Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew · Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern...

Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew

Answer Key by Jeffrey Stackert and Mark Z. Brettler

Yale University Press, 2002

yalebooks.com/hebrew

Exercises for Chapter 1

1. l¬n ˙kw ly n<m yhwh lywm qwmy l>d ky m¡p†y l<sπ gwym lq∫ßy mml¬w® l¡p¬ >lyhm

z>my kl ˙rwn <py ky b<¡ qn<®y t<¬l kl h<rß

2. a. [mv b. vwdq

c. dly d. rc

e. vqba f. rs

g. twja h. rx

i. lwdG j. rv

k. bwf l. jBzmh

m. yDm[T n. jK

o. vpn p. j

3. n sonant a guttural

[ guttural b labial

p labial d dental

x sibilant, emphatic/velar h guttural

q emphatic/velar z sibilant

r sonant j guttural

c sibilant f dental, emphatic/velar

v sibilant l sonant

t dental m labial, sonant






1.rwmøj}h'Aµ[i hPo µk,l;≈meq; (long), l/gs, (short), µl,/j (long), qr,yji (short), jTæPæ& (short), jTæP&æ πfæj} (ultrashort),alem; µl,/j (long)

zj'a‘n< rj'a' lyIa'jTæPæ& (short), qr,yji (short), jTæP&æ (short), jTæP&æ (short), l/gs, (short), l/gs, πfæj} (ultrashort), jTæPæ&&(short)

[b'v; raeB]Ala,l/gs, (short), aw;v] (ultrashort), yrexee (long), ≈meq; (long), jTæPæ&& (short)

2.a. µh;r:b]aæ b. dqo[}y"

c. ta, d. T;k]cæj;

e. /rmoj} f. µyaimef]

g. jqæ h. lyIaæ

i. qj'x]yI j. rre/s

k. vaeh;

3.a. ¡énêhem b. sé∫a¬

c. m∑rå˙øq d. ¡øm∑a>

e. ya˙á∫ø¡ f. ∞eh

g. hehårªm h. ¡∑nª®

i. <a˙ar j. y∑<åm∑r

k. lå>∑ßªm





Exercises for Chapter 2 (page 2 of 2)

4.

a. consonant, consonant, vowelb. vowelc. vowel, voweld. vowele. vowelf. consonantg. consonanth. voweli. vowelj. consonant, consonant, vowelk. consonant, vowell. vowelm. consonantn. vowel, vowelo. consonantp. consonant, consonant, vowelq. consonant, consonant, vowelr. consonant, vowel

5.µyyyyhiløa‘ j'WWWWrw“ µwwwwhøt] yyyynEP]Al[æ Ëv,jow“ WWWWhbow: WWWWhto hhhht;y“h; ≈r<a;h;w“ ≈r<a;h; taew“ µyIm'V;h' tae µyyyyhiløa‘ aaaar:B; tyyyyviaaaarEB]

µyIM;h' yyyynEP]Al[' tp,j,r"m]

Vowel letters are enlarged and bolded.





Exercises for chapter 3

1.(p) rm,aYow" 2 (p) ynINEhi (p) rm,aYow" µh;r:b]a' / wyl;ae (p) rm,aYw" // µh;r:b]a'Ata, hS;nI µyhiløa‘h;w“ / (p) hL,aeh; µyrIb;D]h' rj'a' yhiy“w" Gen. 22:1

dj'a' l[' / hl;[ol] µv; (p) Whle[}h'w“ // hY:rIMoh' (p) ≈r<a,Ala, Úl]JAËl,w“ / qj;x]yIAta, (p) T;b]h'a;Arv,a} Úd“yjiy“Ata, Ún“BiAta, an:Ajq" // wnoB] qj;x]yI taew“ wTøai wyr:[;n“ ynEv]Ata, jQ'YIw" / wrømoj}Ata, vboj}Y"w" (p) rq<BoB' µh;r:b]a' µKev]Y"w" 3 (p) Úyl,ae rm'ao rv,a} µyrIh;h,ar“Y"w" wyn:y[eAta, µh;r:b]a' aC;YIw" yviyliV]h' µwYoB' 4 µyhiløa‘h; wløArm'a;Arv,a} µwqøM;h'Ala, (p) Ël,YEw" (p) µq:Y:w" / hl;[o yxe[} [Q'b'y“w"

hw<j}T'v]nIw“ // hKoAd[' hk;l]nE (p) r['N"h'w“ ynIa}w" / rwmøj}h'Aµ[i hPo µk,l;AWbv] wyr:[;n“Ala, µh;r:b]a' (p) rm,aYow" 5 qjor:me µwqøM;h'Ata,Wkl]YEw" // (p) tl,k,a}M'h'Ata,w“ vaeh;Ata, wdøy:B] jQ'YIw" / wnoB] qj;x]yIAl[' (p) µc,Y:w" hl;[oh; yxe[}Ata, µh;r:b]a' jQ'YIw" 6 µk,ylea} (p) hb;Wvn:w“

wD;j]y" µh,ynEv]

/ denotes the division of the half verse into two sections (ˆfoq; πqez)// denotes the division of the whole verse into halves (jnæt]aæ)Words with (p) following them have penultimate stress; unmarked words have ultimate stress.

Cantillation marks

22:1 [yæbir], af;v]Pæ, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez;, aj;p]fi, ak;r“yme, qWLsi

22:2 rzeP;, hl:/dG“ av;yliT], af;v]Pæ, ËPæhum], af;v]Pæ, af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, ËPæhum], af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq;πqez:, bytiy“, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, ak;r“yme, qWLsi

22:3 am;d]qæ, vreGE, [yæbir“, af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, µyIvær]Ge, ËPæhum], af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"Wm, jn"t]aæ, af;v]Pæ, jn"Wm,ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, ak;r]yme, qWLsi

22:4 jn"Wm, ["ybir], af;v]Pæ, aG:r]Dæ, rybiT], ak;r“yme, aj;p]fi, qWLsi

22:5 al;z“aæ, vreGE, [yæbir“, ak;r“yme, af;v]Pæ, ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, aj;p]fi, ak;r“yme, qWLsi

22:6 al;z“aæ, vreGE, jn"Wm, [yæbir“, af;v]Pæ, af;v]Pæ, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, jn"Wm, ˆfoq; πqez:, aj;p]fi, jn"t]aæ, ak;r“yme, aj;p]fi, qWLsi






1.a. miƒbår rB; d“mi B Î lq vgd

b. ¡i¡¡â hv; v]vi V Î qzj vgd

c. bånâ hn: B; B Î lq vgd

a. ¡ibb∑r rBe B]vi B Î qzj vgd

e. gå∫ah Hbæ G: G Î lq vgd; H Î qyPm

f. bénåh Hn:B] B Î lq vgd; H Î qyPm

g. hi¬tª∫ byTi k]hi T Î lq vgd

h. wayy∑¡t T]v]ye y“w" Y Î qzj vgd; T Î lq vgd

i. yi¬to∫ bTo k]yi T Î lq vgd

j. be©eƒ dg, B, B Î lq vgd

k. yi∫géƒû WdG] b]yi G Î lq vgd

l. né®atem µT, ttæn“ T Î qzj vgd

m. >å∫art T]r]bæ [; T Î lq vgd

n. malkª yKi l]mæ K Î lq vgd

o. sabbô®å t; /B B]sæ B Î qzj vgd

p. gannªm µynI nG" N Î qzj vgd

q. dibbartª yTi r“Bæ B]Di B Î qzj vgd; T Î lq vgd

r. kª-¬é∫ad-peh hP, dbæk] yKi K Î lq vgd; P Î lq vgd

2.td,g,Bo B opens word; g,d, t do not follow a jn: aw:v] (i.e. a closed syllable, thus no

lqæ vgeD:)

WdG]b]Ti T opens word; b does not follow a jn: aw:v]; G follows a closed syllable (i.e. ajn: aw:v]); d follows a [n: aw:v] (i.e. does not follow a closed syllable)

µT,d]g"B] B opens word; g follows a [n: aw:v] (rather than an jn: aw:v]); d does not followa jn: aw:v]; T follows a jn: aw:v]

/bÎWbT]k]yi k does not follow a jn: aw:v]; T follows a jn: aw:v]; b follows a [n: aw:v]; b isclosely connected to (i.e. by πQ:mæ) the previous word, which ends with avowel

hn:b]Tok]Ti T opens word; k does not follow a jn: aw:v]; T follows a jn: aw:v]; b does notfollow a jn: aw:v]






1.a. t/rh;n“ The ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction.b. l/Qmi The ˆWn assimilates to the following letter, thus doubling it.c. tv,j&n]Bi The rule of aw:v] changes the first of two consecutive vocal µyaiw:v] to qr,yji.d. πs,k&,B] k is spirantized (no vgeD;) because it no longer opens the word (tpk dgb

rule). e. vyaiK; The preposition takes the vowel of the definite article, and the ahe elides.f. µyrIv;y“ The ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction.g. µyvin:a}læ The preposition -l takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}

vowel, thus jTæPæ&.h. hd;/b[}læ The preposition takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}

vowel, thus jTæPæ&.i. hd;/b[}læ The preposition takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}

vowel, thus ≈meq;.j. µykil;m]li The rule of aw:v] changes the first of two vocal µyaiw:v] to qr,yji.k. v/na‘K, The preposition takes the full vowel corresponding to the preceding πfæj}

vowel, thus l/gs,.l. µaun“Ki The rule of aw:v] changes the first of two vocal µyaiw:v] to qr,yji.

2.a. Each form is definite article + noun: hæ+doubling; [ takes ≈meq; due to compensatory

lengthening; j takes jTæPæ& with virtual doubling.b. Singular vs. plural: the plural form of takes the feminine t/- affix, and the first ≈meq; is

reduced to jTæP" πfæj} due to propretonic reduction of a vowel with a guttural.c. hwhyAd/bK], the initial ≈meq; is reduced to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction in the construct

form.d. Each form is preposition l] + noun. In lWbg“li, the initial [n: aw:v] changes to qr,yji due to

rule of aw:v].e. The two forms are identical. In Ëreb;m], the ≈meq; is due to compensatory lengthening

because r will not tolerate vgED:. In ljey"m], j will not tolerate vgED;, but j does not requirecompensatory lengthening but rather allows virtual doubling, hence jTæPæ&.

f. Final j after a vowel takes a furtive jTæPæ&& (hbwng jtp) to aid in pronunciation.g. πGoyI exhibits ˆWn assimilation.h. Each form is a masculine plural noun; µydIs;j} has a jTæPæ& πfæj} because the initial guttural

will not tolerate a [n: aw:v]





Exercises for Chapter 7 (Page 2 of 2)

i. The first form is the second person masculine singular, while the second form is thesecond person feminine singular. The second form exhibits pretonic reduction, henceaw:v] rather than µl,/j.

j. In the second form, because the third radical is a j, the final vowel is jTæPæ&.k. tbæ[}/T is the construct form for this feminine noun, which thus exhibits these changes:

the final h reverts to the historically original t; the ≈meq; preceding the final h changesto jTæPæ& because the a-class vowel appears in a closed, unaccented syllable; the ≈meq;following the [ is reduced to jTæPæ& πfæj} due to propretonic reduction.

l. The second form is pausal; thus the aw:v] is lengthened to ≈meq;.m. The second form is pausal; thus the l/gs, is lengthened to ≈meq;.n. The ≈meq; following the v is reduced to aw:v] in the second form due to propretonic

reduction.






1.a. hr:wTøh' b. ˆheKohæc. br,j,&h' d. rB;d]Mihæe. ry[ih… f. l[æBæ&hæg. ds,j&,h' h. gjæhæi. ayciN:h' j. hm;jehæk. ˆ/ra}h; l. Ëa;l]Mæhæm. y/Ghæ n. bh;Z:hæo. ≈r,a&;h; p. taF;jæhæq. rh;h; r. hl;y“L&æhæs. µ/Yhæ t. ≈[eh;u. πa;h; v. tB;Væhæw. rq,B&ohæ x. lyijæ&hæ/j"K&ohæy. hm;k]j;h, z. t/ja;h;aa. r/kB]hæ bb. rp,S&ehæcc. lh;Q;hæ/hd;[eh; dd. hd,C;hæee. rxej;h, ff. ˆz<ao&h;gg. ˆqeZ:hæ hh. r/Dhæii. µVehæ

2.a. h} Is the land good? b. h} Is the slave bad?c. h, Is the man wise? d. h' Are the priests old/elders?

e. h} Is the warrior/great man old/an elder?

3.a. ambiguous; Is he wise?/ the wise man b. interrogative; Is it good?c. definite article; the border d. definite article; the bad (thing)e. definite article; the shore/lip f. definite article; the commandg. definite article; the work h. definite article; the young boyi. ambiguous; Is it iniquity?/the iniquity j. ambiguous; Is it dust?/the dustk. impossible l. interrogative; Is she a young girl?m. ambiguous; Is it life?/the life n. interrogative; Is it a people?o. definite article; the voice/sound p. interrogative; Is it a teaching?q. interrogative; Is it a saying? r. definite article; the sayings. definite article; the burnt offering t. definite article; the bad (thing)u. definite article; the animal v. definite article; the faminew. definite article; the world/eternity x. definite article; the lighty. interrogative; Is it light? z. ambiguous; Is it kindness?/ the kindnessaa. ambiguous; Is it a sword?/the sword bb. definite article; the war






1.a. µd;a;K]/vyaiK] b. hm;d;a}Bæc. hj;n“Mihæw“ d. r[æV&æmie. Ël,M&,hæme/Ël,M&,hæAˆmi f. hp,Wg. lj'n"&l]/lj'n&"Ala, h. ryQlæ/hm;/jlæ/ryQihæAla,/hm;/jhæAla,i. tyIb'&K] j. [ær&el;k. t[eK; l. varoB;m. hM;aæK] n. µd;a;l]o. µynIp;W p. yrIp]Wq. µD;hææw“ r. aSekiw“s. y/gw“ t. ylik]Biu. fP;v]miB] v. µaeh;me/µaeh;Aˆmiw. hk;al;m]Ki x. d/bk;w“y. hpoW z. µyImæ&V;hæme/µyImæ&V;hæAˆmiaa. tv,j&n]W bb. πn;k;l]cc. πs,k,&B] dd. µaun“Wee. vd,j&oBæ ff. rb;D;hægg. Ëa;l]mæW hh. rb;d;K]

2.a. hn;V;mi The ˆWn assimilates to the following consonant, which is doubled.

