total population

The province is composed of eight municipalities, namely Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan,

Caibiran, Culaba, Kawayan, Maripipi, and the capital town of Naval. There are 132 barangays.

Based on the 2007 Census of Population conducted by the NSO, the province registered a total population of 150,031 persons. The annual population growth rate between the 2000 – 2007 censal years was 0.67%.

2. Plan objectives and context 2.1. Objectives of the PDPFP

The PDPFP is an integrated sectoral development and physical framework plan document

that provides direction to the development of the province. It enhances and strengthens vertical and horizontal linkages among the network of plans and investment programs at various levels.

Specifically, the plan aims to: a. define the long-term development vision for the province; b. provide analytical basis for understanding the current state of development and

identifying development issues/problems and opportunities of the province;

c. clearly define the development goals, objectives, and targets of the province; and d. identify appropriate strategies and corresponding programs, projects and activities

(PPA’s) that serve as inputs to the Provincial Development Investment Program (PDIP).

2.2. Context of the PDPFP

The PDPFP is the vital link in the vertical and horizontal networks of plans that cover the national, regional, provincial, and municipal levels.

Vertical Linkage

The PDPFP connects local development objectives to regional and national priorities since development plans and investment programs that are formulated at the provincial level must be linked correspondingly to the upper-level regional and national plans and the lower-level municipal plans. The regional and national plans include, among others, the Regional Development Plan (RDP), Regional Physical Framework Plan (RPFP), Regional Development Investment Program (RDIP), the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP), National Framework for Physical Planning (NFPP), and Medium-Term Philippine Investment Program.

Figure 1. Plan Linkages


Investment decisions at the provincial level must also build on municipal plans and programs taken from the municipal Comprehensive Development Plans and Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs), which require inputs from the barangays.

Horizontal Linkage

At the provincial level, the horizontal linkage is established by matching the programs, projects, and activities (PPAs) in the PDIP and the Annual Investment Program to those identified in the PDPFP. The multi-year PDIP contains the prioritized list of PPAs with their corresponding cost estimates while the AIP, which serves as the basis for the yearly budgetary allocations for PPAs, is the current year “slice” of the PDIP.

The figure below shows that after the planning stage, investment programming, budgeting

and implementation will involve project evaluation and development, which eventually provide feedback into the next planning cycle.

2.3. Key policies and legislative mandates for the PDPFP

Joint Memorandum Circular (JMC) No. 1, Series of 2007, issued by DILG, NEDA, DBM,

and DOF primarily mandates the synchronization of local planning, investment programming, revenue administration, and budgeting and expenditure management. This joint circular clarifies the responsibilities of the agencies involved and encourages local government units (LGUs) to pursue and persist in undertaking the foregoing activities for their local development objectives.

Also, pursuant to relevant provisions of the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991, all

LGUs shall prepare their comprehensive development plans, Local Development Investment Programs (LDIPs), Annual Investment Programs (AIPs), and Annual & Supplemental Budgets in the context of and in harmony with national and regional policies, goals and strategies.

Another key policy is that all LGUs, in coordination with national government agencies

(NGAs), government owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs), and government financial institutions (GFIs) shall adhere to the provisions of law and principle of complementation and participation between and among LGUs and private sector/non-government organizations in the preparation of their plans and budgets

LGUs are also mandated to implement R.A. 9729, known as the Climate Change Act of

2009, “An Act Mainstreaming Climate Change into Government Policy Formulations,

Figure 2. The Integrated Framework


Establishing the Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change, Creating for this Purpose the Climate Change Commission and for Other Purposes,” and R.A. 10121, the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, strengthening the DRRM System, providing for the National DRRM Framework, and institutionalizing the National DRRM Plan.”

3. Coverage of the PDPFP 3.1. Historical coverage

The PDPFP is a medium-term development plan that is guided by a long-term vision. It

covers a six-year period and is intended to coincide with two three-year political terms of the Provincial Governor and one full term of the national leadership.

Planning analyses, however, extend beyond the six-year plan period to consider longer term

trends. Analyses of the trends are important in identifying strategies and PPAs.

3.2. Geographical coverage

The geographical analysis is focused mainly on the political and administrative boundaries of the province. However, other provinces in the region, Region 8 itself, and even the country as a whole, are included as benchmarks in some of the analyses.

Municipalities within the province serve as the primary level of analytical disaggregation,

although barangay-level data may be considered in some population analyses. Clusters of municipalities and geographically delineated areas (e.g. watersheds) may be considered where required.

References to land and land use will include water and water use, unless otherwise specified.

3.3. Sectoral coverage

This PDPFP includes all major sectors relevant to the development of the province. Sectoral

data are made consistent with regional, national, and municipal data as much as possible for comparisons and putting them in context.

In terms of the traditional sectors that typically serve as templates for public sector planning

analysis and implementation, the core elements correspond as follows:

Table 1. Core Elements and Sectors

Core Element

Sector

Population Population

Economic Activity Agriculture, fisheries, forestry, trade, industry, services, tourism

Physical Resources Environment, natural resources, transport

Income/Access to Services

Health, education, housing, social welfare, public works, energy, security, other services & facilities (for community groups such as the elderly, children, indigenous peoples, etc.)

Land Use Physical integration of all sectors


Table 2 shows a summary of the data requirements and the possible sources of these information.

Table 2. Data Requirements

Core Element/Sector Data Geographical Unit Period Source

Population

- Population - Size, density, growth rate - If available: age-sex, urban- rural distribution;; migration

- Map

- Philippines, region, province - If available: other provinces in region, municipalities in province, barangays

Latest, previous census

NSO, NSCB LGUs

Physical Resources

- Environment, natural resources, protection forestry

-Land area - Characteristics of land resources

-Land use, land suitability, land classification -Map

- Province - If available: region, other provinces in region, municipalities in province

Latest census Sectoral agencies, LGUs

By transport mode or industry if available: - Transport and

communication

- Existing and proposed facilities, routes, levels of service

- Map

-Province -If available: region, other provinces in region, municipalities in province


Economic Activity

By subsector or industry if available:

- Agriculture, fisheries, production forestry

- Manufacturing - Trade, industry, services - Tourism

- Employment, income , or value of product by sector

-Export product, markets, volumes by sector (if available)

-Existing, support infrastructure -Map

-Philippines, region, province - If available, other provinces in region, municipalities in province

Latest, previous census

NSO Sectoral agencies, LGUs

Income and Services

- Employment - Employment/unemployment rates

- Philippines, region, province Latest, previous census

NSO, NSCB

- Income and poverty - Average family income -Poverty indicators - Map (if available)

- Philippines, region, province - If available: other provinces in region, municipalities in province

Latest previous census

NSO, NSCB, LGUs

- Housing, health, education, sanitation, security

- Public works: roads, water supply, solid waste, drainage

- Power, other sectors

- Existing and proposed facilities - Levels of service of basic social services (health, education, sanitation, security), public works

- Map

- Region, province - If available: other provinces in region, municipalities in province


- Land use - Location/maps of above sectors

- Province - If available: municipalities in province

Latest available, previous

LGUs, sectoral agencies

4. Outline of the plan

The presentation of the essential components of the PDPFP proceeds as follows:

4.1. Vision

The long-term vision of the province embodies the aspirations of the provincial leadership in consultation with the stakeholders. It describes the desired state of the province in terms of its


people, economy, and the natural and physical environment. It sets the overall development direction of the province.

4.2. . Planning Environment

This section presents substantive analysis of the social, economic, and physical environment of the province of Biliran. Analyses of the planning environment guide the identification of development challenges and issues and the corresponding interventions.

4.3. Development Issues/Problems, Goals, Objectives, and Targets

Goals, objectives, and targets are formulated to address the perceived challenges, issues, and opportunities.

4.4. Strategies, Plans, Programs, and Activities

More specific courses of action (strategies, programs, projects, and activities)are laid out to

respond to the development challenges and issues and consequently lead to the attainment of the objectives.

Chapter II – VISION

The current development vision of the province has evolved from similar vision statements that had been crafted in the past in connection with the preparation of precursor development plans. This new vision statement expresses the desired development conditions for the province in the long term.

The main objective of formulating the vision is not only to manifest the desires of the

Biliranons through their leaders but also to set the inspirational tone for the rest of the PDPFP. At the same time it serves as the springboard for soliciting inputs for the stakeholders regarding problems and issues as well as plan directions.

The vision of Biliran Province is stated thus:

“The agri-garden and preferred eco-tourism destination in Eastern Visayas with

healthy, educated and empowered citizens sustaining a progressive and competitive economy in a peaceful, resilient and ecologically balanced community under a responsive, transparent, and participative governance.”

The general mission of the province is to “empower every Biliranon through the provision

of social services and economic opportunities”. More specifically, the province intends to pursue the preservation and enrichment of culture, promotion of health and safety, enhancement of the right of the people to a balanced self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, maintain peace and order, and the institutionalization of DRRM and CCA measures at the community level.


Chapter III – THE PLANNING ENVIRONMENT

1. Location, land area, and political subdivisions

Biliran is an island province located on the eastern part of the Visayas group of islands. It lies within the geographic coordinates of 11o28’00” to 11o50’00” latitude and 124o37’00” longitude. It is bounded on the east by the Samar Sea, on the west by the Strait of Biliran, on the north by the Visayas Sea, and on the south by Carigara Bay.

Biliran is comfortably nestled between

the islands of Leyte and Samar (Map 1). It is one of the six provinces comprising the Eastern Visayas Region or Region VIII. The island of Biliran was originally known as Isla de Panamao. It was formerly a sub-province of Leyte but it became a regular province on May 11, 1992 after a plebiscite was conducted in accordance with R.A. 7160.

This island province is located about 123 kilometers north of Tacloban City, the regional

center. Biliran is composed of eight municipalities namely: Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Culaba, Kawayan, Maripipi and the capital town of Naval. There are 132 barangays, of which 20 are classified as urban and 112 are rural (Table 3). Biliran is represented as a lone district in the House of Representatives.

The total land area is 555.42 square

kilometers (55,542 hectares), which is only 0.18% of the Philippines’ total land area of about 300,000 sq. km., and only 2.59% of the entire Eastern Visayas. Of this total area of 55,550 hectares, 28,650 hectares are considered alienable and disposable while 26,900 hectares comprise forestland.

Among the municipalities, Naval, the

capital of the province, is the largest in area (107.08 sq. km.), followed by Caibiran (94.58 sq. km). The smallest is Maripipi, having an area of 31.71 sq. km. (Table 3).


Table 3. Land Area, Income Class, and Number of Barangays by Municipality Province of Biliran, 2007

Name of

Municipality Land Area (sq. km.)

Income Class

Urban

No. of Barangays

Rural

Total

Almeria 65.49 5th 1 12 13

Biliran 86.29 5th 2 9 11

Cabucgayan 49.38 5th 3 10 13

Caibiran 94.58 5th 3 14 17

Culaba 76.19 5th 3 14 17

Kawayan 44.70 5th 2 18 20

Maripipi 31.71 5th 2 13 15

Naval 107.08 2nd 3 23 26

Provincial Total 555.42 4th 20 113 132

Source: PPDO – Biliran

2. Population and settlements

2.1. Population: regional and national context

2.1.1. Population size, density, and APGR of the province

Based on the 2007 Census on Population, Biliran has a total population of 150,031 or a population density of 253 persons per sq. km. Between 2000 and 2007 censal years, the population increased at an annual growth rate of 0.67%, about one-half the growth rate of 1.28% between the 1995 and 2000 population censuses.

2.1.2. External benchmarks

Biliran, the smallest province in Region 8, also has the lowest population, which accounts for only 3.83% of the regional total. It has also the lowest Annual Population Growth Rate (APGR) of 0.67%, lower than the region’s0.81%and the country’s 1.36%.

Table 4. Population, Annual Population Growth Rate, Density, and Area By Province, Philippines, 2000, 2007

Province Pop 2000 Pop 2007 Pop 2000 % Share

APGR* 2000-2007

Density 2000

Density 2007

Area sq.km

Biliran 140,274 150,031 3.83% 0.67 252.52 270 555.42

Eastern Samar 375,822 405,114 10.35% 0.75 92.08 87 4,640.70

Leyte 1,592,336 1,722,036 44.01% 0.79 278.73 264 6,505.1

Northern Samar 500,639 549,759 14.05% 0.94 143.12 149 3,692.9

Samar (Western) 641,124 695,149 17.77% 0.81 114.67 115 6,048.00

Southern Leyte 360,160 390,847 9.99% 0.82 207.61 218 1,792.20

Region 8 3,610,355 3,912,936 100.00% 0.81 168.46 168 23,244.32

Philippines 76,504,007 88,574,614 1.36 255.01 297 298,170

Source: NSO; *as computed by PPDO - Biliran


However, in terms of population density, Biliran is more densely populated compared to the other provinces in the region and even higher than the region’s 168 persons per sq. km.

With the province’s comparatively lower APGR of 0.67%, the population of Biliran is expected to double in 103 years. This population doubling time is twice longer than the country’s doubling period of 51 years and significantly longer than the region’s 85 years.

2.2. Population size, density, and growth rate

2.2.1. Size and distribution

Naval’s population in 2007 was 44,288, accounting for 29.52% of the provincial total. It is one of the capital towns and cities in the region that have a population less than 100,000 such as Borongan (59,354), Catarman (81,067), Catbalogan (92,454), and Maasin (79,737).

Table 5. Biliran Population, Annual Population Growth Rate, Density, and Area

By Municipality, 2000, 2007

Municipality Pop 2000 Pop 2007 Pop 2007 % Share

APGR 2000-2007

Density 2000

Density 2007

Area (sq.km.)

Almeria 13,854 14,420 9.61% 0.4 211.54 220.19 65.49

Biliran 13,817 14,947 9.96% 0.79 160.12 173.22 86.29

Cabucgayan 17,691 18,799 12.53% 0.61 358.26 380.70 49.38

Caibiran 19,606 20,616 13.74% 0.5 207.30 217.97 94.58

Culaba 11,506 10,962 7.31% -0.48 151.02 143.88 76.19

Kawayan 17,507 19,053 12.7% 0.85 391.66 426.24 44.70

Maripipi 8,319 6,946 4.63% -1.79 262.35 219.05 31.71

Naval 37,974 44,288 29.52% 1.55 354.63 413.60 107.08 Province 140,274 150,031 100.00% 0.67 252.55 270.12 555.42

Source: NSO; Biliran Provincial Profile, PPDO

In addition to Naval, the municipalities of Caibiran, Kawayan, Cabucgayan and Biliran

comprise the five largest settlements accounting for 78% of the total population. The rest of the population is distributed among the 3 other municipalities of the province, with Maripipi having the smallest share (6,946 or 4. 63%) of the provincial total. Six municipalities had increases in population during the 1995, 2000, and 2007 censal years while the municipalities of Culaba and Maripipi had decreasing population.

Table 6. Biliran Population Shares, by Municipality, 2000, 2007

Municipality Pop 2000 % Share

Pop 2007 % Share

Cum Pop 2000 % Share

Cum Pop 2007 % Share

2000--2007 % Change

Almeria 9.88% 9.61% 9.88% 9.61% -0.27%

Biliran 9.85% 9.96% 19.73% 19.57% 0.11%

Cabucgayan 12.61% 12.53% 32.34% 32.10% -0.08%

Caibiran 13.97% 13.74% 46.31% 45.84% -0.23%

Culaba 8.20% 7.31% 54.51% 53.15% -0.89%

Kawayan 12.48% 12.70% 66.99% 65.85% 0.22%

Maripipi 5.93% 4.63% 72.92% 70.48% -1.30%

Naval 27.07% 29.52% 99.99% 100.00% 2.45% Province 99.99% 100.00% 302.68% 396.60% 0.01%

source: National Statistics Office


2.2.2. Density and urbanization

Kawayan, the northern municipality of Biliran, has the highest population density (426.24 persons per sq. km) in censal year 2007 while the island municipality of Maripipi has the lowest (143.88 persons per sq. km.) Kawayan’s population density is even higher than the provincial, regional and national averages with 270, 168 and 297 persons per sq. km., respectively.

Other municipalities with densities higher than the provincial average are Naval (413) and Cabucgayan (380 ppsk).

Compared to the other capital towns in the region, the municipalities of Kawayan (426) and

Naval (413) have higher densities than Maasin (376.6), the capital city of Southern Leyte, Catbalogan (337.2) of Samar, Borongan (125) of Eastern Samar, Catarman (174.6) of Northern Samar, and the two cities of the province of Leyte, namely Ormoc City (289.3) and Baybay City (223.2ppsk).

During the 1995 Census on

Population and the succeeding censuses (2000 & 2007), Kawayan has been consistent to have the highest density among the 8 municipalities of the province. Naval follows with Cabucgayan a close third.

Meanwhile, Caibiran, Almeria,

and Biliran show an increasing trend while Maripipi and Culaba reflect an erratic trend that can be attributed to the decreasing population in the two latest censuses.

Biliran town and Almeria have

increasing population densities due to their proximity to Naval, which is significantly becoming a metropolitan area. Caibiran is also greatly affected due to the relatively short distance to Naval via the cross country road. On the other hand, Maripipi and Culaba, the farthest from Naval in terms of travel time, show a decreasing trend.

As shown in the population density maps (Map 3), the significant population growths in the

five municipalities (Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Kawayan and Caibiran) and the decreasing population in Maripipi and Culaba were probably influenced by the urbanization of Naval.

Figure 3. Population Density


Soirce: PPDO-Biliran


2.2.3. Growth rate

Being the capital municipality, Naval continued to exhibit fast growth from censal years 1995, 2000 and 2007. Likewise, the municipalities of Kawayan and Cabucgayan showed relatively faster growth than the municipalities of Almeria, Biliran, and Caibiran, which had less significant growth rates. Meanwhile, Maripipi showed an increase in population growth in the period 1990- 1995, lower growth in 1995-2000, and negative growth between the 2000 and 2007 census periods. Culaba continues to have a negative growth rate from 1995, 2000 and 2007 censal years.

Map 4

ANNUAL POPULATION GROWTH RATE Province of Biliran N

W E

S

-0.6

Maripipi

2.3

Maripipi

Kawayan

-0.1

1.4

-0.1

Culaba

Kawayan

1.6

1.6

2.1

4.9

Culaba

Almeria

1.2

Caibiran

Almeria

1.9

Caibiran

Hig a ta n g a n Is. Naval 0.3

Hig a ta n g a n Is. Naval 1.0

1980-1990 APGR

< - 0 %

0.1 - 0.5%

0.6 - 1.0%

1.1 - 1.5%

1.6 - 2.0%

2.1 - Above

BILIRAN PROVINCE

Biliran

0.5

1.6

Cabucgayan

1990-1995 APGR

< - 0%

0.1 - 0.5%

0.6 - 1.0%

1.1 - 1.5%

1.6 - 2.0%

2.1 - Above

BILIRAN PROVINCE

Biliran

3.4

1.5

Cabucgayan

1980-1990 APGR, by Municipality 1990-1995 APGR, by Municipality

12.2.34

Maripipi

-12..739

Maripipi

Kawayan

1.38

Kawayan

1.38

1.6 1.38 1.6

Culaba

0. 85 Culaba

Almeria

0.68 -2.10

Almeria

0. 40 -0. 48

Hig a ta n g a n Is.

Naval

3.08

1.16

Caibiran

Hig a ta n g a n Is.

Naval

1. 55

0. 50

Caibiran

1995-2000 APGR

< - 0%

0.1 - 0.5%

0.6 - 1.0%

1 1 - 5%

1 6 - 0%

2.1 - bove

0.07

Biliran

1.51

Cabucgayan

2000-2007 APGR

< - 0%

0. 1 - 0.5%

0. 6 - 1.0%

1. 1 - 1.5%

1. 6 - 2.0%

2. 1 - Above

BILIRAN PROVINCE

0. 79

Biliran

0. 61

Cabucgayan

BILIRAN PROVINCE

1995-2000 APGR, by Municipality

2000-2007 APGR, by Municipality


High-density and fast-growing

Naval – capital town and center of trade and commerce in the province

Kawayan

Cabucgayan

Low-density and fast-growing settlement

Biliran (0.79%) – gateway to the province of Biliran from Leyte island

High-density and slow-growing settlement

Almeria (0.40%) and Caibiran (0.50%) – in-between municipalities with fast-growing settlements

Low-density and slow-growing settlements

Maripipi and Culaba – have negative growth rates

Table 7. Estimated Population and Density, Biliran, by Municipality, 2015

Municipality

Pop 2000

Pop 2007

APGR 2000- 2007

Area (sq, km.)

Density 2007

APGR Factor

1990-2000

APGR Factor

2000-2007

Est. Pop 2015

Est.

Density 2056

Add’l Pop 2007- 2015

Almeria 13,854 14,420 0.40% 65.49 220.19 1.000040 1.000201 14,949 228.26 529

Biliran 13,817 14,947 0.79% 86.29 173.22 1.000079 1.000395 16,043 185.91 1,096

Cabucgayan 17,691 18,799 0.61% 49.38 380.70 1.000061 1.000305 19,856 402.10 1,057

Caibiran 19,606 20,616 0.50% 94.58 217.97 1.000050 1.000252 21,567 228.02 951

Culaba 11,506 10,962 -0.48% 76.19 143.88 1.999952 0.999758 10,495 137.74 -467

Kawayan 17,507 19,053 0.85% 44.7 426.24 1.000085 1.000425 20,561 459.97 1,508

Maripipi 8,319 6,946 -1.79% 31.71 219.05 0.999821 0.999107 5,905 186.21 -1,041

Naval 37,974 44,288 1.55% 107.08 413.6 1.000155 1.000775 50,863 475 6,575

BILIRAN 140,274 150,031 0.67% 555.42 270.12 1.000067 1.000337 159,369 286.93 9,338

Source: NSO, PPDO – Biliran

2.2.4. Other characteristics

a. Migration patterns

Region VIII continues to be an out-migration area. During the period 1995-2000, it registered a net migration rate of –7.0% or having 251,993 more out-migrants than in-migrants.

Eastern Samar posted the highest outflow of population (-10%), followed by Leyte (-8.0%)

and Biliran (-7.5%). In terms of provincial distribution of the region’s out-migrants, almost half or 49.4% came from Leyte, followed by Samar (17.1%), Eastern Samar (12.9%), Northern Samar (11.8%), So. Leyte (4.4%), and Biliran (4.3%).


Table 8. Migration Pattern by Sex and by Province, Region VIII: 1995-2000

Province In-Migration Out-Migration Net Migration Net

Migration Rate

Total Women Men Total Women Men Total Women Men

Region VIII 126,574 63,181 63,393 378,567 187,657 190,910 (251,993) (124,476) (127,517) (7.0)

Leyte 58,951 29,592 29,359 186,891 93,578 93,313 (127,940) (63,986) (63,954) (8.0)

Biliran 5,941 2,929 3,012 16,426 8,043 8,383 (10,485) (5,114) (5,371) (7.5)

So. Leyte 18,267 9,083 9,184 16,754 8,045 8,709 1,513 1,038 475 0.4

Samar 20,113 9,997 10,116 64,880 31,299 33,581 (44,767) (21,302) (23,465) (7.0)

E. Samar 11,405 5,661 5,744 48,955 24,478 24,477 (37,550) (18,817) (18,733) (10.0)

N. Samar 11,897 5,919 5,978 44,661 22,214 22,447 (32,764) (16,295) (16,469) (6.5)

Source: National Statistics Office

The in-migration of the province is 5.11% for the censal year 2000. Almeria has almost the

same 5.70% of in-migrants, while Naval registered a high 7.26 % or a total of 2.369 in -migrants. The high influx is due to the proximity to Naval of the three municipalities of Leyte, namely: Leyte, San Isidro and Calubian because Naval is considered a major growth center (commerce and trade). Accessibility to Naval has improved and the transportation to Cebu City is much easier and cheaper if the people choose the Naval – Cebu route.

On the other hand, Maripipi also posted a 5.54% in-migration rate next to Almeria, and

followed by Kawayan (4.45%), Culaba (4.44%) and Cabucgayan (4.39%). Caibiran (3.57%) and Biliran (2.57%) registered the lowest migration rates. (Please refer to the table below.)

Table 9. Household Population 5 Years Old and Over by Sex, Municipality of Present Residence and Place of Residence 5 Years Ago: 2000

Municipality

Household Pop. 5

Years Old & Over

Place of Residence 5 Years Ago

Same Municipality

Other City/ Municipality

Other Province

Foreign Country

Unknown

Total Migrat-

ion Rate

Almeria 12,134 11,442 52 396 36 208 692 5.70

Biliran 121,01 11,789 9 102 3 198 312 2.57

Cabucgayan 15,391 14,715 10 177 11 478 676 4.39

Caibiran 16,676 16,080 15 177 2 402 596 3.57

Culaba 10,111 9,562 1 11 5 432 449 4.44

Kawayan 15,189 14,482 65 329 16 297 707 4.65

Maripipi 7,520 7,103 16 164 39 198 417 5.54

Naval 32,619 30,250 109 1,000 47 1,213 2369 7.26

Province 124,641 115,423 277 2,356 159 3,426 6218 5.11 Source: National Statistics Office

b. Ethnicity, language or dialect groupings

Waray-waray is the dialect mostly spoken by 40.64% of the population. This is followed by Bisaya or Binisaya (30.8%), and Cebuano with 26.20%.

The inhabitants of the towns facing or are accessible to the mainland provinces of Leyte and Samar speak Waray-waray, whereas those residing in the towns accessible to Cebu, Naval,and Almeria speak the Cebuano dialect, although most of the people can speak and understand both dialects.


Table 10. Household Population by Ethnicity, Language/Dialect Spoken By Municipality, Province of Biliran, 2000

ETHNICITY

ALMERIA

BILIRAN

CABUC- GAYAN

CAIBIRAN

CULABA

KAWAYAN

MARIPIPI

NAVAL

PROVINCIAL TOTAL

RATE

Bicol 17 7 7 6 11 14 4 1 86 Bisaya/Binisaya 11,695 2 7 35 2 14,524 1 16,869 43,281 30.8

Boholano 20 34 3 13 - 50 2 20 142 Cebuano 1,701 266 7,828 33 5,305 2,516 50 19,058 36,757 26.20

Hiligaynon/Ilongo 8 15 1 1 2 10 5 22 34 Kankanay - - 48 2 27 24 3 96 216 Masbate 65 5 5 5 7 2 7 12 138 Tagalog 8 29 42 28 69 79 60 114 354 Waray 119 13,356 9,434 19,212 5,906 2 8,058 856 57,020 40.64

Others 91 54 99 139 100 73 40 162 783 Not reported 124 46 216 127 27 107 88 688 1473 Total 13,848 13,814 17,690 19,601 11,506 17,501 8,316 37,898 140,274


Table 11. Urban- Rural Distribution by Municipality, Province of Biliran 2000-2007

Municipality Total Population Urban Rural

2000 2007 2000 % 2007 % 2000 % 2007 %

ALMERIA 13,854 14,420 11.059 79.82 11,713 81.22 2795 20.17 2707 18.77

BILIRAN 13,817 14,947 9,380 67.88 10,220 70.49 4437 32.11 4727 31.62

CABUCGAYAN 17,691 18,799 13,884 78.48 14,286 78.86 3813 21.55 3973 21.13

CAIBIRAN 19,606 20,616 13,505 68.88 14,497 70.31 6101 31.11 6119 29.68

CULABA 11,506 10,962 9.095 79.04 8,614 75.58 2411 20.95 2348 21.40

KAWAYAN 17,507 19,053 15,773 90.09 17,036 89.41 1868 10.67 2017 10.58

MARIPIPI 8,319 6,946 6,585 79.15 5,463 78.64 1734 20.84 1483 21.35

NAVAL 37,974 44,288 27,467 72.33 32,663 73.75 10507 27.66 11625 26.24

Provincial Total 140,274 150,031 106,608 75.99 11,503 76.67 33666 24.0 34999 23.32


Biliran is a highly rural province with 75.99 % or 106,608 of population living in the rural

areas in 2000 and continued to increase in 2007, posting 76.67% of the population or 115,032 persons whereas only 24% in 2000 resided in urban areas, whichslightly decreased in 2007 with 34,999 persons or 23.32%.

Table 12. Number of Households and Average Household Sizeby Municipality Province of Biliran, 2007

Municipality Total

Population Number of

Households Percent

Distribution Average

Household Size

Almeria 14,420 3,335 10.37 4.32

Biliran 14,947 3,147 9.79 4.75

Cabucgayan 18,799 3,976 12.36 4.72

Caibiran 20,616 4,031 12.54 5.11

Culaba 10,962 2,344 7.29 4.68

Kawayan 19,053 4,192 13.04 4.55

Maripipi 6,945 1,548 4.82 4.49

Naval 44,288 9,575 29.78 4.63

Biliran Province 150,031 32,148 100 4.67 Source: National Statistics Office


In 2007, the number of households in Biliran reached 32,148. Naval had the highest share with 29.78 % or 9,575 total number of households. This was followed by Kawayan (4,192) Caibiran (4,031), Cabucgayan (3,976),Almeria (3,335), Biliran (3,147), Culaba (2,344) and

Maripipi (1,548).

The average household size of the province was 4.67. Caibiran posted the highest household size with 5.11 and the rest of the municipalities had more than 4.

2.3. Existing settlement patterns

The capital town of Naval is considered as the major growth center of the province and is

considered as becoming an urbanizing town. The municipality is administratively more dominant (the provincial capitol and other national line agencies are situated here) than the other municipalities. This condition is also manifested in terms of population size, population density, infrastructure, transport, education, health facilities and services .Naval is also the business district of the province where commercial establishments and other convenience shops and market place are located, in which the seven municipalities, including the three neighboring municipalities of the province of Leyte namely Leyte, Calubian, and San Isidro do their business and marketing.

Naval is also the jump-off point to Cebu, the island town of Maripipi, and the neighboring

towns of Leyte province

.

Map 5a. Built-up Areas

Source: Biliran PDPFP & DRR/CCA TWG


Table 13. Hierarchy of Settlements, Province of Biliran: 2007

Level of Hierarchy Centers Population

1. Primary Metropolitan Center - 1,000,000 above

2. Secondary Metropolitan Center

- 250,001- 1,000,000

3.Small/Medium - 100,001-250,000

4.Large Town 50,001-100,000

5.Medium Town Naval 25,0001-50,000

6. Small Town Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Caibiran,

Culaba, Kawayan, Maripipi

2,500-25,000 Source: PPDO - Biliran

*

Source: PPDO-Biliran


Figure 4. Settlements Hierarchy 2.4. Summary

As of 2007 Census on Population, Biliran has a total population of 150,031. It ranks 6th

among the 6 provinces of the Eastern Visayas Region and ranks 74th among the 80 provinces of the Philippines.

Biliran has a high population density of 270.08 persons per square kilometer, which

compares with the region’s 182.58. The national average is 295.25.

Given its current growth rate, Biliran’s population is expected to grow to 159,369 by the end of the plan period (2016). This means an additional population of 9,338 or an average increase of 1,556 persons every year based on the 2007 census.

The additional population of the province at the end of the vision period (2040) is

187,281 assuming that the current growth rate will be constant.

Naval is the largest and fastest-growing urban center in the province. It has a population of 44,288 which accounts for 29.52% of the provincial population. It is the provincial capital and the main gateway (seaport) to Cebu City; Naval is expected to continue to expand its direction of influence over surrounding towns of the province and the adjacent towns of the province of Leyte.

Biliran province has strong linkages with adjacent provinces in the region particularly

Samar and Leyte provinces, as well as Cebu provinces in Region VII and Masbate in Region V. Naval has strong transportation and trade linkages with Tacloban City, Cebu City, and Metro Manila.

The province will double its population in 103 years with Naval as the provincial metropolitan center accounting for 39.52% of the provincial population.