“From a year”b. ˆaXohæme The ˆWn in ˆmi would normally assimilate; however, because the following

consonant is a guttural and thus will not tolerate vgeD;, the vowel of thepreposition undergoes compensatory lengthening from qr,yji to yrexee.“From the flock”

c. µyIm&'W The conjunctive ww: is vocalized -W when it precedes a labial (the letterspmwb).“and water”

d. lh,ao&B; The preposition takes the vowel of the definite article, which here is ≈meq;due to the a which opens the word. The h of the definite article elides.“In the tent”






e. vyaime The ˆWn in ˆmi would normally assimilate; however, because the followingconsonant is a guttural and thus will not tolerate vgeD;, the vowel of thepreposition undergoes compensatory lengthening from qr,yji to yrexee.“From a man”

f. rc;b;K] According to the rule of tpk dgb, because b is no longer the first letter ofthe word, it is spirantized (no lqæ vgeD;).“like meat”

g. lWbg]W According to the rule of tpk dgb, because b is no longer the first letter ofthe word, it is spirantized (no lqæ vgeD;). Moreover, The conjunctive ww: isvocalized -W when it precedes a consonant followed by a [n" aw:v].“and a border”

h. l/dg;l] According to the rule of tpk dgb, because g is no longer the first letter ofthe word, it is spirantized (no lqæ vgeD;).“To a great one”

i. µIl'&v;Wryli When -l] is prefixed to a word with an initial d/y vocalized with a aw:v], thepreposition is vocalized with a qr,yji and the d/y loses its aw:v].“To Jerusalem”

3.a. j'B&ez“Mih' bybis; b. µwqøM;h'AlWm/µwqøM;h'Adg,n<c. hj;P;v]MihæAlx,ae d. hV;aih;Aµ[i/hV;aih;Ata,e. fb,Ve&læ/hF,Mælæ f. ˆ/pX;hæAˆybeW bg,N<&h'AˆyBeg. jt'P&,hæAd[æ h. ˆb,a,&h;AtjæTæi. cb,K&,hæAl[æ j. ˆK;v]MihæAlWm/ˆK;v]MihæAdg,n<k. ab;X;hæAla,






1.a. “great (pl.)/great”: Because of propretonic reduction, the ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] in the

plural form.b. “garments/garment”: The noun is a masculine qi†l segholate and thus forms its plural

in the µy�i�;�] pattern.c. “many (pl.)/much”: The root of bræ is *bbr, and thus the third root letter is retained

when the plural affix is attached to the singular noun.d. “lands/land”: The noun is a feminine qa†l segholate and thus forms its plural in the

t/��;�] form. However, because the initial consonant is a, a jTæPæ& πfæj} replaces theexpected aw:v].

e. “prophets/prophet”: Because of propretonic reduction, the ≈meq; reduces to aw:v] in theplural form.

f. “maidservants/maidservant”: The noun is a feminine qi†l segholate and thus forms itsplural in the t/��;�] form.

g. “holy things/holy thing”: The noun is a masculine qu†l segholate and thus forms itsplural in the µy�i�;�’ pattern.

h. “officials/official”: The root of rcæ is *rrc, and thus the third root letter is retainedwhen the plural affix is attached to the singular noun. However, because r will nottolerate vgeD;, the jTæPæ& undergoes compensatory lengthening, changing to ≈meq;.

i. “new (pl.)/new”: Because of propretonic reduction, the initial ≈meq; normally reduces toaw:v] in the plural form. However, because the initial radical is j, a jTæPæ& πfæj} replacesthe expected aw:v].

j. “two feet/foot”: The second form is the dual of the qa†l segholate.k. “cereal offerings/cereal offering”: The noun is a feminine qi†l segholate and thus

forms its plural in the t/��;�] form.l. “winds/wind”: When the plural suffix is added, the tyje no longer ends the word, and

thus the furtive jTæPæ& is lost.m. “tribes/tribe”: The noun is a masculine qi†l segholate and thus forms its plural in the

µy�i�;�] pattern.






2.a. µyBir" t/dc; b. t/l/dG“ µyIn&"y[ec. µyqiyDiXæhæ µyniB;hæ d. (or: hr;v;y:) rv;y: Ër,D,&e. hl;/dG“ ˆb,a&, f. hb;/f hr;[}n"g. qyDiXæhæ vyaih; h. t/mk;j}hæ t/nB;hæi. µyli/dG“hæ µyTiB;hæ j. hv;/dQ]hæ ≈r,a;&h;k. µyBir" µysiWs l. µybi/f µyQijum. v/dq; j"Be&z“mi n. rjeaæ π/[o. h[;r;h; ≈r,a;&h; p. µyrIv;y“ µyXijiq. hr;v;y“ lg,r,& r. l/dG:hæ hn,j}Mæhæs. hl;/dG“hæ hl;j}N"hæ t. hN:fæQ]hæ hj;P;v]Mihæu. µybi/Fhæ t/dC;hæ v. t/l/dG] t/kl]m]mæw. l/dG: lyIjæ& x. µyqiyDiXæhæ µyI/Ghæy. µyBiræh; µyliysiK]hæ z. µyvi/dQ]hæ t/m/qM]hæaa. µyrIjea} µyri/mj} bb. qyDiXæhæw“ µk;j;h, aybiN:hæcc. rjea} l[æBæ& dd. t/[r: µynIv;ee. rv;Y:hæ lh;N:hæ ff. hN:fæQ]hæ ry[ih;gg. b/Fhæ ˆm,V,&hæ hh. µy[iv;r“h; µyaiyciN“hæii. hq;yDiXæhæ hj;p]Vihæ jj. t/b/f t/r/Tkk. µyNIfæQ]hæ µyrih;h,






1.a. ambiguous: smoke is good; good smokeb. ambiguous: gods are great; great godsc. sentence: The women are wise.d. impossible (ˆba is feminine)e. phrase: the large gravef. sentence: The song is good.g. impossible (ry[ is feminine)h. ambiguous: messengers are many; many messengersi. ambiguous: an offering is impure; an impure offeringj. sentence: The houses are bad.k. phrase: the pure sacrificel. impossiblem. sentence: The prophetesses are many.n. sentence: The cloud is great.o. ambiguous: two feet are straight; two straight feetp. impossibleq. ambiguous: joy is very great; very great joyr. ambiguous: a widow is just; a just widows. impossiblet. ambiguous: signs are good; good signsu. impossiblev. impossiblew. sentence: The dream is bad.x. ambiguous: a witness is very wise; a very wise witnessy. ambiguous: statutes are bad; bad statutesz. ambiguous: prayer is short; a short prayeraa. ambiguous: a feast is great; a great feastbb. impossiblecc. ambiguous: inheritance is good; a good inheritancedd. ambiguous: bread is good; good breadee. impossibleff. impossible (tyrb is feminine)gg. sentence: The bull is impure.hh. ambiguous: a sun is new; a new sunii. ambiguous: wars are many; many warsjj. ambiguous: a maidservant is righteous; a righteous maidservantkk. sentence: The owner is just.ll. sentence: The elders are wicked.






2. Note: the word order of the sentences may also be reversed, i.e. hb;/f hj;m]cimeans the same thing as hj;m]ci hb;/f.a. hb;/f hj;m]cib. h[;v;r“ hd;[eh;c. µyli/dG“hæ µyriyQihæd. µyBiræh; t/rh;N“hæe. hv;d;j}hæ hF;jihæf. hv;/dq] ≈r,a,&g. qyDix; y/Gh. b/f jbæz,&i. µyriv;y“hæ µyliD;g]Mihæj. vd;j; ˆ/ra;k. bræh; bk,r,h;l. µyaimef] µycib;K]m. µyqiyDixæ µyri/BGIn. ha;mef] tr,f&oQ]hæo. µybi/Fhæ µynin:[}h;p. µy[ir: µydib;[}q. µyri/hf] µyliyaer. hPo rq;B;hæs. ˆfoq; tyIBæ&t. t/Br" t/mj;l]miu. µyli/dG“ t/l/qv. v/dq; dg,B,&hæw. yjæhæ aybiN:hæx. µyBiræ µyrib;q]y. hl;/dG“ hj;m]ciz. t/b/f t/LpiT]hæaa. hq;yDixæ hj;p]Vihæbb. µv; fpeVohæcc. [ræ Ëv,jo&dd. µybi/f µydil;;y“hæee. (or: t/rv;;y“hæ) µyrIv;;y“hæ µykir;D]hæff. hn;foq] ˆb,a,&gg. bræ µD;






3.a. ˆK;v]miB] µyhiløa‘b. hl;/dG“hæ ry[ih; rjæaæ rq;B;hæc. laov]Bi [ræh; ˆheKohæw“ qyDiXæhæ aybiN:hæd. rh;h; dg,n,/lWm µyBir" µykia;l]mæe. j"Be&z]MihæAlx,ae bræ ˆg:D;w“ bræ ˆyIy"&f. hr;v;y“hæ hV;aih;Ata,/µ[i v/dQ;hæ vyaih;g. ˆfoQ;hæ tyIBæ&hæ bybis; l/dG:hæ rq;B;hæh. vd;j;h, aSeKihæ tjæTæ& hN:fæQ]hæ br,j,&hæi. ≈r,a;&B;/hm;d;a}Bæ hq;d;x] ˆyae






4.Genesis 2:7hhhhYYYY: :::jjjj'''' vp,n<l] µd:a;h; yhiy“w" The human became a living being

attributive

Genesis 29:2hhhhllll;;;;ddddooooGGGG“ ˆb,a,h;w“ Now the stone was large.

predicative

Exodus 1:8µyIr:x]miAl[æ vvvvdddd;;;;jjjj;AËl,m, µq;Y:w" A new king arose over Egypt.

attributive

Numbers 19:9rrrrwwwwhhhhøøøøffff;;;; µwqøm;B] hn<j}M'l' ≈Wjmi outside the camp in a pure place

attributive

Numbers 20:11µµµµyyyyBBBBiiiirrrr" µyIm' Wax]YEw" many waters came out

attributive

Numbers 20:15µµµµyyyyBBBBiiiirrrr" µymiy: µyIr"x]miB] bv,NEw" We dwelled many days in Egypt.

attributive

Deuteronomy 2:10bbbbrrrr"w“ llllwwwwddddøøøøGGGG: µ[æ a great and numerous people

attributive (both)

Deuteronomy 28:38hd<C;h' ayxiwTø bbbbrrrr"""" [r"z< The field will bring forth much seed.

attributive

Deuteronomy 28:64ˆb,a;w: ≈[e … µµµµyyyyrrrrIIIIjjjjeeeeaaaa} µyhiløa‘ other gods (of) wood and stone

attributive

Joshua 10:2ˆw[øb]GI hhhhllll;;;;wwwwddddøøøøGGGG“ “““ ry[i yKi daom] War“yYIw" They were very afraid because Gibeon was a great

attributive city






1 Samuel 20:2ˆ̂̂̂ffffooooqqqq;;;; rb;D; waø llllwwwwddddøøøøGGGG: ::: rb;D;, a great thing or a small thing

attributive

2 Samuel 20:16ry[ih;Aˆmi hhhhmmmm;;;;kkkk;;;;jjjj}}}} hV;ai ar:q]Tiw" The wise woman called from the city.

attributive

2 Kings 2:23ry[ih;Aˆmi Wax]y: µµµµyyyyNNNNI IIIffff''''qqqq]]]] µyrI[;n“W Now the little boys departed from the city.

attributive

Psalm 51:12µyhiløa‘ yliAar:B] rrrrwwwwhhhhøøøøffff;;;; ble Create for me a pure heart, O God!

attributive

Psalm 96:1≈r<a;h;AlK; hw:hyl' Wryvi vvvvdddd::::jjjj;;;; ryvi hw:hyl' Wryvi Sing to the Lord a new song! Sing to the

attributive Lord, all the earth!

Proverbs 10:1ba;AjM'c'y“ µµµµkkkk;;;;jjjj;;;; ˆBe A wise son gladdens a father.

attributive

Daniel 11:3rrrrwwwwBBBBøøøøGGGGI III Ël,m, dm'[;w“ A mighty king will stand

attributive

Note: the adjectives are identified in bold.






1.a. singular construct Alyae: two syllable words with penultimate stress with pattern �yI�æ

reduces to �y�e (one syllable); plural unbound µyliyae: �yI�æ patterned nouns have thisirregular plural form; plural construct Ayleyae: the final µy�i of the plural is replaced byy�e.

a. singular construct A≈je: no change; plural unbound µyXiji: because the root of this nounis *xxj, the final root letter appears when the regular masculine plural ending µy�i isaffixed; plural construct AyXeji: as in the unbound plural form, initial yrexee becomes qr,yjibecause it finds itself in a closed, unaccented syllable, which prefers a short vowel.

c. singular construct Avm,v,: no change of segholate noun; plural unbound t/vm;v]: regularsegholate feminine plural form; plural construct At/vm]vi: because this segholate ishistorically a qi†l form, the original qr,yji vowel reappears in the plural construct, and,as expected, the feminine plural ending remains unchanged.

d. singular construct AtKær]Bi: the historically original t reappears in the construct form,and the final ≈meq; is reduced because it is now in a closed, unaccented syllable; the≈meq; under the vyre in the bound form is reduced to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction,and because of the rule of aw:v], the first aw:v] becomes a qr,yji; plural unbound t/kr;B]: theregular feminine plural suffix is affixed; plural construct At/kr]Bi: the ≈meq; under the vyrein the plural form is reduced to aw:v] due to propretonic reduction, and because of therule of aw:v], the first aw:v] becomes a qr,yji.

e. singular construct Abhæz“: the initial ≈meq; is reduced by propretonic reduction, and thefinal ≈meq; is reduced because it is now in a closed unaccented syllable; plural unboundµybih;z“: the initial is subject to propretonic reduction; plural construct Aybeh}z": the ≈meq; inthe plural form is reduced due to propretonic reduction, and because the vowelfollows a guttural, is reduced to jTæPæ πfæj} rather than aw:v]. Consequently, the precedingvowel harmonizes, becoming the full vowel that corresponds to the πfæj} vowel.

f. singular construct Atjæp]vi: the historically original t reappears in the construct form;plural unbound t/jp;v]: the normal feminine plural segholate form; plural constructAt/jp]vi: the ≈meq; in the plural form is reduced due to propretonic reduction, andbecause of the rule of aw:v], the first aw:v] becomes a qr,yji.

g. singular construct AËr,D,: no change; plural unbound µykir:D“: normal masculine pluralsegholate form; plural construct Ayker“Dæ: because this segholate is historically a qa†l

form, the original jTæPæ vowel reappears in the plural construct, and, as expected, y�eending replaces the plural unbound ending.