Province of Biliran Settlement Heirarchy Population 2007

50,000

45,000

40,000

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0


3. Physical resources 3.1. General land and water characteristics and resources

3.1.1. Topography and slope

a. Topography Range

Rugged mountains bisect the entire length of the island province. The highest point elevation found on the center of the island is Mt. Naliwatan with elevation of 1,340 masl. On the most eastern peak north of Cabucgayan is an unmanned peak with elevation of 1,266 m asl. There are 9 mountain peaks which rise more than 1000 m asl. Generally, the steep mountain slopes start from elevation 300 m asl, below this elevation is considered rolling terrain where most settlements can be found.

Some portions of the land area are considered low-lying with elevations of less than 100 m.

These are generally present in all of the eight municipalities of the province. The remaining parts of the provincial land area are in excess of 100 m elevation.

b. Slope Range

i. Only 3% of the total land area of Biliran is level to gently sloping. These low lying areas are generally located in the low-lying portion around the island and along river banks. The higher slopes are found in the hilly and mountainous portion.

ii. Areas with slopes lower than 18% take up only 16% of the total land area. This is due to

the presence of fairly large areas of undulating to rolling terrain (8%-18% slope). Areas of gently sloping to undulating terrain (3%-8% slope) can be found mostly in Naval and Caibiran.

Table 14. Slope Range and Area Coverage, Province of Biliran

Slope Range Brief Description Area Coverage

(sq. km.) Percent Share

(%)

0 – 3 Level to gently sloping 16.65 3.00

3 – 8 Gently sloping to undulating 183.50 33.04

8 – 18 Undulating to rolling 192.23 34.61

18 – 30 Rolling to hilly 120.25 21.65

30 – 50 Hilly to steep hill

Above 50 Steep hill to mountainous 42.79 7.70

Total 555.42 100.00 Source: DENR; PPDO

3.1.2. Land and water resources

a. Land and Water Area

The Province of Biliran is made up of three major islands and islets: the mainland, where the seven municipalities are located; the island town of Maripipi; and Higatangan Island which is part of the Municipality of Naval. In the eastern part of the main island are found several islets.


Data from the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) showed that the main island including Higatangan Island has an area of 52,688 sq. km. which is 95% of the total provincial area. The Island of Maripipi is 2,814 has, representing 5%.

i. Inland water bodies constitute mainly of rivers. There are 29 identified rivers; seven are

classified as major ones namely: Anas, Amambahag, Mapula, Santol, Caraycaray and Bagongbong rivers. The Caraycaray River is the largest with a watershed of 85 sq.km. One major domestic use of these rivers is for irrigation.

ii. The delineated municipal seawaters of Biliran under Republic Act 8550 which extend 15

km. from the shoreline are rich fishing grounds. The deepest part is about 150 fathoms or 900 m. and this is along the Visayan Sea. The average depth is about 50 fathoms or 300 m., ten (10) km. from the coastline.

Source: MGB

b. Key land and other physical features

The rugged mountains that traverse the entire island are primarily conserved to serve as watershed rather than source of timber. Numerous spring sources come up from these watersheds which are the main sources of drinking water brought down to settlements at the lowland. These watersheds collect and regulate the flow of water, control soil erosion and

Map 6a


minimize water pollution. Numerous waterfalls also abound at these mountains with heights ranging from 5 meters to 30 m.

The 35-km. long volcanic island of Biliran contains many prominent andesistic lava domes. The fumarole fields that are scattered throughout the island are significance of the presence of geothermal energy. Initial exploration showed that the mountains of Naval and Caibiran are potentials for geothermal power. Hot springs are present in these areas which can be a good prospect for ecotourism.

Major rivers are alternative sources of power. Studies conducted by Varied Energy

Development Corporation revealed that a total of 6,900 KW can be extracted from these sources.

Source: MGB

3.1.3. Geological features of the province

The evolution of Biliran and the Maripipi Islands are related to volcanism. These islands are significantly riveted by several volcanic cones and inactive volcanic mountains. Maripipi Island is in line of the Leyte Central Range and no wonder it is a volcanic island. The underlying rock formations are clastic sedimentary rocks composed predominantly of broken pieces and clasts of older, weathered and eroded rocks.

Map 6b. Slope Map


In the Eastern plains of Biliran Island particularly in Culaba and Kawayan are underlain with alluvial formation. The geo-morphology is attributed to the underlying natural activities of rivers and streams.

Found in the Western Coast is a large alluvial plain including fans distributed in the

municipalities of Almeria, Naval, and Biliran. These broad alluvial plains consist of river terraces and river fans which represent the deposition of the river system.

Higatangan Island lies in the Northern extension of the Western Mountain System of Leyte

Island. The clastic rocks which are composed primarily of fragments or clasts of pre-existing rocks occur along the Western slopes of Biliran and Higatangan Islands.

The geologic features of the island and islets carved by nature over time, the white beaches,

and the rich marine habitat offer alluring exquisite tourism business prospects.

3.1.4. Mineral resources

Source: Biliran PW4SP Project


The Bureau of Mines and Geosciences (BMGS) has identified three major minerals present in Biliran. These are gypsum, sulfur, and white clay. Elemental sulfur deposit, which is found in Caibiran, has an estimated volume of 320 metric tons. The ore reserve has a 30% grade in altered zone of montmorille and quarts. The volume of gypsum deposit is undetermined. White clay in Culaba is yet to be evaluated as to grade/quality and volume.

3.1.5. Climate

a. Climate Profile

The climate of the province belongs to Type IV based on the Modified Coronas Classification of climate all over the Philippines with rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. The commonly known Northeast Monsoon, prevails during the months of November towards February. The Southwest Monsoon comes during the months of July, August and September, while the Trade Winds which generally come from the east prevail the rest of the year whenever the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon are inactive.

a.1. Historical Records and Projections on Temperature Changes

Table 15. Historical Mean Seasonal Temperature for 30 years, Biliran*

Observed Baseline (1971 – 2000) in Degree Celsius

DJF MAM JJA SON

26.4 27.8 28.0 27.7

Source: PAG-ASA, Climate Change in the Philippines,2011 (*adopted from Leyte data)

The above table shows the mean seasonal temperature for Biliran in 30 years (1971-2000)

time. It indicates that temperature was highest in the months of June, July and August at an average temperature of 28 c although it is very evident that changes in temperature from the preceding and succeeding months was minimal at 0.2 and 0.3, respectively. During the same span of time, the months of December, January to February appeared to have the lowest mean temperature of 26.4.


Table 16. Projected Temperature Increase (in °C) in 2020 and 2050 Under the Medium-Range Emission Scenario, Biliran

2020

DJF (0.9)

MAM (1.1)

JJA (1.0)

SON (1.0)

27.3 29.0 29.1 28.7

2050

DJF

(1.8)

MAM

(2.3)

JJA

(2.2)

SON

(1.9)

28.2 30.1 30.2 29.6

Source: PAG-ASA, Climate Change in the Philippines, 2011

Based on the observed baseline data and considering the projected changes or increases in

mean temperatures under the Medium Emission scenario,, Biliran is expected to experience the hottest temperatures on the same months of June , July and August both in 2020 and 2050 at the average temperatures of 29.1 and 30.2 , respectively. The projections showed that there will be no pronounced changes in temperature from the months of MAM, JJA to SON as mean temperature difference only ranges from 0.1c ( MAM to JJA)in 2020 and 0.6 c ( JJA to SON) in 2050.

a.2. Historical Records and Projection on Rainfall Changes

Table 17. Observed Baseline of Seasonal Rainfall in 30 years, Biliran (1971-2000)

Observed Baseline (1971 – 2000) in mm

DJF MAM JJA SON

689.5 mm 342 mm 568.7 mm 725.5 mm


Records of seasonal rainfall from 1971 to 2000, showed that highest volume of rainfall was

poured in the months of September, October and November slightly decreasing in the following months of December, January and February. Summer month from March, April and May recorded the lowest volume of rainfall at 342 mm.

Table 18. Projected Seasonal Rainfall Changes (2020 and 2050 (Projected Rainfall Change= Observed baseline + (baseline x % change)

2020

DJF (3%)

MAM (-8.9%)

JJA (9.5%)

SON (7.4%)

710.2 mm 311.6 mm 622.73 mm 779.19 mm

2050

DJF (9.4%)

MAM (-18.9%)

JJA (19.6%)

SON (19.5%)

753.77 mm 277.96 mm 680.17 mm 866.97 mm



With reference to the observed baseline (1971-2000), volumes of rainfall in the months of September to November is projected to be highest both in the years 2020 and 2050 with estimated figures of 779.19 mm and 866.97 mm, respectively. Generally, rainfall volumes from baseline to 2020 and 2050 are expected to rise in all other months except for the summer months (MAM) where a decreasing trend is very evident with rainfall volume of 342 mm (baseline) to 311.6 mm in 2020 and 277.96 in 2050.

a.3. Historical Records and Projections of Tropical Cyclones, Biliran

Table 19. Tropical Cyclones that crossed the province 50 km from boundaries(1948-2009)

Months J F M A M J J A S O N D Total TD TS TY

No. Of Cyclones

3

2

0

7

4

8

4

3

1

4

17

13

66

10

24

32


The table showed that in the span of 60 years, Biliran province recorded an annual average of 66 tropical cyclones with most number occurring in the months of November and December when rainfall volumes are also recorded at its highest levels. Return period of typhoon in the province is projected to be 1 in every year, based ondata from NEDA PDP, 2011-2016

3.2. Land use potentials and constraints

Land resources in Biliran consist of alienable and disposable (A&D) and forest lands.

3.2.1. Land classification

a. Alienable and Disposable Lands (A&D)

These relatively level lands are present in all of the municipalities but are more concentrated in Naval and Caibiran. The aggregate area of certified A&D land is about 29,336.0 has. which is about 52.81% of the land area of the province. These lands are or can be titled to private parties. Primary settlements are along the coastal areas of the main island and in Maripipi.

b. Forest land

The forest area constitutes about 40.23 % (22,350 ha.) of the total land area of the province, mostly located in Mt. Maripipi and in the main island mountain ranges of Mt. Panamao and Mt. Sayao.

The following government programs, projects, and reservations constitute about 43% of the

total forest land.

i. Community-Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA)

This forms part of the area of forest land covered by a presidential proclamation. A total area of 7,454.68 has. awarded to eight (8) private organizations.


ii. Socialized Industrialized Forest Management Agreement (SIFMA) In line with this

program, 702 hectares have been awarded. Areas covered are the open and denuded forest lands.

iii. NIPAS and Watershed Reservation These consist of

4,365.25 ha. of protected areas, proclaimed as such or not.

iv. Swampland/Mangrove

Forest

Pertains to areas drained & inundated by the estuarine on the coastal zones. This is not available for titling but can be used for gathering minor forest products like nipa leaves &sap, firewood and for inland fisheries. Its ecological function is that of spawning ground for many fish species. This area accounts for 589.0 ha.

Table 20. Land Classification, Province of Biliran

Land Classification Area (ha.) % Share

A. Alienable & Disposable (A&D) 33,199 59.77

B. Forest Land 22,350 40.23

Classified - Forest Reservation - Forest Timberland - Fishpond Source: DENR


3.2.2. Land suitability

Land suitability is the classification of land into categories based on the degree to which the characteristics of the land can satisfy and sustain the environmental requirement of specific crops. The suitability criteria do not take into account settlement or built-up areas.

There are four (4) identified categories of suitability for Biliran Province.

a. Irrigated Rice/Fishpond

The province has 16.65 sq. km., with less than 3% slope of this category and up to 8% if terraced. There is low soil permeability and irrigation water is available.

b. Cultivated Annual Crops This category has slope of less than

8%. It is characterized by low soil erosion and the soil depth may exceed 50 cm. There are 183.50 sq.km. of this category.

c. Perennial Tree and Vine Crops

Plantations can be placed on erodible slopes or on a slope limit of 18%. The province has 192.23 sq.km. of land.

d. Production Forests

No significant erosion hazard. Slopes are less than 50% and the elevation is less than 1,000 m. Biliran has 120.25 sq.km. of this kind.

The majority of land in Biliran (192.23 sq.km.) is suitable for perennial trees and vine

crops. Kawayan has the most area of 38.10 sq.km. while Biliran has the least (13.73 sq.km.).

The second largest category is for cultivated annual crops. It has an area of 183.50 sq.km. Naval has the most area with 54.78 sq.km. and Maripipi has the least with 6.48 sq.km.

Table 21. Land Suitability, Province of Biliran

Suitability Type Area (sq. km.) Percent Share

Irrigated Rice/Fishpond 16.65 3.25%

Cultivated Annual Crops 183.50 35.80%

Perennial Tree & Vince Crops 192.23 37.50%

Production Forest 120.25 23.45%

Total 512.63 100.00%

Source: DENR


3.2.3. Protection areas

Protection lands are confined within the forest zones of the province. The forest zone lines delineating the A&D and the forest lands form a close traverse or a polygon. This is mainly due to the geographical formation of the island province which is characterized by an equal watershed divide lying in the Eastern-North-South face (Kawayan-Caibiran side) and the Western-North-South face (Kawayan-Naval-Biliran side).

a. NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Areas System)

The areas identified under RA 7586 which is the NIPAS Act are situated at Mt. Asug in Caibiran. These areas have elevations of 1,000 meters above sea level and have above 30% slopes. Other areas include strips of mangrove forest in coastal areas of Cabucgayan, Biliran, Naval and Kawayan. These are sources of nipa, firewood, and food. Moreover, these areas are suitable for the development of fishponds.

b. Non-NIPAS

These lands are within the protection area. These are categorized as existing land use within the protection land which seems suitable and sustainable, thereby helping improve and promote ecological balance in the upland regions of the province.

c. Other environmentally constrained areas

The Mines and Geo-Sciences Development Service, Geology Division, DENR 8 reported that 3 barangays in the province, namely Villa Vicenta of Caibiran, and Libtong and Villa Consueloof Naval, are exposed to sulfataric elements. Sulfur springs are found near the vicinity of these barangays. Sulfur springs can emit large amounts of harmful gases like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide (Wikipedia).


Other dangers of sulfur springs are landslides, boiling pools, and phreatic eruptions. Migrating geothermal activity into areas of steep slopes may also increase the likelihood of landslides triggered by extensive hydrothermal alteration.

d. SAFDZ The Strategic Agriculture &

Fisheries Development Zones (SAFDZ) cover areas within the Network of Protected Areas for Agriculture & Agro-Industrial Development (NAPAAD) that are identified for production, agro-processing &marketing activities to help develop and modernize the agriculture &fisheries sector in an environmentally &socio-culturally sound manner.

SAFDZ’s are identified and

delineated for the purpose of helping ensure food security, rational uses of resources, sustainable development, and people empowerment.

Table 22. SAFDZ Areas, Province of Biliran

Province/ Municipality

SAFDZ Areas (has.)

Sub- Total

NPAAD

Other Land Uses

Sub- Total

Total Land

Areas (ha.)

Crops

Live- stock

Fisheries Marginal/

Agro Forestry

Watershed ForestAreas

Built-up Areas

BILIRAN 24,849 1,978 842 27,669 7,528 59 20,482 1,926 22,467 57,664

Almeria 1,488 616 144 2,248 1,440 59 2,410 393 2,862 6,550

Biliran 5,184 - 174 5,358 1,008 - 2,206 58 2,264 8630

Cabucgayan 2,046 - - 2,046 744 - 2,007 143 2,150 4,940

Caibiran 3,122 736 - 3,858 1,688 - 3,890 104 3,994 9540

Culaba 1,834 - - 1,834 1,296 - 6,296 114 6,410 9540

Kawayan 1,879 - 22 1,901 408 - 1,649 512 2,161 4,470

Maripipi 1,896 388 96 2,380 - - 670 120 790 3,170

Naval 7,400 238 406 8,044 944 - 1,354 482 1,836 10,824

Source: Program Battle Plans for Biliran 2009 (As prepared by DA RO 8)


3.2.4. Hazard-prone areas

a. Areas Prone to Flood

Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards in the province of Biliran. However, there are no records available that specifically indicated the extent of effects, damages and impacts of this hazard. Disaster reports secured locally from the Social Welfare Development Office (SWDO) of the Provincial Government generally pointed out effects, damages and impacts of the typhoons that hit the province which usually triggered/caused these flooding.

Based on the Flood Susceptibility Map generated by the Lands Geological Survey Division, MGB Region VIII with the technical assistance of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and in coordination with the Local Government Units of the province of Biliran and Leyte, all municipalities of the province except the island town of Maripipi are prone to flood. Specifically, as shown in the matrix below, there are eighty-one (81) barangays out of the 132 barangays in the province are prone to flood while the remaining fifty-one (51) barangays are not. Total land area for flood prone areas in the province is 18,311.6 has.

Flood events in the province are often caused by overflowing of the banks of major rivers resulting from heavy and continuous rains usually brought about by the tropical cyclones/typhoons. According to reports, of the typhoons that enter the Philippine jurisdiction, 19 % affects Biliran province. So, depending on the intensity and frequency of the rainfall they carry, these typhoons are likely to trigger flood especially in low-lying and coastal barangays of the province.

Table 23. Matrix for Flood Susceptibility


Overflowing of the major rivers in the province is also aggravated by excessive siltation due to erosion. Denudation of mountains and forest lands due to various human activities is the primary cause of erosion. Another cause that aggravated the problem of siltation is the cultivation of lands along zones of the rivers.

Map 12


b. Areas Prone to Rain-Induced Landslides (RIL)

Rain-Induced Landslide (RIL) is also one of the most common natural hazards in the province. Like flooding, there are no available data as to historical occurrences except for one (1) major incidence that happened in January 1999 – the Amambahag River landslide. The landslide occurred along a south facing ridge slope, situated at the northern bank of Amambahag River in Caibiran which is one of the major rivers in the province. The landslide has an average width of 90 meters and length of 50 meters. The average depth is 20 meters and with a longitudinal length slide of 140 meters. The computed volume of the moved materials is about 90,000 cubic meters.

There was no record as to the extent of effect, damage or impact of this landslide event.

However, factors/conditions that aggravated the hazard event have been identified and noted by the local residents. Intense and prolonged rainfall triggers the slope failure resulting to landslide. The bedrocks in the area are structurally unstable as rock units are rendered highly fractured and sheared due to intersecting fault lines delineated. The presence of irrigation aqueduct which is the source of irrigation water left flowing along the ridge also triggered the disaster. This was so because the water seeped and percolated along fractures, gradually removing filled materials and finally acted as lubricants within the sliding plane during the rapid mass -movement. Another factor identified is the presence of lunar cracks (surface fissures) which developed roughly parallel to the general configuration of the head scarp. According to local residents, this is a strong indication that slumping will recur in the area.

Based on the Landslide Susceptibility Map below, almost all barangays are susceptible to landslide. Of the 132 total barangays of the province, 126 are prone to landslide while only 6 barangays are not. Specifically, there are 95 barangays that are highly susceptible with a total land area of 21,883.21 has, 22 barangays with a land area of 6,448.41 has are moderately susceptible to RIL.

Table 24. Template for Rain-Induced Landslide Susceptibility


Map 13


c. Areas Prone to Earthquake and Related Hazards

Earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. They are caused mostly by rupture of geological fault, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests.

In August 31, 2012, a 7.9magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Samar which struck the populated islands of the Visayas. It has a depth of 34.9 km (21.7 miles) and was also strongly felt in Cebu as well as in Davao, Surigao, Bacolod and Tacloban. During this event, the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) had issued its own tsunami bulletin indicating a Tsunami Alert No. 3 or an “immediate evacuation” of residents in Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur. Fortunately, Biliran province was not among the affected areas.

There is no available record as to the occurrence of an earthquake event in the province of

Biliran. Thus, assessment of earthquake susceptibility of the province is based on composite maps generated through simulation using REDAS. Four (4) earthquake scenarios were identified and considered for the simulation process which are as follows:

PFZ CENTRAL LEYTE I is the first scenario simulated with parameters, 124.3907850

longitude, 11.5434250 latitude epicenter, magnitude of 6.8, depth of 0 kilometer, fault azimuth 1 of 324.0786314 and fault azimuth 2 of 145.7713237. Using the past earthquake event along the fault last July 25, 1942, it had an epicenter of 124.50longitude, 11.50 latitude and magnitude of 6.8 and 0 depth. Three (3) vector maps were produced out of these data using REDAS. These are the Liquefaction Scenario I (LIQ I), Ground Shaking Scenario I (GS I) and Earthquake Induced Landslide Scenario I (EIL I).

PZF CENTRAL LEYTE II is the second scenario. Simulation parameters are: epicenter at

124.2801550longitude and 11.5833850latitude, magnitude of 6.1, depth of 0 kilometer, azimuth 1 of 311.9058439 and azimuth 2 of 134.5143501. Using the past earthquake event along the fault last September 27,1863 , it had an epicenter of 124.550 longitude and 11.250 latitude, magnitude of 6.1 and depth of 0 kilometer. With these data, vector maps for Liquefaction Scenario 2(LIQ 2), Ground Shaking Scenario 2(GS 2) and earthquake –Induced Landslide (EIL 2) were generated using REDAS.

The third scenario is simulated from the MASBATE FAULT with epicenter at 124.0613650

longitude and 11.9649350 latitude and magnitude of 7, depth of 0 kilometer, azimuth 1 of 128.6597179 and azimuth 2 of 142.3342564. Using the past earthquake event along fault last May 13, 1897, it had an epicenter of 1240 longitude and 120 latitude , magnitude of 7 and 0 depth. From these data, maps for Liquefaction Scenario 3 (LIQ 3), Ground Shaking Scenario 3 (GS 3) and earthquake –Induced Landslide Scenario 3 (EIL 3) were generated using REDAS.

The fourth scenario is the PFZ MASBATE FAULT with epicenter at longitude 124.0832150, latitude 11.8382050magnitude of 7 and depth of 4 kilometers, azimuth 1 of 144.4621949 and azimuth 2 of 139.2005072. Using the past earthquake event along fault last March 12, 1915, it had an epicenter of longitude 1240, latitude of 120 , magnitude of 7 and depth of 40 kilometers. With these data, maps for Liquefaction Scenario 4 (LIQ 4), Ground Shaking Scenario 4 (GS 4) and Earthquake –Induced Landslide scenario 4(EIL 4) were generated using REDAS.

For all scenarios, the provincial map extents in REDAS GMT parameters were 11.830 N, 11.450 S, 124.620 E and 124.250 W. The selection extents in Seismicity Assessment were 13.830 N,


9.450S, 126.620 E and 122.250 W. Maps were processed in REDAS with 800 grid resolution.

c.1. Ground Shaking

Based on the Ground Shaking Composite Map generated from the four (4) Earthquake scenario iteration maps, all eight (8) municipalities of the province are prone to ground shaking. Forty-three (43) barangays with a total land area of 9,962.40 has. are susceptible to PEIS VIII (very destructive) ground shaking, eighty-three (83) barangays with a total land area of 19,788.30 has. are vulnerable to PEIS VII , while six (6) are susceptible to PEIS VI.

Table 25. Template for Ground Shaking Susceptibility


Map 14


c.2. Liquefaction

Liquefaction occurs during strong ground shaking in areas underlain by loosely consolidated and water saturated deposits of fine sand. Sand particles in these deposits are supported partly by grain to grain contact and partly by water pore pressure. During vibration, sand particles were rearranged into a more compact state, squeezing water and sediments towards the surface in the form of water and sand fountain.

Based on the Liquefaction Composite Map generated from four (4) Earthquake scenario

iteration maps, Naval, the capital town of Biliran is the most affected municipality. Eighteen (18) out of its 26 barangays are susceptible to High exceedance liquefaction as well as nine (9) other barangays from other municipalities. The total land area that will be exposed to high exceedance liquefaction is 6,940.33 has., of which 4,880.25 has. are in the municipality of Naval. Of the total 132 barangays of the province, 5 barangays are not susceptible to liquefaction, 35 barangays are susceptible to low exceedance liquefaction while 11 are vulnerable to moderate exceedance liquefaction. (Please refer to the Summary matrix for Liquefaction for the names of barangays).

Table 26. Template for Liquefaction Susceptibility


Map 15


c.3. Earthquake-Induced Landslide (EIL)

Earthquake-induced landslide is a slope failure as a result of severe ground shaking associated with an earthquake. These can be in the form of rapid moving detached masses and bits of pieces of solid and rock materials.

Based on the EIL Composite Map generated from four (4) earthquake scenario iteration

maps, of the 132 total barangays in the province, 60 barangays with a total land area of 17,099.54 ha. are highly susceptible to earthquake-induced landslide, 13 are moderately susceptible while only 2 are low susceptible and 56 barangays are not susceptible to EIL. (Please refer to the Summary Matrix for EIL for the names of municipalities).

Table 27: Template for Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility


Map 16


d. Areas Prone to Volcanic Hazard

A study on Biliran volcanoes conducted by PHIVOLCS revealed that there was one (1) volcanic eruption that happened in the province. The Biliran volcano erupted on September 26, 1939. The eruption was reportedly mild and no casualties were recorded. Ashfalls from the eruption were experienced at the town of Caibiran as well as in the adjoining areas. Thickness of the ashfalls deposited in Caibiran was 6.35 cm.

The volcano is located around 12.3 km west of Caibiran town and lies along a mountain range

which extends from the NW to the SW on the eastern side of the island and curves to the south where it terminates with deep slopes at San Juanico Strait, a narrow strait separating Samar and Leyte. Four of the more prominent peaks are the following:

1. Panamao (107 m asl)

2. Gumansan (1064 m asl),

3. Lauan (1187 m asl)

4. Suiro (1301 m asl)

d.1. Hot Springs

One of the spurs at Biliran Volcano is a thermal area, which is elliptical in shape and

about 100 m long. Sulfur odor is noticeable from the solfataras at various points. Another thermal area is found west of Caibiran. At the bank of a river, there is a bubbling pool with

and surrounded by deposits of limonite. Bubbling activity is probably due to escaping gases beneath the thermal area. The following table shows the different thermal areas within the vicinity of Mt. Biliran.

Table 28. Thermal Areas in Biliran

Name of Springs Field Temp. (ºC) ph Level

Biliran – Libtong Thermal Areas

Vulcan Warm Spring 56 1.98

Vulcan Cold Spring 28 3.69

Vulcan Bubbling Pool 65 2.03

Maaniel Hot Spring 85 1.78

Tenego Hot Spring 82 1.70

Libtong Hot Spring 74 3.10

Libtong Cold Spring 28 2.66

Vulcan Gamay Hot Spring 85 2.10

Bunot Hot Spring 65 7.10

Villavecinta Warm Spring 51 7.09

San Pablo Warm Spring 39 7.22

Mohon Warm Spring 46 7.10

Panlahuban Warm Spring 42 7.40

Inanielan Hot Spring 79 2.20

North Biliran –Panamao Thermal Area

Panamao Warm Spring 45 3.00

Anas Thermal Area

ANAS Warm Spring 40 8.28

Luba-Luba Cold Spring 25 7.67

Masagongsong Cold Spring 28 7.64

South Biliran – Kalambis Thermal Area

Kalambis Cold Spring 29 3.61

Maangso Cold Spring 25 3.40


The volcanoes on Biliran Island are part of the curvilinear belt of Quarternary volcanoes in eastern Philippines, stretching from the Bicol Peninsula through Leyte Island and down to eastern Mindanao. The Leyte-East Mindanao segment of the belt coincides with the Philippine Fault (R. S. Pagado, et al., 1993).

Volcanoes that comprise the island of Biliran are Camalobagoan (Asluman) in northeast side, Biliran (Anas and Acaban) located in the north, Panamaoin the north-northwest side, Tagburok which is situated in the western side of the island, Vulcanin the south and Sayaowhich is located in the south-southeast.

Towns that are exposed to the threat of this volcanic hazard are Kawayan, Almeria, Culaba, Naval, Caibiran , Biliran , Cabucgayan and some towns in the neighboring province of Leyte particularly the towns of San Isidro and Calubian.

e. Areas Prone to Storm Surge

A storm surge is a rise above the usual water level along the shore that is the result of strong onshore winds and/or reduced atmospheric pressure; the actual surge height is the difference of the observed water level minus the predicted tide. Strong typhoons which usually resulted to floods and landslides in some areas also caused minor storm surge to the coastal areas. However, there was no proper documentation of these events.

Map 17


Of the 132 barangays in the province, 97 are along the coast and are low-lying. Generally, these areas are considered exposed to storm surge risk. Level of exposure or susceptibility, however, for each barangay varies depending on their geographic locations, vegetative covers and other coastal protections. Some barangays have wide expanse of mangrove vegetation which serve as their coastal defense along with engineered coastal protection structures like seawalls and wave breakers. There are barangays also that have only patches or strips of mangrove plantations along the coast. This explains why some are highly exposed to storm surge risk while others are only moderately exposed and still others are not under threat to the hazard.

In coordination with BFAR and other agencies, the provincial government of Biliran thru the Fisheries Section of the Office of the Provincial Agricultural Officer is continuously intensifying its Coastal Resource Management Program CRMP) not only to improve or increase Marine and Fishery production but also primarily to strengthen Disaster Risk Reduction mechanisms and measures.

f. Areas Potentially at Risk to Sea Level Rise

The immediate effect of sea level rise is submergence and increase flooding of coastal land as well as saltwater intrusion of surface waters. The long term effects also occur as the coast adapts to the new conditions, including increased erosion and saltwater intrusion into groundwater. Coastal wetlands such as marshes and mangroves will also decline unless they have a sufficient sediment supply to keep pace with sea level rise. These physical impacts in turn have both direct and indirect socioeconomic impacts.

Due to the absence of official data on historical occurrences of sea level rise in the province,

assessment as to potential susceptibility of the municipalities to this hazard was based on the map extracted from the Regional Map on Potential Sea Level Rise Inundated Areas for a 5- meter sea level rise event generated by GIZ.

Table 29 shows, that in case a 5-meter sea level rise would happen in the province, coastal

areas in all municipalities are potentially at risk. Furthermore, it indicates that the municipality of Kawayan will likely to be affected most with 50 hectares of its coastal areas exposed to the hazard. Among the municipalities, Kawayan has the most number of low lying coastal barangays. Others also have several coastal barangays but some are sited in higher elevations. This explains why a larger area is exposed to the risk of a 5-meter sea level rise for Kawayan. Following to Kawayan are the municipalities of Cabucgayan (35has) and Naval (31 has.).

Table 29. Areas Potentially at Risk to 5-Meter Sea Level Rise


Map 18


Table 30 below summarizes the various hazards that affect or could potentially affect the province.

Table 30. Summary of Hazards that could Potentially Affect the Province

Municipality Geological

Flood RIL Storm

Surge

Ground

Shaking

Liquefac

-tion EIL

Sea Level

Rise

Ash

Flow

Lahar

Flow

1. Almeria 2. Biliran

3. Cabucgayan

4. Caibiran 5 .Culaba 6 .Kawayan

7. Naval

8. Maripipi

As to historical occurrences of hazards, quite a number of events have occurred in the

province, according to local folks. However, there were no official records or documentation

made, especially as to the extent of their effects, damages or impacts on populations and

properties except for some typhoon events as shown in the table below:

Table 31.Historical Occurrences of Various Hazards

Hazard

Hazard Events

AffectedMunicipalities/

Barangays

Number of Casualties Number Affected

Dead Inju-

red

Miss-

ing Persons Families

Typhoon

Dindo(2004) Brgys,Bonongtoan,Bool

East,Victory,

Cabibihan,Palengke,

Binohangan , Look in Caibiran

1

4

4

49

19

Caloy(2006) All municipalities were affected - - - 5,208 1,471

Milenyo(2006) All municipalities were affected - - - 163 64

Frank (2008) All barangays of the province were affected

- - - 40,628 10,157

Feria( 2009) All municipalities of the province - - - 28,000 5,600

Rain-Induced

Landslide

Amambahag

RiverLandslide(

2009)

Municipality of Caibiran

-

-

-

-

-

Liquefaction No data Storm Surge No data Drought No data Ground

Shaking No data

Lahar Flow No data

Ash Flow Volcanic

Eruption(1939)

Caibiran, 6.35 cm thickness of ashflow deposits

- - - - -

Source: PSWDO - Biliran


3.2.4.1. Institutional capacity

Taking into account the various DRR/CCA- responsive programs and activities already

put in place and pursued, the Province of Biliran generally had taken off and is into the right direction in terms of building its resiliency to various disaster risks. The creation of the PDRRMO, with corresponding appropriation, is a good start. With very supportive LCEs, this initiative is hoped to go a very long way toward making the province disaster- resilient.

The following are the DRR/CCA programs and activities initiated and implemented by

the province categorized according to the four thematic areas, namely: Prevention/mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Rehabilitation:

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Conducted disaster risk and vulnerability assessment

Conducted CCA capacity assessment Established early warning systems

Established procedures on disaster communities

Mainstreaming DRVA to PDPFP (on the process)

Disaster Preparedness

Organized local DRRM Councils down to the municipal level Conducted various stakeholders dialogues

Conducted capacity-building trainings

Conducted earthquake and Fire Drills to municipal officials and employees Participation in various capacity-building- trainings especially on development of

tools/systems for risk assessment/mapping (Arc-GIS and REDAS)

Disaster Response

Creation and building capacities of Provincial Search and Rescue Teams

Stockpiling of emergency relief goods/commodities Established Disaster Operations Center

Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

Identified/established resettlement areas particularly at the government center

Rehabilitated critical infrastructures damaged by Typhoons Frank and Feria

An assessment of the province’s institutional capacity in terms of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and DRRM, was conducted through the Provincial DRR/CCA Core Team with the participation of focal persons from different agencies/offices in the province. Levels of technical/functional capacities were determined viz-a-viz the following identified core development issues:

Policy Lack of policies for mainstreaming CCA into the local plans and programs and in

ensuring sustainability of efforts on CCA

Institutional Arrangements Institutional mechanism to plan for and implement CCA/DRR needs improvement


Knowledge Management

Inadequate/lack of database management system for CCA/DRR

Lack of functional database and website for CCA/DRR

Human and Financial Resource Management

Inadequate physical, financial and human resources

Result of the assessment showed that despite the fact that Biliran is small in size, its overall capacities across the core development issues are at par with larger provinces in the country. Policy got the highest rating while knowledge Management is the lowest. In particular, the functional capacities of the province to assess a situation and create a vision and mandate vis-a-vis policy, formulate policies and strategies, budget, implement and manage vis-a-vis institutional arrangement were rated highest indicating that the strengths of the province are in these areas. On the other hand, the following capacities were rated lowest

(1) meaning they hardly exist in the province and therefore are noted for capacity building and enhancement:

- capacity to assess a situation and create a vision and mandate vis-a-vis institutional arrangements (in particular, capacity in identifying the strengths and weakness of the various LGU units and stakeholders in all levels for CCA/DRR planning, mainstreaming and implementing)

- the capacity to monitor and evaluate vis-a-vis institutional arrangements

- capacity to assess a situation and create a vision and mandate vis-a-vis knowledge management (capacity to assess and develop community-based past and present impacts of climate change)

- capacity to monitor and evaluate vis-a-vis resource management

3.2.4.2. Gaps and challenges on DRRM and CCA implementation

Disaster risk reduction had already gain attention in the province during the past years.

Several disaster-responsive programs and projects have already been implemented by the province, municipal LGUs and private sectors. However, sustainability of these projects as well as implementation of more appropriate programs and projects remains a priority concern as the province is under threat to several hazards. Considering the self-assessment on the province’s disaster risk resiliency based on the Hyogo framework, and the self- assessment on the institutional capacity for the implementation of RA 10210 (Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act and RA 9729 (Climate Change Act), the following capacities need to be strengthened :

a. Institutionalization of LDRRMO

Although the Provincial DRRM Office is already created, it lacks trained and technical

personnel especially to handle in the development and establishment of databases and in accessing DRR/CCA data and information. The newly created office also lacks the needed facilities and equipment.

In the municipal level, creation of DRRM office is still a challenge. The designated

MDRRMOs also lacks the skills and DRR –related capacities.

b. Uncoordinated DRRM programs and activities


Several forums, meetings and seminars were conducted for DRR/CCA focal points. However, linkages and networking with different offices and stakeholders working on CCA/DRR in the localities still need to be strengthened to optimize coordination on programs and activities as well as available resources.

c. Inadequate DRR and CCA databases and tools/system for establishment of databases

Risk assessments were based on Hazard Maps generated by MGB because of lack of

data and information especially on historical occurrences of disasters in the province. The province need to have a well-trained technical personnel to handle the tools and systems for establishment of databases.

d. Lack of skills, capacity on DRR and CCA

Although a number of orientations on DRR and CCA were already conducted for focal

persons, still more capability-building trainings are needed to develop particularly the capacity to assess and develop community-based past and present impacts of climate change. Focal persons should be subjected to continuous capability-building trainings on DRR/CCA. A permanent IT personnel should be hired and trained on DRR/CCA.

e. Lack of IEC materials on DRR and CCA

Adequate resources should be provided to be able to produce enough materials for massive awareness and advocacy on DRR and CCA especially as a measure of disaster prevention and mitigation down to the barangay level. Information and plans for the province’s resilience are not yet readily available to the public and have not yet been fully discussed with them.

f. Lack of early warning systems

Although, there are early warning systems already established, there is still a need for more of these especially at the barangay levels.

Table 32. Self-assessment of Disaster Risk Resiliency of the Province Using the Hyogo Framework

Rating: 5 – Highly satisfactory; 4 – Moderately satisfactory; 3 –Fairly satisfactory; 2 – Poorly satisfactory; and 1 – Unsatisfactory

Parameters/Questions Briefly describe the specific actions taken or presently being

undertaken with regards to the question being asked Rating* (Mode)

1. a) Does the provincial government have an organization and coordination in place to understand and reduce disaster risk, based on participation of citizen groups and civil society?

Yes

Established PDRRM Office

PDRRMC organized with 4 CSOs and1 representative comes from private sector

4

b) Has the provincial government been able to build local alliances in DRRM?

Yes

Created Local Alliance of DRRMOs

3

c) Do all the departments in the provincial government understand their role to disaster risk reduction and preparedness?

Yes

Some Department Heads are members of the PDRRMC

3

2. a) Does the provincial government have a budget for disaster risk reduction?

Yes , Calamity Fund 5


Parameters/Questions Briefly describe the specific actions taken or presently being

undertaken with regards to the question being asked Rating* (Mode)

b) Does it provide incentives for homeowners, low‐income families, communities, businesses and public sector to invest in reducing the risks they face?

No 1

3. a) Does the provincial government maintain up‐to‐date data on hazards and vulnerabilities, prepare risk assessments and use these as the basis for urban development plans and decisions?

Yes

Conducted Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Assessment

Conducted Capacity Assessment

Still in the process of mainstreaming DRCCVA to PDPFP

4

b) Are these information and plans for the province’s resilience readily available to the public and fully discussed with them?

Not yet but MPDCs are already considering these for integration in CDPs

3

4. Has the provincial government invested in and maintained critical infrastructure that reduces risk, such as flood drainage, adjusted where needed to cope with climate change?

Yes to some extent

Establishment of Automated Weather Station in the province

Engineering mitigating structures are constructed in most vulnerable areas

4

5. Does the provincial government conduct an assessment of the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade these as necessary?

Yes

It is an on-going activity of the province

3

6. a) Does the provincial government apply and enforce realistic, risk‐compliant building regulations and land use planning principles?

It is more of a municipal function but these things are also considered in the PDPFP

4

b) Has the provincial government identified safe land for low‐income citizens and develop upgrading of informal settlements, wherever feasible?

Yes

Have identified Resettlement Areas at the Government Center

4

7. Does the provincial government have in place education programs and training on disaster risk reduction in schools and local communities?

Yes to some extent

Trainings on DRR/CCA are conducted for local officials in some municipalities and offices

Lectures on Fire and Earthquake Drills was conducted for Biliran Hospital employees

3

8. a) Does the provincial government protect its ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate floods, storm surges and other hazards to which it may be vulnerable?

Yes

Supported the National Greening Program

Signed MOA between NSU and DENR for Mangrove Reforestation project

3

b) Does the provincial government adapt to climate change by building on good risk reduction practices?

Yes

Established Flood Control /Seawalls

Improved/rehabilitation of drainage systems

3

9. Does the provincial government have early warning systems and emergency management capacities installed and hold regular public preparedness drills?

Yes

5 EWS are already in place

7 are to be installed soon

Conduct regular preparedness drills

More are still needed especially at prone areas

4

10. a) Does the provincial government undertake reconstruction after any disaster?

Yes

4

b) Does it ensure that the needs of the survivors are placed at the centre of reconstruction with support also coming from their community organizations to design and help implement responses, including rebuilding homes and livelihoods?

Yes

3


Table 33. Assessment of Provincial Institutional Capacity to Implement LGU Mandates Under the Climate Change Act (RA 9729)

Mandates for Provincial LGUs Briefly describe the actions taken or being

undertaken with regard to the mandate Compliance

Rating

Provide technical assistance, enforcement and information management in support of municipal and city climate change action plans.

Yes to some extent

Conducted orientations on CCA to Focal Points of different agencies and LGUs

3

Conduct Inter-local government unit collaboration in the conduct of climate- related activities.

Yes

Conduct regular PDRRMC meetings 3

Allocate from their annual appropriations adequate funds for the formulation, development and implementation, including training, capacity building and direct intervention, of their respective climate change programs and plans.

Yes

Allocation of 5% Calamity Fund

4

Conduct public awareness campaigns on the effects of climate change and energy-saving solutions to mitigate these effects, and initiatives, through educational and training programs and micro-credit schemes, especially for women in rural areas.

To some extent only

Conducted lectures on Fire and Earthquake Drills for 4Ps beneficiaries (Women) in Kawayan

2

Table 34. Assessment of Provincial Institutional Capacity to Implement LGU Mandates Under the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (RA 10121)


undertaken with regards to the mandate Compliance

Rating

Establish an LDRRMO which shall be responsible for setting the direction, development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs

Yes

LDRRM office established

5

Organize, train and directly supervise the local emergency response teams

Yes 5

Design, program, and coordinate disaster risk reduction and management activities consistent with the National Council's standards and guidelines

Yes

5

Facilitate and support risk assessments and contingency planning activities at the local level

Yes to some extent 3

Consolidate local disaster risk information which includes natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and climate change risks, and maintain a local risk map

Yes

4

Organize and conduct training, orientation, and knowledge management activities on disaster risk reduction and management at the local level

Yes

Conduct orientations and DRR/CCA trainings for municipal employees and local officials

5

Operate a multi-hazard early warning system, linked to disaster risk reduction to provide accurate and timely advice to national or local emergency response organizations and to the general public, through diverse mass media, particularly radio, landline communications, and technologies for communication within rural communities

Yes to some extent only

because of inadequate facilities and gadgets

3

Formulate and implement a comprehensive and -integrated LDRRMP in accordance with the national, regional and provincial framework, and policies on disaster risk reduction in close coordination with the local development councils (LDCs)

Still in the process of formulating 3

Prepare and submit to the local Sanggunian through the LDRRMC and the LDC the annual LDRRMO Plan and budget, the proposed programming of the LDRRMF, other dedicated disaster risk reduction and management resources, and other regular funding source/s and budgetary support of the LDRRMO /BDRRMC

Yes

5

Conduct continuous disaster monitoring and mobilize instrumentalities and entities of the LGUs, CSOs, private groups and organized volunteers, to utilize their facilities and resources for the protection and preservation of life and properties during emergencies in accordance with existing policies and procedures

Yes

4



undertaken with regards to the mandate Compliance

Rating

Identify, assess and manage the hazards. vulnerabilities and risks that may occur in their locality

Yes

Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Assessment conducted

CCA Capacity Assessment conducted

4

Disseminate information and raise public awareness about those hazards. vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs and counter-measures

Yes

Warning signs (in tarpaulin) are displayed in prone and susceptible areas

4

Identify and implement cost-effective risk reduction measures/strategies;

To some extent only 3

Maintain a database of human resource, equipment, directories, and location of critical infrastructures and their capacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers

To some extent –lack of trained technical personnel

3

Develop, strengthen and operationalize mechanisms for partnership or networking with the private sector, CSOs, and volunteer groups

To some extent 3

Take all necessary steps on a continuing basis to maintain, provide, or arrange the provision of, or to otherwise make available, suitably- trained and competent personnel for effective civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management in its area

To some extent 3

Organize, train, equip and supervise the local emergency response teams and the ACDVs ensuring that humanitarian aid workers are equipped with basic skills to assist mothers to breastfeed

Yes

4

Prepare and submit, through the LDRRMC and the LDC, the report on the utilization of the LDRRMF and other dedicated disaster risk reduction and management resources to the local Commission on Audit (COA), copy furnished the regional director of the OCD and the Local Government Operations Officer of the DILG

Yes

PDRRM Officer regularly submits report

5

Respond to and manage the adverse effects of emergencies and carry out recovery activities in the affected area, ensuring that there is an efficient mechanism for immediate delivery of food, shelter and medical supplies for women and children, endeavor to create a special place where internally-displaced mothers can find help with breastfeeding, feed and care for their babies and give support to each other

Yes

Through coordination of PDRRMO with the PHO, PSWDO, MHOs, and MSWDOs during calamities

4

Within its area, promote and raise public awareness of and compliance with the DRRM Act and legislative provisions relevant to the purpose of this Act

Yes

4

Serve as the secretariat and executive arm of the LDRRMC Yes 5


4. Economy

4.1. Economic structure

4.1.1. External context of local economy

The region’s per capita GRDP increased slightly by 1.1% from P6,846 in 2006 to P 6,922 in 2007. Region VIII has the second lowest per capita GRDP among regions, next to ARMM.

Based on the 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) conducted by the

National Statistics Office, the total income of Region VIII was P 67.4 billion, which is 3.1% percent of the total income of the country. In terms of economic contribution to Region VIII, Leyte has the highest contribution of income among the provinces at P 36 billion (53.5%),

followed by Western Samar at P 10 billion (14.9%). Northern Samar ranked 3rd at P 7.6 billion (11.2%), closely followed by Southern Leyte at P6.3 billion (9.3%), and Eastern Samar at P5.3 billion (7.7%). Biliran, being the newest and smallest province contributes the smallest share of P 2.2 billion (3.3%). (Tables 11 and 12).

Table 35. Data Matrix: Total Family Income by Sector/Industry (P1000), Region VIII, 2000

Province

Agri-related Industries

Industry

Manufac -turing

Construction Service- Related

Industries

Wholesale&

Retail

Transport/ Comm

& Storage

Not

Classified

Total

Biliran 784,015 0 24,973 69,231 474,872 210,780 18,407 618,819 2,201,097

Leyte 7,153,949 2693 2,115,410 1,964,464 8,647,191 3,896,282 1,096,323 10,367,354 35,243,666

Eastern Samar 1,933,813 27,103 156,769 96,479 907,111 593,285 339,438 1,245,878 5,299,876

Northern Samar 2,861,495 57,306 134,924 333,692 1,738,531 712,150 476,050 1,249,699 7,563,847

Western Samar 3,833,315 131,331 271,622 236,972 1,640,220 1,348,329 418,456 2,165,187 10,045,432

Southern Leyte 1,705,785 0 384,516 138,232 1,374,554 573,425 232,431 1,856,656 6,265,599

Region VIII 18,272,372 218,343 3,091,214 2,839,070 14,782,479 7,334,251 3,391,105 17,503,593 67,432,427

Source: FIES, 2000

In 2000, 27% of income derived in the region is from agriculture, fishery and forestry. In

far second in terms of share is the not classified industries which account for almost 26% of the total family income in the region. This is closely followed by the service-related industries (21.9%) and the wholesale &retail subsector. Biliran’s biggest contribution to the total income of the region which is about 1.2 percent (Table 12)came from agriculture, fishery and forestry.

Table36. Joint Probability: Shares of Total Family Income by Household Head of Business/Industry, Region VIII, 2000

Province

Agri-

related

Industry

Manufac-

turing

Construc-

tion

Service- related

Wholesale

& Retail

Transport /Comm.& Storage

Not

Classified

Total

Biliran 1.163% 0.000% 0.037% 0.103% 0.704% 0.313% 0.027% 0.918% 3.264%

Leyte 10.609% 0.004% 3.137% 2.913% 12.823% 5.778% 2.827% 15.374% 53.466%

E.Samar 2.868% 0.040% 0.237% 0.143% 1.345% 0.880% 0.503% 1.848% 7.864%

N.Samar 4.243% 0.085% 0.200% 0.495% 2.578% 1.056% 0.706% 1.853% 11.217%

W.Samar 5.685% 0.195% 0.403% 0.351% 2.432% 2.000% 0.621% 3.211% 14.897%

S.Leyte 2.530% 0 0.570% 0.205% 2.038% 0.850% 0.345% 2.753% 9.292%

Region 8 27.097% 0.324% 4.584% 4.210% 21.922% 10.876% 5.029% 25.957% 100.000%

Source: FIES, 2000


4.1.2. Patterns of industry concentration and specialization

Except for mining &quarrying sector which is dominated by Western Samar (60.15%) , all other sectors are dominated by Leyte province:agriculture, fishery and forestry ( 39.15%), manufacturing ( 68.43%), construction ( 69.19%), service-related industries ( 58.5%) , wholesale & retail ( 53.12%), transport, communications & storage (56.22%) and the not classified industries ( 59.23%). Biliran consistently ranks last in all sectors indicating the small size of its economy compared to the larger mainland provinces.

Table 37. Concentration: Total Family Income by Household Head, Kind of Business/Industry,

Region VIII,2000

Province Agri-related industries

Mining &

Quarrying

Manufac- turing

Construc- tion

Service Related

Industries

Wholesale & Retail

Transport, Comm.,

& storage

Not Classified

Total

Biliran 4.291% 0.000% 0.808% 2.439% 3.212% 2.874% 0.543% 3.535% 3.264%

Leyte 39.152% 1.233% 0.68433 69.194% 58.496% 53.124% 56.215% 59.230% 53.466%

Eastern Samar

10.583%

12.372%

5.168%

3.398%

6.136%

8.089%

10.010%

7.118%

7.864%

Northern Samar

15.660%

26.246%

4.365%

11.754%

11.761%

9.710%

14.038%

7.140%

11.217%

Western Samar

20.979%

60.15%

8.787%

8.347%

11.096%

18.384%

12.340%

12.370%

14.897%

Southern Leyte

9.335%

0.000%

12.439%

4.869%

9.299%

7.818%

6.854%

10.607%

9.292%

Region VIII 100.000% 100.00% 100.000% 100.000% 100.000% 100.000% 100.000% 100.000% 100.000%

Source: FIES, 2000

Table 14 gives an indication of the extent to which a province specializes in a particular industry. Looking at the row totals of the table below, the provincial economies of Biliran, Western Samar, Northern Samar and Eastern Samar follow the same pattern wherein agriculture, fishery and forestry accounts for the dominant share in their family incomes. They are the most

Figure 5. Regional Economy


specialized in agriculture, fishery and forestry with 35.6, 38.16, 37.83 and 36.47 percent, respectively. Leyte and Southern Leyte provinces, on the other hand, follow the regional pattern with the not classified industries accounting for the largest share in the total family income.

Table 38. Specialization: Total Family Income by Sector/Industry, Region VIII, 2000

Province Agri-related

Industry Mining &

Quarrying Manufac-

turing Construc-

tion Service-related

Industry Wholesale

&Retail Transport & Storage

Biliran 35.6% 0.00% 1.13% 3.15% 21.57% 9.58% 0.84%

Leyte 19.8% 0.01% 0.59% 5.45% 23.98% 10.81% 5.29%

Eastern Samar 36.47% 0.51% 3.01% 1.82% 17.11% 11.19% 6.40%

Northern Samar 37.83% 0.76% 1.78% 4.41% 22.99% 9.42% 6.29%

Western Samar 38.16% 1.31% 2.70% 2.36% 16.33% 13.42% 4.17%

Southern Leyte 27.22% 0.00% 6.14% 2.21% 21.94% 9.15% 3.71%

Region VIII 27.10% 0.32% 4.58% 4.21% 21.92% 10.88% 5.03%

Source:FIES,2000

Figure 6 . Share Diagram: Agri/Fishery/Forestry Shares of Total Family Income by HH

Head,Business/Industry, Region VIII, 2000

4.1.3. Basic sectors and corresponding industries

The economy of Biliran is dominantly agriculture and fishery as most of the people are

engaged in farming and fishing which contributes 35.6% to the total family income of the province. Although there are no large agri-industries in the province, a lot of the people are into agri-related livelihood and trade activities. Operational small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are mostly agri-based.

At present, the province is confronted with low production and poor quality of agri-fishery

products. This problem is caused by high cost of inputs, poor technology adoption, laxity of policy implementation and calamities.


a. Agriculture, Fishery & Forestry

Agriculture, fishery, and forestry accounts for the largest share in the total economy of Biliran at almost 36% in terms of family income.

Agriculture

Out of the total land area of 55,542 hectares, about 29,243.25 hectares or 52.64% comprises the agricultural land.

Crops

Major agricultural products in the province include palay, coconut, corn ,cassava, banana, camote, fruits, and vegetables. Palay and coconut contributed the largest share to the total agricultural crop production of the province while banana, cassava and all other crops account for the less significant share.

Based on 2008 RSET, rice production of the province showed a declining trend from

2006 to 2008. The drop was perhaps due to the decrease in the area planted/harvested and to the little drop in the average yield per hectare. In 2008, Biliran ranks second among the provinces in terms of average yield per hectare (4.6 MT/ha.). Southern Leyte registered the highest average yield per hectare in the region at 4.8 MT/ha.

Corn production in the same years showed erratic trend. From 863 MT in 2006, it

declined a little in 2007 to 795 MT then increased again to 812 MT in 2008.

Figure 7. Histogram (Specialization)

Specialization:Biliran Share of Total Family Income By HH Head Business/ Industry,2000

40.000%

35.000%

30.000%

35.619%

28.114%

25.000%

20.000%

15.000%

10.000%

21.574%

9.576%

5.000%

0.000%

3.145%

0.000% 1.135% 0.836%


Table 39. Palay and Corn Production, Province of Biliran, 2005-2007

Crop 2005 2006 2007

Palay Production (metric tons)

64,538

73,451

71,817

Area Harvested (hectare) 15,343 15,545 15,293

Ave. Yield/ha. 4.21 4.73 4.70

Corn Production

747

863

795

Area harvested 652 664 625

Ave. Yield/ha. 1.15 1.30 1.27 Source: RSET 2008

Coconut is the second major crop of the province next to rice. A total of 20,583 hectares were planted to coconut in 2007 giving a total production of 50,668 metric tons. An increasing trend is noted in the production of coconut from 41,601 metric tons in 2005 to 50,668 metric tons in 2007. In the same year, Biliran’s production accounts for only 2.85% of the total regional production of coconut.

Banana is another major crop in Biliran. Production of banana in 2007 was 15,314 metric tons from an area of 1,143 hectares.

Abaca is a promising agricultural crop in the province. Abaca fibers and other by-

products used to be exported to mainland Leyte because of the absence of permanent buyer in the province. As of 2009, however, according to the FIDA Officer in the province, there are only two (2) registered copra traders based in Naval and in Almeria who are currently buying fibers at P25 – 35 per kilo. With the existing more than 1,500 hectares of abaca plantation, fully supported technically and financially by FIDA, DENR (through their CBFM project) and other partners, abaca is seen to have a huge potential to contribute to the local economy. Efforts for increased production are manifested in the establishment and maintenance of abaca nurseries within the province. These are located in Almeria, Kawayan, Naval, and Culaba. With a ready source of planting materials, it is expected that area and volume of production will increase.

Other crops grown in the province are cassava, camote, pineapple,papaya, and other fruits and vegetables.

Table 40. Crop Production (MT)& Area Harvested (ha.), Province of Biliran, 2005 – 2007

MAJOR CROPS 2005 2006 2007

PRODUCTION AREA

HARVESTED PRODUCTION

AREA HARVESTED

PRODUCTION AREA

HARVESTED

1. Coconut 41,601 20,760 42,655 20,750 50,668 20,583

2.. Banana 15,621 1,448 15,583 1,448 15,314 1,143

3. Cassava 3,225 673 3,427 675 3,360 661

4. Camote 1,965 455 2,037 462 2,018 461

5. Pineapple 387 42 381 44 391 44

6. Papaya 112 75 113 75 117 76

7. Cabbage 85 12 94 13 90 13

8. Tomato 69 15 74 17 76 16

9. Mango 75 108 65 190 71 191

10. Calamansi 36 9 37 9 35 9

11. Peanut 34 17 35 18 32 19

12. Eggplant 39 11 42 13 43 13

Source: 2008 RSET


Livestock and Poultry

Livestock and poultry production remained entirely at backyard levels. As of 2007, hogs (44,030) and goats (21,301) have the highest population in terms of livestock raised, while chicken (245,187) is the most commonly raised poultry in the province.

Population for carabao in 2007 was 12,107 indicating a little decrease from the 12,800 heads in 2006. Cattle population registered a decrease of 638 heads from 2005 to 2007. On the other hand, goat population of the province generally attained sustained increase from 2005 to 2007. The registered increase was 5,014 heads. Data for hog population showed that there were abrupt increases from 2005 to 2006, but the hog population quickly declined in the following year.

Table 41. Inventory of Livestock & Poultry by Kind (Backyard & Commercial Farms) Province of Biliran, 2005 – 2007

Kind of Animals 2005 2006 2007

LIVESTOCK Carabao 9,859 12,800 12,107

Cattle 1,955 1,467 1,317

Goat 16,287 16,300 21,301

Hogs 44,510 59,910 44,030

POULTRY

Chicken 260,430 238,541 245,187

Duck 13,740 14,009 7,688

Source: 2008 RSET

For the prevention and control of animal diseases, regular surveillance is being conducted by the Provincial Veterinary Office through vaccination, deworming & treatment. As of 2006, total animals vaccinated reached 5,900 heads and 145 heads dewormed.

Provincial and municipal task forces on bird flu are created as the organizational machinery for its prevention and control in the province.

Veterinary quarantine services are being undertaken at the Naval Port. An Animal

Quarantine Officer inspects vessels and issues veterinary clearances to animals shippedin and out of the province.

Two slaughter houses are operational in the province, one in Naval and another in

Almeria. These are established in coordination with their respective LGUs.

Fishery

The fishery subsector is significant in terms of economic activity because Biliran is surrounded by rich fishing grounds namely: the Biliran Strait, Samar Sea, Carigara Bay, Lamanok Sea, and Sambawan. In addition, the marine waters surrounding the islands of Capinahan, Dalutan, and Higatangan serve as major fishing stations among fishermen.

Based on the 2008 RSET, Biliran registered a total production for fish of 7,600 metric

tons in 2007 (Table 14D). This included productions from commercial and municipal fishing and aquaculture.


Table 42. Fish Production by Type (in metric tons) Province of Biliran, 2005 - 2007

Fish Production 2005 2006 2007

1. Commercial Fishing 4,181 4,490 4,705

2. Municipal Fishing 2,330 2,602 2,831

3. Aquaculture 25 48 64

Total 6,536 7,140 7,600

Source: 2008 RSET

An increasing trend is seen in the production of fish in the province. From 6,536 metric tons in 2005, fish production increased to 7,600 metric tons in 2007.

As of December2009, ten (10) fish sanctuaries are operational in the province. These are

located in Brgys. Mabini, Libertad, Higatangan, Agpangi, and Sabangin Naval; Brgys. Villa Enage and Julita in Biliran; and Brgys. Uson and Bariisin Caibiran. Four (4) sites are still for turn-over to their respective fisherfolk organizations while another four (4) are under construction.

Two seashell sanctuaries will also be launched in Bgrys. Busali and Brgy. Batoin Biliran.

Seaweeds are also grown in the province. One operational seaweed culture project is located in Villa Enage, which is managed by the Villa Enage Seaweed Growers Association with 25 active members.

Table 43. Fish & Shell Sanctuaries Established and Monitored

Province of Biliran (as of December 2009) Municipality Location Status

1. Naval - Brgy. Mabini - Brgy. Libertad - Bgry. Higatangan - Brgy. Agpangi - Brgy. Sabang

- Operational

2. Almeria - Bregy. Jamorawon - For turn- over

3. Maripipi - SambawanIsland - For turn – over

4. Kawayan - Brgy. Inasuyan - Brgy. Burabod

- For turn – over

5. Culaba - Brgy. Look - Brgy. Pinamihagan - Brgy. Binongtoan - Brgy. Acaban

- Operational (newly launched) - construction of land marks ongoing

- do -

6. Biliran - Brgy. Villa Enage - Brgy. Julita - Brgy. Bato - Brgy. Bato (Shell ) - Brgy. Busali (Shell)

- Operational - Operational - To be established - For launching - For launching

7. Caibiran - Brgy. Brgy. Uson - Brgy. Brgy. Bariis

- Operational - do -

Forestry

Source: Fisheries Section,OPAS, Biliran

Although a large portion of the provincial land area is taken up by forests, there is no major forest-based economic activity in Biliran. A total of 19,047.75 hectares or 34.29% of the SAFDZ areas of the province constitute the forest. Forest products like abaca, nito,


biran

Map 12

rattan and timber are abundant in the province and serve as raw materials for small and cottage-level handicraft industries.

Other forestry products are lumber, charcoal and firewood. In 2009, PENRO-Biliran was able to register nine (9) chainsaw owners/operators, 6 private plantation owners and 3 lumber dealers.

Map 19

LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES & KEY SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Viga

N Mt. Maripipi

Summit

W E Maripipi

Sambawan Island

S

Scale 1:250,000

Tagasipol Is.

Tagnocan Is.

Inoroan Is.

Kawayan Tingkasan Is.

Masagongsong

Mt. Panamao

Palayan Ng Bayan Culaba

Dalutan Is. Mt. Guiauasan Lo-oc

Capiñahan Is.

Almeria Mt. Camalabagoan

Atipolo

Naval

Cai

Mt. Sayao

Higatangan Island

Mt. Sayoa

Catmon Mt. Suiro

Cabucgayan Biliran

LEGEND: ROROPORT

Municipality SEA PORT

Provincial Road BAGSAKAN CENTER WITH COLD STORAGE

National Road

HOTELS/INN/LODGING HOUSES Municipal Boundary

Major Rivers RESTAURANTS/EATERIES


b. Industry Sector

The industry sector is the least contributor to the total economy of Biliran. Incomes derived from manufacturing and construction sub-sectors represent a very minimal share of 5% to the total family income of the province.

Service-related

The service-related subsector contributed the 2nd highest share to the total economy of Biliran in terms of family income. A total of P 704,059 million or almost 32% of the provincial income was derived from the following sub-sectors: wholesale &retail, transport/communications/storage, and other service – related industries.

Wholesale and retail

In 2005, Biliran registered a total of 499 establishments engaged in wholesale & retail trades. These included copra dealers, dry goods stores, drugstores, gasoline dealers, general merchandisers, fish dealers, sari-sari stores,and hardware, auto and electronic supply stores. A decreasing trend was noticed in this subsector based on the number of establishments registered which declined from 596 in 2001 to 499 in 2007.