2.a. AËaæl]mæ messenger of b. Atræ/T teaching ofc. Ad/bK] glory of d. AtyBe house ofe. Abhæz“ gold of f. AjBæz]mi altar ofg. Aab;x] host of h. Atjæn“mi offering ofi. Alyje power of j. Aˆ/[} iniquity ofk. Ar/a light of l. Aˆqez“ elder ofm. Arpæ[} dust of n. Atmæj} anger ofo. Ahaer]mæ vision of p. Atdæ[} congregation ofq. Aj"Ko strength of r. Agjæ feast of

3.a. At/jn“mi; offerings of b. Ayre[}væ; gates ofc. Aydeg“Bi; garments of d. At/LpiT]; prayers ofe. At/kr]Bi; blessings of f. Aymek]jæ; wise men ofg. At/kl]m]mæ; kingdoms of h. At/b[}/T; abominations ofi. At/as]Ki; thrones of j. At/rh}n"; rivers ofk. Ayfeb]vi; rods/tribes of l. Ayre/mj}; donkeys ofm. AyleD“g“mi; towers of n. At/jm]ci; joys ofo. At/rWbG“; mights of p. Aymer]Kæ; vineyards of






4.a. ˆqeZ:h'Ar/vb. ry[ih;Ab/jr“c. µIl&'v;Wry]Aymer]K'd. l/av]Aˆf,B,e. hw:hy]Atk'l]m]m'f. hV;aih;Ady"g. hw:hy“Aˆymiy“h. tyIB&'h'Atl,D,i. ˆn:[;h,Ahaer]m'j. ˆb,a,&AjB'z“mik. rq;B;h'Abrol. ˆqeZ:h'AπK'm. aybiN:h'Ady"B]n. hr;[}N"h'Aybia}o. πs,K,&h'Alq'v]mip. hl;/dG“h' ry[ih;AvyaiAypil]q. µyaiybiN“h'Aˆ/rj}a'r. r['N"&h'Ayjia}s. ˆheKoAtkær“Bit. µyhiløa‘At[æDæu. ≈r,a;&h;Abjæ/rv. hb;/Fhæ hV;aih;Ar/Bw. hd,C;hæAËr,aox. r/vAµx,a,y. bh;z:Alq,v,z. r/BGIhæAyneB]aa. ameF;hæ vyaih;ArqæB]bb. hq;yDiXæhæ hV;aih;At/mcc. µY:hæAbledd. µk;j;h,At[æDæee. µyri/mj}hæAtyriaev]/rt,y,ff. h[;v;r“h; hm;a;h;Atbæ[}/Tgg. l/dG:hæ tyIBæ&hæAt/ryqihh. b/Fhæ ˆ/da;h;Adb,[,






ii. r/BGIhæA["/rz“jj. tyIB&æhæAË/Tkk. Ël,M&,hæAbhæz“AlK;ll. µyrI[;l] rP;s]Mihæmm. rP;hæAµDænn. aybin: hce[}mæoo. hj;P;v]MihæAbr,q,B]/Ë/tB]pp. µk;j;h,Aˆ/vl]/tpæc]qq. ryQihæ ≈Wjmirr. hm;k]j; tyviare

5. a = absolute/unbound; b = construct/bound; unless noted, nouns have not undergonephonetic changes

a. a b a b µymh ynp l[ tpjrm µyhla jwrwynp: aw:v] is the result of ppr; the plural µy�i ending is changed to the conventional boundmp ending“Now the spirit of God was hovering over the face of the water”

b. a b b a a lkan ˆgh ≈[ yrpm çjnh la hçah rmatw“The woman said to the serpent, ‘We may eat from the fruit of the trees of the garden.’”

c. a b b µyyjh ≈[ ˚rd“The way of the tree of life”

d. a b b a ≈rah lk ynp l[ hwhy µxyph µçmwlk: µl,/j vowel is subject to pprynp: aw:v] is the result of ppr; the plural µy�i ending is changed to the conventional boundmp ending“From there the LORD scattered them over the face of all the earth.”

e. a b a hl[h yx[ ta µhrba jqywyx[: initial composite vowel is the result of ppr; the plural µy�i ending is changed to theconventional bound mp ending“Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering.”






f. a b a b a ≈rah yhlaw µymçh yhla hwhyb ˚[ybçawyhla: the plural µy�i ending is changed to the conventional bound mp ending“I (will) adjure you by the LORD, the God of the heavens and the earth.”

g. a a a b bq[y µwljb µyhlah ˚alm yla rmayw˚alm: the ≈meq; vowel that would normally follow the a changes to jTæPæ because it nowappears in a closed, unaccented syllable“The angel of God said to me, ‘Jacob!’”

h. a a b a tybb µç tybh yçnam çya ˆyawyçna: the ≈meq; vowel in the second syllable reduces due to ppr, which then allows thepreceding jTæPæ πfæj} to convert to a full jTæPæ; the plural µy�i ending is changed to theconventional bound mp ending“There was no one from the men of the household there in the house.”

i. a b a b bhz ylkw πskAylkylk: the plural µy�i ending is changed to the conventional bound mp ending“Vessels of silver and vessels of gold”

j. a b a b µyh ˚wtb larçy ynb wabyw

˚wt: the nominal pattern �w<�;& has a bound form of �/�

ynb: the initial aw:v] is the result of ppr; the plural µy�i ending is changed to the conventionalbound mp ending“The children of Israel entered into the midst of the sea.”

k. a a b a hwhy la µ[h yrbd ta hçm dgywyrbd: the plural µy�i ending is changed to the conventional bound mp ending; the ≈meq; thatfollows the b in the absolute form undergoes ppr, and the rule of aw:v] requires that theinitial aw:v] become a qr,yji.“Moses spoke the words of the people to the LORD.”






l. a a b b µyyj ˚lm ynp rwabynp: aw:v] is the result of ppr; the plural µy�i ending is changed to the conventional boundmp ending“In the light of a king’s face is life.”






1.ms fs fs mp fp root

["m&evo t[æm&ævo h[;m]vo µy[im]vo t/[m]vo [mvbv; hb;v; hb;v; µybiv; t/bv; bwvlaevo tl,a&,vo hl;a}vo µylia}vo t/la}vo lavµc; hm;c; hm;c; µymic; t/mc; µwcha,ro ha;ro hY:airo µyairo t/aro yaraceno taceno ha;c]no µyaic]no t/ac]no acnrmeao tr,m&,ao hr;m]ao µyrim]ao t/rm]ao rma

2.a. lkeao b. µc;c. t/[m]vo d. tjæl&ævoe. tr,m,&ao f. taxeyog. t/aro h. µylia}voi. tk,l,&ho j. t/kl]hok. td,l,&yo l. t[ædæ&yOm. aceno n. µyjiq]løo. µybiv]y p. t/l[oq. bv; r. areqos. µyci[o t. ˆteno

3. Note: other word-orders are possible

a. b/Fhæ aybiN:hæArbæD“ tae ["me&vo dwID; br,[,B]b. µy[iv;r“l; µ/lv; ˆyae dymiT; rmeao aybiN:hæc. µk;j;h, yrik]N:hæ hdec;Ala, tk,l&,how“ hl;doG“hæ ry[ih;me taxeyo rm;T;d. µm;/y rv;Y:hæ rh;N:hæAˆmi ha;B; bqo[}y" tjæPæ&v]mie. rj;m; ˆK;v]MihæAla, hj;n“MihæAta, tj,q,&lø hN:jæ µyrim]ao µydil;y“hæf. hb;/f hw:hy“ træ/t yKi ["d&eyo hv,mg. l/dG:hæ ˆheKohæ µr,K,&Alx,ae rv,a} [ræh; Ëa;l]MæhæAta, hmoløv]W dwID: µyairoh} t/la}vo µyviN:hæh. dwID; tLæhiT]Ata, t/ar]qow“ rh;h; varol] wD;j]y" t/l[o t/qyDiXæhæ µyviN:hæi. µyQijuhæAta, ["m&evo y/Ghæ yKi y/Glæ lk,ao& ˆtenow“ y/Glæ µylidoG] µyci[}mæ hc,[o µyhiløa‘j. dl,y,& td,l,&yo hr:v;Y“hæ Ër,D,&hæAlx,ae l/dG:hæ tyIBæBæ tb,v,&y rv,a} hV;aih;k. ˆ/ra;B; hF;jihæAta, µc; rv,a} µh;r;b]aæl] hB;ræ hF;ji tjæl&ævow“ hb;v; hr;c;l. hw:hy“ ynep]li µy[iv;r] µhe yKi t/bqeN“hæAta,w“ µyrIk;Z“hæAta, lkeao l/dG:hæ yrIa}h;






4.a. You will be one like God, knowing good and bad.y[ed]yo: lqæ mp participle (construct)b. The ones coming were male and female; from all flesh they came.µyaiB;hæ: lqæ mp participle (definite)c. And also belonging to Lot, the one walking with Abraham, were flocks, herds, and

tents.Ëlehohæ: lqæ ms participle (definite)d. All the persons belonging to Jacob who came to Egypt — those who emerged from

his loins, besides the wives of Jacob’s sonsha;B;hæ: lqæ fs participle (definite)yaex]yo: lqæ mp participle (construct)e. Now the appearance of the glory of YHWH was like a consuming fire on the top of

the mount before the eyes of the children of Israeltl,k,&ao: lqæ fs participlef. This is the teaching concerning the one who bears a male or female (child)td,l,&Yohæ: lqæ fs participle (definite)g. All of the generation that did what was evil in the eyes of the LORDhc,[oh;: lqæ ms participle (definite)h. The good land that your God is giving you as an inheritanceˆtenO: lqæ ms participlei. Now, O Israel, what is the LORD your God asking from you?laevo: lqæ ms participlej. For her house was in the city wall, and she dwelled in the wall.tb,v&;/y: lqæ fs participle (pausal)k. The priests, carriers of the ark of the covenant.yaec]nO: lqæ mp participle (construct)l. A voice calling, “In the wilderness, prepare the way of the LORD!”are/q: lqæ ms participlem. For there is no person taking (it) to heart.µc;: lqæ ms participlen. For they say, “The LORD does not see us.”µyrim]ao: lqæ mp participleha,ro: lqæ ms participleo. For the LORD knows they way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will

perish.["de&/y: lqæ ms participle






p. The one who hears prayer! All flesh may come before you!["me&vo: lqæ ms participleq. Before the LORD, for he comes to judge the earth.ab;: lqæ ms participler. Who is this coming up from the wilderness?hl;[o: lqæ fs participles. All the rivers flow to the sea, but the sea does not become full.µykil]ho: lqæ mp participle






1.T]aæ hT;aæayhi/awhi Wnj]n"&a}µhe/hM;he& µT,aæˆTeaæ/hn:Te&aæ ynIa}/ykinOa;aWh hN:he&

2.a. µykia;l]MæhæAta, rmevo aWhb. ˆaXohæAta, rpeso hT;aæc. tWkl]Mæhæ aSekiB] tk,l,&mo ynIa}d. ˆm,V,&hæAta, µykip]vo Wnj]n"&a}e. ryQihæAta, t/rb]vo ˆTeaæf. vd;j; dg,B,& µyvib]lø µheg. µyxi[eh;Ata, µytir]Ko µT,aæh. l[æBæ&Ata, t/vr“Do hN;he&i. hw;hy“ tyrIB]Ata, tr,k,&zO ayhij. l/dG:hæ rp,Se&hæAta, tb,t,&Ko T]aæk. µh;r:b]aæ hdec]Bi hr:c;Ata, dqePo aWhl. [ræh; µ[;h;Ayrej}aæ πdero ynIa}m. tyIBæ&hæ amef; yKi tyIBæ&hæAta, µypir“c Wnj]n"&a}n. h[;b]GIBæ rv,a} l/dG:hæ tyIB&æBæ bvey aWh

3.a. ayhihæ hm;m;V]hæ b. hZ,hæ byrIh;c. ayhihæ hk;al;M]hæ d. taZOhæ t[eh;e. hM;he&h; µyrI[;N“hæ f. taZohæ ≈r,a;&h;g. aWhhæ d/bK;hæ h. hM;he&hæ t/as]Kihæi. rq;B;hæ hz, j. aWhhæ hl;y“Læ&hæk. hZ,hæ µ/qM;hæ l. hM;he&hæ µynIn:[}hæm. hN:he&h; t/ma;h; n. aWhhæ rB;d]Mihæo. Ëa;l]Mæhæ hT;aæ p. hZ,hæ ha,r“Mæhæq. hL,ae&h; µyGIjæhæ r. hZ,hæ lWbG“hæs. µykir;D“hæ hL,ae& t. hL,ae&h; t/kl;m]Mæhæu. taZOhæ hm;jehæ v. hj;p]Vihæ ayhiw. µyhiløa‘ Wnj]n"&a} x. aWhhæ Ëv,j&hæ






y. hL,ae&h; t/mB;hæ z. ayhihæ hj;m]Cihæaa. µyrixej}hæ hL,ae& bb. hN:he&hæ t/LpiT]hæcc. hM;he&h; t/r/Bhæ dd. hZ,hæ rZ:hæee. hL,ae&h; µyrIP;hæ

4.a. yrIa}h; lkæa; rv,a} aybiN:hæ t/mx][æAta, µyrIb]qo hM;he&b. ˆp,G,&hæ yriP]Ata, lkeao ry[ih;Ar[æVæAla, Ëleho rv,a} aWhhæ qyDIXæhæc. aWhhæ ˆheKohæ t/r/TAta, W[m]v]yI ˆ[æmæ&l] b/jr“h;Ala, µyaiB; µhed. hw:hy“ tybeB] rv,a} hw:hy“ jBæz“miAl[æ µyIm;& Ëpevo ynIa}e. ayhihæ ≈r,a&;B; l/dG: b[;r: vyE yKi µj,l,& lkeao aWhhæ vyaih; ˆyaef. hm;j;l]mil] µyaix]yO rv,a} µyrI/BGIhæAta, tyrIB] treKo dwID;g. hZ,hæ b/jr]h;me ayciN:hæ rxæj} ˆfoq;h. aWhhæ qyDiXæhæ aybiN:hæ yreb]DiAla, µy[im]vow“ hr;/ThæAta, µyrIm]vo µn:yae yKi hw:hy“ tmæje l/dG:i. µk;j; WNn<&yae yKi ayhihæ hm;j;l]Milæ µyXiji j"qe&lø aWhhæ lysiK]hæ ˆyaej. µr,K,&hæAla, tk,l,&how“ r/mj}hæAl[æ ry[ih;me taxeyO rv,a} hV;aih; ayhi






5.a. More cursed are you than all the beasts and wild animals of the fieldb. Now the gold of that land was goodc. For you are dust, and to dust you will returnd. for she was the mother of all livinge. Am I my brother’s keeper?f. The sons of God (divine beings) saw the human women, that they were beautiful.g. This is the sign of the covenant that I am giving for all time between me and you and

all living beings who are with you.h. for all the land which you seei. On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abraham.j. There is no fear of God in this place.k. The son of this maidservant will not inherit with my son, Isaac.l. Whose daughter are you?m. Now these are the days of the years of the life of Abraham which he livedn. The LORD appeared to him that night and said, “I am the God of Abraham, your

father.”o. For from that well they would give the flocks drink. Now there was a great stone

over the mouth of the well.p. Now these are the names of the children of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob,

each (literally: a man) with his household they came.q. For the place on which you are standing is holy ground.r. Today you are going out in the month of Abib.s. Those men said to him, “We are unclean by corpse contamination (literally: from the

life-force of a person).”t. Mortal (literally: son of man), I am sending you to the children of Israel.u. Even upon the male and the female slaves will I pour out my spirit in those days.