Table 44. Number of Establishments by Major Industry Division, Province of Biliran, 2001 - 2005

Major Industry 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

1.Agriculture,Hunting& Forestry 6 6 4 4 4

2. Fishery 1 1 - - -

3. Minning& Quarrying - - - - -

4. Manufacturing 181 180 180 180 181

5.Electricity/Gas & Water 3 3 3 3 3

6.Construction - - - - -

7. Wholesale & Retail 596 594 594 504 499

8. Hotels & Restaurant 72 71 71 80 80

9.Transport/ Storage & Communication

142 142 142 19 18

10.Financial Intermediation 22 22 22 21 21

11. Real Estate, Renting & Business. Services

26 26 26 38 38

12. Education 6 6 6 - -

13. Health & Social Work 19 19 19 24 24

14. Other Community Social & Personal Services

59

59

58

62

62

Source: 2008 RSET

Transport, storage & communications

Transportation within the province especially in Naval is dominated by motorcycles and tricycles. Of the total 6,833 motor vehicles registered in 2007, 4,882 are motorcycles and tricycles, 1,313 are utility vehicles, 45 are buses, 162 cars, 424 trucks, and 7 trailers.

Biliran has access to the tri-media, the radio, newspaper and television. DYRN, the lone

FM radio station in the province is based in Naval. AM and FM stations based in Cebu, Tacloban, Iloilo and even in Bicol are being picked up in the province because of its geographic location


Tabloids of regional circulation are being distributed in Naval daily and weekly. National dailies are also available via Tacloban City. There are two cable providers – the Naval Cable and Bilinet. There are also two telecommunications companies operating in the province and both are based in Naval; these are Globe and Smart. Both offer cellular phone service but the former has, in addition to its cell site, a local phone exchange from which people can make national and international direct dial calls (NDD & IDD).

Table 45. Number of Registered Motor Vehicles by Type, Province of Biliran, 2002, 2004 & 2005

TYPE OF VEHICLES 2005 2006 2007

Private 4,822 5,487 6,265

Cars 97 150 160

Utility Vehicles 859 1,067 1,141

Buses 2 l 1

Trucks 288 305 392

Motorcycles/Tricycles 3,574 3,960 4,565

Trailers 2 4 6

Government 125 120 112

Cars l 4 2

Utility Vehicles 67 63 52

Buses - - -

Trucks 15 9 17

Motorcycles/Tricycles 42 43 41

Trailers -- l -

For Hire 553 501 456

Cars - - -

Utility Vehicles 159 154 120

Buses 34 37 44

Trucks 37 40 15

Motorcycles/Tricycles 291 269 276

Trailers 32 l 1

TOTAL 5,500 6,108 6,833

Source: Land Transportation Office, Naval, Biliran

Tourism

Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange receipts and of livelihood and employment opportunities for communities.

In the region, visitor arrivals declined by 0.2% from 245,247 in 2006 to 244,786 in 2007.

This was attributed to the 2.8% drop in domestic tourists, which accounted for the bulk or 89.3% of total visitor arrivals.

For the province of Biliran, we cannot yet assess the contribution of tourism to its total

economic performance due to the lack of data on visitor arrivals and income/investment generated. However, it is believed that, if given appropriate development directions and interventions especially on the aspects of marketing and investment promotions, this service- related subsector can largely contribute to the province’s local economic growth.. Although the tourism industry is beset with problems like lack of and poor infrastructure facilities, as well as promotion and advocacy, Biliran Province has all the potentials and makings of a tourist destination.

It is endowed with plenty of beautiful scenery consisting of white beaches, water springs,

waterfalls, rice terraces, caves, and dive sites that can offer numerous destination options for tourists. Among the tourist attractions of the province are the following: Higatangan Island


Sand Bar, Higatangan Island Rock Formation, LibtongHot Spring, Sampawan Waterfalls, Ulan-Ulan Waterfalls, Recoletos Waterfalls, Bagongbong Waterfalls, Kinaraha Cascades, Palayan Ulan-ulan Waterfalls, Pondol Waterfalls, Iyusan Rice Terraces , Agta and Talahid Beach, Dalutan and Capinahan Islands, Masagongsang Swimming Pool, Tingkasan Bat Cave, Tinago Eco-tourism Park, Karaha Cascades, Mainit Hot Spring, Kasabangan Eco- tourism Park, Tigbao Waterfalls, Casiawan Waterfalls, Naravil Boardwalk, Biliran Bridge, Nasunugan Ruins, Sambawan Island, Candol Beach, Maripipi Watch Tower and Acaban Cave.

Local leaders are supportive of tourism development programs. The development of Tinago and Kasabangan Eco-tourism Parks in Sitio PulangYuta, Cabibihan, Caibiran and Sitio Tagaytay, Balaquid, Cabucgayan, respectively, materialized through the initiative of the Provincial Government of Biliran with the full support of the respective barangay officials through the creation of local tourism councils.

Naval, as the capital town of the province, serves as the gateway for tourism; hence most

accommodations such as hotels, lodging and pension houses, inns and restaurants are located here.

4.2. Potentials for contributing to local economic growth

Only the agriculture sector is over-represented in Biliran with a score of 1.31, not to mention the not classified industries which also scores more than one percent.

Table 46. Location Quotient: Total Family Income by Sector/Industry, Region VIII, 2000

PROVINCE

AGRI- FISHERY/

FORESTRY

MINING/ QUARRYING

MANUFAC- TURING

CONST- RUCTION

SERVICE RELATED INDUSTRY

WHOLESALE % RETAIL STORAGE

TRANSPORT/ COMM &

STORAGE

NOT CLASSIFIED

TOTAL

BILIRAN 1.31 0 0.25 0.75 0.98 0.88 0.17 1.08 1.00

LEYTE 0.73 0 12.8 12.9 10.9 9.94 10.5 1.11 1.00

EASTERN SAMAR 1.35 1.57 0.66 0.43 0.78 1.03 1.27 0.91 1.00

NORTHERN SAMAR 1.40 2.34 0.39 1.05 1.05 0.87 1.25 0.64 1.00

WESTERN SAMAR 1.41 4.04 0.59 0.51 0.74 1.23 0.83 0.83 1.00

SOUTHERN LEYTE 1.00 0 1.34 0.48 1.00 0.84 0.74 1.14 1.00

REGION VIII 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Source:FIES 2000

a. Agri-Tourism

Combining aspects of eco-tourism and agri-industrialization is believed to enhance our agricultural base while carefully developing our tourism potentials. This will bring about additional employment, food sufficiency and sustainable economic growth without overexploiting our natural resources.

The SAFDZ Map (Map 11B) for Biliran shows that the province still has sufficient land

resources for crop development (24,888 has), livestock development (1,978 has.), and fishery development (842 has.). It further shows that nearly half of the land area of the province is suitable as strategic zones for agriculture and fishery development.

Production areas shall be expanded to increase supply of rice, coconut and high-value crops

(vegetables, fruits, etc.) and cutflowers as raw materials needed for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).


Agricultural technologies shall be continuously upgraded through trainings.

Tourism-related facilities such as telecommunications, transportation, restaurants and lodging houses in towns close to eco-tourism sites will be upgraded for tourists’ convenience. Small souvenir shops will be put up to display local agri-products, postcards and novelty items.

b. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

The abundant supply of raw materials in the province if properly utilized as raw materials for handicraft and cottage or small industries - clay for ceramics; bamboo and rattan for furniture making; romblon and abaca for bags, hats & similar items; citronella for essential oil extraction; and coconut by-products that can be made into novelty items – can provide additional income to residents thereby contributing to economic growth.

The entrepreneurial skill of our people if upgraded through SMEs and cooperative ventures

can increase income and employment. The active cooperatives in the province, through their credit facilities, can provide the SMEs with access to capital to enhance productivity and sustainability of their economic activities.

4.3. Local factors

4.3.1.Physicalresources

Biliran is in a strategic location because of its proximity and access to the three major growth centers: the cities of Tacloban and Ormoc in the Eastern Visayas Region, and Cebu City, which can be reached by boat from the capital town of Naval in just 8 to 10 hours.

It has a rich natural resource base for agricultural and tourism development. It has abundant

water resources: springs that can be tapped for supply of potable water, waterfalls and rivers for irrigation and establishment of mini hydroelectric power generation plants; and other inland bodies of water for aquaculture and as breeding ground for fresh and brackish water fishes.

Supply of raw materials for handicraft and cottage or small industries is also abundant in the

province - clay for ceramics, bamboo and rattan for furniture-making; romblon and abaca for bags, hats and similar items; citronella for essential oil extraction and coconut by-products that can made into novelty items.

Beautiful scenery consisting of white beaches, water springs, waterfalls, rice terraces, caves,

and dive sites are all potentials for tourism development.

4.3.2. Knowledge resource (IT centers and Internet connection)

The development of human resource to ensure and support growth of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the province is manifested by the existence of IT centers, computer laboratories in private and government schools, and the continued implementation of Sharing Computer Access Locally and Abroad (SCALA) Program. As of December 2009, there are 5 IT Centers that are already operational in the province. These are located in Cabucgayan, Maripipi, Culaba, Caibiran, and in the Capitol Compound. Each IT center is provided with computer sets and 2 technical staff to handle the operation.


SCALA is an Information Technology literacy program that offers computer and life skills trainings to out-of-school youths and youths with disabilities thereby molding them into productive and more contributing members of the society. The program is implemented by the Provincial Government of Biliran through the Provincial. Social Welfare and Development Office (PSWDO) in partnership with the Engineers Without Borders of Canada.

The Eastern Visayas Information Sharing Network (EVISNet), is a project implemented by

RDC which is envisioned to promote information sharing among regional line agencies in the region by providing internet access and content development through a website as the information center, a “portal” for the region. Seven (7) out of 13 state universities and colleges in the region are already connected to EVISNet. One of these is the Naval State University (NSU), the lone formal tertiary school in Biliran.

As a small island province, Biliran has limited potential for investment in the telecommunication sector. Because of its distance from the highly urbanized centers, availability of high-speed internet access is also limited.

4.3.3. Infrastructure

The existing road network of the province is sufficient enough to provide easy access from one municipality to another and facilitate inter-local and inter provincial circulation. The recently completed Naval Port Development Project which included reconstruction of the 155- capacity passenger terminal building, rehabilitation of a reinforced concrete pier and the construction of a Ro-Ro ramp is expected to provide accessible transportation from the neighboring parts of Biliran to Cebu and as far as in Luzon and Mindanao, to promote tourism and to enhance economic activities of the province.

Apart from this Naval Port facilities that offer alternate routes for the flow of agricultural

products, the province also established Bagsakan Centers in selected municipalities to enhanced domestic marketing of farm products. As of 2009, 5 Bagsakan Centers are operated by cooperatives and LGUs in the municipalities of Almeria, Kawayan, Caibiran, Culaba, and Naval. Funded by the Department of Agriculture – Region VIII and implemented by the Provincial Government through the Provincial Agricultural Office, this agri-infra support project offers funds for marketing facilities and equipment such as freezer , chiller, weighing scales, plastic crates, and also for building repair/improvement and for initial operating capital.

4.4.Summary

Biliran, being the newest and smallest province, is the least contributor to the overall

economy of Region VIII. It accounts for the smallest share of P 2.2 Billion or 3.3% of the total P67.43 billion regional family income. In terms of income by sector, Biliran also consistently ranks last among the six (6) provinces in the region.

Meanwhile, the provincial economy of Biliran follows the same pattern with the three Samar

provinces wherein agriculture, fishery and forestry (AFF) sector accounts for the dominant share in their family incomes. AFF sector contributes the highest share of 35.6% to the total income of the province. This is followed by the not classified industries (28.13%). Service-related industries come next at 21.57%, wholesale& retail subsector at 9.58%, construction at 3.15%, manufacturing at 1.13%, and transport &storage at 0.84%.


Agriculture, fishery and forestry is the only sector which is over-represented in Biliran with a location quotient of 1.30. The bulk of the provincial income comes from this sector. Expansion on production areas can be realized as there are still sufficient land resources suitable for crop, livestock, and fishery production (as shown in our SAFDZ map), and this can potentially contribute to the local economy. Expansion of production areas can increase supply of raw materials for the enhancement of economic activities through SMEs, thus increasing provincial income.

While enhancing the agricultural base, efforts are also geared towards developing the tourism

potentials of the province. The beautiful sceneries consisting of white beaches, water springs, waterfalls, rice terraces, caves and dive sites, if given the appropriate intervention, can be one major source of income for the local economy of the province.

The potentials of industries identified to be in the best position to contribute to local

economic growth may be further enhanced with the presence of some local factors such as: accessibility and natural resource base of the province; the knowledge resources which pertains to access to IT centers and Internet connection, and the availability of modern infrastructure particularly the RoRo port in Naval that offers alternate route for the flow of agricultural products and as gateway for tourism development.


Map 13

Map 20

MAP OF INDUSTRIES WITH BEST &

DECLINING POTENTIALS

N

W E Mt. Maripipi

Summit

Maripipi

S

Scale 1:250,000

Sambawan Island

Tagasipol Is.

Tagnocan Is.

Inoroan Is.

Kawayan

Tingkasan Is.

Mt. Panamao


Dalutan Is. Mt. Guiauasan

Capiñahan Is.


Caibiran

Naval Mt. Sayao

Higatangan Island

Mt. Sayoa

Mt. Suiro

Biliran Cabucgayan

LEGEND:

Municipality

Provincial Road

EXISTING BUS TERMINAL

National Road EXISTING CELL SITES

Municipal Boundary

Major Rivers POWER SUB STATION


5. Transportation, access and circulation 5.1. External linkages

a. Land

Good road network coupled with efficient transportation and communication systems help stimulate economic growth in the province.

The existing road network in the province, especially the national and provincial roads, is

sufficient enough to provide easy access from one municipality to another and facilitate inter- local and inter-provincial circulation.

Table 47.Status of National and Provincial Roads, Province of Biliran, 2008-2009

Category Year Total Road

Length (km)

Category

Gravel % Concrete %

National Roads 2008 130.442 50.844 38.99 79.598 61.02

2009 130.442 47.532 36.44 82.910 63.56

Cross-country Road 2008 19.730 4.033 20.43 15.697 79.56

2009 19.730 2.691 13.64 17.039 86.36

Provincial Road 2008 56.656 23.157 40.87 33.504 59.13

Maripipi Circumferential Road 2009 27.000 11.165 41.35 15.835 58.65

Source: DPWH Biliran Engineering District; PEO Note: Cross- country road is a part of the national roads; Maripipi circumferential road is part of the

provincial road

The Biliran circumferential road links the municipalities in the mainland to one another. Its

total length is 110.712 kilometers, of which 63.56% (82.910 km) is already concrete-paved as of April 2009, while only 36.44 % (47.53 km ) is of gravel type.

The 19.730 km road of the Naval–Caibiran country road links the two municipalities located

on opposite sides of the island. It serves as the shortest route between Naval and the municipalities of Caibiran and Culaba.

The 56.656 km provincial road is 59.13% (33,500 km) concrete-paved while 40.87% (23.157

km) is of gravel type. The circumferential road of Maripipi is part of the provincial road and links the 15 barangays in the island. It is 56.65% concrete-paved and 41.35% gravel type.

In providing greater inter-local accessibility, bridges have been improved and upgraded

already. Complementing the road network of the province are the 38 bridges consisting of 728.55 meters concrete, 298meters steel; and 15metersBailey bridges. The 250-meter Biliran Bridge, constructed of Langer and CIB type, serves as the vital link between the province and mainland Leyte. These bridges have an aggregate length of 1,071.55 meters.

b. Air

Biliran has one airport, a feeder type that can accommodate small and light aircraft.

c. Sea Transportation

All municipalities in the province have seaports. However, some only served as small-scale fish landing while others are already non-operational. Only the Naval Port is considered the


major commercial seaport. It serves as the gateway or the provincial port of entry for tourism, trade and commerce.

Maripipi also has a RoRo port that was constructed under the Strong Nautical Highway Project, which aims to spur development in the countryside by linking the islands.

The 55.98-meter Naval Port has a berth length of 210 meters, a working area of 2,050 sq. m.

and a stacking area of 1,904 sq. m. This port is expected to further enhance economic activities not only in Eastern Visayas but the entire Visayas, as well as ease travel and exchange of goods between Visayas and Mindanao. It will also increase passenger traffic and improve public access to tourism areas in the country.

With these new RoRo facilities, shipments to and from the province are no longer off- loaded for re-transporting, thereby reducing cargo handling time and stevedoring costs and consequently ensuring better quality and lower prices of goods.

5.2. Internal circulation

Naval can be accessed by

both sea and land transportation. The rural road network has greatly improved in the last 4 years.

Existing rural roads

consist of 46.547 km municipal roads and 227.254 km barangay roads. Municipal roads are 85.75% concreted. Municipal roads in Almeria, Culaba, Kawayan, Maripipi, and Naval are almost entirely concrete-paved. Barangay roads are 227.254 km long, of which 73.84 % is concreted, 21.16% (48.099 km) is gravel, and only 1.64% (3.7272 km) is of earth type.

Map 21


Table 48. Status of Municipal and Barangay Roads, Province of Biliran, 2008

Municipality Municipal Roads ( in km ) Barangay Roads ( In km )

Total length

Concreted Gravel Total

Length Concreted Earth Gravel

Almeria 1.44 1.44 - 27.24 22.845 0.2 4.2

Biliran 6.947 4.79012 0.5439 27.44 19.84954 3.5272 2.4363

Cabucgayan 8.05 4.45 0.8 26.16 18.99 5.21

Caibiran 8.450 7.57 0.88 29.55 22.00 4.10

Culaba 8.05 8.05 - 23.89 18.99 4.90

Kawayan 2.84 2.84 - 26.2 25.42 0.1839

Maripipi 3.3 3.30 7.69 7.62 - 0.07

Naval 7.57 7.57 59.084 32.09 27

Total 46.647 40.06 2.2239 227.254 167.804 3.7272 48.099

Source: Provincial Engineer’s Office, Provincial Planning & Development Office

Culaba (42 km) and Caibiran (50km) are the farthest municipalities from Naval but taking the

cross-country road reduces the distance compared to the circumferential road by one- half. Maripipi can be reached by taking the direct Naval-Maripipi sea route, which is 28 nautical miles, or the Kawayan-Maripipi route, with a shorter distance of 10 nautical miles. Motorized passenger boats ply the Naval – Maripipi route while smaller motorboats serve the Kawayan – Maripipi route.

Table 49. Distance to Municipalities

Municipality Distance

Km/ Na. Mi.

From To

Naval Biliran 19 km

Biliran Cabucgayan 14 Km

Cabucgayan Caibiran 17 Km

Caibiran Culaba 18 Km

Culaba Kawayan 24 Km

Kawayan Almeria 9 Km

Almeria Naval 9 Km

Naval Maripipi 28 ( 51.86 ) Nautical miles

Kawayan Maripipi 10 Nautical miles

Naval Cross-country 18 Km

Cross-country Culaba 11 Km

Cross-country Caibiran 7 km

Note: 1 nautical mile = 1.85 km.

5.2.1. Rural road density

The table below shows that Kawayan has the greatest density of rural roads in at 651kilometer, followed by Naval, Cabucgayan, Caibiran and Biliran. On the other hand, municipalities with the least density are Culaba, Almeria and Maripipi.


Table 50. Rural Road Density, Province of Biliran

Municipality

Total Land Area Existing Length of Rural Roads

2007 Population

Existing Rural Road Density

Almeria 65.49 46.788 14,420 308

Biliran 86.29 34.862 14,947 429

Cabucgayan 49.38 34.21 18,799 549

Caibiran 94.58 38.62 20,616 533

Culaba 76.19 31.94 10,962 343

Kawayan 44.70 29.24 19,053 651

Maripipi 31.71 37.99 6,946 183

Naval 107.08 79.562 44,288 556

Source: Provincial Engineer’s Office

5.2.2. Registered motor vehicles

The total number of vehicles registered has an erratic trend. From 2006, the number increased by 725 units or 11.87%, and then dropped by 788 units or 11.53%. Motorcycles and tricycles dominate the type of vehicles, registering a high 3,690 in 2006 and 4,565 in 2007; it however dropped in 2008 by 10.41%.

Motorcycles are commonly used in the province both as service vehicle and as passenger

vehicle called “habal-habal.” It is a popular service vehicle and is used where jeepneys and tricycles cannot stand the rough steep terrains and narrow roads. It can carry a minimum of 3 passengers and a maximum of six. It is used also as cargo vehicle carrying copra and other agricultural products.

Table 51.Number of Permits/Licenses Issued by Province, 2001-2007

Year

Province 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Region VIII 56,029 59,321 61,938 74,641 72,818 73,996 82,221

Leyte 32,759 34,262 33,721 42,364 41,862 43,293 46,577

Biliran 2,175 2,800 3,395 3,431 3,870 3,595 4,165

Southern Leyte 8,564 8,663 9,476 11,267 11,218 12,079 14,165

Samar 5,474 5,961 6,627 7,232 7,299 7,395 8,405

Eastern Samar 3,156 3,163 3,679 4,245 3,576 3,439 4,000

Northern Samar 3,901 4,472 5,140 6,102 4,993 4,195 4,918

Source: RSET


5.3. Communications

Telephone services in the province are being provided by Globe Telecom. These services are interconnected to the main telephone backbone that enables subscribers to call any part of the country and abroad.

Table 52. Landline Telephone Distribution by Province, 2007

Province Telephone

Lines Subscribers Population

Telephone Density

Lines Subscribed

Region VIII 200,649 59,964 4,187,000 4.788 1.432

Leyte 124,078 41,239 1,833,000 6.769 2.250

Biliran 4,968 1,332 164,400 3.022 0.810

So. Leyte 19,360 3,820 410,200 4.720 0.931

Samar 27,936 8,965 753,900 3.706 1.189

E. Samar 19,947 3,121 434,200 4.594 0.719

N. Samar 4,180 1,487 591,300 0.707 0.251

Source: RSET, NSCB

Of the number of telephone lines installed, only 1,332 are subscribers. This was due to the

increasing number of people who prefer cellular/mobile phones over fixed lines, the former being more handy and allows people to call whenever and wherever they like. All mobile phone carriers have cellular sites in the province.

Biliran Province also has access to tri-media facilities – the radio, newspaper and television.

With its geographic location, the lone radio station, Radyo Natin, can easily provide clear broadcasts to the municipalities. In addition, the Biliranons can receive radio signals from AM and FM stations that are based in cities and provinces. Dailies, tabloids, and other publications of national or regional circulation are distributed in the province daily or weekly. There are two

(2) local cable TV operators that are both based in Naval.

6. Income, employment, service access, and poverty

Over half of the country’s population is still primarily dependent on agriculture as a major source of livelihood. However, agriculture in the Philippines has remained a low value-adding and low labor-absorbing activity. Incomes have remained low, employment seasonal, and underemployment high. Poverty incidence remained high.

The province of Biliran is not exempted from this generalization. Its heavy dependence on

the traditional agriculture and the lack of large industrial activities limit the employment opportunities of the province.

In April 2003, the total working age population of Biliran was 82,000. This showed an

increase of about 10,000 people over the 2002 population of 72,000. While population has increased, the employment rate, on the other hand, has greatly decreased from 95% in April 2002 to 85.1% in April 2003.

With this situation, the only alternative sector which could provide employment to the rural

labor force is the microenterprise/livelihood sector. Since these small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are expected to play this major role in the rural areas, there is therefore the need to


support and assist them to further encourage their growth in terms of number, capital and asset size.

6.1. Employment and unemployment rates

The province has a total of 82,000 working age population (15 years old and above). Employment rate as of April 2003 has greatly decreased from 95.0% in April 2002 to 85.1% in April 2003.

Labor Force Participation Rate (LPFR) in the province was placed at 84.8% or about 70,000 as of April 2003.

Table 53. Labor and Employment, Province of Biliran, 2002 and 2003

April 2002 April 2003

Total Labor Force (in thousand) 72 82

Labor Force Participation Rate 76.8 84.8

Employment Rate 95.0 85.1

Unemployment Rate 5.0 14.9

Visible Underemployment Rate 26.0 13.5

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

Table 54. Labor Force and Employment Status, HH Pop.15 Years Old and Over Province of Biliran, 2000 and 2003 (in thousands)

Year2000 Year2002

Total Women Men Total Women Men

HH Population 15 years & over 89 46 43 95 46 49

In the Labor Force 47 23 24 70 29 41

Employed 54 21 33 66 27 39

Unemployed 3 2 1 4 2 2 Source: RSET

6.2. Family income levels

As of 2000, 76.91% of the families engaged in entrepreneurial activities are engaged in agriculture as compared to year 1997 of 68.32%, whereas there was a decline of about 7% in the non-agriculture sector of 23.02% in 2000 and 30.95% in 1997.

On the wage and salaries sector, there was also a decrease of about 11.41%from39.91% in

1997 to 28.5% in 2000. There is also a remarkable shift under the wage and salaries from agriculture to non-agriculture sector.

On the other sources of income, there was a slight increase of 2.85% from 1997of 22.93% to 25.78% in 2000.


Table 55. Main Source of Income, Province of Biliran, 1997 and 2000

Main Source of Income No. of Families

1997 2000

Wage and salaries 11,962 8,187

Agriculture 6,310 1,576

Non-agriculture 5,653 6,611

Entrepreneurial Activities 11,134 13,073

Agriculture 7,607 10,063

Non-Agriculture 3,447 3,010

Other Sources of Income 6,875 7,387


Agriculture is the main source of income of the Biliranons. However, natural constraints, like

the El Nino and the La Nina phenomena, greatly affected the production and this resulted to low productivity. Another factor that contributes to the problem on low productivity is capital. Lack of access to credit among the farmers/fisherfolks and the limited investments from the private sector restrained efforts to go into innovative and more efficient enterprises. This situation perpetuated the economy to be dependent on traditional crops such as palay, coconut and banana. Low income/savings result from limited production. This further led to limited capital or limited access to credit as many small farmers are considered credit risks because of their minimal net worth that can be pledged as collateral. The deficiencies in skills, knowledge and technologies in turn deplete the capacity of the resource to produce more or regenerate.

Table 56. Total and Average Income, Region VIII by Province, 1997 & 2000

Province

1997 2000

Total (P000) Average Total (P000) Average

Region VIII 50,921,316 67,772 67,432,425 91,520

LEYTE 19,767,310 67,291 28,038,793 93,251

SOUTHERN LEYTE 6,100,095 65,369 6,265,599 85,623

BILIRAN 2,074,641 69,222 2,201,097 76,835

SAMAR 7,985,286 72,751 10,045,432 78,409

EASTERN SAMAR 4,918,041 55,694 5,302,786 71,527

NORTHERN SAMAR 6,653,874 60,081 7,563,846 80,114

Source: NSO


6.3. Level and extent of services

Figure 8

Table 57. Local Service Standards

SERVICES STANDARDS

SOCIAL SERVICES Education and Culture

Elementary Classroom 1 per 40 pupils

Teacher 1 per 40 pupils

Library Separate building or room, well-lighted, ventilated, free from noise, accessible and centrally located

Teacher-librarian 1 per 500 or less pupils

Full and part-time teacher-librarian 1 each per 501-1,000 pupils

Full-time librarian & part-time teacher librarian 1, per 1000-2000 pupils

Full-time librarian 1 for every additional 1,000 pupils

Secondary

Classroom 1 per 40-45 pupils

Teacher 1 per 40-45 pupils

Library Separate building or room, well-lighted ventilated, free from noise, accessible and centrally located

Librarian 1 per enrollment of

Teacher-librarian 500 or less students

Full-time and part time teacher-librarian 501-1,000 students

Full-time librarian & part-time teacher-librarian 1,000-2,000 students

Full-time librarian Additional

Sports and Recreation

Municipality/City Park 1 park with a minimum of 5,000 sq. meters in area per 1,000 population and maximum walking distance of 100-150 meters


SERVICES STANDARDS

Sport and Athletics Public played/athletic field with minimum of 0.5 hectare per 1,000 inhabitants

1 sport facility per barangay Natural Environment Area Presence of natural, undisturbed and scenic areas

suitable for reaction, scientific and ecological significance consisting of forest, water resources and other land forms

Medical and allied personnel 1Government Physician per 20,000 population 1 Public Health Nurse per 20,000 population 1Rural Health Midwife per 5,000 population 1 Government Dentist per 50,000 population 1 Rural Sanitary Inspector per 20,000 population 1 Barangay Health Worker per 20 households 1 Barangay Nutrition Scholar per Barangay 1 Health Educator per 50,000 population

Primary Hospital 10 to 50 bed capacity

Secondary Hospital (Provincial-District) 25 to 50 bed capacity

Medical Transport Ambulance 1 per LGU

Service vehicle 1 per LGU

Protective Services

Police Force 1 per 500 population (urban) 1 per 1,000 population (rural)

Fire Protection Service 1 per 2,000 population 14 firemen per truck 1 fire truck per 28.000 population

Jail Services 1 jail per LGU

Welfare Services

Women’s Desk Office of Senior Citizens Affairs Day Care Center (for victims of drug abuse, vagrants, victims of disasters, calamities, child abuse, etc.)

Adult Community Education Program

1 per LGU

Environment Protection

Solid Waste Management 100% percent collection and disposal

Pollution Control Absence of air, water and industrial pollutants 100% free from toxic and hazardous substances

Public Buildings and Facilities Municipal /City /Hall/Provincial Capitol Socio- Cultural Center Museum Brgy/Mun/City/Prov’l Library/Reading Center

Presence

ECONOMIC SERVICES

Infrastructure Services & Existing Road Network

Provincial Road Connecting all components municipalities/cities (except island municipality/city)

City/Municipality Road Connecting major clusters of population to the city or town proper

Feeder Road (Barangay road, rural road, or farm-to-market road)

Connecting all barangay to municipal, city or provincial road

Water Supply (city/municipality)


SERVICES STANDARDS

Level I Point source (such as rain collector, wells and springs)generally for rural areas where houses are scattered to thinly to justify a distribution system)

Level II Communal faucet system generally for rural areas where houses are clustered densely enough to a number of households

Level III Piped system with individual connection in urban areas, with average output of 150 liters/person/day

Sewerage Service(city/municipality) Existence of functional sewer system Absence of stagnant water formation

Market and Slaughterhouse

Accessible from all directions and through all modes of transportation

Site located in urban area Standard sections and facilities Wet section Semi-wet section Dry goods section Storage facilities Eateries Parking space Running water Proper lighting Proper ventilation DrainageTreatment plant or settling pond

6.3.1.Health

Looking back at how the province fared in the health sector, it can be seen that births and deaths are both on the rise. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) continuously increased from 22.3 (2006) to 25.23 (2008) and 5.69 (2006) to 6.06 (2008), respectively.

Table 58. Crude Birth and Death Rates, Province of Biliran, 2006-2008

YEAR CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) CRUDE DEATH RATE(CDR)

2006 22.3 5.69

2007 23.12 5.96

2008 25.23 6.06 Source: Provincial Health Office (PHO)

The number of deaths due to lifestyle-related and infectious diseases is alarmingly increasing.

For one, the number one cause of death, which is Cerebro Vascular Anomalies (CVA)/ Hypertensive Vascular Disease (HVD) , accelerated to 94.89 per 100,000 population from the five-year ( 2002 – 2006)average of 83.60. Deaths due to cancer also increased from 49.28 per 100,000 population to 57.18. The same pattern is true with the number of deaths caused by heart and renal diseases. Pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) however, though among the top killer diseases, showed decreased rates from the five-year average of 126.80 and 31.87 to

87.59 and 29.20 per 100,000 populations, respectively.


Table 59. Mortality, Leading Causes, Number & Rate per100,000 Population 5 – Year Average (2002-2007)

Causes 5 -year Average(2002-2006) 2007

Number Rate Number Rate

CVA/HVD 127 83.6 156 94.89

Pneumonia 109 126.8 144 87.59

CA all forms 75 49.28 94 57.18

Heart Disease 58 38.12 89 54.14

Renal Disease 42 27.6 55 33.45

PTB 48 31.87 48 29.2

Peptic Ulcer Disease 31 20.28 42 25.55

COPD 33 22.03 36 21.9

DM 22 14.77 25 15.21

Liver Disease - - 19 11.56

Source: 2007 Annual Report, PHO

Maternal mortality in 2007 was recorded at 1.15 per 1,000 live births while infant deaths were

14.12 per 1,000 live births. The number one cause of maternal death is Hemorrhage due to Placental Fravia whose 5-year (2002-2006) average rate of .05 had increased to 0.28 in 2007. On the other hand, the high rate of infant deaths was caused by pneumonia which showed a decreased rate from 4.82 to 3.74. The next leading causes of infant deaths are prematurely and congenital anomaly

The number one cause of morbidity in Biliran is Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI).

In 2007 the total number of cases was placed at 15,099 or at a rate of 9,184.31 per 100,000 population. This figure however showed a little decrease compared to the 5-year (2002-2006) average rate of 10,000.91 per 100,000 populations.

Table60. Maternal Mortality Leading Causes, Number & Ratio/1000 Live births 5 – Year Average (2002 – 2006)

Causes 5-year Average (2002-2006) 2007

Number Ratio Number Ratio Percent

Hemorrhage due to Placenta Previa

20 5 1 0.28 25%

Uterine Prolapse - - 1 0.28 25%

Placental Retention 1.2 35 1 0.28 25%

Septicemia 20 0.05 1 0.28 25%


Table61. Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 Live Births, 5 –Year Average (2002-2006)

Causes 5-year Average( 2002- 2006) 2007

Number Rate Number Rate Percent

Pneumonia 17 4.82 13 3.74 26.53

Prematurely 7 2.13 10 2.88 20.4

Congenital Anomaly 8 2.51 10 2.88 20.4

Diarrhea 1 0.28 3 0.86 6.12

Sepsis - - 3 0.86 6.12

CNS Infection - - 3 0.86 6.12

Malnutrition - - 3 0.86 6.12

Heart Disease - - 2 0.57 4.08

Acquired Prothrombin Complex Deficiency

- - 1 0.28 2.04

Dengue Fever - - 1 0.28 2.04



On nutrition, the province showed an improved status, based on the Operation Timbang Reports from year 2007 to year 2009. With the food assistance given by the province through supplemental feeding the 4,183 (21.95%) Below Normal Low (BNL) and Below Normal Very Low (BNVL) children had decreased to 3,834 (18.37 %) in 2008 and further decreased to 3,562 (17.3%) in 2009.

The health care and medical services in Biliran are catered not only to the Biliranons but

even to some Leytenos from the neighboring towns through the lone secondary health facility of the province – The Biliran Provincial Hospital (BPH) – in coordination with the Municipal Health Offices (MHOs) and DOH Regional Field Office No. 8. There are 8 MHOs in the province, 34 Barangay Health Stations (BHSs) and 24 Botica sa Barangay. There are also 13 private clinics catering to the medical needs of the people but they are all located in the capital town of Naval. In the entire province, there are 1,074 active Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) and 128 Trained Birth Attendants assisting in the delivery of field health services.

The BPH has an authorized capacity of 25 beds but with an actual occupancy of between 70

-100. Among the hospitals in entire region, Biliran has the highest bed-population ratio, which is placed at 1:6,057in 2008.This ratio is way beyond the standard ratio of 1: 1,000.

While access to health services is now easier, especially among the poor because of the

increased PhilHealth enrolment, public health delivery is still plagued by problems such as shortage of health personnel and ill-equipped health centers. The number of physicians had decreased, based on RSET 2009, from 28 in 2006 to 27 in 2007 and 24 in 2008.

Table 62. Number of Medical Personnel, Province of Biliran, 2006 - 2008

2006 2007 2008

Hospital Field Hospital Field Hospital Field

Physician 20 8 20 7 16 8

Dentist 1 1 1 2 1 2

Nurse 24 9 24 12 33 9

Midwife 1 42 1 46 1 44

Medical Technologist 5 8 5 8 8 7

Rural Sanitary Inspector - 6 - 10 - 8

Source: RSET 2009

To cope with the increasing needs of the Biliranons for health services, the current

administration prioritizes its investments on the improvement and expansion of service quality and capacity of the BPH. Infrastructure rehabilitation in now on-going while state-of-the –art instruments, equipment and fixtures are continuously acquired.


Map 15

6.3.2.Education

Insofar as education establishments are concerned, Biliran has enough existing infrastructure to meet the demand of the local populace.

Presently, the Naval State University (NSU) is the only school so far to provide formal

tertiary education. There are three (3) vocational schools namely: Maripipi National Vocational School, Cabucgayan National School of Arts and Trade and Culaba National Vocational School. The Biliran National Agricultural College is already a part and an extension of the NSU.

The DepEd Division of Biliran is divided into nine (9) districts. There are 128 elementary

schools and 18 secondary schools. Out of the 128 elementary schools, 9 are still incomplete primary schools and one (l) incomplete elementary school. This means there is a need to open

Map 22

Maripipi

LOCATION OF HEALTH FACILITIES, PRIORITY AREAS & PROPOSED

HEALTH RELATED PPAs Province of Biliran

N

W E

S

Kawayan

Culaba

Almeria

Caibiran

Higatangan Is.

Naval

Legend:

Provincial Hospital

Municipal Health Office

Biliran Cabucgayan

Provincial Capital

Municipality

Birthing Facilities


new classes to complete the grade levels from Grade I to Grade VI, which further implies the need for additional teachers and school buildings.

For SY 2004 – 05, total enrolment was 26,219 for elementary and 10,337 for secondary level. In the elementary level, enrolment declined by almost one percent (0.96) the following year but again rose in SY 2006-07. On the other hand, secondary level showed a continuous increase in enrolment for 3 consecutive school years from 2004 to 2007. Other basic education data as presented on the table below showed that Biliran is in better standing compared to the other provinces in Region VIII taking into account some of the regional and national standards. The classroom–student ratio of Biliran in SY 2006-07 is 1:26 and 1:42 for elementary and secondary levels, respectively compared to the national standard of 1:40-45. In the same period, the teacher

– student ratio in elementary which is 1:27 and secondary which is 1:35 are much better than the regional average of 1:31 and 1:39 for elementary and secondary, respectively. For the overall MPS(NAT Results), however, Biliran’s performance both for the elementary and secondary levels showed erratic trends in three successive school years ( 2004-05 to 2006-07). The low MPS performance of both school levels can be attributed to several factors, among others: poor reading comprehension of pupils/students , non-mastery of the fundamental facts & operation in mathematics , poor health and nutrition of pupils/students , non-use of interactive teaching strategies, non-observance of “time-on-task”, insufficient textbooks, equipment and other facilities.

Table 63. Basic Education Data, Division of Biliran, (SY 2004 -05, 2005-06 & 2006 -07)

Elementary Level Secondary Level

SY 2004 -05 SY 2005 -06 SY 2006 -07 SY 2004-05 SY 2005-06 SY 2006-07

Enrolment 26,219 25,967 26,199 10,337 11,334 11,575

No of teachers 958 961 960 303 317 321

Teacher–pupil ratio 1:27 1:27 1:27 1:39 1:36 1:36

No. of Instructional Rooms 1,001 1,029 1,020 244 254 273

Classroom-pupil ration 1:26 1:26 1:26 1:26 1:48 1:42

Overall MPS(NAT) 72.36 60.82 74.92 55.72 52.48 59.32

Source: Biliran Division Office

Based on the 2006 CBMS Survey, Biliran’s Simple Literacy Rate (provincial average) was high

at 97.06 percent. This means that out of 24,405 (15-24 years old), 23,687 were literate and 718 were considered illiterate (2.94 percent). Caibiran had the highest proportion at 98.41%, which is1.35% higher than the provincial average of 97.06%. Kawayan registered the lowest proportion at 95.86%.


Table 64. Literacy Rate of 15-24 Years Old, By Sex, By Urban/Rural, Province of Biliran CBMS Survey 2006

Province/

Municipality

Population Urbanization

Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Proportion

Total Male Female Total Male Female Urban Rural Urban Rural

BILIRAN PROVINCE 24,405 13,120 11,285 97.06 96.39 97.84 6,231 18,124 98.47 96.59

ALMERIA 2,230 1,192 1,038 97.64 97.23 98.11 413 1,817 96.95 97.79

BILIRAN 2,560 1,387 1,173 96.31 95.26 97.58 869 1,691 98.41 95.26

CABUCGAYAN 2,778 1,507 1,271 94.77 93.08 96.87 638 2,140 98.00 93.85

CAIBIRAN 3,545 1,972 1,573 98.41 98.20 98.68 1,179 2,366 99.15 98.05

CULABA 1,958 1,088 870 96.83 96.96 96.66 577 1,381 96.81 96.84

KAWAYAN 2,825 1,521 1,304 95.86 95.00 96.87 375 2,450 95.64 95.74

MARIPIPI 1,051 584 467 97.94 97.17 98.94 271 780 98.90 97.62

NAVAL 7,458 3,869 3,589 97.78 97.28 98.32 1,909 5,549 99.37 97.24

Equally important education performance indicators as presented in the tables below were assessed and compared to regional figures. For the elementary level, dropout rate of the province showed a continuous decrease from 1.83% (2004-05) to 1.53% (2005-06) and 1.48% (2006-07) implying an improved performance for the three successive school years. All other performance indicators showed erratic trends from school year 2004-05 to school year 2006-07 but are generally better off than the regional figures.

For secondary level, retention rate, cohort survival rate and completion rate showed

favorable increase from school year 2004-05 to 2006-07. Dropout rate was high but somehow registered a continuous decrease in figure which still implied favorable performance of the province in the same period. Like the elementary level, the provincial rates for secondary schools generally are better off than the regional rates.

For graduation rate , however, figures showed erratic trend from 92.30% (SY 2004-05) to

93.20% (SY2005-06) then decreased again to 88.79% (SY 2006-07) which lagged behind the regional rate by 4.4%.

Table 65. Comparative Performance Indicators, SY 2004-05, 2005-06 & 2006-07

Elementary Level

SY 2004 -05 SY 2005-06 SY 2006-07

Biliran Region VIII Biliran Region VIII Biliran Region VIII

Retention Rate 94.22 92.02 92.96 89.27 94.6 91.05

Cohort -Survival Rate 75.28 65.28 68 54.05 75.63 60.27

Complementation Rate 72.68 60.40 65.68 52.52 73.47 58.76

Drop-out Rate 1.83 1.88 1.53 1.76 1.98 1.66

Transition Rate 96.24 95.26 95.68 92.34 98.09 94.25

Graduation Rate 95.3 96.40 96.39 96.43 96.36 96.91

Source: Biliran Division Office; RSET 2008


Map 16

Secondary Level

SY 2004 -05 SY 2005-06 SY 2006-07

Table 66. Comparative Performance Indicators, SY 2004-05, 2005-06 & 2006-07

Biliran Region VIII Biliran Region VIII Biliran Region VIII

Retention Rate 85.51 89.59 86.32 84.8 86.66 87.17

Cohort -Survival Rate 61.6 67.23 66.1 57.34 66.89 63.53

Complementation Rate 51.55 62.72 61.87 53.28 63.32 60.07

Drop-out Rate 7.34 6.13 6.58 6.38 5.01 6.16

Transition Rate 55.81 70.43 122.07 94.07 100.06 90.55

Graduation Rate 92.3 92.3 93.2 91.72 88.79 93.19

Source: Biliran Division Office; RSET 2008

Map 23

LOCATION OF EDUCAT IONAL

FACILITIES, PRIORITY AREAS & PROPOSED EDUCATION RELATED PPAs

Province of Biliran

N

W E

Maripipi S

Kawayan

Culaba

Almeria

Caibiran

Higatangan Is.

Naval

LEGEND:

Biliran Cabucgayan

Provincial Capital Municipality

Prim ary School

Secondary School

Tertiary School

Education Training Inst./Fac.


6.3.3. Housing

The 2000 Census of Population and Housing showed that the province of Biliran had a total of 27,514 occupied housing units. These include single houses which comprised 96.65% and the rest were duplex, multi-unit residential, commercial/industrial/agricultural, institutional living quarters, and other types of housing units which accounted for 3.35%. The ratio of households to occupied housing unit was 1:01 while the household population to occupied housing unit was 5.09.

In terms of construction materials used, 34.43% of the total number of houses was made of semi-concrete/brick/stone and half wood; houses with outer walls made of bamboo/sawali/cogon/nipa constituted 25.58% and wood 20.68%. On the construction materials for roofing, 13,603 dwelling units or 49.44% used galvanized iron/aluminum.

The CBMS survey in 2005 for the municipality of Cabucgayan and 2006 for the other seven

municipalities showed that 3.9% or 1,203 households were living in makeshift housing, or a total of 5,490 individuals. The same survey revealed that 768 household were informal settlers. These are the vulnerable segments of the society which should be given attention by the government.

Table 67. Proportion of Population Who Are Informal Settlers CBMS Survey 2006, Province of Biliran

Municipality

Household Population Urbanity

Magnitude

Proportion

Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Rural

Total Female Male Total Female Male Urban Rural Urban Rural

ALMERIA 94 2.9 424 206 218 3.0 3.0 3.1 42 52 7.42 1.96

BILIRAN 107 3.5 454 267 278 3.7 3.8 3.7 4 103 0.42 4.84

CABUCGAYAN 32 0.9 146 74 72 0,8 0.9 0.8 5 27 0.64 0.92

CAIBIRAN 141 3.8 744 348 396 3.7 3.7 3.8 40 101 3.61 3.82

CULABA 68 2.9 339 157 182 2.9 2.8 3.0 21 47 2.81 2.97

KAWAYAN 48 1.2 218 103 115 1.2 1.2 1.3 3 45 0.48 1.36

MARIPIPI 32 2.0 156 67 89 2.3 2.1 2.5 2 30 0.65 2.38

NAVAL 246 2.8 1,154 558 596 2.8 2.7 2.9 40 206 1.8 3.09

PROVINCE 768 2.5 3,726 1,780 1,946 2.6 2.5 2.7 157 611 2.15 2.63


Table 68. Proportion of Population Who Are Living in Makeshift Housing CBMS Survey 2006, Province of Biliran

Household Population Urbanity

Municipality

Magnitude

Proportion

Magnitude Proportion Magnitude Rural

Total Female Male Total Female Male Urban Rural Urban Rural

ALMERIA 198 6.1 858 418 440 6.2 6.0 6.3 76 122 13.1 4.57

BILIRAN 103 3.3 495 236 259 3.4 3.3 3.5 2 10 0.21 4.74

CABUCGAYAN 60 1.6 247 116 131 1.4 1.3 1.5 17 43 2.17 1.47

CAIBIRAN 32 0.8 146 69 77 0.7 0.7 0.7 13 19 1.11 0.71

CULABA 85 3.8 456 217 239 3.9 3.8 4.0 25 64 3.29 4.00

KAWAYAN 105 2.7 502 235 267 2.8 2.6 2.9 27 78 4.34 2.35

MARIPIPI 22 1.8 70 33 37 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 21 0.32 1.63

NAVAL 594 6.7 2,716 1,330 1,386 6.5 6.4 6.7 311 283 14.0 4.23

PROVINCE 1,203 3.9 5,490 2,654 2,836 3.8 3.7 3.9 922 231 6.35 3.14

One of the mandated functions of all LGUs is to take the principal role in the provision of housing services to its constituents. To carry out this mandate the provincial government has coordinated with the municipal LGUs, the national government agencies (NGAs), NGO,s and the private sector that are instrumental in the delivery of housing programs and services.

As an initial step the provincial government set aside 16.0 has. of land for a housing project. The area is part of the 58.0 has. Provincial Government Center located at Brgy. Larrazabal, Naval, where some of the NGAs based in the province built their offices.

In 2006, part of the allocated area 10 has. for the resettlement site was used as relocation site

for the identified poor families who were living in hazard-prone areas. These families were assisted by the national government through the DSWD and the Provincial Government. In 2009, a total of 150 housing units were constructed under the CORE Shelter Project. Basic facilities have been provided by the provincial government including livelihood skills training and the like.

Another portion covering an area of about 2 hectares has been provided for the Community

Mortgage Program (CMP) which was facilitated by the provincial government through the PSWDO. The program has almost 200 beneficiaries.

A major portion of the housing project with an area of about 16 hectares has been allocated

for socialized housing for government employees. Initial developments include the construction of roads and drainage system.

Housing and subdivision developers also take their share in the provision of decent housing

units in Biliran. A subdivision in Naval is currently undergoing development and a housing project in the municipality of Biliran already awaits interested clients. The Gawad Kalinga Program ran by civic and religious spirited individuals also help in providing habitable dwelling units to poor families in the province.


Map 17

Map 24

LOCATION OF HOUSING FACILITIES,

PRIORITY AREAS & PROPOSED

HOUSING RELATED PPAs Province of Biliran

Maripipi

Kawayan

Culaba

Almeria

Caibiran

Higatangan Is.

Naval

Legend:

Biliran Cabucgayan

Provincial Capital

Municipality Housing Project

Proposed housing Project


Figure 10

6.3.4. Security

Biliran is generally a peaceful province. There is no sign of insurgency and leftist group activities being reported.

Figure 9

Based on the RSET Report of 2009, the Index and Non-Index crimes in Biliran had been constantly decreasing from 2005 to 2008 as reflected in Figure10. The crime volume showed a declining trend for four (4) consecutive years. A difference of 49 incidence/cases had been observed from 2005 to 2006, a decline of 22.17%. In 2007, there was a decrease of 11.05% from the 2006 figure and 9.80% in 2008. Although the rate is declining, the rate of incidence for both index and non-

index crimes were still high compared with the other provinces of the region.

The Crime Solution Rate of Biliran was higher compared with that of the three Samar provinces and Southern Leyte. Leyte has the highest crime solution rate in 2007 and 2008 as reflected in the RSET Report of 2009. The Solution Efficiency Rate of all the provinces of the region

including Biliran followed an erratic trend in 2005-2008. The performance of the province which is 94.9% is better than the regional average of 91.9 % as shown in Figure 11.

In 2005, Biliran had 175 policemen but

decreased to 168 in 2006 by seven personnel. (Note: Regional figures indicate that some personnel were detailed at the Regional Office.

In 2007, the number of policemen in the province totaled to 169. Policeman to population

ratio was 1:888, second to Eastern Samar having a ratio of 1:754. The provincial ratio of 1.888 was a little higher than the regional average ratio of 1:831 but much better than the national standard of 1:1000. In 2008, the existing police force was augmented by 18 additional personnel making it 187. With this number of personnel, the province of Biliran ranked number three (3) in terms of police to population ratio of 1:810. Eastern Samar, having 1:739, ranked first, followed by Leyte with 1:801.

There were 41 firemen in 2005, 42 in 2006, 39 in 2007 and 43 in 2008. The fireman to

population ratios of 1:3847 in 2007 and 1:3522 in 2008 were the lowest in the region. Eastern


Map 18

Samar had the highest with 1:7366 and 1:6938 in 2007 and 2008. The provincial ratio was better than the regional ratio of 1:4314 but fell short of the national standard of 1:2000.

Between the years 2005 to 2008, 23 fire incidents occurred in the province. These fire incidents caused 4 deaths and brought injuries to 2 persons. Total damages was estimated at P18,914,800.00.

Map 25

LOCATION OF SECURITY FACILITIES, PRIORITY AREAS & PROPOSED

SECURITY-RELATED PPAs Province of Biliran

PNP FIRE Maripipi

STATION

Kawayan

PNP

FIRE

STATION

PNP Culaba

PNP FIRE

STATION

FIRE

STATION

Almeria

PNP FIRE

STATION Caibiran PNP

Higatangan Is.

Naval FIRE STATION

AFP PNP

PNP PNP FIRE

STATION FIRE

STATION

Biliran Cabucgayan

Legend:

AFP Phil Army Detachment

Provincial Capital PNP Police Station

Municipality PNP PNP Provincial Command

FIRE

STATION Fire Station

FIRE

STATION Proposed Fire Station


6.4. Utility/infrastructure services

6.4.1. Water and sanitation

a. Water Sources

The Groundwater Availability Map of the province identifies the areas with available potable water sources (Fig. 12). The province has a solo shallow well area which covers approximately 5% of its total area. The development of shallow well is however possible in the “deep well area”, where shallow aquifers usually occur.

The deep well area

covers approximately 40% of the provincial total area, widely distributed in the eastern hillside of Biliran Island. The coastal areas of Maripipi and Higatangan Island are classified into deep well area. The deep well area is composed of alluvial plain and low hills made of sedimentary rocks. The alluvial plain is composed of recent deposit of clay, silt and gravel which forms a groundwater storage basin for the aquifer while the sedimentary formation of pleo- pleistocene epochs consist of reef limestone, sandstone, conglomerate and pyroclastics in the hillside of Biliran Island.

Springs are other water sources. These spring sources come out from volcanic mountain areas in Biliran and Maripipi Islands. Springs are natural outlet of groundwater at the ground surface. It occurs when water table intersects the ground surface. The province has numerous spring sources with discharge of less than 2.0 lps. Most of these springs are not dried up during dry season. Developed springs with high yields are observed in the Municipality of Culaba and Naval with yield ranging from 10.5 lps to 61.6 lps.

The major surface water sources in the province are Anas (Kawayan), Amambahag, Mapula,

Cabucgayan, Santol, Caraycaray, Anas (Naval) and Bagongbong Rivers. These rivers are mostly

Map 26 GROUND WATER AVAILABILIT Y

PROVINCE OF BILIRAN

N

W E

S

Source: PW4SP Study


utilized for irrigation purposes. Quality tests previously conducted yielded results that these major rivers meet the Class “A” limitation of DENR Fresh Water Quality Criteria.

b. Existing Water Facilities

The existing water supply facilities in the province are classified into three service levels based on NSMP definition of service level and system components of the water supply system. Substantial efforts have been made in improving and providing households with access to safe water. The province has been implementing and operating Level I, Level and Level III systems. These are implemented by DPWH, DILG the province and some are municipal LGU- initiated projects. Level III systems are operating under different type of ownership (authority or association) .There is one water district operating in Naval, the Naval Water District (NWD). Municipal Water Works and Rural Waterworks & Sanitation Associations (RWSAs) are operating Level II and Level III systems in 6 municipalities. Majority of these systems are utilizing spring sources. Most of these systems supply good quality water for 24 hours. However, in the island municipality of Maripipi, the systems using well sources have water quality problems. All the barangays not covered by the Water District and by LGU-managed WSS have either Level I or II water facilities which are maintained and operated either by the Barangay Council or the Barangay Waterworks and Sanitation Associations (BWSAs).

c. Service Area Coverage

Out of the 26 barangays of Naval, 11 barangays, 3 urban and 8 rural, are covered by the Naval Water District; the other 15 barangays have either level I or II systems. The urban barangays of Almeria, Biliran Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Culaba, and Kawayan are served by LGU- operated water systems and RWSAs except for Maripipi which is served by a level I system. The water district and LGU-managed water supply have metering systems while those in the barangays and the municipality of Maripipi impose a flat rate water tariff on monthly basis.

The Community- Based Monitoring System (CBMS) Survey conducted in 2006 revealed that 28,783 households or 93.6% have access to safe drinking water. The remaining 1,968 households or 6.4% were unserved or underserved. The figure below shows the magnitude and proportion of household and population with access to potable water.

Fig. 11. Proportion of HHs with Access to Safe Drinking Water


Kawayan posted the highest proportion at 99.3%followed by the Almeria and Biliran with 98.4% and 98.0%, respectively. Maripipi has the lowest proportion with 62.8%, which is 30.8 percentage points below the provincial average of 93.6%.

In 2007, based on the Annual Health Report, 98.62% of the total number of HHs in Biliran

already had access to safe drinking water. In 2008 it rose up to 99.17%.These households are considered adequately served while a little 0.83% of the population is underserved or unserved. About 1,171 households or 3.84% of the served population depend on Level I facilities,13,284 households or 43.57% are served by Level II, and 15,641 households representing 51.31% are served by Level III respectively.

The percentage of service coverage by service level is shown in Table 18L. The served population is defined as “population served adequately with access to safe water facilities. The rest of the population with unsafe sources/facilities and without access to water supply facilities was then defined as “underserved population” or “unserved population” respectively. The service coverage was figured out using the estimated population derived from the FHSIS Report of the Provincial Health Office.

Table 69. Households with Access to Safe Water, By Service Level,By Municipality

Municipality

Total No. of

Households

Households with access to safe water Doubtful Sources

LevelI LevelII Level III Total

(3+4+5)

% Unserved/

Underserved

1. Almeria 3,314 67 1,057 2,172 3,296 99% 31

2. Biliran 2,699 32 1,410 909 2,351 87% 5

3. Cabucgayan 3,457 322 396 2,739 3,457 100% 0

4. Caibiran 3,858 88 2,068 1,680 3,836 99% 20

5. Culaba 2,484 75 1,118 1,289 2,482 100% 2

6. Kawayan 3,745 23 2,374 1,348 3,745 100% 0

7. Maripipi 1,611 0 1,611 - 1,611 100% 0

8. Naval 9,318 564 3,250 5,504 9,318 100% 58

Total 30,486 1,171 13,284 15,641 30,096 99% 116

Source: Annual Health Report 2007, Province of Biliran

Shown below is the comparison on access to safe drinking water from 2006 to 2008 using

the CBMS Data and IPHO Annual Report:

2006 2007 2008

CBMS 93.6 IPHO Report 98.62 99.17

As far as the provision of safe drinking water is concerned, the province will be able to surpass the national target of 86.5%in meeting the Millennium Development Goal come 2015.

d. Sanitation

With regard to sanitation, out of the 30,751 households in 2006 (CBMS Survey) 71.50%, representing 21,978 households had access to sanitary toilet facilities as shown in Figure14. Of the eight municipalities, Maripipi had the highest proportion of population at 93.5% followed by Almeria with 83.7%. Caibiran got 61.6%, which is 9.9 percentage points lower than the provincial average.


Access to sanitary toilet indicates the availability and use of water-sealed toilet facility equipped with a flushing device or by manual flushing. Over the period 2007-2009 (IPHO Annual Health Report), the percentage of HHs with sanitary toilet facilities has no significant increase from 74% in 2007 to 74.47% in 2009. There was a slight decrease in 2008 by only 0.69%. This signifies that the basic sanitation status is not improving but only keeping up the demand of the additional household/population.

2006 2007 2008 2009

CBMS 71.50 IPHO 74.0 73.31 74.27

Across the provincial scenario, it shows that the province had a proportion of HHs with sanitary toilet facilities which is 7.9 percentage points lower than the national average of 79.40% (2006).The provincial average of 74.27%in 20009 is 9.53% lower than the national target of 83.8% to meet the MDG by 2015.

The Environmental Health Report 2007 of the PHO showed that 16,080 households had

satisfactory garbage disposal facilities. This number accounted for 52.74% of the total households (30,846). This means that 14,406 households or 47.26%had no sanitary garbage disposal facilities. In 2008 it declined to 43.95% and decreased in 2009 to 38.85%. The decreasing trend implies that sanitary disposal facilities did not keep up with the increasing population.

2007 2008 2009

52.74 43.95 38.85

The usual practice of households in the community in disposing off their garbage is by burning or dumping it in a close or open pit.

Fig. 12. Proportion of HHs with Access to Sanitary Toilet


Map 19-a

Map 27

LOCATION OF WATER & SANITATION

FACILITIES, PRIORITY AREAS &

PROPOSED WATER & SANITATION- RELATED PPAs

Province of Biliran

RWSS

Maripipi

Kawayan P RW SS

BWSS

P Culaba

BWSS BWSS

RW SS P RW SS

Almeria

P

RW SS BWSS Caibiran BWSS

Higatangan Is.

Naval WD RW SS P

BWSS

BWSS

Legend: RW SS P RW SS P

Provincial Capital Biliran Cabucgayan

Municipality

RW SS RWSS - RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

WD WATER DISTRICT PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION

RWSS

P PROPOSED REHABILATION/IMPROVEMENT

BWSS BWSS - BRGY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM


6.4.2. Power

Power supply for Biliran comes from the Tongonan Geothermal Plant in Kananga, Leyte. It is distributed by the Biliran Electric Cooperative (BILECO), which maintains a 5-MVA substation. BILECO serves the seven mainland municipalities of the province. Maripipi and the island of Higatangan in Naval are under the National Power Corporation – Small Power Utilities Group (NPC-SPUG). It is believed that power coming from Tongonan can support the requirements for electricity of the province beyond 2020. However, a preliminary study was conducted by a consulting firm to determine the feasibility of putting up mini-hydroelectric power plant as alternative source of reliable, affordable and more efficient source of energy in Biliran. There is also an ongoing exploration to tap its geothermal resource.

a. Status of Electrification

As of 2008 all of the 132 barangays in the province had been energized. There are 237 sitios of which 75% already have electricity. The Biliran Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BILECO) serves the 117 barangays in the mainland while the 15 barangays in Maripipi is serviced by the Maripipi Multi-purpose Coop., Inc.

Fig. 13

Table 70. Status of Electrification, 2008 Province of Biliran

Municipality No. of Barangays Percent No. of Sitios Percent

Potential Actual (%) Potential Actual (%)

Almeria 13 13 100 43 33 77

Biliran 11 11 100 26 23 88

Cabucgayan 13 13 100 15 10 67

Caibiran 17 17 100 44 30 68

Culaba 17 17 100 19 13 68

Kawayan 20 20 100 21 14 67

Naval 26 26 100 69 55 80

Maripipi* 15 15 100 Source: BILECO


b. Service Connections

Service connections are categorized according to type of consumer. These categories are residential,

commercial, industrial and others (public buildings, streetlights). There was a slight increase of residential service connections by only 5.0% from 20,546 in 2008 to 21,592 in 2009 or an increase of 1,046 connections. The same is true with commercial connections from 1,074 in 2008 to 1,117 in 2009 or an increase of 4.0%. Other connections increased by 8.7% from 379 in 2008 to 412 in 2008. There was no connection categorized as industrial.

Table 71. Service Connection by Type of Consumer by Municipality

TYPE OF CONSUMER

MUNICIPALITY Residential Commercial Industrial Others

2008 - 2009 2008 - 2009 2008 - 2009 2008 - 2009

Almeria 2,457-2,616 56 – 57 0 – 0 45 – 50

Biliran 2,132-2,244 54 – 54 0 – 0 31 – 32

Cabucgayan 2,486-2,583 66 – 68 0 – 0 33 – 33

Caibiran 2,444-2,565 91 – 92 0 – 0 36 – 39

Culaba 1,559-1,634 38 – 38 0 – 0 28 – 31

Kawayan 2,691-2805 56 – 58 0 – 0 54 – 58

Maripipi - - - -

Naval 6,777-7,145 713 – 750 0 – 0 152 – 169

Provincial Total 20,546-21,592 1,074-1,117 0 - 0 379 - 412 Source: Biliran Electric Cooperative

c. Household Connection

Total HHs connections in 2009 numbered 23,121., an increase of 3,592 with that of the 2006 figure of 19,529. For a 4 year period, from 2006-2009 there was 18.39% increase in HHs connections.

Table 72. Household Connections by Municipality

Municipality Y e a r

2006 2007 2008 2009

Almeria 2,301 2,409 2,559 2,723

Biliran 1,980 2,086 2,217 2,330

Cabucgayan 2,332 2,420 2,585 2,684

Caibiran 2,247 2,387 2,571 2,696

Culaba 1,389 1,469 1,625 1,703

Kawayan 2,570 2,650 2,800 2,921

Maripipi - - - -

Naval 6,710 7,094 7,642 8,064

Provincial Total 19,529 20,515 21,999 23,121 Source: Biliran Electric Cooperative

Fig. 14. Household Connections


Map 20 Map 28

LOCATION OF POWER FACILITIES, PRIORITY AREAS & PROPOSED PPAs

Province of Biliran

N

Maripipi W E

S

Kawayan

Almeria Culaba

Naval

Higatangan Is.

Caibiran

Legend: Biliran

Cabucgayan

Existing

Proposed

Provincial Capital

Municipality

d. Power Rates

The Province of Biliran had the highest electricity rate in Eastern Visayas in 2004 and 2005 at P6.19 and P6.80 per KWH, respectively (NSCB published Fact Sheet, Sept. 6, 2006). The high power cost was due to low consumption rate resulting from lack of industries and commercial establishments and the slow growing population. BILECO, which served the province of Biliran consumed the least or just 2.8%of the total power distributed to rural electric cooperatives (RECS) in the region in 2005.