1.3fp 3mp 2fp 2mp 1cp 3fs 3ms 2fs 2ms 1csˆheB; µh,B; µk,B; WnB;& HB; /B ËB; ÚB] yBi

µT;ai µk,T]ai WnT&;ai HT;ai /Tai ËT;ai ÚT]ai yTiaiˆt;ao µt;ao µk,t]a, Wnt&;ao Ht;ao /tao Ët;ao Út]ao ytiaoˆl;/q µl;/q ˆk,l]/q µk,l]/q Wnl&e/q Hl;/q /l/q Ël;/q Úl]/q yli/qˆr;c;B] µr;c;B] ˆk,r“cæB] µk,r“cæB] Wnre&c;B] Hr:c;B] /rc;B] Ërec;B] Úr“c;B] yrIc;B]ˆm;r“Kæ µm;r“Kæ ˆk,m]r“Kæ µk,m]r“Kæ Wnme&r“Kæ Hm;r“Kæ /mr“Kæ Ëmer“Kæ Úm]r“Kæ ymir“Kæˆt;k;r“Bi µt;k;r“Bi ˆk,t]kær“Bi µk,t]kær“Bi Wnte&k;r“Bi Ht;k;r“Bi /tk;r“Bi Ëtek;r“Bi Út]k;r“Bi ytik;r“Bi

2.a. yli/yliae b. HB;c. WNM,&mi d. Ú/m&K;e. µk,M;[i/µk,T]ai f. HM;[i/HT;aig. Ún“yae h. WNd,&/[i. ynIn“hi j. ÚT]ai/ÚM][ik. µd;/[ l. /nyBem. ËMemi n. Ún“yaeo. µN:hi p. hN:he&meq. h;/m&K; r. Wnyle&ae/Wnl;&s. /Tai//M[i t. Wnt;&aou. wyl;ae//l v. ËMemi

3.a. yliamoc] b. /r[}y"c. Ún“/yb]a, d. µT;v]qæe. ˆk,t]ræx] f. Hr;x;/ag. ˆk,n“Bær]q; h. Hm;D;i. ˆt;j]P'v]mi j. Wnt&eaF;jæk. ˆv;D;q]mi l. ytim;k]j;m. ynIyyE n. Ht;d;/b[}o. µr;b;D] p. /t[;b]GI//rr“hæq. µk,r]Ge r. ÚZ“[;/ÚZ“[us. µk,l]hæq] t. yDib][æu. ˆk,n“axo v. Út]/mw. µf;b]vi x. Hs;m;j}y. ˆD;s]jæ z. Wnle&D;g“mi






aa. ytiyBe bb. Úb]h;z“cc. /tm;j} dd. Hl;q;v]miee. Hx;r]aæ ff. ˆk,l]kæyhegg. µd;g“Bi hh. Wnte&r;x;ii. µt;[;Wvy“ jj. ˆk,t]læj}n"kk. Ht;x;[} ll. µk,X]qimm. /Nji

4.a. aWhhæ rp,Se&hæ yreb]DIAta, rmevo aWh yki ynI[;h,w“ µymiT;hæ vyaih;AµDæ tae [v;r;h; Ëpevob. v/dq; rb;D; /B vyE yKi ˆ/yl][,h; ˆ/ra;h;Al[æ /tao µc; ynIa}c. πs,k,&w: bh;z: HB; vyE µyrim]ao µhe yKi Ht;ao rbevo rXæhæd. ymir]Kæ lx,ae& bvey rv,a} µk;j;h, tybel] Ëlæh; yKi /tybeb] WNn&<yae hNEhie. µj,l,& µh,l; ˆyaew“ b[;r: vyE yKi ry[il; µyaiB; µd;/[f. daom] µy[ir: µhe yKi µh,l; /tao j"l&evow“ rp,se&Al[æ aybiN:hæ yreb]DiAlK;Ata, bteko ynIa}g. yli µt;ao T]aæ tn,t,&noh} lk;yheBæ ˆB;r]q;l] rq;b;W ˆaxo ÚM]mi laevo ynIa}h. WnT&er]f;Q]mi /nB;r]q; b/fh} Wnte&L;piT]mi /tL;piT] hb;/fh}i. µv; lkeao rv,a} aWhhæ l/dG:hæ r/BGIhæAta, aWh πderoh} µv; Ún“bi hl,[o hm;l;&j. µK,mi µhe µybi/f yKi µh,l; Ht;ao ˆtenO ynIa}

5.a. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives came with him to the ark.wynb(w): µynIB;wtva: hV;aib. God said, “This is the sign of the covenant which I am giving between me and you

and all living flesh which are with you for all time (literally: for the generations of alltime).”

c. For all the land which you see I will give to you and to your posterity forever.˚[rz(lw): [ræz,&d. God said, “Indeed, Sarah your wife will bear for you a son.”˚tva: hV;aie. God is with you in everything that you do.f. Isaac spoke to Abraham, his father, and he said, “My father!” And he answered

(literally: said), “Here I am, my son.” He said, “Here are the fire and the wood, butwhere is the sheep for the burnt offering?”

wyba: ba;yba: ba;ynb: ˆBe






g. before (literally: to the eyes of) the Hittites, among all who enter the gate of his citywry[: ry[ih. You shall not take a wife for my son from the Canaanite daughters in whose land I

am dwelling.ynb(l): ˆBewxra(b): ≈r,a,&i. Now Jacob went on his way and the messengers of God met him.wkrd(l): Ër,D,&j. Esau said, “I have much; my brother, may you have what is yours!”yja: ja;k. All who went out of the gate of his city listened to Hamor and to his son Shechem.wnb: ˆBewry[: ry[il. There is none intelligent and wise like you!m. Is your father still alive? Do you have a brother?µkyba: ba;n. Who is like you, O LORD, among the gods?o. The LORD your God multiplied you, and indeed you are today as a multitude—like

the stars of the heavens!µkyhla: µyhiløa‘p. I was standing between the LORD and you at that time.q. When the LORD your God will destroy the nations whose land the LORD your God

is giving to you.µkyhla: µyhiløa‘µxra: ≈r,a,&r. And now here we are in your hand: do to us what is good and just in your eyes.˚dy(b): dy:˚yny[(b): µyIn"&y[es. He had no other (literally: he did not have beyond him) son or daughter.t. Who is a god like you, lifting iniquity?






1.3fp 3mp 2fp 2mp 1cp 3fs 3ms 2fs 2ms 1csˆh,yle[} µh,yle[} ˆk,yle[} µk,yle[} Wnyle&[; h;yl&,[; wyl;[; ËyIlæ&[; Úyl,&[; ylæ[;

µk,yde[} h;yd,&[; wyd;[; Úyd,&[; ydæ[;ˆh,ylea} µh,ylea} µk,ylea} Wnyle&ae h;yl&,ae wyl;ae ËyIlæ&ae Úyl,&ae ylæaeˆh,yreyvi µh,yreyvi ˆk,yreyvi µk,yreyvi Wnyre&yvi h;yr&,yvi wyr:yvi ËyIr"&yvi Úyr&,yvi yr"yviˆh,yleD“g“mi µh,yleD“g“mi ˆk,yleD“g“mi µk,yleD“g“mi Wnyle&D;g“mi h;yl&,D;g“mi wyl;D;g“mi ËyIlæ&D;g“mi Úyl,&D;g“mi ylæD;g“miˆh,ymek]jæ µh,ymek]jæ ˆk,ymek]jæ µk,ymek]jæ Wnym&ek;j} h;ym,&k;j} wym;k;j} ËyIm&æk;j} Úym&,k;j} ymæk;j}ˆh,yceb]Ki µh,yceb]Ki ˆk,yceb]Ki µk,yceb]Ki Wnyc&eb;K] h;yc,&b;K] wyc;b;K] ËyIcæ&b;K] Úyc,&b;K] ycæb;K]ˆh,yte/LpiT] µh,yte/LpiT] ˆk,yte/LpiT] µk,yte/LpiT] Wnyt&e/LpiT] h;yt,&/LpiT] wyt;/LpiT] ËyIt&æ/LpiT] Úyt,&/LpiT] ytæ/LpiT]ˆh,yte/kr]Bi µh,yte/kr]Bi ˆk,yte/kr]Bi µk,yte/kr]Bi Wnyt&e/kr]Bi h;yt&,/kr]Bi wyt;/kr]Bi ËyIt&æ/kr]Bi Úyt,&/kr]Bi ytæ/kr]Bi

2.a. µk,ylea}/µk,l; b. ylæ[;c. Úyd,&[; d. wyr;j}aæe. Wnyte&j]Tæ f. ˆh,ylea}/ˆh,l;g. h;yd,&[; h. µh,yle[}

3.a. yli b. ylæ[;c. ÚM]mi d. Úyl,&a;e. Ht;ao f. h;yr,&j}aæg. WnM;&[i/WnT;ai h. WnyTe&j]Tæi. µK,mi j. µk,yrej}aæk. hN:he&K; l. ˆh,ylea}

4.a. ykæl;m] b. wyn:P;c. Úyn,&/yb]a, d. µh,yt/Tv]qæe. ˆk,yneh}Ko f. h;yt,&/rx]/a






g. ˆk,yte/jn“mi h. h;yT,&B;i. ˆh,yte/jP]v]mi j. Wnyte&/aF;jæk. ˆh,yneK]v]mi l. ytæ/jB]z“mim. yræ[}væ n. h;yc,&[}mæo. µh,yreb]Di p. wyl;yaeq. µk,yreGE r. Úyt,&/tB]væs. µk,yte/b[}/T t. ydæb;[}u. Úyt,&/x]mi v. µh,yfeb]viw. h;yt,&/mh}B] x. ˆh,yjet]Piy. Wnyle&D;g“mi z. yQæjuaa. Úyt,&/jp]vi bb. wyr;/mj}cc. h;yr,&yqi dd. h;yt,&/m/lj}ee. ˆk,ylek]yhe ff. µh,ydeg“Bigg. Wnyte&/rx; hh. µh,yreyviii. ËyItæ&/mB; jj. wyn:n:[}kk. µk,yte/kr]Bi ll. wyt;/v]qæ

5.a. yviD:q]mi b. yvæD:q]mic. Úm]r]Kæ d. µk,ymer“Kæe. Út]m;B; f. µk,yte/mB;g. /tj;p]vi h. wyt;j;p]vii. Hr;/B j. h;yt,&/r/Bk. Wnre&/mj} l. Wnyre&/mj}m. µk,t]mæa} n. µk,ytehomaæo. Ëtem;/j p. ËyIt&æ/m/jq. µr;/D r. µh,yte/r/Ds. ˆT;j]Pæv]mi t. ˆh,yte/jP]v]mi

6.a. ytiyBe lWm rv,a} l/dG:hæ rh;N:hæAymeAta, µytivo taoZhæ hV;aih;w“ aWhhæ vyaih;b. µh,yte/dc]Bi/µh,ydec]Bi µb;h;z“ tae µyaix]mo µn:yae yKi hk,Bo µ[;h;c. wyr;j}aæ td,m,&[ow“ ˆymiy:l] hn:poW hm;q; hq;yDiXæhæd. ytæ/r/Tmi µyrIs; Úk]/tB] µyrIG: rv,a} Úyr,&GEe. µj,l,&l] /tao µylia}vow“ yDib][æ taræq]li hd,C;læ µyxir: ˆ/yb]a,h; yneB]f. vaeB; µk,yTeB;Ata, µypir]c yKi µt;ao fpevo fpeVohæg. hm;j;l]MiBæ hl;/dg“ h[;Wvy“ /l ˆtenO hw:hy“ yKi µr; yKil]mæAble






7.a. But dust you shall eat all the days of your life.˚yyj: µyyIjæb. These are the sons of Ham, according to their clans and to their languages, by their lands

and by their nations.µtjpvm: t/jP;v]miµtnvl: t/n/vl]µtxra: t/xr:a}µhywg: µyI/Gc. He said to him, “I am the LORD who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldees to give to

you this land to inherit.”d. I will fulfill my covenant between me and you and your descendents after you forever as

an everlasting covenant, to be your God and for your descendents after you.ytyrb: tyrIB]˚[rz: [ræz&,µtrd: t/r/De. And he was waiting (literally: standing) upon them beneath the tree.f. Our father is old and there is no man in the land to enter upon us (idiomatic for sexual

intercourse) according to the way of all the earth.wnyba: ba;g. The angel of the LORD called to him from the heavens and said, “Abraham, Abraham!”

And he replied, “Here I am.”h. Now the LORD was standing beside him, and he said, “I am the LORD, the God of

Abraham, your father, and the God of Isaac. The land upon which you are lying I willgive to you and to your offspring.”

˚yba: ba;˚[rz: [ræz,&i. Esau took his wives and his sons and his daughters and all those living in his house and

his property and all his animals.wyvn: µyvin:wynb: µynIB;wytnb: µyTiB;wtyb: tyIBæ&whnqm: hn,q]miwtmhb: hm;heB]j. Now the hands of Moses became heavy, so they took a stone and placed (it) beneath him,

and he sat down upon it.






k. He sanctified Aaron and his garments and his sons and their garments with him.wydgb: µydig:B]wynb: µynIB;l. And over the land he showed you his great fire, and his words you heard from the midst of

the fire.wva: vaewyrbd: µyrib;D“Ëwt: Ëw<T&;m. You should love the LORD your God and you should observe his injunctions and statutes

and judgments and commandments all the days.wtrmçm: tr,m&,v]miwytqj: t/Qjuwyfpçm: µyfiP;v]miwytwxm: twOx]min. The place that the LORD your God will choose from all your tribes to place his name.µkyhla: µyhiløa‘µkyfbv: µyfib;v]wmv: µveo. He will take your male and female servants and your good young men and your asses.µkydb[: µydib;[}µkytwjpç: t/jp;v]µkyrwjb: µyrIWjBæµkyrwmj: µyrI/mj}p. Solomon lay with his fathers and he was buried in the city of David, his father, and

Rehoboam, his son, reigned after him.wytba: t/ba;wyba: ba;wnb: ˆBeq. The word of the LORD came to me, sayingr. We and our fathers, our kings and our officials, in the cities of Judah and in the streets of

Jerusalemwnytba: t/ba;wnyklm: µykil;m]wnyrç: µyrIc;s. But you did not return to me, saying of the LORD.t. The one who hears (or: the hearer of) prayer—to you all flesh will come!