Table 73. Average System Rate of Selected RECS (With the highest and lowest rates)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

LEYECO III 6.05 6.96 7.09 6.35 6.94

DORELCO 6.23 6.92 6.96 6.53 6.13

BILECO 5.96 7.01 6.85 5.85 6.52

SOLECO 5.78 5.53 5.76 5.02 5.96 Source: RSET 2008

The municipalities of Leyte covered by LEYECO III had the second highest electricity rate at P6.00 and P6.85 in 2004 and 2005. LEYECO III also had the second lowest electricity consumption among the RECS in the region. Tacloban City,the regional center, and nearby towns being served by LEYECO II consistently posted the cheapest rate at P4.90 and P5.43 in 2004 and 2005. LEYECO II accounted for the biggest share or 25.8% of total power distributed to rural cooperatives in the region.

Biliran showed an improved performance in 2006 based on the average system rates by type of

consumers. The province of Biliran in 2006 ranked third among the 11 electric cooperatives in the region. LEYECO III had the highest rate of P7.09 followed by DORELCO (P6.96) and BILECO at P6.85.SOLECO had the lowest rate of P5.76.


Map 21

6.4.3. Drainage/flood control

There were no existing sewerage facilities in the province. Most of the wastewater from the dwelling units with acceptable facilities finds its way to open drains and eventually to water sources. These deficiencies were the major contributing factors to the poor water and environmental condition of some areas of the province.

Map 29

LOCATION OF DRAINAGE FACILITIES, PRIORITY AREAS & PROPOSED PPAs

Province of Biliran

N

W E

S Maripipi

Kawayan

Culaba

Almeria

Caibiran

Higatangan Is.

Naval

Legend:

Biliran Cabucgayan

Drainage/Flood Control

Provincial Capital

Municipality


Map 22

6.4.4. Solid waste management

The Environmental Health Report 2007 of the PHO showed that 16,080 households had satisfactory garbage disposal facilities. This number accounted for 52.74% of the total households (30,846). This means that 14,406 households or 47.26% had no sanitary garbage and disposal facilities.

Of the eight municipalities, two had municipal refuse collection and disposal services. These municipalities had one to two units of open dump truck. Naval maintains a controlled dump site for its wastes.

Map 30

LOCATION OF SOLID WASTE FACILITIES, PRIORITY AREAS &

PROPOSED PPAs Province of Biliran

N

Maripipi W E

S

Kawayan

Culaba

Almeria

P Caibiran

Higatangan Is.

Naval

Biliran Cabucgayan

Legend:

Provincial Capital OPEN DUMP SITE

Municipality P PROPOSED SANITARY LANDFILL

CONTROLLED DUMP SITE


Map 23

6.5. Other services and facilities

The provincial government has constructed a Crisis Center for abused children located at Brgy. Bato, Biliran. The children stay in the center while they are undergoing rehabilitation. Likewise, eight teen centers have already been established in 5 municipalities, 3 in Culaba, 2 in Maripipi, and 1 each in the municipalities of Almeria, Biliran, and Cabucgayan. These centers are provided with facilities (sports, research, etc.) for the youth to make use of their spare time productive. Peer group counseling and development seminars are held at the center. Similarly, the 8 municipal government units had constructed centers for the elderly.

Map 31

EXISTING & PROPOSED

FACILITIES AND/OR LOCATION OF PRIORITY AREAS

Province of Biliran

Maripipi

Kawayan

Culaba

Almeria

Caibiran

Higatangan Is.

Naval

Legend:

Biliran Cabucgayan

Provincial Capital Center for the Elderly

Municipality Proposed Center for the Elderly

Teen Center Crisis center

Proposed Crisis center


6.6 Poverty

6.6.1. Subsistence incidence

Subsistence incidence refers to the proportion of families (or population) with per capita income less than the per capita food threshold to the total number of families or population.

Among the six provinces in Region VIII, Biliran exhibited the lowest subsistence incidence (8.2%) of the population/families for the last three estimation of the NSCB. The province can be considered as much better off than the rest of provinces in the region. It is even lower than the regional subsistence incidence of 14.4%.

Next to the province of Biliran are the provinces of Southern Leyte (10.1%) and Leyte

(10.2%). Eastern Samar consistently showed the highest in subsidence incidence of families (25.7%) and population with 32.2%. This is followed by Northern Samar (20.1% families) and a subsistence incidence in population of 27.4%. Samar showed an increasing trend in the subsistence incidence of population and families from estimation years 2003, 2006 and 2009.

6.6.2. Poverty incidence

The poverty incidence among families in 2003 was estimated at 32.3%. Three years after, it declined by at least 6.7% and in 2009 it rose up again to 28%, which indicates an increase of 2.4% corresponding to 11,616 poor families in the province.

The poverty incidence among families showed the same trend with the subsistence incidence

among the population. The regional poverty incidence among families and the population showed upward trends with the six provinces as well. Poverty incidence in Eastern Samar was most severe with 54% among the population and 45.8% among families. Severity of poverty is the total of the squared income shortfall (expressed in proportion to the poverty line) of families with income below the poverty threshold.

Fig. 15. Subsistence Incidence, Region 8


Table 74. Poverty Incidence among Families and Among Population Province of Biliran 2003, 2006, 2009

Province Families Population

2003 2006 2009 2003 2006 2009

Region VIII 30.2 31.1 33.2 37.6 39.0 44.4

Leyte 29.2 28.5 27.8 37.2 34.0 34.3

Biliran 32.3 25.6 28.0 38.2 33.0 34.9

Southern Leyte 28.7 22.6 30.3 37.7 30.0 43.3

Samar 27.5 30.8 36.9 33.9 38.0 45.0

Eastern Samar 29.8 37.6 45.8 36.4 47.0 54.0

Northern Samar 37.4 43.3 41.7 44.4 53.0 51.2

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

Like other provinces in the region and the country as well, the annual per capita poverty

threshold of Biliran continuously increased from 2003 to 2009. Moreover, the figures that Biliran has the lowest poverty threshold in the region of P10,474.00 in 2009 while Southern Leyte posted the highest with P11,669.00.

Table 75. Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold Region VIII by Province 2003, 2006 &2009

Province Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold

(in Pesos)

2003 2006 2009

Region VIII 6,884 8,317 11,126

Biliran 6,474 7,741 10,474

Eastern Samar 7,056 8,504 11,426

Leyte 6,699 8,053 10,790

Northern Samar 7,252 8,727 11,618

Southern Leyte 7,252 8,742 11,669

Samar 6,736 8,089 10,833

Source: NSCB

7. Land use and physical framework 7.1. Existing land use, trends, and potential expansion

7.1.1. Existing land use

There are four major land use categories that have been identified in Biliran. These are the built-up or settlement areas, protection areas, production (non-built-up areas), and other areas. Land use refers to the manner by which land is being utilized including its allocation, development and management.

Table 76. Existing Land Use Distribution

Province of Biliran

Land Use Category Area (in hectares) Percent Distribution

Built-Up Areas 1,855.00 3.34%

Protection Areas 15,804.27 28.45%

Production Areas (non-built up areas)

30,755.00 55.37%

Other Areas 7,134.73 12.84% Source: PPDO


Map 24

Map 32

EXISTING LAND USE

RORO Port

Bridge connecting island of Leyte

Settlement


7.1.2. Trends and potential expansion

Naval being the capital town will continue to grow considering it has the highest population growth rate. It is also the biggest municipality in terms of land area. As the population grows faster, built-up areas in Naval will be fully in use, thus the need for more available lands to accommodate the increasing population. The tendency of the population growth will move toward Almeria and Biliran, which will result to changes in land uses. This will create pressures to convert agricultural and other production land to accommodate built-up areas in the municipalities of Almeria and Biliran. Other municipalities having small and negative population growth rates will not have so much pressure on land uses.

Naval will continue to develop faster than the other municipalities. Support infrastructure facilities as well as social services are concentrated in Naval. Likewise, most of the business transactions are held in Naval.

7.2. Physical framework

The physical framework guides the future physical development and the location of the

programs, projects and activities (PPAs). It comprises four frameworks: Settlement, Protection, Production, and Transport/Other Infrastructure. These frameworks vertically relate to the Regional Physical Framework Plan (RDFP) and the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) at the regional and the municipal levels, respectively.

The Physical Framework integrates and reconciles the various components of the plan environment. It sets the parameters required for future growth and development.

7.2.1. Demand for land

With the increase in population, demand for land is required for the expansion of built-up areas. By 2016, Biliran Province has an estimated additional population of 9,338. The increased population will require roughly 56.03 hectares of land for expansion of built-up areas in 2016. The computation is based on the Adjusted Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations land allocation norm of six (6) hectares per 1,000 population.

For the expansion of built-up areas, the capital town of Naval will require 39.45 hectares.

The municipality of Biliran needs 6.58 ha., while the municipality of Almeria needs only 3.17 ha. of land. Since Naval has the highest population growth, the tendency of population growth will move to the adjacent municipalities of Biliran and Almeria.

Table 77. Land Requirements for Settlement Expansion

Municipality Pop 2000

Pop 2007

APGR 2000- 2007

Projected Population

Additional Population

Land Requirement

2016 2040 2016 2040 2016 2040

Province 140,274 150,031 1.006747 159,369 187,281 9,338 37,250 56.03 223.50 Almeria 13,854 14,420 1.004012 14,949 16,456 529 2,036 3.17 12.22

Biliran 13,817 14,947 1.007892 16,043 19,374 1,096 4,427 6.58 26.56

Cabucgayan 17,691 18,799 1.006093 19,856 22,972 1,057 4,173 6.34 25.04

Caibiran 19,606 20,616 1.005036 21,567 24,330 951 3,714 5.71 22.28

Culaba 11,506 10,962 0.995168 10,495 9,344 -467 -1,618 - -

Kawayan 17,507 19,053 1.008498 20,561 25,191 1,508 6,138 9.05 36.83

Maripipi 8,319 6,946 0.982124 5,905 3,830 -1,041 -3,116 - -

Naval 37,974 44,288 1.015500 50,863 73,564 6,575 29,276 39.45 175.66

Source: Biliran PDPFP TWG


Map 25

Map 33

INITIAL SETTLEMENTS GROWTH

Settlement


Map 26

Map 34

INITIAL SETTLEMENTS AND PROTECTION LAND USE

Protection Buf f er

Settlement


7.2.2. Integrate demand with supply

Land supply refers to the amount of land available for use in creating the built environment for the estimated additional population. The supply of land is computed by subtracting the sum of the protected areas and existing built-up areas from the total land area of the province.

For the province of Biliran, there are three major categories of protected areas being considered. These are the National Integrated Protection Areas system (NIPAS) category, non- NIPAS and the environmentally constrained areas with an aggregate area of 46,559.27 hectares.

The current built-up area of the province is estimated at 1,855.00 hectares and is assumed

to be completely built-up and no vacant lands left. With this information, the province has a total land area of 7,134.73 hectares that is available for expansion of built-up area and has more than enough land to meet the requirements by 2016 at 56.03 hectares and 2040 at 223.50 hectares (see Table 20).

Total Land Area (ha.) 55,549.00

Less: Protected Areas (46,559.27) NIPAS 3,282.34

-Protection forest 2,693.34 -Fishpond, mangrove, inland water bodies 589.00

Non-NIPAS 12,521.93 -Upland projects 8,156.68 -Watershed area 4,365.25

Area zoned for agriculture 30,755.00 Total 8,989.73 Less: Existing Built-up Area (1,855.00)

Available Lands for the Expansion of Built- up Area

7,134.73

7.2.3. Integrate other land use requirements

The results of the integration of the other land use requirements are the components of the physical framework plan: settlements, production, protection, and transport/ infrastructure.

7.2.3.1. The Plan Components

A. Settlements framework

Relative to the development of settlements, the primary concern of the province is to ensure easy access by the majority of the population to economic opportunities and social services, and to create an environment conducive to living and doing business.

Proposed Hierarchy of Settlements

Guided by the vision of the province, settlement trends, potentials and constraints, the province shall pursue the combined aspects of eco-tourism and agri-industrialization as the preferred strategy for growth and development. The combination of these two strategies will enhance the province’s agricultural base while carefully bring about additional employment, food sufficiency, and sustainable economic growth without over exploitation of the natural


resources. To a certain extent this strategy may also stimulate local investments and encourage the inflow of external investments to curb unemployment and increase household income.

The municipality of Naval will remain as medium town since there is no possibility of it

expanding beyond a provincial capital even in year 2040. However, the development potential of Naval is very high because major infrastructures for development are almost in place. Aside from its growing urban population, the presence of an improved commercial port, concrete roads, communication services, primary educational institutions, and financing institutions are already adequate to trigger development.

Naval will continue to provide banking and financial intermediaries, tertiary level education and health services, communication, sport and manpower development, and external linkages to other provinces and cities. Naval will also serve as the prime government center of the province where the provincial capitol and government offices are located. However, this does not preclude the establishment of industries and other labor-intensive activities in the area, which may address the unemployment and underemployment problems.

MSMEs will be located in and around most small towns. Small businesses on fish

processing, fruit preservation, handicrafts, metal crafts are among others. Small agri-based industries using coconut and abaca materials will also be located in these areas.

The whole province of Biliran is promoted to be an ecotourism destination. Its white

beaches and pristine waters are naturally alluring to both local and foreign visitors. The Higatangan Fish Sanctuary in Naval and the Sambawan Marine Park in Maripipi are just among various sites that offer excellent scuba-diving and snorkeling opportunities. The numerous waterfalls, natural springs and mountains are sure to attract backpackers interested in hiking and camping. The mountains of Biliran offer challenging treks and beautiful vistas, while its volcanic forest reserves are haven to exotic wildlife. With this in hand, private investors will be encouraged to develop the tourism industry in Biliran by building tourism- related infrastructures, such as hotels and resorts while preserving the moral, cultural and aesthetic values of these natural spots and sceneries.

Aside from Naval, the seven other municipalities of the province are both projected to

remain as small towns or satellite areas that will serve as provider of raw materials to the growth center of Naval, in addition to providing the basic socio-economic services to its residents. But then, these small towns have high development potentials. For instance, Biliran has high development potential because of its in-transit location; also, it is the gateway to the island of Leyte. Caibiran, on the other hand, has high potential because of its relative location to centers of trade and commerce in Leyte and Samar. The small towns of Almeria and Kawayan also have high potentials for growth due to improved infrastructure facilities that are already in place such as concrete roads and the RO-RO port being established in Kawayan. The island town of Maripipi is also projected to improve economically because of its concreted circumferential road and its RO-RO port. This port will serve as jump-off point for trading between the province of Biliran and the neighboring islands of Samar and Masbate.

Policy Options/Guidelines:

1. The increase in population will aggravate the present problem on the limited access to basic social services. Therefore, an Integrated Social Development Program should be formulated to focus on the intensification of access to basic social services including the institutionalization of community based social services.


Map 27

2. Population growth towards agricultural land should be contained and encroachment toprotected areas should be discouraged.

3. A Support Infrastructure Program should be formulated to ease the flow of people and information, transport and distribution of goods and services and the delivery of basic social services in areas where MSMEs and small/medium agri-based processing businesses are located.

4. Completion of the concrete- paving of the Biliran Circumferential Road. 5. Upgrading and development of new water supply systems. 6. Development and provision of low-cost housing project by the government. 7. Drafting of zoning regulations (allowable, restricted and prohibited areas) for CC high-

risk areas and for disaster-prone areas.

Map 35

SETTLEMENTS FRAMEWORK

N Mt. Maripipi

Summit

W E Maripipi

Sambawan

Island

S

Scale 1:250,000

Tagasipol Is.

Tagnocan Is.

Inoroan Is.

Kawayan

Tingkasan Is.

Mt. Panamao


Dalutan Is. Mt. Guiauasan

Capiñahan Is.


Caibiran

Naval Mt. Sayao

Higatangan Island

Mt. Sayoa

Catmon Mt. Suiro

Cabucgayan Biliran

LEGEND:

Settlement Municipality Provincial Road

National Road

Municipal Boundary

Major Rivers


B. Protection Framework

This framework involves achieving a stable environment and ecological integrity as well as the protection of people and economic infrastructures from the ill-effects of natural hazards. The province must exert much effort to attain a good balance between resource use and the preservation of some areas with ecological and environmental significance. Specifically, this framework focuses on the conservation and enrichment of protection lands. These are the NIPAS and areas outside of NIPAS.

Basic Policy Options/Guidelines

1. Farming as well as other economic activities in protected areas may cause degradation of the environment

2. Decline of forest cover due to illegal cutting of trees for agricultural purposes as well as for domestic uses will pose danger to the old forest growth.

3. Depletion of mangrove.

The following policies shall be adopted: a. A community reforestation program will be adopted to attract participation and

support of the communities in the affected area. b. A program on massive reforestation of coastal areas will be adopted for the

rehabilitation of mangrove areas, shorelines, and coastal reefs.

Disaster Risk Management

The Philippines is within the “Pacific Ring of Fire”. This ring is a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that encircles the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Thus, the Philippines is prone to landslides, active volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, and tsunamis.

The province of Biliran

is vulnerable to these types of catastrophes. It lies along the typhoon and earthquake belt. Biliran volcano is one of the many active volcanoes in the Philippines and the only active volcano in Eastern Visayas. The volcano’s last recorded eruption was in 1939. There was no available information as to damages in terms of loss of lives and

Figure 16. Volcanic and Tectonic Map


properties brought about by the eruption. Being in the typhoon built, according to PAGASA, of the total number of tropical cyclones that enter the Philippine area of responsibility, 19% affects the province. Heavy downpours usually cause river basins to overflow resulting to flooding in low-lying areas.

Majority of the barangay settlements in the province are located along shorelines. Storm

surges and tidal actions due to typhoons are common causes of coastal erosions and pose a big threat to settlements.

Landslide is also a threat to some areas of the province especially in hilly and areas of

high slope. Landslide is triggered by heavy and prolonged rainfall or due to the passage of a tropical cyclone. Presence of high levels of fluids in the soil may destabilize the slope, thus cause a landslide or mudflows. There are many causes of landslides. It might be geological – due to weak, sensitive and weathered base materials; morphological – due to slope angle, wave erosion and vegetation change; physical cause – intense rainfall, earthquake and volcanic eruption; and human cause – due to excavation, mining, deforestation, land use change and water management.

A sulfur spring which is present in Biliran also poses a threat to population within the

vicinity of the spring. This spring emits toxic gases (carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide). Breathing even low concentrations of these gases will cause health troubles and even result to death.

Presently, the Provincial Government of Biliran and the Provincial Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council are continually developing clear policies on disaster preparedness, planning, management, and implementation.

Basic Policy Options/Guidelines

1. The Philippine Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOCS) should conduct a thorough study and delineate a permanent zone which restricts the building of settlements.

2. Conduct community-based information campaigns to raise awareness. 3. Enact ordinances prohibiting the construction of structures in identified danger zones. 4. Formulate a master plan on flood control system. 5. Enact ordinances prohibiting construction of structures along water ways. 6. Intensify information and education campaign. 7. Formulate sustainable environmental management practices that rehabilitate watersheds,

conserve mangroves, and prohibit the illegal cutting of trees.

8. Intensify information and education campaign on DRRM and CCA 9. Formulate sustainable environmental management practices that rehabilitate watersheds,

conserve mangroves, and prohibit the illegal cutting of trees.


Map 36


C. Production Framework

The overriding concern of production land use is to provide adequate and accessible space for food production, forest and mineral resources extraction, industry, and tourism with the end in view of meeting the material and other needs of the population.

In Biliran, the provision of adequate space for agriculture, fisheries, industry, and tourism

is the utmost priority.

Basic Policy Options/Guidelines 1. Strict enforcement of environmental and fishery laws 2. Crop intensification and diversification 3. Community-managed rainwater harvesting for food production and water generation 4. Intensification of organic farming. 5. Mapping and designation of high-risk areas and restricted “no development zones.

Map 37


D. Transport/Infrastructure Framework

This framework provides linkages between and among the settlements, protection and production areas as well as other areas outside the province. The goal is to facilitate intra and inter-regional linkages through the improvement and/or development of communication and transportation linkages within and outside the province of Biliran.

Basic Policy Options/Guidelines 1. Completion of the concreting of the Biliran Circumferential Road. 2. Develop new sources of water to meet the demand of the population. 3. Improvement/upgrading of Biliran Airport. 4. Provision/acquisition of the needed hospital equipment. 5. Construction and repair of school buildings. 6. Formulate a comprehensive Tourism Development Program. 7. Formulate a Solid Waste Management Plan supported by local policies and

ordinances.


Map 39


Chapter IV – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS)

The issues and problems that have been identified are interrelated and are often the effects of a similar cause.

1. Massive poverty

Over a few decades, poverty remains to be the major issue in Biliran. Recently, the poverty incidence among families increased from 25.6% in 2006 to 28.0% in 2009. Poverty is attributed to the low levels of income of the people especially those associated with the agriculture sector. Most of the poor populations are the marginal farmers and the sustenance fishermen. Addressing poverty tackles issues relating to low income and employment; job creation; increased productivity; and stable markets for agricultural and fishery products.

Poverty prevents individuals/families to have easy and adequate access to basic social

services provided by the government. Children of school age are not in school but are instead working to earn a living for the family. This is manifested in the performance of children both in the elementary and in high school. The participation rate in elementary and high school is very low while the drop-out rate also for both levels is apparently very high. Similarly, due to poverty, poor people are hesitant to visit government health facilities. But on the contrary, the performance of the Province of Biliran is better than the other provinces of the region as far as infant and maternal health is concerned. The provincial concern on health issues is to reduce or if possible to bring down to zero incidence the cases of infant and maternal deaths and reduce the cases of lifestyle diseases.

2. Disaster Risk and Climate Change 2.1. The province is hazard-prone

The province is generally prone/susceptible to Hydro-meteorological and Geologic Hazards.

Eighty-one (81) barangays are prone to flood while 95 are high risk to Rain-induced Landslide. Based on the simulation (using REDAS) of past earthquake events, in a worst case scenario of an earthquake , with epicenter along the fault lines of Leyte Central and Masbate , 43 barangays are likely to experience intensity VIII ground shaking while intensity VII are likely to be felt in other 83 barangays . Since ground shaking is expected to result to liquefaction, some 18 barangays are also threatened by high exceedance liquefaction and Naval the capital town will be most affected. Another 60 barangays are exposed to Earthquake-Induced Landslide.

In these hazard-prone municipalities , various elements are exposed to the disaster risks

and impacts of climate change which included population, built-up areas, critical infrastructures, economic activities and the environment , in general. Susceptibility and vulnerability assessments of these elements are as follows:

2.1.1. Population exposure to hazards

2.1.1.1. Population Exposure to Flood

For flood hazard, there are no areas in the province of Biliran that are highly susceptible. Five (5) of the eight (8) municipalities are moderately susceptible while two (2) are exposed to flood risk at low susceptibility and one (1) is not prone to flood.


The identified moderately susceptible areas are the municipalities of Kawayan, Caibiran, Naval, Cabucgayan and Biliran - the 5 largest settlements in the province and the densely populated municipalities. With reference to the municipal populations (Table 18), Kawayan has the highest prone percentage of 10.38%, followed by Caibiran (9.98%), Naval (9.16%), Cabucgayan (5.94%) and Biliran (5.39%). In terms of number, Naval which is the capital town and the commercial center has the highest population exposed to flood risks at moderate susceptibility which is 4,224 which represents 9.16 % of its total municipal population and 3% of the provincial population. Per DRA report, 18 barangays are prone to flooding. Consequence analysis reveals that of these prone barangays, a total land area of 3,425.83 hectares is likely to be affected by a flood event.

Table 78 – Flood Population Exposure, Province of Biliran

Flooding in the province is usually caused by the overflowing of banks of major rivers

brought about by heavy and prolonged rainfall during tropical cyclones /typhoons. Eight (8) major rivers are found in the five (5) largest settlements of the province, the biggest of which- the Caraycaray River is located in one of the barangays of Naval. Recent surveys made by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau reveals that these rivers including their tributaries are already heavily silted thus, reducing their carrying capacity and posing flood threats to constituents. .

Most moderate susceptible areas are along the coastlines of the province. They are prone to coastal erosions triggered by tropical cyclones/typhoons which aggravates flooding aside from the fact that most rivers drain towards these low-lying and coastal communities. Footbridges with undersized culverts and absence of drainage systems contribute to the flood susceptibility of most areas in the province.

Majority of the affected population who are living in low-lying and coastal communities are

fisher folks and farm workers. Per record from BFAR, there is a total of 6,200 fisher folks in the entire province and they are among the vulnerable segments. This population sector is usually the ones who have inadequate and often unstable income thus inadequate consumption of necessities including food, water and shelter. In terms of number of households living below poverty threshold, Naval, Kawayan and Caibiran contribute the highest numbers: Naval (4,945 households) or 24.8% of the total households in the province, Kawayan (3,219 households) or16.1% and Caibiran (2,713 households) or 13.6%.Poverty pushed this sector to live in worst- quality and overcrowded homes in illegal settlements usually in dangerous sites. Naval also has the highest number of households – 246 or 2.8 percent of the total number of households, who are considered informal settlers. In terms of proportion, Caibiran got highest with 141 households or 30% informal settlers.


Map 40


Trends of population growth and migration of residents near river systems are observed lately particularly in the densely populated municipality of Naval due to the booming construction activities in the province where these people are hired to gather pebbles and sand. Continued presence of these people along river systems increases their vulnerability to flood events. Steep topography of some parts of the province also contributes to the strong water current of these rivers every time heavy downpour occurs.

2.1.1.2. Population Exposure to RIL

Rain-Induced landslide usually occurs along road sections of mountain slopes during events of typhoons and intense and prolonged rainfall. These affect national, provincial and barangay roads and disrupt transport linkages and economic activities within the province.

The total populations that are likely to be affected by RIL is shown in Table 79. In all

municipalities, there are areas that are geographically at high risk to RIL and these areas are highly populated.

Review on the results of the Geo Hazards Assessment conducted by MGB, Region VIII for the province, revealed that most of these high and moderate risk areas in the different municipalities showed any of the following conditions/characteristics:

Steep slopes/flanks of volcanic terrain

Lack or poor vegetation

Unstable rocks

Presence of irrigation aqueduct with water left flowing along ridge

Sloping ground with evidence of andesitic boulders

Table 79. RIL Population Exposure, Biliran Province


The total population exposed at high risk areas is 90,201.27 which accounts 60% of the total provincial population. In terms of number, Caibiran has the highest number of population that is likely to be affected by high susceptibility level RIL which is 17,518.45 individuals. This is followed by the municipalities of Cabucgayan (15,011.66), Kawayan (13,010.70), and Almeria (12,035.20). Relative to municipal population, however, Culaba got the highest prone percentage of 92%, followed by Caibiran, Almeria, Cabucgayan, Kawayan and Maripipi with more than 50% of their population exposed to landslide. Some barangays of the municipalities of Biliran and Naval are also among the high risk areas. For Biliran, 47% of its total population is exposed to RIL while for Naval, 26% of its population. Moderately susceptible areas are also identified in all municipalities with a total land area of 8,137.4 or 5% of the provincial land area with a total number of population of 27,981.88 or 17% of the provincial population.

Based on the CBMS Survey of 2005-2006, majority of the high risk areas are the municipalities with high proportions of households and population living below the poverty threshold. In terms of number, Kawayan has 3,219 households and 15,505 individuals living below the poverty threshold. Following is Culaba with 1,798 households and 9,210 individuals. As to proportion of the population, Caibiran and Biliran which are also highly susceptible to RIL are the municipalities with highest proportion of households who are considered informal settlers.

In terms of the number of informal settlers, Naval has the most number of informal

settler-households. According to the CBMS survey, Maripipi and Caibiran are the municipalities with the highest proportion of populations living in inadequate housing conditions. These are individuals who felt and experienced they received inadequate basic services, absence of livelihood opportunities and who had problems with security of tenure.

These are the conditions that contributed much to the vulnerability of these populations to rain-induced landslide.


Map 41


2.1.1.3. Population Exposure to Ground Shaking

Table 80. Population Exposure to Ground Shaking

Naval has the highest number of population settled within high risk areas as far as

ground shaking hazard is concern. A total of 2,169 people are exposed to high susceptibility

ground shaking which is equivalent to 21.47% of its total municipal population. The rest of

the population of Naval are also exposed to the risk of ground shaking at moderate

susceptibility which accounts to 73.01% of its total municipal population. In terms of

percentage exposure, Biliran got highest at 26.96% which indicates that almost 30% of its

total municipal population is at high risk to ground shaking. The same table shows that a

large percentage of the populations for all municipalities are exposed to ground shaking at

moderate level.


Map 42


2.1.1.4. Population Exposure to Liquefaction

Table 81. Population Exposure to Liquefaction

In terms of number, Naval has the highest population exposed to the risk of liquefaction

at high and moderate susceptibility levels. Total population which are settled within high risk

areas are 5,125 and another 2,289 are exposed to liquefaction at moderate susceptibility level.

Percentage exposure wise, Naval and Biliran got highest with 11.11% and 8.67% of its

municipal populations, respectively, are exposed to the hazards at high risk areas.

Municipalities of Naval, Biliran, Kawayan and Almeria are geographically at risk to

liquefaction as they are facing the fault lines of Leyte and Masbate. These exposed its

population to the same degree of susceptibility. Adding to their vulnerability to the hazard

are the factors of poverty incidence, nature and conditions of their housing and their poor

or limited access to various social services of which, according to CBMS data, are

concentrated in the above-mentioned municipalities.


Map 43


2.1.1.5. Population Exposure to EIL

Table 82. Population Exposure to EIL

In a worst case scenario of an earthquake, populations of the five largest settlements in the province are likely to be affected most. Topography wise, these municipalities which include Naval, Cabucgayan, Biliran, Caibiran and Almeria are exposed to the risk of landslides. Considering also the number of households that are living below poverty threshold, living with inadequate housing conditions, poor access to social services, these areas are rendered vulnerable to EIL in terms of population exposure.

In terms of number, a lot of persons in the municipality of Cabucgayan and Naval are

threatened with the risk of EIL with a total population of 5,901 and 5,888, respectively settled at high risk areas (Table 82). However, relative to their respective municipal populations, Cabucgayan got highest with about 31.39 percent of its total municipal population living within EIL high risk areas.

Local Government Officials, therefore, should look into this matter so as to be able to

provide appropriate preparedness measures and emergency responses. Early warning systems should be improved and advocacy and awareness should be intensified.


Map 44


2.1.2. Built-up areas exposure to hazards

2.1.2.1 Built-up Areas Exposure to Flood

Table 83 indicates that in terms of area, Naval has the largest built-up area that is prone to flood which is 107.400 hectares. This is followed by Biliran and Kawayan. Relative to their municipal built-up areas, however, Cabucgayan has the highest exposure percentage of 68.78%. This is closely followed by Caibiran (59.28%), Kawayan (58.30%), Biliran (50.82%) and Culaba(48.65%).

Table 83. Built-up Areas Exposure to Flood

Major infrastructures, facilities and services are concentrated in Naval, being the capital town and the major growth center of the province and the fast metropolizing town administratively dominant (provincial capitol and other national agencies are situated) over the other municipalities. It is also the business district of the province where commercial establishments and other convenience shops and market place are located where the seven municipalities including the three neighboring municipalities of the province of Leyte namely Leyte, Calubian and San Isidro are doing business and some marketing.

CBMS data revealed that in 2006, 3.9% of the total number of households in the

province or 1,203 households were living in makeshift housing and majority of these households (594)were located in the capital town of Naval. The same survey data showed that Naval also registered the highest number of households (3,090) who are living in inadequate housing conditions.