1.a. tjæaæ t[e/µ[æPæ&b. dj;a, rb;D;c. µyviD;q]mi µyIn"&v] µyIn"&v] µyviD;q]mi µyviD;q]mi ynev]d. t/[b;G“ µyTæ&v] µyTæ&v] t/[b;G“ t/[b;G“ yTev]e. t/rx;/a hv;løv] hv;løv] t/rx;/a t/rx;/a tv,l&ov]f. t/x[e vlv; vlv; t/x[e t/x[e vlv]g. t/rx; [Bær]aæ [Bær]aæ t/rx;h. µyviD;q]mi h[;B;r]aæ h[;B;r]aæ µyviD;q]mi µyviD;q]mi t[æB&ær]aæi. t/tv;q] vmej; vmej; t/tv;q] t/tv;q] vmej}j. t/ba; hV;mij} hV;mij} t/ba; t/ba; tv,me&j}k. vve t/kr:B] t/kr:B] vvel. t/r/B hV;vi hV;vi t/r/B t/r/B tv,ve&m. t/tl;D] [bæv,& [bæv,& t/tl;D]n. µyriz: h[;b]vi h[;b]vi µyriz: µyriz: t[æb]vio. µymir:K] hn:mov] hn:mov] µymir:K] µymir:K] tn"mov]p. t/LpiT] hn,mov] hn,mov] t/LpiT]q. µyrIyvi h[;v]Ti h[;v]Ti µyrIyvi µyrIyvi t[æv]Tir. µyrI[; [væTe& [væTe& µyrI[; µyrI[; [væT]s. t/mB; rc,[, rc,[, t/mB;t. µyrI/mz“mi hr;c;[} hr;c;[} µyri/mz“mi µyrI/mz“mi tr,c,&[}u. t/nm;l]aæ hrec][, yTev][æ t/nm;l]aæ hrec][, tjæaæv. µydil;y“ rc;[; yTev][æ µydil;y“ rc;[; djæaæw. µyliq;v] rc;[; µynev]x. t/ma; hrec][, µyTev]y. t/mx;[} hrec][, vlv]z. µyliysiK] rc;[; hv;lv]aa. µyXiji rc;[; h[;B;r]aæbb. µykir;D“ hrec][, [Bær]aæcc. t/nB; hrec][, vmej}dd. µynIB; rc;[; hV;mij}ee. t/t/a hrec][, vveff. t/nB;r“q; rc;[; hV;vigg. t/m/j hrec][, [bæv]






hh. µyrixej} rc;[; h[;b]viii. µyrip;s] rc;[; hn:mov]jj. t/b[e/T hrec][, hn,mov]kk. t/rh;n“ rc;[; h[;v]Till. µymi[;P]/µyTi[i hrec][, [væT]mm. µycib;K] µyric][,nn. t/tB;væ µyric][,oo. t/Maæ µyvilv]pp. [ræz,& µy[iB;r]aæqq. µydig:B] µyVimij}rr. µyliyae µyViviss. t/br:j} µy[ib]vitt. t/jn:m] µynImov]uu. t/r[;n“ µy[iv]Tivv. µy[iv;r“ ha;meww. t/[v;r“h; taæm]ww. µyTiB; h[;B;r“aæw“ µyVimij} *xx. µynIh}Ko µyIn"&v]W µynImov] *yy. µ/y/µymiy: hV;mij}w" µy[iv]Ti*zz. t/lyle yxije&w: hn,mov]W µyVivi*aaa. µykia;l]mæ h[;v]tiw“ µyvilv] *bbb. µyliysiK] /BrI*ccc. ˆaxo dj;a,w“ µyvilv] t/ame tmej} µyItæ&am; *ddd. µyvin:a} rc;[; hV;viw“ µyItæ&am;W πl,a,& *

*There is substantial variation in the forms of large numbers

2.a. ˆ/varih; µ/qM;hæ b. tynIVehæ hV;aih;c. yviliV]hæ vyaih; d. y[ibir“h; µ[;h;e. yviymij}hæ db,[&,h; f. yViVihæ vdoQ;hæ vyaih;g. y[iybiV]hæ hw:hy“Aaybin“ h. ynIymiV]hæ vd,jo&hæi. ty[iviT]hæ hl;/[h; j. yriyci[}h; gj;h,k. rc;[; h[;B;r]aæh; fb,Ve&hæ l. hv;lv]W µyVimij}hæ sWShæ






3.a. All the days which Adam lived were 930 years, and he died.b. All the days of Enoch were 365 years.c. From the age of (literally: son of) twenty years and above, for 603,550d. The 1,775e. He had 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horsemen.f. In the twenty-third year of Nebuchadrezzar, Nebuzaradan, the chief of the guards,

exiled the Judeans—745 persons. All the persons (equaled) 4,600.g. The sons of Parosh were 2,172. The sons of Shephatiah were 372.h. The entire assembly as one (equaled) 42,360, aside from their male and female

servants: these numbered 7,337. They also had 200 male and female singers. Theirhorses numbered 736. Their mules numbered 245. Their camels numbered 435.Their asses numbered 6,720.






1.a. bn"G:: lqæ 3ms perfect, root: bng, “he stole”; µT,b]n"G“:lqæ 2mp perfect, root: bng, “you (mp)

stole”; in the second form, the heavy suffix µT,- receives the stress, and thus the initial≈meq; vowel reduces to a [n: aw:v] due to ppr.

b. dbeK;: lqæ 3ms perfect, root: dbk, “he was heavy”; T]d]bæK;: lqæ 2fs perfect, root: dbk, “you(fs) were heavy”; dbk is a stative verb, and thus its theme vowel is an “i” class vowel;in the 2fs form (like most forms), however, Philippi’s rule is applied, and thus a short“a” vowel replaces the long “i” vowel.

c. btoK]: lqæ ms imperative, root: btk, “Write!”; ybit]Ki: lqæ fs imperative, root: btk,“Write!”; the imperative is identical to the imperfect without its prefix; in the case ofybit]Ki, the rule of aw:v] applies, and thus the initial vocal aw:v] changes to a qr,yji.

d. bWtK;: lqæ ms passive participle, root: btk, “it is written”; t/bWtK]: lqæ fp passiveparticiple, root: btk, “they (f) are written”; because the final syllable receives thestress in the plural form, the initial ≈meq; vowel reduces to a [n: aw;v] due to ppr.

e. bTok]yI: lqæ 3ms imperfect, root: btk, “He will write”; WbT]k]yI: lqæ 3mp imperfect, root: btk,“They (m) will write”; because the plural form has ultimate stress, which opens thepenultimate syllable, through pretonic reduction the pretonic “u” class vowel (theµl,/j) reduces to a [n: aw:v].

f. bteKo: lqæ ms active participle, root: btk, “he is writing”; t/bt]Ko: lqæ fp active participle,root: btk, “They (f) are writing”; because the plural form has ultimate stress, whichopens the penultimate syllable, the pretonic “i” class vowel (the µl,/j) reduces to a [n:aw:v] (pretonic reduction).

2.Perfect3ms rpæs; dbeK; ˆfoq;3fs hr;p]s; hd;b]K; hn:f]q;2ms T;r“pæ&s; T;d]b&æK; T;n“fo&q;2fs T]r“pæs; T]d]bæK; T]n“fo&q;1cs yTir“pæ&s; yTid]bæ&K; yTin“fo&q;3cp Wrp]s; Wdb]K; Wnf]q;2mp µT,r“pæs] µT,d]bæK] µT,n“f;q]2fp ˆT,r“pæs] ˆT,d]bæK] ˆT,n“f;q]1cp Wnr“pæ&s; Wnd]bæ&K; WNfo&q;






Imperfect3ms ˆKov]yI dmæl]yI3fs ˆKov]Ti dmæl]Ti2ms ˆKov]Ti dmæl]Ti2fs ynIK]v]Ti ydIm]l]Ti1cs ˆKov]a, dmæl]a,3mp WnK]v]yI Wdm]l]yI3fp hN:Ko&v]Ti hn:d]mæ&l]Ti2mp WnK]v]Ti Wdm]l]Ti2fp hN:Ko&v]Ti hn:d]mæ&l]Ti1cp ˆKov]nI dmæl]nI

Imperativems ˆkov] dmæl]fs ynIk]vi ydim]limp Wnk]vi Wdm]lifp hN:ko&v] hn:d]mæ&l]

Infinitiveconstruct: rkoz“absolute: r/kz:1cs yrIk]z:2ms Úr“k]z:2fs Ërek]z:3ms /rk]z:3fs Hr;k]z:1cp Wnr&ek]z:2mp µk,r“k]z:2fp ˆk,r“k]z:3mp µr;k]z:3fp ˆr;k]z:

Participleactive passivems rbeqo rWbq;fs hr;b]qo/tr,b,&qo hr:Wbq]mp µyrIb]qo µyrIWbq]fp t/rb]qo t/rWbq]






3. Note: Almost all third person imperfect forms are also theoretically jussive.Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationfqv perf 2 f s you were quietrvq impv (2) m s tie!

inf const to tie/tyingbng conv impf 1 c s I stolenqz impf 3 m s he will be/grow oldcrp inf const +1cs suf my spreadingkpv impv (2) f s spill out!rkm inf abs certainly sellrgs pass part closedvrg cohort (1) c s may I chase outnmf act part f s is hidingmjr pass part f p are pitiedlvm conv perf 3 m s he will rulerxq impf 2, 3 f p you/they will cut, reapvpt perf 2 f p you caughtbkr impf m s ride!

inf const to ridedkl impv (2) m p capture!trk inf const +3fs suf their cuttingrbq inf abs certainly burytbv conv impf 3 m s he ceasedqbd conv perf 3 f s she will clingbkr cohort (1) c p may we/let’s ridermv impf 3 m p pausal they will guardqbd perf 2 m p you clungdgb act part m p are acting treacherouslynkv inf con +3fs suf her dwelling

4.a. ˆqæz“a,w: yTin““qæz:b. yvir“d“Tiw" T]v]ræD;c. fqov]d. qDæx]Tiw" T;q]dæ&x;e. hd;g“b;W dGOb]Tif. trok]Tiw" T;ræ&K;g. hn:p]Do&r“Tiw" Wpd]r:






h. ˆWmf;i. hr:K]m]nIj. Wcr“Pik. bræq]Tiw" hb;r“q;l. hn:r“xo&q]Tiw" ˆT,r“xæq]m. dKol]yI dkol;n. hr:B]v]nIo. ytib]v;p. WbK]r“Tiw" µT,b]kær“q. t/rWgs]r. µyliv]ms. lDæg“YIw" ldæG:t. Wnd]mæl;w“ dmæl]nIu. hn:d]ko&l]v. qBæd]yI

5.a. Reuben went and lay with Bilhah, the concubine of his father, and Israel heard.˚lyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root - klhbkvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root - bkv[mvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root – [mvb. If a man steals a bull or a sheep…he must pay five (head of) cattle in the place of the

bull and four (head of) sheep in the place of the sheep.bngy: lqæ 3ms imperfect; root - bngµlvy: l[ePi 3ms imperfect; root - µlvc. Remember what the LORD your God did to Miriam, on the way as you left Egypt.rwkz: lqæ infinitive absolute; root - rkzhc[: lqæ 3ms perfect; root - h/yc[µktaxb: lqæ infinitive construct + 2mp suffix + -B] preposition; root - axyd. Only be very careful to do the commandment and the law which Moses, the servant

of the LORD, commanded you, to love the LORD your God and to walk in all hisways and to keep his commandments and to cling to him and to serve him with allyour heart and with all your soul.

wrmv: lqæ mp imperative; root – rmvtwc[l: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – h/yc[hwx: l[ePi 3ms perfect; root – h/ywxhbhal: lqæ feminine infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – bhatkll: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – klh






rmvl: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition; root – rmvhqbdlw: lqæ feminine infinitive construct + -l] preposition and conjunctive -w; root – qbdwdb[lw: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition, conjunctive –w, and 3ms object suffix; root

- db[e. They said to him, “Look, you have become old, and your sons have not walked in

your ways. Now, place a king over us to lead us like all the nations!”tnqz: lqæ 2ms perfect; root - nqzwklh: lqæ 3mp perfect; root – klhhmyc: lqæ ms elongated imperative; root – mycwnfpvl: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition + 1cp object suffix; root - fpvf. “And you will rule over Israel…and indeed, Saul my father knows as much.” The

two of them made a covenant before the LORD, and David stayed in Horshah, whileJonathan went to his house.

˚lmt: lqæ 3ms imperfect; root – klm[dy: lqæ ms active participle; root - [dywtrkyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect; root – trkbvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root – bvy˚lh: lqæ 3ms perfect; root - klhg. Now the rest of the deeds of Omri which he did and his might that he exhibited—are

they not written in the book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel? Omri laid downwith his fathers, and he was buried in Samaria, and Ahab his son ruled in his place.Now Ahab, the son of Omri, became king over Israel in the thirty-eighth year ofAsah, the king of Judah, and Ahab, the son of Omri, ruled over Israel in Samaria fortwenty-two years. Ahab, the son of Omri, did more evil in the eyes of the LORD,more than all who reigned before him.

hc[: lqæ 3ms perfect; root - h/yc[µybwtk: lqæ mp passive participle; root – btkbkvyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root - bkvrbqyw: l[æp]nI 3ms converted imperfect; root – rbq˚lm: lqæ 3ms perfect; root – klm˚lmyw: 3ms imperfect; root – klmc[yw: lqæ 3ms imperfect; root - h/yc[h. Jehoshaphat said, “Is there no longer a prophet of the LORD here that we may inquire

of him?”rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect; root – rmahvrdnw: lqæ 1cp cohortative (+ -w); root - vrd

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1.a. hq;[}xæ (“she cried out”) - h[;m]v; (“she heard”)Each form is a lqæ 3fs perfect, roots – q[x and [mv; due to the second guttural in q[x, the[n: aw:v] becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.b. rzo[}y" (“he will help”) - rGOs]yI (“he will close”)Each form is a lqæ 3ms imperfect, roots – rz[ and rgs; the first guttural in the root rz[prefers a jTæP&æ vowel (partial assimilation), and the guttural prefers not to have a jn: aw:v], soit becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.c. jmæc]Ti (“you will rejoice”) - Ëløm]Ti (“you will rule”)Each form is a lqæ 2ms/3fs imperfect, roots – jmc and klm; the third guttural in the rootjmc prefers an “a” class theme vowel (partial assimilation), and thus the “u” class themevowel of the strong verb changes to a jTæP&æ.d. µT,r]mæa} (“you [mp] said”) - µT,b]kær] (“you [mp] rode”)Each form is a lqæ 2mp perfect, roots – rma and bkr; the first guttural in rma will nottolerate a vocal aw:v] and thus the [n: aw:v] becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.e. r[æb]yI (“he will burn”) - trok]yI (“he will cut”)Each form is a lqæ 3ms imperfect, roots – r[b and trk; the second guttural in the root r[bprefers an “a” class theme vowel (partial assimilation), and thus the “u” class themevowel of the strong verb changes to a jTæP&æ.f. hn:l]aæ&G“ (“Redeem!”) - hn:d]qo&P] (“Visit/remember!”)Each form is a lqæ fp imperative, roots – lag and dqp; the second guttural in the root lagprefers an “a” class theme vowel (partial assimilation), and thus the “u” class themevowel of the strong verb changes to a jTæP&æ.g. hv;Wbj} (“bound”) - hr;Wkz] (“remembered”)Each form is a lqæ fs passive participle, roots – vbj and rkz; the first guttural in vbj willnot tolerate a vocal aw:v] and thus the [n: aw:v] becomes a jTæP&æ πfæj}.h. ["Go&p]li (“to meet”) - laov]li (“to meet”)Each form is a lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition, roots – [gp and lav; the final ˆyI[&ætakes a furtive jTæP&æ because it follows a “u” or “i” class vowel.i. µq;[}z" (“their crying out”) - µn:m]f; (“their hiding”)Each form is a lqæ infinitive construct + 3mp suffix, roots – q[z and nmf; second gutturalinfinitive constructs with suffix are vocalized with a jTæP&æ followed by a jTæP&æ πfæj} under theinfluence of the guttural (partial assimilation).

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2.Perfect3ms dbæ[; djæP; [ræK;3fs hd;b][; hd;j}P; h[;r“K;2ms T;d]bæ&[; T;d]jæ&P; T;[]ræ&K;2fs T]d]bæ[; T]d]jæP; T][]ræK;1cs yTid]bæ&[; yTid]jæ&P; yTi[]ræ&K;;3cp Wdb][; Wdj}P; W[r“K;2mp µT,d]bæ[} µT,d]jæP] µT,[]ræK]2fp ˆT,d]bæ[} ˆT,d]jæP] ˆT,[]ræK]]1cp Wnd]bæ&[; Wnd]jæ&P; Wn[]ræ&K;;

Imperfect3ms rbo[}y" qz"j‘y< πaæn“yI3fs rbo[}Tæ qz"j‘T, πaæn“Ti2ms rbo[}Tæ qz"j‘T, πaæn“Ti2fs yrib][æTæ yqiz“j,T, ypia}n“Ti1cs rbo[‘a, qz"j‘a, πaæn“a,3mp Wrb][æy" Wqz“j,y< Wpa}n“yI3fp hn:r]bo&[}Tæ hn:q]zæ&j‘T, hn:p]aæ&n“Ti2mp Wrb][æTæ Wqz“j,T, Wpa}n“Ti2fp hn:r]bo&[}Tæ hn:q]zæ&j‘T, hn:p]aæ&n“Ti1cp rbo[}n" qz"j‘n< πaæn“nI

Imperativems qzæj} Ëro[} saæm] jræB]fs yqiz“ji ykir“[i ysia}mæ yjir“Bimp Wqz“ji Wkr“[i Wsa}mæ Wjr“Bifp hn:q]zæ&j} hn:k]ro&[} hn:s]aæ&m] hn:j]ræ&B]

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Infinitiveconstruct: q[ox]absolute: q/[x;1cs yqi[}xæ2ms Úq][æxæ2fs Ëqe[}xæ3ms /q[}xæ3fs Hq;[}xæ1cp Wnqe&[}xæ2mp µk,q][æxæ2fp ˆk,q][æxæ3mp µq;[}xæ3fp ˆq;[}xæ

Participleactive passivems laev o ["d&eyO lWav; ["Wd&y:fs hl;a}vo/tl,a&,vo h[;d]yO/t[ædæ&yO hl;Wav] h[;Wdy“mp µylia}vo µy[id]yO µyliWav] µy[iWdy“fp t/la}vo t/[d]yO t/lWav] t/[Wdy“

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3.Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationjkv act part m s he forgets[bc perf 2 f p you were satedxjr inf const +3fs suff her washingmkj conv impf 3 m s he was wisepan impf 3 f s she will commit adultery

impf 2 m s you will commit adulteryl[p conv perf 1 c s we will do/makeqjr conv impf 3 m s he was distantlba conv perf 3 c p they will mournjxr inf const +1cs suff my murderingbz[ impv f s leave!s[k impf 3 m p they will be angryqjc conv impf 1 c s I laughedjls impv m s forgive!Hbg perf 1 c s I was highvrj conv impf 1 c p we plowedkph inf const turning, to turn

impv m s turn![qb act part m s he splits, is splittingjvm act part f s she is anointingljn conv perf 3 c p they will inheritsam perf 3 c p they despisedjbz inf const to sacrifice, sacrificingbvj impv f p think!pan perf 3 c p they were adulterous[rq inf abs will certainly tearnjb cohort (1) (c) p let us examine

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4.a. qOlj}Y"w" qlæj;b. hD;b][,a,c. j"fe&Bo (hT;aæ)d. Wfj}v]YIw" Wfj}væe. tjæmæ&xof. µyliv]Kg. t/jq]løh. [væp]Ti laæi. t/q[}xoj. WxP]j]Tæw" µT,x]pæj}k. ldæj}l. ["le&Bom. y[im]v]Tiw" T][æmæ&v;n. rjoB]o. Hr:j}Bæp. hq;[}z“nI

5.a. They said to him, “Where is Sarah, your wife?” And he said, “Here in the tent.” And

he said, “I will surely return to you next year, and your wife Sarah will have a son.”Now Sarah was listening at the opening of the tent, which (literally: and it) wasbehind him. Now Abraham and Sarah were old, advanced in days.

wrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rmarmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmat[mç: lqæ fs active participle – root [mvbwça bwç: lqæ inf abs + 1cs imperfect – root bwvµyab: lqæ mp active participle – root awb˚tça: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs. form hV;aib. They said, “The man indeed asked of us and of our family, saying, ‘Is your father still

alive? Do you have a brother?’”wrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rmalaç lwaç: lqæ inf abs + 3ms perfect – root lavrmal: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root rmawntdlwmlw: fs noun + 1cp suffix + conjunctive -W + -l] preposition; abs. form td,l,&/mµkyba: ms noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form ba;

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c. He will surely cry out to me, and I will surely hear his cry, and I will become angryand will slay you will the sword, and your wives will be widows, and your childrenwill be orphans.

q[xy q[x: lqæ inf abs + 3ms imperfect – root q[x[mça [mç: lqæ inf abs + 1cs imperfect – root [mçhrjw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root h/yrjytgrhw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root grhwyhw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root h/yyhwtq[x: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form hq;[;x]µkyçn: fp noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form µyvin:µkynbw: mp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -W; abs. form µynIB;d. You should rejoice before the LORD our God—you and your sons and your

daughters and your male and female servants and the Levite who is in your gates, forhe has no tribal allotment with you.

µtjmçw: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root jmcµkyhla: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form µyhiløa‘µkynbw: mp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -W; abs. form µynIB;µkytnbw: fp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -W; abs. form t/nB;µkydb[w: mp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -w“; abs. form µydib;[}µkythmaw: fp noun + 2mp suffix + conjunctive -w“; abs. form t/ma;µkyr[çb: mp noun + 2mp suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form µyri[;v]e. All the elders of Israel came to Hebron to the king, and King David made a treaty

with them at Hebron before the LORD, and they anointed David as king over Israel.David was 30 years old when he became king, and he reigned for 40 years. He ruledover Judah in Hebron for seven years and six months, and he ruled over all of Israeland Judah in Jerusalem for 33 years.

wabyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root awbtrkyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root trkwjçmyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jvmwklmb: lqæ inf const + 3ms suff + -B] prep – root klm˚lm: lqæ 3ms perfect – root klmf. He said to Jeroboam, “Take for yourself ten torn pieces, for thus said the LORD, the

God of Israel, ‘Look, I am tearing the kingdom from the hand of Solomon, and I amgiving to you ten of the tribes, but the one tribe will be his, for the sake of my servantDavid, and for the sake of Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen from all the tribesof Israel.’”

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma

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jq: lqæ ms impv – root jqlrma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rma[rq: lqæ ms act participle – root [rqyttnw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root ntnhyhy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yyhytrjb: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rjbydb[: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form db,[,&g. “Why do I need (literally: why to me) an abundance of your sacrifices?” says the

LORD. “I am sated with burnt offerings of rams and fat of fatlings; I take no delightin the blood of bulls, lambs, and he goats.”

rmay: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root rmayt[bç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root [bcytxpj: lqæ 1cs perfect – root xpjµkyjbz: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs. form µyjib;z“h. “Also, in those days,” saying of the LORD, “I will not make an annihilation of you.

When they say, ‘On what account has the LORD our God done all of these (things) tous?’ you shall say to them, ‘Just as you have abandoned me and have served foreigngods in your land, you will serve foreigners in a land that is not yours.’”

hç[a: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yc[hyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root h/yyhwrmat: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root rmahç[: lqæ 3ms perfect – root h/yc[trmaw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root rmaµtbz[: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root bz[wdb[tw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect – root db[wnyhla: mp noun + 1cp suffix; abs. form µyhiløa‘µkxrab: fs noun + 2mp suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form ≈r,a,&i. “I will break your (literally: break for you) staff of bread, and I will let loose upon

you a famine and evil wild beasts and they will make you childless, and pestilenceand blood will pass through you, and I will bring a sword upon you—I the LORDhave spoken.”

ytrbçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root rbvytjlçw: l[ePi 1cs converted perfect – root jlv˚lkçw: l[ePi 3cp converted perfect + 2ms suffix (pausal) – root lkvrb[y: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root rb[ayba: ly[ip]hi 1cs imperfect – root awbytrbd: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root rbd

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j. My life is constantly in my hand—your Torah I do not forget.ytjkç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root jkvyçpn: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form vp,n,&ypkb: ms noun + 1cs suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form πKæ˚trwtw: fs noun + 2ms suffix + conjunctive -w“; abs. form hr;/TAlternate translation with ÚP]Kæb]: My life is always in your hand, and your Torah I do notforget






1.a. qVæyI (“he will kiss”) - dBæk]yI (“he is heavy”)Both forms are lqæ 3ms imperfects – roots qvn and dbk; the first ˆWn in the former (a first ˆWnverb) assimilates, thus qvæn“yI* > qVæyI.b. ynIT]Ti (“you will give”) - ydiq]p]Ti (“you will visit/remember”)Both forms are lqæ 2fs imperfects – roots ntn and dqp; the first ˆWn in the former (a first ˆWnverb) assimilates, thus ynIT]n“Ti* > ynIT]Ti.c. jQ'Ti (“you/she will take”) - [mæv]Ti (“you/she will hear”)Both forms are lqæ 2ms/3fs imperfects – roots jql and [mv; because of its semanticrelation to *ˆtn, the root jql acts like a first ˆWn verb in the imperfect, and thus the initial lassimilates.d. rXoa, (“I will guard”) – πDor“a, (“I will chase”)Both forms are lqæ 1cs imperfects – roots rxn and pdr; the first ˆWn in the former (a first ˆWnverb) assimilates, thus rxon“a,* > rXoa,.e. ytir“Ki (“Cut!) - yviG“ (“Approach!”)Both forms are lqæ fs imperatives – roots trk and vgn; in first ˆWn verbs, the initial ˆWn is lostin the imperative.f. Wrb]qi (“Bury!”) – Wvr“ (“Inherit!”)Both forms are lqæ mp imperatives – roots rbq and vry; the initial d/y in first d/y verbsdisappears in the imperative.

2. Note: forms that do not appear below are not attested in BHPerfect3ms zjæa; rxæy:3fs hz;j}a; hr;x]y:2ms T;z“jæ&a; T;r“xæ&y:2fs T]z“jæa; T]r“xæy:1cs yTiz“jæ&a; yTir“xæ&y:3cp Wzj}a; Wrx]y:2mp µT,z“jæa} µT,r“xæy“2fp ˆT,z“jæa} ˆT,r“xæy“1cp Wnz“jæ&a; Wnr“xæ&y:






Imperfect3ms vbæyyI dreyE πGOyI rDoyI dbæayo rsoa‘y<3fs vbæyTi dreTe πGOTi rDoTi dbæaTo rsoa‘T,2ms vbæyTi dreTe πGOTi rDoTi dbæaTo rsoa‘T,2fs yvib]yTi yDir“Te ypiG“Ti yrID]Ti yDib]aTo yris]a,T,1cs vbæyai dreae πGOa, rDoa, dbæao rsoa‘a,3mp Wvb]yyI Wdr“yE WpG“yI WrD]yI Wdb]ayo Wrs]a,y<3fp hn:d]ræ&Te hn:p]Go&Ti hn:r“Do&Ti hn:d]bæ&aTo hn:r“so&a‘T,2mp Wvb]yTi Wdr“Te WpG“Ti WrD“Ti Wdb]aTo Wrs]a,T,2fp hn:r“so&a‘T,1cp vbæynI drenE πGOnI rDonI dbæano rsoa‘n<

Imperativems vBæ dre πgon“ rdon“ dboa‘ rsoa‘fs yviB] ydir“ ypig“nI yrid“nI ydib]ai yris]aimp WvB] Wdr“ Wpg“nI Wrd“nI Wdb]ai Wrs]aifp hn:d]ræ& hn:p]go&n“ hn:r“do&n“ hn:r“so&a‘

Infinitiveconstruct: tv,G<& tb,v,& πsoa‘absolute: v/gn: b/vy: π/sa;1cs yTiv]GI yTib]vi yPis]a;2ms ÚT]v]GI ÚT]b]vi ÚP]s]a;2fs ËTev]GI ËTeb]vi ËPes]a;3ms /Tv]GI /Tb]vi /Ps]a;3fs HT;v]GI HT;b]vi HP;s]a;1cp WnT&ev]GI WnTe&b]vi WnPe&s]a;2mp µk,T]v]GI µk,T]b]vi µk,P]s]a;2fp ˆk,T]v]GI ˆk,T]b]vi ˆk,P]s]a;3mp µT;v]GI µT;b]vi µP;s]a;3fp ˆT;v]GI ˆT;b]vi ˆP;s]a;






Participleactivems rmeao o rxeyO πgenOfs hr:m]ao/tr,m,&ao hr:x]yO/tr,x,&yO hp;g“nO/tp,n<&nOmp µyrim]ao µyrix]yO µypig“nOfp t/rm]ao t/rx]yO t/pg“nOpassivems rWma; rWxy: πWgn:fs hr:Wma} hr:Wxy“ hp;Wgn“mp µyriWma} µyriWxy“ µypiWgn“fp t/rWma} t/rWxy“ t/pWgn“

3.Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationlpn conv impf 3 f s she fell

2 m s you felldry impv m p go down!bfy conv impf 3 m s he/it was goodklh impf 1 c p we will walkpan inf abs certainly commit adulteryljn perf 3 c p they possessedpsy perf 3 m s he did again/he addedvry inf const +3fs suffix to inherit it (f)/her inheritingbvy inf const +3mp suffix their residinglky impf 1 c p we will be ablevfn conv impf 3 m s he abandonedrdn act part f s she is vowingdsy act part f p they are establishingmva impf 3 f s she will be guilty

2 m s you will be guiltybvy impv f p sit!/reside!klh impv m s elongated go!jql impv m s take!lpn cohort (1) (c) p let us fallqny act part m p construct those who nurse ofvby conv perf 3 c p they will wither






vgn impv m p approach!pgn inf const +3ms suffix his smitinglky perf 3 c p pausal they were ablerma conv impf 3 m s he saidvry inf const to inherit

4.a. bræq]Tiw" hb;r]q;b. tv,r,&yOc. yrid]nId. T;p]sæa;w“ πsoa‘T,e. /Tv]GIf. Wlp]n:w“ hn:l]Po&Tig. Wnb]v&æy:w“ bvenEh. vræyaiw: yTiv]ræ&y:i. Wbv]j. ylik]aTow" T]l]kæa;k. hq;x]y:w“ qXoTil. qvæn:w“ qvæyyIm. µT,l]pæn“W WlP]Tin. dreo. hz;j}a;w“ zjeaTop. yTid]bæa;w“ dbeaoq. hb;r“q]nI/hv;G“nIr. lkæayos. µyriWsa}t. Hl;k]a;u. ˆT,j]qæl]W hn:j]Qæ&Tiv. Wkl]Yew" Wkl]h;