Map 45


The Biliran Provincial Hospital which is the lone tertiary health facility in the province is also prone to flood. It is located in low-lying area near the coastline of Brgy. Sto. Niño in Naval, which already has evidences of coastal erosions that could aggravate flooding. Another health facility identified in flood prone area is the Caibiran District Hospital.

A number of tourist establishments/facilities are also exposed to flood risks. These included hotels/lodging houses, restaurants in Almeria, Cabucgayan, Caibiran and Culaba. Generally, the structures are located at low lying areas, near rivers and coastlines. The two communication cell sites in Caibiran are also susceptible to flood.

Table 84 shows the details of other structures located in flood prone areas.

Table 84. Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to Flood


Map 46


2.1.2.2. Built-Up Areas Exposure to RIL

Table 85. RIL Built-up Areas Exposure

Table 85, shows the different built-up areas in the province exposed to rain-induced landslide at various susceptibility levels: High, moderate and low. In terms of area, Kawayan has the largest area (68.833 hectares) exposed to RIL at high susceptibility level. This is followed by Culaba (63.147 has.), Caibiran (49.095), Cabucgayan (107.33) and Almeria (44.445). As to percentage to total municipal built-up areas, Culaba has the highest percentage (77.64%) of built-up areas which are highly susceptible to landslide. Following closely are the municipalities of Kawayan, Caibiran and Almeria.

Based on the hazard characterization, Kawayan and Culaba are topographically highly

susceptible to RIL. Presence of large bodies of rivers, steep slopes and eroded coastal areas aggravate the vulnerability of the areas to RIL during intense rainfall. These exposed existing critical infrastructures and households, which are concentrated within these areas, to the high risk of RIL.

Almeria also has RIL high risk areas. Of its total municipal built-up areas of 91.058

hectares almost half (48.81%) are within the RIL High risk areas. The recent Geohazard Assessment conducted by MGB Region VIII, for this municipality, revealed that there are two elementary schools namely: Sampao and Almeria Central Schools and one National High School in Brgy. Tabunan that are exposed to high susceptibility RIL. Tabunan National High school has evidences of soil erosion along the ridge of steep slope, with rock damming and floats of andesite boulders. Other conditions or characteristics evident in the high and moderate risk areas are the following:

Tension cracks with horizontal displacements

Seepage from irrigation canal that induce weakening on the strength of the slope materials

Located at footslope, past incidence of debris fall slide and mass movement

Evidences of soil creep and soil erosion

Generally, the conditions and physical characteristics observed in Kawayan and Culaba, are more or less the same with those high risk built-up areas in other municipalities. Of the total built-up areas of Maripipi, almost 60% is exposed to landslide at moderate susceptibility.


Map 47


Table 86 below shows the detailed results of the overlay of the Critical Infra map with RIL Hazard Map for the province of Biliran. The telecommunication cell site in Culaba and Kawayan are exposed to High Risk landslide while those in Maripipi (1), Biliran (1) and Almeria (1) are moderately susceptible. Generally, these structures are installed in elevated areas, some with evidences of soil creep and erosion, tension cracks and mass movement. Secondary Educational Establishments in Caibiran and Kawayan are also identified to be at high risk area for RIL. Other priority 1 structures which are found to be moderately susceptible to RIL are the two (2) Health Centers in Maripipi and one (1) in Culaba.

Sea Breeze Hotel in Look, and VRC Resort in Talahid, both in Almeria are also exposed to high susceptible RIL as both are located at footslope of steep slope mountains and also lying along the coast. There are evidences of coastal and inland erosion which add to their vulnerability to landslide. Other hotels/lodging houses, tourist sites and facilities like the Biliran Garden Resort and Lucsoon Spring Pool, both in Naval are also exposed to landslide risk at moderate susceptibility.

Police Stations in Almeria, Maripipi and Naval are moderately exposed to landslide, most

of them being located in low lying areas and coastal lines.

Table 86. Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to RIL


Map 48


DRR/CCA Enhanced- PDPFP p. 136

2.1.2.3. Built-up Areas Exposure to Ground Shaking

Table 87. Ground Shaking Built-up Areas Exposure

Municipalities of Naval, Biliran, Kawayan and Almeria are geographically highly susceptible to Ground Shaking as they are facing the fault lines of Leyte and Masbate. In a worst case scenario of an earthquake that may occur along these fault lines, these four municipalities are likely to be most affected by the tremor. Because of this, critical infrastructures, lifeline services and buildings in these areas are also exposed to the high risk of the ground shaking hazard. .

In terms of area, Naval has the largest built-up area (233.5 has.) which are within the

identified high risk areas. This is followed by Biliran (132 has.), Almeria (38.692 has.) and Kawayan (5.072 has.)


Map 49


Because Naval is the capital town of the province, residential houses, critical infrastructures, commercial buildings, major economic activities and various lifeline services are concentrated in this area thus exposing them to high susceptible ground shaking during earthquake. Age, light or substandard quality of materials used, poor sitting of infrastructures and poverty incidence of the populace aggravate to the vulnerability of these built-up areas to the hazard.

Table 88 shows the major /critical infrastructures in every municipality that are exposed to the threat of ground shaking and their respective levels of susceptibility. It also indicates that majority of them are located in Naval. Identified critical infrastructures included the Biliran Provincial Hospital, Municipal Health centers, the lone Formal Tertiary Educational establishment (NSU), the bus terminal, Tourist Spots and Establishments, Telecommunication Facilities, Level III Water Supply System, and the Power Sub-station in Biliran.

Table 88. Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to Ground Shaking


Map 50


2.1.2.4. Built-up Areas Exposure to Liquefaction

Table 89. Built-up Areas Exposure to Liquefaction

Liquefaction hazard may result after a strong ground shaking. Per hazard characterization, municipalities of Naval and Biliran are the most likely to be affected. Of the total built-up areas of Naval which is 340.7 hectares, 88.82 or 26.07% are within high susceptible areas, while that of Biliran 52.78 hectares or 31.34% are also exposed to high exceedance liquefaction

Vulnerability of these built-up areas in terms of liquefaction is aggravated by the

economic conditions of the population as well as by the conditions and characteristics of the physical assets. Per CBMS survey, Naval and Biliran are among the municipalities with high numbers of informal settlers, households living below poverty threshold, families living with inadequate housing conditions.

Critical infrastructures and facilities in these two municipalities are also exposed to

high exceedance liquefaction. These may include health centers, educational establishments, tourism establishments and spots, water supply system and the power substation in Biliran (Refer to Table 89).


Map 51


Table 90. Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to Liquefaction


Map 52


2.1.2.5. Built-up Areas Exposure to EIL

Table 91. Built-up Areas Exposure to EIL

Largest built-up areas exposed to EIL are Naval, Biliran and Almeria with total of

34.74 has, 33.68 and 32.33 hectares, respectively. In terms of exposure percentage, however, Almeria ranked highest with 35.50% of its total municipal built-up areas exposed at high risk areas. The three municipalities – Maripipi, Culaba and Caibiran – are not likely to be affected by the risk of EIL.

Critical facilities at high risk areas for EIL included the following: Municipal Health

Center of and Level III water system and a tourism establishment in Almeria, tourist site in Cabucgayan and the Provincial Police Office in Naval.

Table 92 shows the critical infrastructures by facility type in each municipality which

are exposed to high and moderate risks.


Map 53


Table 92. Critical Infra Facility Type Exposure to EIL


Map 54


2.1.3. Critical infrastructures/lifeline facilities exposure

2.1.3.1. Roads and Bridges Exposure to Hazards

a. Road Network Exposure to Flood

Table 93 below shows the relative total municipal road length. Naval has the highest

prone percentage of 47.64%. This is followed by Biliran (36.21%), Kawayan(32.04%), Almeria (26.73%) and Cabucgayan(24.88%). As far as Provincial roads are concerned, Caibiran has the highest prone percentage of 33.85%, followed by Naval at 27.71%.

Table 93. Road Network Exposure to Flood

Table 94 below summarizes the total length of national and provincial roads within the province that are likely to be affected by flood. Almost Twenty eight percent(27.97%) of the total length of the National roads in the province and nearlysixteen percent (15.91 %) of the total provincial road length, respectively are exposed to flood risks.

Table 94. Summary of National and Provincial Roads Exposed to Flood


Map 55


b. Road Network Exposure to RIL

In terms of rain-induced landslide (table 95), a total of 32.52 km or 25% of the

national roads while 81.8 km or 38% of the provincial roads are within highly susceptible areas. Kawayan got the highest prone percentage of 9.14% for national roads and Naval for provincial roads with prone percentage of 71.23%. A larger portion

Of the provincial roads (81.8km) are exposed to high susceptibility landslide than

national roads(32.52 km). Other highly susceptible national roads are located in the municipalities of Caibiran (8.58%) and Cabucgayan (6.15%). Provincial roads highly susceptible to landslide are located in the municipalities of Caibiran, Cabucgayan and Culaba.

Table 95. Road Network Exposure to RIL


With respect to total municipal road length, Kawayan got the highest prone percentage of 52% for national roads, followed by Caibiran (43%) and Almeria (41%). For provincial roads, Almeria got the highest prone percentage of 100% followed by Culaba (78%), Caibiran (66%) and Cabucgayan (64%).

Generally, national and provincial roads identified as highly susceptible to landslide

are those located at the foot or top of very steep slope mostly already showing evidences of erosions. These include the following roads :

Cabucgayan - Looc road

Bilwang - Burabod - Bato road

Pili – Talahid - Tabunan road

Inasuyan - Bool road

Macalpe – PulangYuta road ( Caibiran side of the Cross-country road)

There are also portions along these roads where “kaingin” system is still practiced and this add up to the susceptibility of the roads to landslide hazard. Any destruction or damage on these roads would mean great economic loss to the province. Flow of economic activities, goods and services will be disrupted as these identified high risk roads connect other municipalities of the province to its growth center which is the municipality of Naval. This is especially true to the cross-country road which traversed hills and mountains connecting municipalities in two opposite sides of the province. Some of these infrastructures are also serving as main access roads to tourist sites within the province such as the Tinago Falls. This falls has been identified as source of hydroelectric power based on recent studies conducted. Damage on the Macalpe – Pulang Bato road section along the cross-country road could adversely impact on the economic potentials of this falls.

Almeria got the highest prone percentage (100 %) of its provincial roads as far as

RIL is concerned. This is because most of its provincial roads are located in timberlands which are at high elevation and traversed rivers and creeks. Any destruction in the timberland areas could aggravate landslide risks.

Table 96. Summary of National and Provincial Roads Exposed to High and Moderate RIL


Map 56


c. Road Network Exposure to Ground Shaking

Table 97. Road Network Exposure to Ground Shaking

Geographically, Naval, Kawayan, Biliran and Almeria are highly susceptible to ground shaking hazard as they are along the western side of the province which is facing the faultlines of Leyte and Masbate. In a worst earthquake event with epicenter along these faultlines, critical infrastructures including critical lifeline facilities/services such as roads and bridges are likely to be affected most.

Table 97 shows that road networks of the above –mentioned municipalities are really exposed within the high and moderate risk areas for ground shaking. For National roads, Naval has the longest road network (14.617 km) within high risk areas, followed by Biliran (11.165 km) and Almeria (3.669 km). Percentage exposure wise, Biliran got highest with 90.47 % of its total national road length being located at high risk areas while 100% of the total national road length for Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Culaba, Kawayan and Maripipi are exposed to ground shaking risk at moderate susceptibility level.

Almost the same trend is seen for provincial roads, with Naval having the longest

provincial road ( 39.861 km) or more than half ( 52.23%) of its total provincial road length is exposed within high risk areas.

Some road sections are already old and dilapidated. Some showed evidences of

cracks and erosions while some are poorly sited. These conditions aggravate vulnerability of the road sections identified to be at high risk areas for ground shaking.


Map 57


d. Road Network Exposure to Liquefaction

Table 98. Road Network Exposure to Liquefaction

Municipalities of Biliran and Naval are identified as highly susceptible to liquefaction based on Liquefaction Susceptibility Map generated thru REDAS. With this, critical facilities, infrastructures and lifeline services which included road networks are also exposed to the risk of liquefaction.

Table 98 shows that among the eight municipalities in the province, Biliran and

Naval are likely to be affected by high exceedance liquefaction which may result after a worst earthquake event. Both their national and provincial roads are within high susceptible areas for liquefaction. For Biliran, forty-eight percent (48%) or 5.9748 km of its total national road length while 12.48% or 8.27 km of its provincial road length are exposed to the risk of high exceedance liquefaction. On the other hand, 8.9456 km. and 16.2020 km. of the national and provincial roads, respectively for Naval are also identified to be within high susceptible areas for liquefaction.


Map 58


e. Road Network Exposure to EIL

Table 99. Road Net Exposure to EIL

Lifeline services like roads and bridges in the province will not be spared of the risk of EIL in case a worst earthquake event will happen. Table 99 shows that, of the total provincial road length of the municipality of Biliran, 14.613 km or 22.05 %, the highest among the municipalities, are identified to be at high risk areas. For national roads, the longest road length exposed to EIL is in Naval (22.892 km).

Relative to total provincial road length, however, Cabucgayan got the highest

exposure percentage with 40.57 % of its total provincial road length exposed or silted at high risk areas. For national road, Almeria has the highest exposure percentage with14% of its total national road length exposed at high susceptible areas for EIL.


Map 59


Bridges

a. Bridges Exposure to Flood

In providing greater inter-local accessibility, bridges in the province have been improved and upgraded. Complementing the total road network of the province are the 34 bridges consisting of 955.12 m concrete, 60 m steel and 27m bailey bridges. The 252meters Biliran Bridge which is made up of Langer and CIB serves as the vital link between the province and mainland Leyte.

Table 100. Summary for the Bridges Exposed to Flood Hazard

Municipalities Total No.

of Bridges Bridges exposed to Flood Hazard

Number Names Type

1.Almeria 3 - - -

2.Biliran 4 2 -Moog Bridge -Biliran Bridge

-RCDG -RCDG & CIB

3. Cabucgayan 5 2 -Esperanza Bridge -Ariquin Bridge

-RCDG -RCDG

4. Caibiran 4 1 -Kaulanguhan Bridge -RCDG

5. Kawayan

7

3 -Masagaosao bridge -Bilwang Bridge -Madao Bridge

-RCDG -RCDG -RCDG

6. Naval

8

3 -Catmon Bridge -Caraycaray Bridge -Anas Bridge

-RCDG -RCDG -RCDG

7. Culaba 2 - - -

8. Maripipi 1 - - -

Of the total 34 bridges in the province, 11 are identified as prone to flood. Most of these are of RCDG type and are located in major rivers.


Bridges Flood Exposure Map

Bridges Exposure to RIL

Table 101. Summary of Bridges Exposed to RIL

Municipalities

Highly Susceptible Moderately Susceptible

No. of Bridges

Names No. of

Bridges Names

1. Almeria 2 -Doroteo Bridge -Look Bridge

1 -Bagongbong bridge

2. Biliran - - 1 -Santol bridge

3. Cabucgayan - - 1 -Balaquid Bridge

4. Caibiran - - - -

5. Kawayan

3

-Masagaosao Bridge * -Bilwang Bridge * -Mapuyo Bridge

2

-Ungali bridge -Tucdao Bridge

6. Maripipi - - - -

7. Naval - - 1 -Guiron

8.Culaba - - - -

*Possible landslide debris accumulation zone

Map 60


Summary of results of the overlaying of Biliran Bridges Map and RIL Hazard Map reveals that five (5) major bridges in the province are highly susceptible to RIL. These are the Doroteo and Look bridges in Almeria and Masagaosao bridge, Bilwang Bridge and Mapuyo Bridge in Kawayan. All these bridges except for Masagaosao and Bilwang which are classified as highly susceptible to RIL because of their being possible landslide debris accumulation zone, are located near footslope of very steep slope mountains. Other six (6) bridges namely: Bagongbong, Santol,Balaquid, Ungali, Tucdao and Gueron bridges are also identified as susceptible to RIL but at moderate level.

Bridges RIL ExposureMap

Map 61


2.1.3.2. Power System and Communication Facilities Exposure

a. Power Infra/Facilities Exposure to Hazards

Although, the main power station is not exposed to flood and landslide risks, the Power substation in the municipality of Biliran is identified as flood prone and the power distribution lines throughout the entire province are threatened by typhoons risks. Some electric posts are installed on areas that are likely to be affected by landslide, thus adversely affecting the whole power supply operation in the province. Such power interruptions would greatly impact on the province’s economic and business activities, communication and other services.

It is therefore imperative for BILECO and the local government units to review the

power development plan of the province. Proneness of areas upon which power distribution facilities are and will be put up should be given utmost consideration.

b. Communication Facilities Exposure to Hazards

The province is serviced by two (2) telecommunication giants – Globe and Smart.

All municipalities have established cell sites for both telecommunication networks. Generally, campanies constructed their relay and transmission facilities at high elevations where some already showed evidences of erosions, which generally render them susceptible to landslide hazard. Based on the result of the overlaying of Critical Infra Map and RIL Hazard Map ( as summarized in Table 102) , cell sites located in the municipalities of Culaba and Kawayan and Maripipi are identified to be highly susceptible to RIL. Five other cell sites are threatened by landslide risk at moderate susceptibility and these included the Globe and Smart cell sites of Almeria and Maripipi. One cell site in Biliran is also under threat of landslide at moderate susceptibility level.

Table 102. Summary of the cell sites exposure to RIL

Municipality Cell sites Susceptibility Level

Culaba l High

Kawayan 1 High

Almeria 2 Moderate

Maripipi 1 1

High Moderate

Biliran 1 Moderate

2.1.3.3. Health Facilities Exposure to Hazards

The Biliran Provincial Hospital (BPH) is identified as prone to flood based on the disaster risk assessment conducted.. It is located in low-lying area near the coastline of Brgy. Sto.Nino, Naval, which already has evidences of coastal erosions that could aggravate flooding. It also serves as catch basin for water from irrigation canals and rice fields within the vicinity. Poor drainage system also aggravate to the vulnerability of the facility to flooding. Geographically, Naval is also exposed to earthquake-related hazards as it is facing the faults of Masbate and Central Leyte. In a worst case scenario of an earthquake along Leyte Central and Masbate faults, ground shaking and liquefaction could happen, thus exposing the hospital to the risk.


Other health facilities identified in flood prone area are the Caibiran District Hospital and four Municipal Health Centers which included that in Almeria, Kawayan, Cabucgayan and Biliran. Generally, these facilities are also sited in low-lying areas and along the coast.

2.1.3.4. Educational Facilities Exposure to Hazards

School buildings/facilities house one the most vulnerable sectors of our population – the children. Oftentimes, these facilities serve as evacuation and relief centers during disasters. Thus, there is a need to have them sited or located in safe and secured areas. Protective/mitigation measures and early warning systems should also be established while school population’s capacities should be strengthened especially if facilities are already in placed in hazard –prone areas and there’s no more way for relocation.

Table 103. List of Schools identified as prone to Flood and Landslide

Name of Schools by District (ELEMENTARY)

Hazards

Flood Landslide Ground Shaking

Liquefaction

Almeria District 1. Almeria CS

X

2. Barubuhan ES X 3. PulangBato ES X 4. Talahid ES X

Biliran District 1. Core Shelter ES

X

2. Julita ES X (Catch Basin)

Cabucgayan District 1. JD Garcia ES X 2. Langgao ES X 3. Looc ES X 4. Talibong ES X

Along shoreline

Caibiran District 1. Asug ES X(Catch

Basin)

2. Binohangan ES X (along shoreline)

3. Caibiran CS X 4. Caibiran SPED X 5. Katipunan ES X (High

Tide)

6. Kawayanon ES X 7. PulangYuta X

Culaba District 1. Binongtoan ES X 2. Calipayan ES X 3. San Roque Es X 4. Salvacion ES X

Kawayan District 1. Baganito ES X 2. Burabod ES X 3. Inasuyan ES X 4. Kawayan CS X


5. L. Atillo ES X 6. Masagongsong ES X 7. San Lorenzo ES X 8. Ungale II ES X 9. Villa Cornejo ES X

Maripipi District 1. Canduhao ES X 2. Casibang ES X

Naval North District 1. Agpangi ES X 2. Atipolo ES X 3. Sabang ES X 4. Sto. Nino ES X

Naval South District 1. Anislagan ES X 2. Cabungaan ES X 3. Calumpang ES X 4. LibtongDaku ES X 5. LibtongGamay ES X

SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1. Almeria NHS X 2. Biliran NAHS X 3. Lucsoon NHS X 4. Maripipi NVS X 5. Tucdao NHS X 6. Tabunan HS X 7. Caibiran HS X X

Tertiary School 1. NSU X X

Source :DepEd , Biliran

Table 104. Summary Checklist of Physical Assets that may be Exposed to Hazards

Category of Physical Assets Types of Physical assets

Physical properties

Houses and buildings (commercial and residential) Agricultural lands, aquaculture (fishponds and mariculture) Forest plantations and agro-forestry farms

Manufacturing plants Buildings, production facilities and equipment

Lifeline facilities and infrastructure

Biliran Provincial Hospital, Mun. Health Centers of Almeria, Kawayan, Cabucgayan, Biliran, Schools, government offices , churches, tourist spots and tourism establishments , communication facilities , water supply system

Transportation system Roads and highways, bridges , seaports ,Naval Bus Terminal

Critical infrastructure

Irrigation facilities , Electrical Posts, Power Sub-station , Communication cell sites for Globe and Smart

Cultural heritage properties Old buildings, churches, museums, and preserved cultural properties


2.1.3.5. Economic Activities Exposure to Hazards

a. Tourism Exposure to Hazards

Table 104 and 105 show that a number of tourist sites and establishment/facilities in the province are threatened by flood and rain-induced landslide hazards. The following major waterfalls are identified as highly and moderately susceptible to landslide, generally due to their location in steep slopes and in areas with evidences of erosion, soil creep and mass movements:

Bagongbong waterfalls - Almeria

Ulan-ulan waterfalls - Almeria

Kasabangan waterfalls - Cabucgayan

Casiawan waterfalls - Cabucgayan

Tinago waterfalls - Caibiran

Ungali waterfalls - Kawayan

Some tourism establishments and facilities were also identified to be exposed to landslide risk at high and moderate susceptibility. The Sea Breeze Hotel in Look and the VRC Resort, in Talahid, both in the municipality of Almeria are located at high risk areas for landslide hazard. Both are located at the footslope of mountains and also along the coastlines which already showed evidences of coastal and inland erosion.

b. Agriculture Exposure to Hazards

b.1. Agriculture Exposure to Flood

Table 105 below shows that Naval has the largest area of agricultural land within the

flood prone areas. Out of its total agricultural lands of 23,775 hectares , 924 hectares or 3.89% are prone to flood. Other municipalities with large agricultural lands within the identified flood prone areas in the province are Caibiran , Culaba and Kawayan with exposed areas of 822.214 has., 383.651 has. and 380.090 has., respectively. Almost the same trend is seen in terms of prone percentage with Naval as highest (3.89%), followed by Caibiran (2.36%, Kawayan (1.89 %).

Generally, agricultural lands of these municipalities are located at low-lying areas and

along identified major rivers in the province. Caraycaray and Anas rivers in Naval for example, are the largest rivers in the province. Along these rivers are vast agricultural lands. The same is true to the other mentioned municipalities. This explains why large areas of their agricultural lands are exposed to the risk of a worst case scenario of flood in the province.

Table 105. Agriculture Exposure to Flood


Map 62


b.2. Agriculture Exposure to RIL

Table 106. Agriculture Exposure to RIL

Table 106 shows that Culaba has the largest area of agricultural lands within high susceptible areas for RIL with 5,505.590 hectares representing 10.03 percent of its total agricultural land area. In terms of prone percentage, however, Almeria got the highest percentage of 25.82% which means that out of its total agricultural land area of 11,721 hectares, 3,028.000 hectares are within RIL High Susceptible Areas (HSAs). In terms of hectares, following Culaba are the municipalities of Caibiran (4,860.051 has.), Cabucgayan (3,355.612 has.) and Almeria (3,028.000 has.) and Kawayan (2,000.652 has.) These are the top 5 municipalities in terms of areas of agricultural lands within High Susceptible Areas (HSAs) and in terms of prone percentage.

Topography of these municipalities ranges from very steep to steep with their

agricultural lands either located on top or at the foot of these steep slopes. With intense and prolong rainfall events, this topographic condition could highly contribute to their susceptibility to RIL. Lack of early warning systems and poor implementation of modern agricultural technologies aggravate vulnerability of these identified areas to RIL.


Map 63


b.3. Agriculture Exposure to Ground Shaking

In worst scenario of an earthquake, a ground shaking event could likely be felt in the province, exposing all elements to risk including the agricultural sector. The agricultural areas identified to be within the HSAs include that of the municipality of Biliran 1,594 hectares which is the highest among the 8 municipalities in the province. Closely following is Naval (1,525 has.) then Almeria (275.7000 has. and Kawayan with an area of

143.100 hectares.

Table 107 shows that in a worst ground shaking event, most of the agricultural lands are exposed to moderate susceptibility level. In terms of area, Naval got the largest area of agricultural land within the Moderate Susceptible Areas with 6,399 has. accounting for 40.37% of the total agricultural land exposed to ground shaking hazard.

Table 107. Agriculture Exposure to Ground Shaking


Map 64


b.4. Agriculture Exposure to Liquefaction

In a worst earthquake event, liquefaction hazard could likely affect the province. In table 108, it is shown that out of the 13 municipalities, Naval registered the largest area (39,625 Has.) for agricultural land exposed to the risk of Liquefaction. Out of these exposed areas, about 877 hectares or 2.21 % are within the identified High Susceptible Areas (HSAs). The municipalities of Biliran, Kawayan, and Almeria followed with 506 ha., 29.7690 ha. and 6.5867 ha., respectively located within the HSAs. The same municipalities also have considerable areas of agricultural lands which are within Moderate Susceptible Areas (MSAs).

In terms of prone percentage, Naval also got highest with 2.21%, closely followed by Biliran (1.54%), Kawayan (0.15%) and Almeria (0.03%).

With reference to the Map for the Faults Identified to be in or around the province

of Biliran, the above- mentioned highly susceptible municipalities namely, Naval, Biliran, Kawayan and Almeria are those that are along the western side of the province which are directly facing the location of the faults. This explains why these municipalities are also identified to be within the High Susceptible Areas (HSAs) highly exposing also their agricultural sector to the risk of Liquefaction.

Table 108. Agriculture Exposure to Liquefaction


Map 65


b.5. Agriculture Exposure to EIL

Table 109. Agriculture Exposure to EIL

In terms of area and exposure percentage, Cabucgayan has the largest (1,681 has.)

agricultural areas at high risk areas to EIL with 5.59% percentage exposure. This is followed by Naval with 1,113 hectares of agricultural lands at high risk areas and 3.75% exposure. For the municipality of Biliran, a total area of 765.98 has. At high risk with a exposure percentage of 2.98%.

Cabucgayan is generally mountainous with most of its agricultural lands located her

at the foot or on top of the mountains thus exposing them to the risk of earthquake- induced landslide. Naval and Biliran are geographically facing the fault lines of Central Leyte and Masbate thus putting their agricultural lands at risk to EIL during a worst earthquake event along these faults.


Map 66


2.1.4. Environment exposure to hazards and impacts of climate change

2.1.4.1. Forestry Vulnerability to Erosion and Flooding

Forest area constitutes about 46.5% (25,795 has) of the total land area of the province, mostly located in Mt. Maripipi and in the main island mountain ranges of Mt. Panamao and Sayao.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) PENRO – Biliran in its 2009 Annual report stated the grim reality that the forest cover of the province is under severe threat. Its continuous decline prompted the introduction of development projects/programs over the past 36 years by concerned agencies, a clear indication that there is a real need for a concerted effort towards the sustainable development of the forest resources.

Vulnerability of the forest sector to Erosion and Flooding hazards were assessed

taking into consideration parameters that measures the extent of sensitivity, exposure and the adaptive capacity of each municipality using the following indicators and sub- indicators shown in the table below:

Table 110. Forestry Vulnerability Parameters and Sub-indicators

Parameters Sub-Indicators

As to Erosion As to Flooding

Sensitivity - Slope Class - Rainfall Volume - Soil Type - Land Cover

- Slope - Rainfall Volume - Proximity to river and other water bodies - Land Cover

Exposure - Extent of Cultivated Areas - Extent of Denuded Areas

- Extent of Cultivated Areas - Extent of Denuded Areas

Adaptive Capacity - Soil Conservation - Reforestation Efforts

- Soil Conservation - Reforestation Efforts


Table 111. Summary VI Table for the Impact of Erosion to Forestry, Biliran Province

TOWN Sense_Val Expo_Val AdCap_Val Vul_Index Vul_Cat

Almeria 0.44 0.5 0.4 0.432 Moderate

Biliran 0.44 0.5 0.4 0.432 Moderate

Cabucgayan 0.48 0.5 0.4 0.444 Moderate

Caibiran 0.33 0.375 0.4 0.374 Low

Culaba 0.46 0.5 0.4 0.438 Moderate

Kawayan 0.44 0.5 0.4 0.432 Moderate

Maripipi 0.43 0.325 0.55 0.469 Moderate

Naval 0.34 0.375 0.3 0.327 Low

Table 112. Summary VI Table for the Impact of Flooding to Forestry, Biliran Province

TOWN Sense_Val Expo_Val AdCap_Val Vul_Index Vul_Cat




Caibiran 0.38 0.375 0.4 0.38625 Low




Naval 0.41 0.375 0.3 0.35375 Low

The summary VI tables above and the exposure maps below show that the forestry

sector of the province is generally, moderately susceptible to erosion and flooding hazards with VI values ranging from 0.35 – 0.44. Looking at the values of sensitivity and exposure, it is evident that the sector is vulnerable to the hazards. However, because of the number of forestry programs and projects implemented by the government and private sectors to be able to cope with the impacts, susceptibility of the province’s forestry sector is reduced to moderate and low level. The following are the government programs/projects/ reservations which contributed to about 43% of the total forest lands:

Community-Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA) – occupies a

total land area of 6,194.59 has and was awarded to 8 private organizations

Upland Development Project – implemented in support of the government’s economic Resiliency Plan which involves natural forest regeneration, reforestation, and agro-forestry

Forest Management and Forest Products Development - monitoring established

plantation like those under the IFMA and socialized forestry.


Map 68

Map 67


2.1.4.2. Water Supply System Vulnerability to Drought and Sea Level Rise

The province of Biliran generates its water supply for drinking and other domestic uses from underground sources except for the Municipality of Maripipi where water sources comes from shallow and deep wells . In the main island of Biliran where the seven municipalities are located, drinking water comes from developed springs while rivers with small impounding water facilities serves the irrigation needs for crop production. A study conducted in the province revealed that these water sources are not dried up even during dry season. But generally what contributed to the vulnerability of these water sources during drought is when not enough water is available for crops, livestock and for the population dwelling in these areas.

Table 113. Summary VI Table on the Impact of Drought to Water Supply System Biliran Province

TOWN Sens_Val Expo_Val AdCap_Val Vul_Index Vul_Cat

Almeria 0.69 0.64 0.54 0.615 High

Biliran 0.68 0.64 0.6 0.636 High

Cabucgayan 0.68 0.64 0.6 0.636 High

Caibiran 0.63 0.64 0.54 0.597 Moderate

Culaba 0.63 0.64 0.6 0.621 High

Kawayan 0.68 0.64 0.54 0.612 High


Naval 0.665 0.64 0.46 0.5755 Moderate

Drought showed a significant impact to the water resource sector particularly in the

water supply sources in the province. Based on the vulnerability index computed, more than half of the municipalities of the province are threatened with the risk of drought at high susceptibility level. These municipalities are Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan, Culaba and Kawayan. For sensitivity to drought, the following indicators were used: Rainfall, Surface Water Source, Forest Cover, Pre-Dominated Land Use. Exposure indicators included the following: Surface Water Available, duration of Water Supply while Adaptive capacity indicators are Improved Water Supply Infra and Critical watershed Protection. The map developed using the above-mentioned indicators showed that five municipalities are highly susceptible to drought.


Table 114. Summary VI Table for Impact of Sea Level Rise to Water Supply System, Biliran






Culaba 0.405 0.35 0.52 0.4345 Moderate



Naval 0.42 0.35 0.52 0.439 Moderate

2.1.4.3. Agriculture Sector - Crop Production (Rice and Corn)

The economy of Biliran is dominantly agriculture and fishery as most of the people are engaged in farming and fishing which contributes 35.6% to the total family income of the province. Although there are no large agri-industries in the province, a lot of the people are into agri-related livelihood and trade activities. Operational Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are mostly agri-based.

Production areas which is 25,547hectares accounts for almost 50% of the total

Existing Land Use Distribution of the province (shown in table 12, page 18). These are usually located in low-lying areas and along banks of rivers in almost all municipalities and these are exposed to flood and landslide risks. Problems on low production and poor quality of agri-fishery products are attributed to high cost of inputs, poor technology adoption, laxity of policy implementation and more evidently to the impacts of climate change-related hazards.

Map 69


2.1.4.4. Agriculture Vulnerability to Erosion and Drought

The vulnerability of crop production was assessed through computation of Vulnerability Index (VI) utilizing parameters that measure the extent of sensitivity and exposure of each municipality vis-a-vis erosion and drought hazards and the various mitigating or coping mechanisms put in place to reduce adverse impacts of these hazards. Sub-indicators used for each parameter are shown in the table below:

Map 70


Table 115. Crop Production Vulnerability Parameters and Sub-indicators

Indicators

Sub-Indicators

As to Erosion As to Drought

Sensitivity - Slope Classification - Incidence of El Nino

- Rainfall Volume - Presence of River & Streams

- Soil Type - Temperature Tolerance of Crop Variety

- Percent of Land Cover - Dependence on Irrigation

Exposure - Extent of Cultivated Areas - Extent of Silted Canals

- Extent of Denuded Areas - Income Loss from production

Adaptive Capacity

- Soil/Water Conservation Program

- Small Scale Irrigation program

- Extent of Sloping Farms Covered by Soil Erosion

- Water Impounding Program

Table 116. Summary VI Table for Crop Production viz a viz Erosion Hazard

Crop Production Exp to Erosion Sense_V Expo_Val AdCap_Val Vul_Index Vul_Cat

Almeria 0.41 0.425 0.34 0.38725 Low



Caibiran 0.35 0.375 0.34 0.35475 Low

Culaba 0.465 0.5 0.34 0.42725 Moderate


Maripipi 0.365 0.325 0.29 0.321 Low

Naval 0.3275 0.375 0.34 0.349125 Low

Table 117. Summary VI Table for Crop Production viz a viz Drought Hazard









Naval 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.46 Moderate


Erosion and drought generally have moderate impacts to agriculture in the province particularly on crop production with emphasis on rice and corn. In terms of erosion, there are four (4) municipalities namely: Biliran, Cabucgayan, Culaba and Kawayan that are moderately susceptible while the rest are exposed to low susceptible risk. As far as the risk to drought is concerned, all municipality of the province are exposed to moderate susceptibility level. Generally, these areas are sensitive and exposed to the hazard as they are located in low lying areas, along river banks and at the footslope of mountains that already show evidences of erosion. However, implementation of various programs and projects through the Department of Agriculture has reduced the adverse impacts of the hazards. These programs included the following:

Soil Erosion Control Measures

Contour farming

Conservation Tillage

Hilly Agricultural Land Technology (HALT)

Sloping Agricultural Land technology (SALT)

Planting of cover Crops , planting of ipil-ipil , Madre de Cacao and tress

Mulching

Map 71


Drought Mitigating Measures

Distribution of shallow tube wells, and pump irrigation system, restoration/rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems

Distribution of drought-tolerant varieties like RC-18

Enticing farmers to plant sweet potato and cassava as corn intercrop by distributing planting materials to be planted

For livestock and poultry: Promotion of technologies on silage production, utilization of farm by–products and other feed resources, minerals and protein supplementation and animal health protection

For fisheries: Lessen the stocking density of tilapia and bangus to lessen oxygen depletion and food competition.

Map 72


Table 118. Summary of Sectoral Vulnerability to Climate Change Impacts*

Level of Vulnerability

CC Impacts Agriculture Forestry Biodiversity

Coastal/ Marine

Water Health

Sea level

rise Moderate

Prolonged drought

Moderate 5 brgys. Are Highly Susceptible

El Nino events

Floods Moderate Storm surge Heat waves Monsoon rains

Erosion Moderate Moderate

Table 119. Summary of CC Variables, Threats and Possible Impacts on Critical Sectors

Sector Threats and Possible impacts

Agriculture Changes in temperature: triggers incidence of pests and diseases and reduce yield and production in crops , poultry and livestock as well as fisheries Increased intensity of rainfall : can bring about floods which can damage crops , mariculture and aquaculture (coastal flooding) , agri-infrastructures , equipment and facilities , all can lead to decreasing agri-production and income of farmers and fishermen Decrease in rainfall intensity: can cause drought affecting agri-production

Forestry Changes in temperature and rainfall intensity and patterns: can affect the growth and development of plants and animals in the forest. Intense temperature increase may

cause forest fires during El Nino episodes. Water Resource

Intense and prolonged rainfall may cause flooding and affect agricultural lands and production, other economic activities, physical assets, and even fatalities and injuries in population. Increased temperature and low rainfall intensity: can cause drought and water

shortage affecting irrigation and agricultural production , energy production and potable water supply for population

Coastal resources

Increase in temperature and increase in intensity of rainfall may damage coral reefs, sea grass and fish population. Sea level rise may also result, inundating coastal areas consequently contaminating groundwater.

Health Intense increase in temperature can cause heat stroke to vulnerable sectors of population like the elderlies,

Increased Rainfall intensity may cause flooding which can trigger outbreaks and spread of water-based and vector-borne diseases. Flood can also damage the health

facilities like hospitals and health centers and also the access roads to these facilities thereby disrupting services.


Table 120. Potential Exposure of Areas, Population and Physical Assets to Various Types of Hazards

Municipalities

Types of Hazards

Areas Exposed Population Exposed

Physical Assets Exposed

Extent of areas highly exposed

(hectares and % of total municipal

area)

Number of population highly exposed and % of population of total

municipal population

Type and number of physical assets exposed and % of

total assets

Has. % Number % Number %

Almeria Flood 161.60 401.70 2.79% Landslide 3,159.24 12,035.20 83 Liquefaction 310.93 18.926 0.13%

Ground Shaking 1,324.32 340.500 5.87% EIL 3,179.88 1,222.00 8.47% Biliran Flood 374.51 805.54 5.39%

Landslide 2,658.25 7,045.52 47 Liquefaction 1,540.67 1,296.00 8.67% Ground Shaking 2,417.86 1,873.00 26.96% EIL 4,198.92 2,259.314 15.12% Cabucgayan Flood 379.27 1,116.22 5.94%

Landslide 2,799.63 15,011.66 80 Liquefaction - 0.00 0.00% Ground Shaking 182.94 0.012 0.00% EIL 1,426.47 5,901.429 31.39% Caibiran Flood 8.22.21 2,057.03 9.98%

Landslide 3,573.26 17,518.45 85 Liquefaction - 0.00 0.00% Ground Shaking 1,639.77 0.00 0.00% EIL 1,413.82 1,435.00 6.96% Culaba Flood 383.65 412.26 3.76%

landslide 2,677.45 10,046.42 92 Liquefaction - 0.00 0.00% Ground Shaking 707.27 0.00 0.00% EIL 1,518.86 72.710 0.66% Kawayan Flood 380.09 1,978.47 10.38%

landslide 3,506.87 13,010.7 68 Liquefaction 208.48 229.900 1.21% Ground Shaking 1,365.39 236.100 6.45% EIL 177.700 .93% Naval Flood 924.60 4,224.00 9.16%

landslide 1,429.21 1,448.97 26 Liquefaction 4,880.25 5,125.00 11.11 Ground Shaking 1,262.73 2,169.00 21.47% EIL 666.94 5,888.00 12.76% Maripipi Flood - - 0

Landslide 2,079.30 4,084.36 50 Liquefaction - - - Ground Shaking 1,062.15 0.00 0.00% EIL - - -


2.2. Institutional capacity needs to be strengthened

With respect to the capacity of the province to implement and sustain Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation programs and projects, the following issues and problems were noted and identified:

Institutionalization of LDRRMOs

Although the Provincial DRRM Office is already created, it lacks trained and technical personnel especially those who can handle the development /establishment of databases and in accessing DRR/CCA data and information. The newly created office also lacks the needed facilities and equipment.

In the municipal level, creation of DRRM office is still a challenge. The designated

MDRRMOs also lacks manpower and the skills or DRR –related capacities.

Uncoordinated DRRM programs and activities

Several forums, meetings and seminars were conducted for DRR/CCA focal persons. However, linkages and networking with different offices and stakeholders working on CCA/DRR in the localities still need to be strengthened to optimize coordination on programs and activities as well as available resources.

Inadequate DRR and CCA databases and tools/system for establishment of databases

Risk assessments were based on Hazard Maps generated by MGB because of lack of data and information especially on historical occurrences of disasters in the province. The province need to have adequate DRR/CCA tools and equipment for establishment of database systems (DRR/CCA Website and the like) and the technical personnel to handle such.

Lack of skills, capacity on DRR and CCA

Although a number of orientations on DRR and CCA were already conducted for focal persons, still more capability-building trainings are needed to develop particularly the capacity to assess and develop community-based databases of past and present impacts of climate change.

Lack of IEC materials on DRR and CCA

Adequate resources should be provided to be able to produce enough materials for

massive awareness and advocacy on DRR and CCA especially as a measure of disaster prevention and mitigation down to the barangay level especially so that information and plans for the province’s resilience are not yet available to the public and have not yet been fully discussed with them.


Lack of Early Warning Systems

The province has no PAGASA center. Thus, there is a need for adequate early warning systems /facilities to be installed especially in identified hazard-prone areas within the province.

3. Lack of proper waste disposal system

Solid waste disposal issue is closely related to the problem on poorly planned settlements. With high population densities, volume of disposable garbage is likely also to increase. Improper disposal of this garbage could result to clogging of canals and drainage systems and could aggravate flooding. The municipal LGUs must impose strict proper waste disposal to the community in the form of local ordinance and must identify dumping site.

Unsanitary garbage disposal is a common cause of illnesses and epidemics. Garbage is

also a source of pollutants and contaminants in the food we eat and the air that we breathe.

At the barangay level, the practice of waste segregation had been introduced. At first it gained the curiosity and approval of the majority but sustaining the attitude and behavior of the households towards this practice is still a problem.

The seven municipalities of the province excluding the capital town of Naval have open

dump sites while Naval maintains a controlled dump site. Often these garbage disposal facilities are found to be unsanitary.

4. Poorly planned settlements

The five largest settlements in the province - Naval (the provincial capital), Kawayan, Caibiran, Cabucgayan and Biliran have high population densities and are fast growing. Urbanization in these areas is overwhelmingly the result of people moving in response to better economic opportunities in urban areas more specifically in the municipality of Naval or to the lack of prospects in the villages. The population increase in these areas is attributed to natural growth, immigration and population movement from the rural areas and nearby province of Leyte and Samar. There are areas in these municipalities identified as highly susceptible to flood, landslide and earthquake-related hazards and these could mean that more population is likely to be affected in the near future. The scale and direction of the people’s movement accord well with changes in spatial location of economic opportunities.

With the influx of the people in the urban area, they tend to construct their houses in an

environmentally critical area like near the seashore, river banks, the topography of the land coupled with the classification of the soil not suitable for house construction that is very susceptible to rain induced landslide. Thus unplanned settlements are considered a major DRR/CCA issue .The government must therefore provide resettlement areas to households living in an environmentally critical area.

5. Underdeveloped tourism industry

Biliran Province is endowed with plenty of beautiful sceneries consisting of white beaches, water springs, waterfalls, rice terraces, caves and dive sites which can offer numerous destination options for tourists. The presence of these natural attractions gives the local tourism sector a very high potential for contributing to the local economic growth of


the province. However, this tourism potential has yet to be fully developed. Appropriate development directions and interventions are needed especially on the aspects of marketing and investment promotions. Adequate financial and manpower allocation should be given priority towards development, renovation and upgrading of tourist sites, infrastructure facilities, effective promotional measures and capability building of tourism personnel. Utmost attention should also be given to the establishment of linkages and tie -ups with investors from the private sectors for the operation of tourism establishments and provision of various tourism-related services.

Exposure of some major tourist spots, tourism establishments and facilities is a major issue that should be taken into consideration for tourism development in the province. Along with marketing and investment promotions development, DRR-CCA resilient infrastructures should also be given utmost consideration to ensure safety of local and foreign tourists.

6. Lack of industries

The economy of Biliran is dominantly agriculture and fishery. Although there are no large agri-industries in the province, a lot of the people are into agri- related livelihood and trade activities. Operational small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) are mostly agri- based.

Development of industries is one of the major issues in the province. Supply of raw

materials needs to be stabilized by improving production and quality of our agri-fishery products. This sectoral concern is constrained by problems such as high cost of farm inputs, poor technology adoption, laxity of policy implementation, and adverse impacts of disaster and climate change. The high cost of electricity also discourages investors from putting up major industries in the province.

7. High outmigration

The issue on high outmigration is endemic to rural areas as in the case of the province. Many of the young population flock to highly urbanized cities often to further their education and for those who join the labor force, to look for alternative livelihood or move to areas where employment opportunities abound. Most of the young don’t want to work in the farm leaving behind the older population to till the land. Skilled laborers often migrate to the metro cities and abroad even if the work is lowly but is high-paying. Outmigration contributes to slow economic growth but it can also be a response to poverty in the form of remittances, especially in the case of the OFWs. It is also a search for prosperity by those coming from households who are able to take up the challenge. Out-migrants contribute to the problems of the urban areas they go to. They tend to live in hazard-prone or overcrowded areas to the extent that they even occupy the urban productive lands.

8. High dependence on agriculture

Almost 50% of the population of the province depends on agriculture both farming and fishing for their everyday living. In ensuring food security for the population, some unsustainable practices like the use of chemicals (i.e. intensive farm production using inorganic fertilizers and pesticides) greatly affect the environment thereby threatening the agricultural production bases. For the fresh water environment, the main source of pollution is domestic sewage and garbage. Chemical residues from agricultural activities find their way


to river systems thereby adversely affecting the water ecology which affects human health.

Agriculture nowadays can be considered to be greatly affected by environmental stress. For one, the prime or productive agricultural lowlands and alluvial plains are rapidly shrinking and the decreasing man-land ratio has led the landless to occupy and cultivate ecologically unstable marginal lands. This practice will result to severe degradation of agricultural resource base with subsequent problems of accelerated soil erosion, siltation of irrigation systems, flooding and water pollution. Another factor is the fast but unnecessary conversion of prime agricultural lands into other uses such as housing and commercial purposes

In terms of disaster and climate change, agriculture is one of the major sectors that could be adversely affected. A considerable percentage of the province’s agricultural lands are exposed to various hazards as most of these areas are geographically and topographically sited or located in identified high risk areas to flood, landslides and earthquake-related hazards. Crop production most particularly on rice and corn is also moderately at risk to the impacts of climate change generated hazards which are drought and flooding. Thus there is a need to intensify programs and interventions on this sector in order to mitigate or reduce the adverse impacts.


Chapter V – DEVELOPMENT GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS

The formulation of the development goals, objectives, and targets is guided by the vision for the province. These goals, objectives, and targets are the intended responses to the development issues and problems that have been previously identified; they are essentially the basis for formulating strategies and programs, projects, and activities (PPAs) that are presented in the following section.

For the Province of Biliran, the goals, objectives, and targets that shall be achieved for

the period 2011-2016 are presented in Table 121 below.

Table 121. Issues/Problems, Goals, and Objectives/Targets

Issues/Problems Goals Objectives/Targets

DRIVERS

Population

- Outmigration (Maripipi & Culaba) - Fast-growing & densely populated

mun. (Kawayan, Naval & Cabucgayan) - High numbers of informal settlers,

households below poverty threshold and families with inadequate housing conditions in 5 largest settlements

Physical Resources

- Unwarranted conversion of prime agricultural land to other uses

- Underdeveloped tourist potentials - Underutilized water resources - Untapped mineral deposits (gypsum,

clay & sulfur)

- Hazard –prone areas

Transport/Access

- Inadequate external linkages, inefficient transport network

- Roads and bridges in high risk areas

Economy

- High unemployment rate - Low agricultural productivity

- Lack of/underdeveloped industries - Poor business environment - Economic activities exposed to

hazards

SYMPTOMS/INDICATORS

Income/Services

- Low incomes; lack of livelihood opportunities

- Insufficient/low agricultural production

- Increase incomes/livelihood opportunities;

- Increase/improve agricultural production

- Provide employment to households in 5 years

- Attain surplus levels in agricultural production in 5 years

- High dropout rate in secondary level - Decrease high school dropout rate

- Improve school retention rate to in 5 years

- High malnutrition rate; high infant and maternal mortality rate; high morbidity/mortality rate due to lifestyle/infectious diseases

- Reduce malnutrition rate; reduce infant and maternal mortality rate; reduce morbidity/mortality rate due to lifestyle/infectious diseases

- Reduce the malnutrition rate 5 years - Reduce infant mortality rate and maternal

mortality rate in 5 years

- Reduce morbidity/mortality rate due to lifestyle/infectious diseases in 5 years

- High proportion of households without sanitation facilities

- Improve access to sanitation facilities

- Increase the proportion of HHs with access to sanitation facilities in 5 years


- Inadequate provision of water and power utilities

- Full provision of water & power utilities

- Full access to water & power services in 5 years

- Inefficient transport system - Provide efficient transport system

- Provide efficient transport system

- Improve road network in 5 years

- Lack of basic social & social welfare services

- Provide adequate basic social & social welfare services

- Provide basic social services (e.g. shelter) to households in 5 years

- Provide comprehensive social welfare services in 5 years

- Population and physical assets exposed to Hazards

- Reduce vulnerability level of exposed populations and properties

- Strengthen capacities of vulnerable sectors of population and increase resiliency of critical properties and infrastructure/facilities

Land Use

- The province is prone to natural hazards & disasters

- Protect communities from hazards & disasters

- Protect lives & properties from hazards & disasters in 5 years

- Institutional Capacity of LGUs needs to be strengthened

- Enhance Institutional capacity to implement and sustain DRRM and CCA Programs and Projects

- Strengthen capacities of LGUs and stakeholders to implement and sustain DRRM/CCA Programs and Projects

- Environmental degradation

- Agricultural areas exposed to hazards

- Protect, preserve, rehabilitate & regenerate the environment

- Protect agricultural areas and its resources from the impacts of hazards

- Protect, preserve, rehab & regenerate the environment in 5 years

- Protect agricultural areas and its resources from the impacts of hazards


Chapter VI – SECTORAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Based on the foregoing discussion and frameworks, the following are the recommended policy options and strategies:

Settlements Framework

Strict enforcement of “No Build Zone” ordinances Relocation of vulnerable communities and hazard-prone health and educational

facilities and other lifeline infrastructures to sites safe from hazards; where there is no available site for relocation protective measures should be provided, infrastructures should be refitted, and drainage systems should be improved to divert flood water.

Hazard warning systems should be put in place in high-risk areas

New water sources should be developed

Production Framework Strict enforcement of Zoning/Land Use Ordinances to minimize conversion of

agricultural lands to other uses

Provision of hazard-resilient agri-tourism support infrastructures Provision of early warning systems for farmers and fisher folks

Research and Technology Development on crop varieties that are climate change – resistant

Protection Framework

Preservation/conservation of natural defense or buffers Advocacy and IEC on DRRM and CCA

Education for all on DRRM and CCA Provision of access to insurances or other forms risk transfer mechanisms for

vulnerable communities and infrastructures

Disaster Risk Management/Climate Change Adaptation

Mainstreaming DRR/CCA in all local development policies, plans and budgets Contingency planning at the barangay level

Building community awareness and understanding of risk factors

Establishment of Incident Command System, early warning systems, pre-emptive evacuation, and stockpiling and equipping at the barangay level

Transport/Infrastructure Framework

Protective/mitigating measures should be established in identified hazard-prone road sections and bridges

Operationalization of seaports in all municipalities for alternative routes during disaster events


Chapter VII – LAND USE AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

As a result of the formulation of this DRR/CCA-Enhanced PDPFP, a more comprehensive land use and physical development framework and maps shall be prepared. All relevant information in this document will be considered in the preparation of such framework, particularly the DRR/CCA maps, the development frameworks discussed in Section 7.2 (Physical Framework) of Chapter IV, and where available, the CLUPs of the component municipalities.


Chapter VIII – PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, AND ACTIVITIES

Strategies and PPAs are similar to objectives and targets but the former are more short- term, sectoral, and location-specific. These strategies and the corresponding PPAs become the primary inputs to investment programming and are presented in concise form in Tables122 and 123.

DRR/CCA-Enhanced PDPFP – Biliran p. 198

Table 122.Sectoral and Spatial Strategies, Programs and Projects

Issues/Problems Goals Objectives/Targets Strategies Programs Projects

Low incomes; lack of livelihood opportunities

Insufficient /low agricultural production

Increase incomes & livelihood opportunities

Increase/improve agricultural production

Provide employment to households in 5 years

Attain surplus level in agricultural production in 5 years

Institutionalization of MSMEs

Promotion of crop production technologies

Fishery protection management Enforcement of fishery laws Mobilization of technology

Micro credit finance

Intensified/diversified farming program

Agri-infra support Program

Marketing assistance development program

Cooperative development program

Fishery production & rehabilitation program

Capability building & product clinic to entrepreneurs

Provide technical & financial assistance to entrepreneurs

Organic farming Distribution of quality seeds & planting materials Establishment of demo farms High value vegetable, fruit crops, ornamental &

cut-flower production Plant nursery & scion groove development Integrated pest management

Const. of irrigation systems Farm-to-market roads Pre- & post-harvest facilities Establishment of training center

Estab.of Bagsakan Centers in all municipalities Private sector linkages for marketing Capability bldg. for marketing personnel

Micro financing Micro livelihood assistance Biliran overseas worker assistance Biliran economic relief assistance Capability building & technical assistance

Acquisition of fishing gears for subsistence fishermen

Rehabilitation of fresh water fish hatchery & life support facilities

Procurement of breeder fish



transfer

Livestock production

Tourism development

Fish production program

Coastal resource management program

Research & development program

Training & extension program

Animal health program

Animal production program

Animal disease prevention & control program

Tourism infra support program

Promotion & advertisement

Procurement of 2 units fiber glass boats Bangus fingerlings production Saline Tilapia Production Support to fresh water techno demo Operation & maintenance of ice maker Fabrication & replacement of concrete artificial reefs

Mangrove gardening & aqua-silviculture Establishment of CRM Support to fish sanctuaries & marine resource Replenishment of scuba gears Maintenance of shell sanctuary Support & maintenance of sea ranching

Deep seaweed farming & nursery Winged pearl oyster culture Blue crab nursery Fish coral establishment

Production & distribution of IEC materials Fisheries technology caravan Benchmarking on fishery technology project

Provide biologics

Livestock dispersal projects Operation & maint. of Prov'l Breeding Center

Quarantine Regulation of animal flow (in & out of province)

Const./improvement of access roads Const. of basic tourist facilities, amenities

Production of promo collaterals Establishment of web page for tourism



Capability building program Training for tourism personnel/guides Private sector linkage & tie-ups

High dropout rate in secondary level

High dropout rate in secondary level

Improve school retention rate in 5 years

Enhance teachers, pupils, & students' capabilities & competencies

Improve physical access to schools

Provide transport & lunch subsidy to poor students

Teacher capability building. program

Learning competency program for students

Functional school health program

Road-to-school improvement prog.

Classroom building program

Subsidy program

Trainings for teachers Hiring of competent teachers Provision of books & instructional materials

Estab. of functional reading centers in all schools Establishment of basic numeracy skills Establishment of school guidance center Utilization of computer-aided instructional materials

Provision of medical & dental services Establishment of functional school canteen Sustained envi. health & sanitation project Sustained bio-intensive gardening project

Build/repair school access road project

Classroom construction

Subsidized school transport & lunch project

High malnutrition rate; high infant & maternal mortality rate; high morbidity/ mortality rate due to lifestyle diseases

Reduce malnutrition rate; reduce infant & maternal mortality rate; reduce morbidity/mortality rate due to lifestyle diseases Reduce morbidity/mortality due to lifestyle infectious diseases in 5 years

Reduce malnutrition rate in 5 years

Reduce infant mortality rate & maternal mortality rate in 5 years

Strengthen linkages with the private sector

Facility improvement

Intensify advocacy on infant & maternal health programs

Upgrade capability of health workers

Supplemental feeding program

Facility improvement program

Advocacy and capability program

Sustained supplemental feeding projects

Upgrading of BEMONC & CEMONC facilities

Intensify information campaign on responsible parenting &responsible adolescent sexuality Production of IEC materials Radio Program Capability building Enhancement of public-private partnership Monitoring & evaluation

High proportion of households without

High proportion of households without

Increase the proportion of population with access to

Advocacy on sanitation Sanitation program Campaign/IEC on sanitation Provision of latrines



sanitation facilities sanitation facilities sanitation facilities in 5 years

Inadequate provision of water & power utilities

Full provision of water & power utilities

Increase access to water & power services in 5 years

Water supply program

Rural electrification program

Patubig sa Barangay project Upgrading of barangay waterworks project Const./rehab of municipal waterworks system

Electrification of sitios

Inefficient transport system Provide efficient transport system

Provide efficient transport system

Improve road networks in 5 years

Fast-track implementation of infrastructure dev’t Private sector linkage

Eastern Seaboard Nautical Highway program

Roads development program

Ports & airport dev’t program

Program/project implementation

Concreting/improvement of Biliran circumferential road

Improvement of Naval-Caibiran cross-country

road Concreting/ improvement of provincial roads

Establishment of Naval bus terminal

Improvement of seaports & airport

Lack of basic social & social welfare services

Provide adequate basic social & social welfare services

Provide basic social services to households in 5 years

Provide comprehensive social welfare services in 5 years

Housing & resettlement program

Basic social infra dev’t program

Social welfare infra program

Family welfare program Youth welfare program Women’s welfare program Program for the elderly & the disabled

Socialized housing project Resettlement project Core shelter project

Construct/rehab barangay social infra facilities

Day care centers Youth centers

Senior citizens' center Women’s crisis center IT learning center

Productivity/livelihood projects& skills training Educational assistance, scholarship program Enhancement projects& skills training Productivity & skills development training



High Population exposure to hazards in five largest settlements of the province

Reduce vulnerability and Exposure of populations/communities to hazards

Strengthen adaptive capacities of vulnerable populations/communities

Increase awareness of the community to the threats and impacts of hazards and disasters

Improve access of population to basic services and social welfare services

Provide relocation sites & alternative means of livelihood

Provide access to financial and productive resources

Advocacy Program Capability Building Programs

Provision of various basic and social services to vulnerable sectors

Relocation program Alternative livelihood program

Pre-emptive evacuation

Credit and Insurance Program

Develop IEC/advocacy materials Reproduction and distribution of hazard maps Trainings and simulation exercises and various drills Education on DRR/CCA for all

Develop community-based and local early warning systems for various hazards Conduct of skills and livelihood trainings Water and Sanitation projects Provide early warning systems at vulnerable areas for every hazard Improve/rehabilitate seaports and airport for alternative routes during disasters

Establishment of relocation sites Livelihood projects & skills training for vulnerable populations

Conduct mapping of routes and safe grounds for evacuation

Provide safe evacuation centers with adequate facilities and supplies

Technical assistance in accessing credit and insurance services

Provide credit services to vulnerable populations


Table 123. Land Use and Physical Development Strategies, Programs and Projects

Issues/Problems Goals Objectives Strategies Programs Projects

Province is generally exposed/prone to various hazards

Protect communities from hazards & disasters

Mitigate adverse Impacts

of disasters and climate change on critical infrastructures , lifelines and facilities

Protect lives and properties from all types of hazards

Increase disaster

resiliency of Critical Infrastructures , lifelines and facilities

Protect & rehabilitate watershed, terrestrial and marine environment and its resources

Provide protective infrastructure

Integrate DDRM and CCA in local ordinances and building codes

DRR/CCA- resilient Infrastructure Development

Watershed rehabilitation program

Coastal Resource Management Program

Flood & river control program

Shoreline protection program

Advocacy Program of DRRM/CCA

Infrastructure Development / Rehabilitation Program

Relocation Program for critical infrastructures/facilities

Tree planting projects Production forest projects

Massive Mangrove Plantation and beach vegetation

Const. of flood and river control projects Const./ maintenance of drainage systems Conduct of periodic river and waterways

clean-up

Const. of seawall & shore protection structures

Conduct of dialogues/public hearings on Local ordinances pertaining to DRRM &CCA

Strict implementation of local ordinances and building codes

Develop guidelines on the redesign/retrofitting or modifications of infrastructures

Construction/rehabilitation of DRR/CCA- resilient infrastructures ( flood ,river and shore protection , roads , bridges and canals)

Conduct physical inventory of critical infrastructures in every municipality



Enhance Institutional capacities for Disaster Risk reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

Strengthen capacities of LGUs and Stakeholders in terms of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

Integration of DRRM and CCA in sectoral and local development policies, plans and budgets

Institutionalization of DRRMOs

Strengthen Partnership with Pos/NGOs and other stakeholders working on DRR and CCA

Convergence Program

Establishment of Local DRRM Offices in all municipalities

Capability Building Program

Organization/Reorganization of DRRM Councils

Capability Building Program

Relocate highly vulnerable/susceptible critical infrastructures/ lifelines /facilities to safer locations (Power sub-station & electric posts, hospital and Health centers, communication cell sites, etc.)

Conduct /facilitate DRRM /CCA planning workshops /forums Conduct skills trainings in formulation of DRR/CCA –responsive plans

Institutionalize DRRM Offices in the municipalities with permanent plantilla positions for DRRM Officers and budget

Hiring of permanent IT personnel to take charge of the development / establishment of DRR/CCA databases

Conduct of capability building trainings/activities for DRRM Officers

Acquisition of DRR/CCA of adequate DRRM/CCA facilities and equipment /IT software /systems

Organize/Reorganize /Reactivate DRRMCs

Conduct of regular Council meetings Conduct of various drills and simulation exercises for Council members , POs and NGOs



Environmental degradation

Some agricultural areas are exposed to various hazards

Protect, preserve, rehabilitate & regenerate the environment

Protect agricultural areas and its resources from impacts of hazards

Protect, preserve, rehab & regenerate the environment in 5 years

Mitigate /reduce adverse impacts of hazards/disasters on agricultural areas and crop production

Enforce laws/ordinances

Upgrade/improve waste disposal system

Provision of appropriate engineering interventions and structural measures

Adaption of disaster risk and climate change- responsive agricultural technologies

Enhance capacities of farmers and fishermen

Bantay Kalikasan Program

Solid Waste Management Program

Agri-support Infra Development

Diversified Farming Program

Environment police project Upgrading of task force facilities &

capacities

IEC on proper waste management Sanitary land fill project

Construct, rehabilitate DRR/CCA – resilient agri-support infra: irrigation systems, flood control, drainage canals, rip raps, slope protection, water impounding system, etc.

Intensify/sustain the following agricultural technologies and practices:

Hilly Agricultural Land Technology (HALT)

Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT)

Planting of cover crops, planting of ipil-ipil, madre de cacao, and trees

Use/plant climate change–resistant crop varieties

Develop local early warning devices/systems for farmers

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