5.a. The woman said to the serpent, “From the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat,

but from the fruit of the tree which is in the center of the garden, God said, ‘You maynot eat, nor may you touch it, lest you die.’”

rmatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rmalkan: lqæ 1cp imperfect – root rmarma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rmawlkat: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root rmaw[gt: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root [gnˆwtmt: lqæ 2mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root twmb. Abraham fell upon his face and laughed and said to himself, “Can one be born to a

man of 100 years? And Sarah—can a 90 year old woman give birth?” And Abrahamsaid to God, “If only Ishmael could live before you!” God said, “Indeed, your wifeSarah will bear to you a son and you shall call his name Isaac, and I will establish mycovenant with him as an eternal covenant for his descendents after him.”

lpyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lpnqjxyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root qjxrmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmadlwy: l[æp]nI 3ms imperfect – root dlydlt: lqæ 3fs imperfect – root dlyhyjy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yyjrmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmatdly: lqæ fs active participle – root dlytarqw: lqæ 2ms converted imperfect – root arqytmqhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted imperfect – root mwqwynp: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µynIP;wblb: ms noun + 3ms suffix + -B] preposition; abs. form ble˚ynpl: mp noun + 2ms suffix + -l] preposition; abs. form µynIP;˚tça: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs. form hV;aiwmç: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µveytyrb: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form tyriB]w[rzl: ms noun + 3ms suffix + -l] preposition; abs. form [ræz,&






c. Jacob made a vow, saying, “If God remains with me and protects me on this way thatI am traveling and provides me with food to eat and a garment to wear, and should Ireturn safely to the house of my father, then the LORD shall be my God.

rdyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rdnrmal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root rmahyhy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root h/yyhynrmçw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect + 1cs suffix – root rmv˚lwh: lqæ ms active participle; root - klhˆtnw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root ntnlkal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root lkaçbll: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root vblytbçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root bwvhyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root h/yyhyba: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form ba;d. The idea was good in the eyes of Pharaoh and all his servants, and Pharaoh said to his

servants, “Can a man be found like this one who has the spirit of God in him?”bfyyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bfyrmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmaaxmnh: l[æp]nI 3ms perfect + interrogative hhe – root axmwydb[: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µydib;[}e. His sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and call for you a nursemaid from

the Hebrew women that she may nurse the child for you?” Pharaoh’s daughterreplied, “Go!” And the young woman went and called the child’s mother.

rmatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rma˚lah: lqæ 1cs imperfect + interrogative hhe – root klhytarqw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root arqqnytw: ly[ip]hi 3fs imperfect + non-conversive ww: - root qnyykl: lqæ fs imperative – root klh˚ltw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root klharqtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rmawtja: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form t/ja;f. I take as witnesses against you this day the heavens and the earth, for you will surely

perish quickly from upon the land which you are crossing the Jordan to inherit.ytdy[h: ly[p]hi 1cs perfect – root dw[ˆwdbat dba: lqæ infinitive absolute + 2mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dbaµyrb[: mp active participle – root rb[htçrl: lqæ infinitive construct + 3fs suffix + -l] preposition – root vry






g. The sons of Judah approached Joshua at Gilgal, and Caleb, the son of Jephuneh, theKenizite, said to him, “You know the word that the LORD spoke to Moses, the manof God, concerning me and you at Kadesh Barnea. I was forty years old when Moses,the servant of the LORD, sent me from Kadesh Barnea to spy out the land, and Ireturned to him a report in accord with my heart.”

wçgyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root vgnrmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmat[dy: lqæ 2ms perfect – root [dyrbd: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root rbdjlçb: lqæ infinitive construct -B] preposition – root jlvlgrl: l[ePi infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root lgrbçaw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted imperfect – root bwvybbl: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs. form bb;leh. David said to Gad, “I am in much distress. Let us fall into the hand of the LORD, for

his compassion is great, but let me not fall into the hand of a man.”rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmahlpn: lqæ (1c)p cohortative – root lpnhlpa la: (1c)s cohortative in prohibitive construction – root lpn?wymjr¿ wmjr: the yreq] is a mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µymij}ræi. Thus said the king: “Quickly go down!” And Elijah answered and spoke to them, “If

I am the man of God, let fire come down from the heavens and consume you and yourfifty (men)!” And the fire of God came down from the heavens and consumed himand his fifty (men).

rma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rmahdr: lqæ ms elongated imperative – root dryˆ[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root h/yn[rbdyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rbddrt: lqæ 3fs imperfect – root drylkatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root lkadrtw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root dry˚yçmj: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs. form µyVimij}wyçmj: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µyVimij}






j. In the days of Ahashverosh, the Ahashverosh who ruled from Hodu to Cush—over127 provinces—in those days, when Ahashverosh the king sat upon the throne of hiskingdom, which was in Shushan, the citadel—in the third year of his reign, he gave aparty for all his officials and servants.

yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root h/yyh˚lmh: lqæ ms active participle – root klmtbçk: lqæ infinitive construct + -K] preposition – root bvywklml: lqæ infinitive construct + 3ms suffix + -l] preposition – root klmhç[: lqæ 3ms perfect – root h/yc[wtwklm: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form tWkl]mæwyrç: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs. form µyric;wydb[w: mp noun + 3ms suffix + conjunctive –w“; abs. form µydib;[}


Answer Key by Mark Zvi Brettler and Jeffrey Stackert




1.a. rs; (“he turned”) - fpæv; (“he judged”)Each form is a lqæ 3ms perfect – roots rws and fpv; because rs; comes from the hollowroot rws, it appears as a biliteral form with a long vowel in the lqæ 3ms perfect.b. µt,ar:B] (“you created”) - µT,j]xær“ (“you murdered”)Each form is a lqæ 2mp perfect – roots arb and jxr; in µt,ar:B], the πl,a;& quiesces, requiringa long vowel (≈meq;). This creates an open syllable, so the following wT; does not take alq vgd.c. t/nq] (“to buy”) - ≈/bq] (“to gather”)Each form is a lqæ infinitive construct – roots h/ynq and xbq; final d/y verbs form theirinfinitive constructs with the form t/��].d. t;/B&sæ (“you surrounded”) - T;j]væ&m; (“you anointed”)Each form is a lqæ 2ms perfect – roots bbs and jvm; because t;/B&sæ is from the geminateroot bbs, its third root letter is preserved as the vgED: in the b, and the suffix is added to thebase -/Bsæ.e. am;f]yI (“he will be impure”) - rhæf]yI (“he will be pure”)Each form is a lqæ 3ms imperfect – roots amf and rhf; in the third πl,a;& verb, the πl,a;&quiesces, and the preceding vowel lengthens to ≈meq;.f. µyrir}xo (“they are showing hostility”) - µybiv]j (“they are thinking”)Each form is a lqæ mp active participle– roots rrx and bvj; in the geminate plural activeparticiples, the [n: aw:v] characteristic of the strong form is replaced by a jTæPæ πfæj}.

2. Note: forms that do not appear below are not attested in BHPerfect3ms µr: tme rv; ar;q; alem; hp;x; llæq;3fs hm;r:& hT;me& hr:v&; ha;r“q; ha;l]m; ht;p]x; hl;l}q;2ms T;m]ræ& hT;m&æ T;r“væ& t;ar;&q; t;ale&m; t;ypi&x; t;/L&qæ2fs T]m]ræ T]r“væ tar;q; talem; typix; t/Lqæ1cs yTim]ræ& yTimæ& yTir“væ& ytiar;&q; ytiale&m; ytiypi&x; yti/L&qæ3cp Wmr:& Wtme& Wrv;& War“q; Wal]m; Wpx; Wll}q;2mp µT,m]ræ µT,r“væ µt,ar;q] µt,alem] µt,ypix] µt,/L&qæ2fp ˆT,m]ræ ˆt,ypix]1cp Wnm]r&æ Wnt]mæ& Wnr“væ& Wnar;&q; Wnale&m; Wnypi&x; Wn/L&qæ






Imperfect3ms µWry: tWmy: ryviy: ar;q]yI al;m]yI hP,x]yI lqæyE3fs µWrT; tWmT; ryviT; ar;q]Ti al;m]Ti hP,x]Ti lqæTe2ms µWrT; tWmT; ryviT; ar;q]Ti al;m]Ti hP,x]Ti lqæTe2fs ymiWr&T; ytiWm&T; yriyvi&T; yair]q]Ti yail]m]Ti yPix]Ti yLiqæ&Te1cs µWra; tWma; ryvia; ar;q]a, al;m]a, hP,x]a, lqæae3mp WmWr&y: WtWm&y: Wryvi&y: War]q]]yI Wal]m]yI WPx]yI WLqæ&yE3fp hn:ym,&WrT]* hn:yt,&WmT]* hn:r]ve&T; hn:ar&,q]Ti hn:al,&m]Ti hn:yP,&x]Ti2mp WmWr&T; WtWm&T; Wryvi&T; War]q]]]Ti Wal]m]Ti WP]x]Ti WLqæ&Te2fp hn:ym,&WrT]* hn:yt,&WmT]* hn:r“ve&T; hn:ar&,q]Ti hn:al,&m]Ti hn:yP,&x]Ti1cp µWrn: tWmn: ryvin: ar;q]nI al;m]nI hP,x]nI lqænE* the forms hn:m]ro&T;/hn:t]mo&T; also appear

Imperativems µWr tWm ryvi ar;q] al;m] hpex] lqofs ymiWr& ytiWm& yriyvi& yair]qi yail]mi ypix] yLiqo&mp WmWr& WtWm& Wryvi& War]qi Wal]mi Wpx] WLqo&fp hn:m]ro& hn:t]mo& hn:ar&,q] hn:al,&m] hn:ype&x]

Participleactivems sn: br: ht,vo apero µmeDofs hs;n: hb;r: ht;vo tapero tm,m,&Domp µysin: µybir: µytivo µyaip]ro µymim]Dofp t/sn: t/br: t/t/v t/ap]ro t/mm]Dopassivems very rare yWtv; aWpr: µWmD:fs for hy:Wtv] ha;Wpr“ hm;WmD“mp hollow µyIWtv] µyaiWpr“ µymiWmD“fp roots t/yWtv] t/aWpr“ t/mWmD“

Infinitiveconstruct: sWn byrI t/tv] apor“ µDoabsolute: s/n b/r htov; apor: µ/mD:






3.Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationswn perf 3 m s he fled

act part m s he is fleeingmmd impf 3 c p they will be silentybr impv m p be numerous!byr impv m p fight!mmt perf 3 c p they ceasedtwm perf 1 c s I diedynp jussive 3 f s may she turn

2 m s may you turnlyg conv perf 3 m s he will rejoiceybv conv impf 3 m s he capturedysk inf const +2fs suff your coveringmmc impf 3 m s he will be desolatelyg impv f s rejoice!tyv inf const +1cs suff my placingynb inf const his buildingnnr impv f s +3ms suff rejoice!/cry out!ynz conv impf 3 m s they prostitutedyxr impf 2 m p you will be pleasedyrp act part m s is fruitfulylk conv impf 3 f s she finishedydp pass part m p construct redeemed (of)vwb inf abs certainly embarrassxwp impf 2/3 f p + “and” (-w) you/they will be scatteredlyj impv m p writhe!yvq conv impf 3 m s he was difficultyzb perf 3 c p they despised






4.a. hl;T; lt,YI&w"b. ˆt,ap;r“ hn:aP,&r“Tiw"c. πW[y: π/[d. ht;f]m;W f/mTie. tz,z,&Bof. µyci/tyvig. µt;/lG“h. yaer]yIi. rhæTæ&w" ht;r“h;j. HT;d]liB] ht;v]q; HT;d]liB] vq,Ti&w"k. yWlT;l. hx;r:m. ≈r:T;&w" hx;r:&n. ≈Wro. hx;rop. ht;r]g:w“ rWgT;q. ]b]YEw" hk;B;r. WnyBi&s. yTiv]bæ&W v/baet. ymiWqu. ypiW[&v. WmD]YIw" Wmm}D;w. yaix]m]Tiw" tax;m;x. h[;Toy. t/nz“






5.a. The serpent said to the woman, “Surely you will not die, for God knows that in the

day that you eat from it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowinggood and bad. The woman saw that the tree was good for food and that it wasdesirous to the eyes, and the tree was desirable to look at. She took from its fruit, andshe ate, and she also gave it to her husband with her, and he ate.

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmaˆwtmt twm: lqæ inf abs + 2mp imperfect – root twm[dy: lqæ ms active part – root [dyµklka: lqæ inf const + 2mp suff – root lkawjqpnw: l[æp]nI 3cp converted perfect – root jqpµtyyhw: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root h/yyhy[dy: lqæ mp active part (construct) – root [dyartw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root yardmjnw: l[æp]nI ms part – root dmjlykçhl: ly[ip]hi inf const + -l] preposition – root lkcjqtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root jqllkatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root lkaˆttw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root ntnlkayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lkaµkyny[: f dual noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[ewyrpm: ms noun + ˆmi preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form yriP]hçyal: ms noun + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form vyaib. “For all the land which you see I will give to you and your offspring forever. I will

make your offspring like the dust of the earth, that if one (literally: a man) is able tocount the dust of the earth, so will your offspring be counted. Get up; walkthroughout the land, according to its length and its width, for I will give it to you.”Abram moved his tent, and he came and settled in the oaks of Mamre, which are inHebron. He built there an altar to the LORD.

har: lqæ ms active part – root h/yarhnnta: lqæ 1cs impf + 3fs suffix – root ntnytmçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root mwclkwy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root lkytwnml: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root h/ynmhnmy: l[æp]nI 3ms impf – root h/ynmµwq: lqæ ms impv – root mwq






˚lhth: l[ePæt]hi ms impv – root klhlhayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lhaabyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root awbbçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bvyˆbyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ynb˚[rzlw: ms noun + conjunctive ww: + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form [ræz&,˚[rz: ms noun + 2ms suffix; abs form [ræz&,hkral: ms noun + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form Ër,ao&hbjrlw: ms noun + conjunctive ww: + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form bjæro&c. They made a covenant in Beer Sheva, and Abimelech and Pichol, the commander of

his army, rose and returned to the land of the Philistines. He planted a tamarisk treein Beer Sheva, and he called there on the name of the LORD, El Olam. Abrahamsojourned in the land of the Philistines many days.

wtrkyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root trkµqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root mwqwbçyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root bwv[fyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root [fnarqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root arqrgyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rwgwabx: ms noun + 3ms suff; abs form ab;x;d. But they did not know that Joseph understood, for the interpreter was between them.

He turned from them and wept. He returned to them and spoke to them, and he tookfrom them Simeon and bound him before them (literally: to their eyes).

w[dy: lqæ 3cp perfect – root [dy[mç: lqæ ms active part – root [mvbsyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bbs˚byw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ykbbçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bwvrbdyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rbdjqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root jqlrsayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rsaµhyny[l: f dual noun + -l] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e






e. Moses said, “Let me turn aside and look at this great sight! Why does the bush notburn up?” The LORD saw that he turned aside to look, and God called to him fromthe midst of the bush, and he said, “Moses, Moses!” He replied, “Here I am.” Hesaid, “Do not approach to here. Slip off your sandals, for the place in which you arestanding is holy ground.”

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmahrsa: lqæ cs cohortative – root rwsharaw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root h/yarr[by: lqæ 3ms impf – root r[baryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yarrs: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rwstwarl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root h/yararqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root arqbrqt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms impf – root brqlç: lqæ ms impv – root lvndmw[: lqæ ms active part – root dm[˚yl[n: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyli[;n“˚ylgr: f dual noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyIlæ&g“ræf. You shall place your burnt offerings—the flesh and the blood—upon the altar of the

LORD your God, and the blood of your sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altarof the LORD your God, and the flesh you shall eat. Be careful and listen to all ofthese words that I am commanding you in order that it may go well for you and foryour children after you forever, when you do what is good and right in the eyes of theLORD your God.

tyç[w: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root h/yc[˚pçy: l[æp]nI 3ms impf – root kpvlkat: lqæ 2ms pausal imperfect – root lkarmç: lqæ ms impv – root rmvt[mçw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root [mv˚wxm: l[ePi ms participle + 2ms suff – root h/ywxbfyy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root bfyhç[t: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root yc[˚ytl[: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form t/l[o˚yhla: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘˚yjbz: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyjib;z“˚ynblw: mp noun + conjunctive ww: + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µynIB;






g. Now if a man is convicted of a capital crime (literally: if there is in a man a sin with ajudgment of death) and he is put to death and you hang him upon a tree, you shall notlet his corpse remain on the tree over night, but you shall surely bury him in that day,for being hung is a curse of God, and you shall not make your land impure which theLORD your God is giving to you as an inheritance.

hyhy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root yyhtmwhw: l[æp]h; 3ms converted perfect – root twmtyltw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root h/yltˆylt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root nylwnrbqt rwbq: lqæ inf abs + 2ms impf + 3ms suff – root rbqywlt: lqæ ms passive part – root h/yltamft: l[ePi 2ms impf – root amfˆtn: lqæ 3ms perfect – root ntnwtlbn: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hl;ben“˚tmda: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs form hm;d;a}˚yhla: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘h. The people said to Saul, “Should Jonathan die, who has done this great salvific act in

Israel! Far be it! As the LORD lives, not a hair from his head shall fall to theground! For he has acted with the LORD on this day!” So the people redeemedJonathan, and thus he did not die.

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmatwmy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root twmhç[: lqæ 3ms perfect – root h/yc[lpy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root lpnwdpyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root ddptm: lqæ 3ms perfect – root twmwçar: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form varo






i. They will return to you with all of their heart and with all of their soul in the land oftheir enemies who captured them, and they will pray to you by way of of their landwhich you gave to their fathers, the city which you chose, and the house which youbuilt [I built] for your name.

wbçw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root bwvwbç: lqæ 3cp perfect – root h/ybvwllpthw: l[ePæt]hi 3cp converted perfect – root h/yc[httn: lqæ 2ms perfect – root ntntrjb: lqæ 2ms perfect – root rjbtynb: lqæ 2ms perfect – root h/ynb?ytynb¿: lqæ 1cs perfect – root h/ynbµbbl: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form bb;leµçpn: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form vp,n,&µhybya: mp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form µybiy“aoµxra: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form ≈r,a,&µtwbal: mp noun + -l] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form t/ba;˚mçl: ms noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µvej. They sent to Jezebel, saying, “Naboth was stoned, and he died.” When Jezebel heard

that Naboth was stoned and died, Jezebel said to Ahab, “Get up! Take possession ofthe vineyard of Naboth, the Jezreelite, who refused to sell to you, for Naboth is nolonger alive, for he is dead.” When Ahab heard that Naboth died, Ahab rose to godown to Naboth the Jezreelite’s vineyard to take possession of it.

wjlçyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jlvrmal: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root rmalqs: lqæ passive 3ms perfect – root lqstmyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root twmyhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyh[mçk: lqæ inf const + -k] preposition – root [mvrmatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rmaµwq: lqæ ms impv – root mwqçr: lqæ ms impv – root vryˆam: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root namttl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root ntntm: lqæ 3ms perfect – root twmµqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root mwqtdrl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root drywtçrl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition + 3ms suff – root vry






k. Hanamel, the son of my uncle, came to me, according to the word of the LORD, tothe court of the guard, and he said to me, “Buy my field which is in Anathoth whichis in the land of Benjamin, for yours is the right of inheritance and redemption. Buyit for yourself.” Then I knew that it was a message from the LORD, so I bought thefield that was in Anathoth from my cousin Hanamel, and I weighed out for him thesilver—seventeen shekels of silver.

abyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root awbrmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmahnq: lqæ ms impv – root h/ynq[daw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root [dyhnqaw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root ynqhlqçaw: lqæ cs converted cohortative – root lqvydd: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form d/D






1.Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationyrh conv impf 3 f s she conceivedysj impv m p show favor!yba impf 3 m s he will desireyzj conv impf 3 f s she saw

2 m s you saw[[r impf 3 m s he will be bady[t impf 3 m s they will wanderyrj impf 3 m he will be angry[gn/y inf const to touch/to be tiredjwn perf 3 c p they restedbha impv m s love!yyh jussive 3 m s let there be!ypa impf 3 m p they will bakeyyj jussive 3 m s + conj. ww: and may he livex[y act part m p construct advisors ofyry act part m p shootingrra impf 1 c s I will curseylj perf 3 c p they became sickyfn conv impf 3 m s he extendednnj conv impf 3 m s he showed favor[sn impv m p depart!ynj inf const +1cp suffix our encampingrw[ act part m s awakeyn[ inf const to answery[r act part m s +1cs suffix my shepherdingygh inf abs certainly utter, groan[fn impf 3 m s he will plantafj perf 3 f s pausal she sinned






2.a. Úl]f;q] b. WhyTi&l]fæq]/wyTil]fæq]c. ynITæ&l]fæq] d. µtæl;f;q]e. ynIve&B;l]yI f. µk,l]f;q]yIg. ÚB]t]K; h. h;Wn&l]fæq]i. WhWT&l]fæq] j. µyTil]fæq]k. ynIWj&k;v] l. µWlf]q]yIm. h;Wa&r; n. Whc;&[;o. ÚD“p]yI p. hN:c,&[‘a,q. WNa,&r]a, r. ynIWc&[;s. Úyti&yair] t. µc;[;u. ynIae&r]Ti

3.Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationjbz conv impf 1 c s +3mp suff I sacrificed themzja impf 3 m p +2fs suff they will seize youvbl impf 3 m s +3mp suff he will wear them/put them on[dy perf 1 c s +3ms suff I know himnnj jussive 3 m s +conj. ww: may he have pity on you

and 2ms suffntn impf 2 m p +3ms suff you will give themacn impf 3 m p +1cp suff they will carry usrxy perf 3 m s +3fs suff he fashioned heraxm perf 1 c s +3ms suff I found himyar conv impf 3 m s +3fs suff he saw heraxm perf 3 f s +1cs suff she found usvry conv perf 2 m s +3fs suff you will inherit herbtk impv m s +3mp suff write them!jql impv m s +3fs suff take her!lav perf 1 c s +3ms suff I asked himlka impf 3 m s +3ms/1cp he will eat it/us

suff andenclitic ˆWn

rkz impv m s +1cs suff remember me!yar perf 3 m s +3ms suff he saw him






acn impf 3 m s +3ms suff he will carry himyar perf 3 m s +3fs suff he saw hermyc impf 3 m s +1cs suff he will place meacn perf 1 c s +3mp suff I carried them

2 f s +3mp suff you carried thembz[ conv impf 3 m s +1cs suff he abandoned merxy/n impf 3 m s +3ms suff he will form/watch himntn perf 1 c s +2ms suff I have given youjvm perf 3 m s +2ms suff he anointed you

4.a. The LORD came down upon Mount Sinai to the top of the mountain, and the LORD

called Moses to the top of the mountain, so Moses went up.dryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root dryarqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root arql[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yl[b. They will be upon Aaron and his sons when they go into the tent of meeting or when

they approach the altar to serve in the sanctuary, so that they do not bear sin and die.This is an everlasting statute for him and his offspring after him.

wyhw: 3cp converted perfect – root yyhµabb: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition + 3mp suffix – root awbµtçgb: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition + 3mp suffix – root vgntrçl: l[ePi inf const + -l] preposition – root trvwaçy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root acnwtmw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root twmwynb: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µynIB;w[rzlw: ms noun + ww: + -l] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form [ræz,&c. The LORD spoke these words to all of your assembly on the mountain from the midst

of the fire, the cloud, and the heavy cloud with a great voice, and he did do (it) again.He wrote them upon two stone tablets and gave them to me. When you heard thevoice from the midst of the darkness—when the mountain was burning withfire—you drew near to me, all the heads of your tribes and your elders. You said,“Surely the LORD our God has shown us his glory and greatness, and we have heardhis voice from the midst of the fire. This day we saw that God can speak to a human,and he will live. But now, why should we die, for this great fire will consume us! Ifwe again hear the voice of the LORD our God, we will die!”






rbd: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root rbdπsy: lqæ 3ms perfect – root psyµbtkyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3mp suffix – root btkµntyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3mp suffix – root ntnyhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyhµk[mçk: lqæ inf const + -K] preposition + 2mp suffix – root [mvr[b: lqæ ms active part – root r[bˆwbrqtw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root brqwrmatw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect – root rmawnarh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect + 1cp suffix – root yarwn[mç: lqæ 1cp perfect – root [mvwnyar: lqæ 1cp perfect – root h/yarrbdy: l[ePi 3ms imperfect – root rbdtwmn: lqæ 1cp imperfect – root twmwnlkat: lqæ 3fs imperfect + 1cp suffix – root lkaµypsy: lqæ mp active part – root psy[mçl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root [mvwntmw: lqæ 1cp converted perfect – root twmµklhq: ms noun + 2mp suffix; abs form lh;q;µkyfbç: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µyfib;v]µkynqzw: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µynIqez“wnyhla: mp noun + 1cp suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘wdbk: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form dboK;wldg: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form ldoG:wlq: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form lqod. Some time later, during the wheat harvest, Samson visited his wife with a kid, and he

said, “Let me come into my wife, to the bed chamber,” but her father would notpermit him to come in. Her father said, “I surely thought (literally: said) that yousurely hated her, so I gave her to your friend. Is her younger sister not better thanshe? May she be yours in place of her!”

yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyhdqpyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root dqprmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmahaba: lqæ cs cohortative – root awbwntn: lqæ 3ms perfect + 3ms suffix – root ntn






awbl: lqæ inf const – root awbytrma rma: lqæ inf abs + 1cs perfect – root rmahtanç anç: lqæ inf abs + 2ms perfect + 3fs suffix – root anchnntaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 3fs suffix – root ntnyht: lqæ 3fs jussive – root yyhwtça: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hV;aiytça: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hV;aihyba: ms noun + 3fs suffix; abs form ba;˚[rml: ms noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form ["r&emehtja: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form t/ja;e. Saul said, “Let us go down after the Philistines by night and plunder among them

until the light of the morning, and let us not leave even one person remaining amongthem.” They said, “Do all that is good in your eyes.” But the priest said, “Let usapproach God here.” Saul inquired of God, “Shall I go down after the Philistines?Will you give them into the hand of Israel?” But he did not answer him that day.

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmahdrn: lqæ cp cohortative – root dryhzbnw: lqæ cp cohortative + non-conversive ww: – root zzbraçn: l[æp]nI ms participle – root ravwrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rmahç[: lqæ ms impv – root yc[hbrqn: lqæ cp cohortative – root brqlaçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root lavdrah: lqæ 1cs imperfect + interrogative hhe – root dryµntth: lqæ 2ms imperfect + interrogative hhe + 3mp suffix – root ntnwhn[: lqæ 3ms perfect + 3ms suffix – root yn[˚yny[b: f dual noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[ef. I, the LORD, called you in righteousness, and I will seize your hand

And I will form you and make you a covenant people, a light to nations.˚ytarq: lqæ 1cs perfect + 2ms suffix – root arqqzjaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: – root qzj˚rxaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root rxy˚ntaw: lqæ 1cs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root ntn˚dyb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form dy:






g. And now, thus says the LORD, the one who created you, O Jacob, and the one whoformed you, O Israel. Do not fear, for I have redeemed you. I have called yourname: you are mine. When you cross over the waters, I will be with you, and inrivers—they will not wash you away. When you walk through fire, will not beburned, neither will the flame burn you.

rma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rma˚arb: lqæ ms active part + 2ms suffix – root arb˚rxyw: lqæ ms active part + ww: + 2ms suffix – root rxyaryt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect – root ary˚ytlag: lqæ 1cs perfect + 2ms suffix – root lagytarq: lqæ 1cs perfect – root arqrb[t: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root rb[˚wpfçy: lqæ 3mp imperfect + 2ms suffix – root pfv˚lt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root klhhwkt: l[æp]nI 2ms imperfect – root ywkr[bt: lqæ 3fs imperfect – root r[b˚mçb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µveh. I will overturn the throne of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength of the

kingdoms of the nations. I will overturn chariot and its riders, and horses and theirriders will fall, each by the sword of his brother. In that day, saying of the LORD ofhosts, I will take you, O Zerubbabel, son of Shealtiel, my servant, saying of theLORD, and I will place you as a signet ring, for I have chosen you, saying of theLORD of hosts.

ytkphw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root kphytdmçhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root dmvwdryw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root dry˚jqa: lqæ 1cs imperfect + 2ms suffix – root jql˚ytmçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect + 2ms suffix – root mwcytrjb: lqæ 1cs perfect – root rjbhybkrw: lqæ mp active part + ww: + 3fs suffix – root bkrµhybkrw: lqæ mp active part + ww: + 3mp suffix – root bkrwyja: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form ja;ydb[: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form db,[,&






i. Then they will call me, but I will not answerThey will seek me early, but they will not find me,For they hate knowledge, and they have not chosen the fear of the LORD.

ynnarqy: lqæ 3mp imperfect + 1cs suffix – root arqhn[a: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root yn[ynnrjçy: l[ePi 3mp imperfect + 1cs suffix – root rjvynnaxmy: lqæ 3mp imperfect + 1cs suffix – root axmwanç: lqæ 3cp perfect – root ancwrjb: lqæ 3cp perfect – root rjbj. Acquire wisdom! Acquire understanding! Do not forget and do not wander from the

words of my mouth. Do not abandon her, so she will guard you. Love her, so shewill protect you.

hnq: lqæ ms impv – root ynqjkçt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms impf – root jkvft law: lqæ prohibitive construction + ww: – 2ms impf – root yfnhbz[t la: lqæ prohibitive construction + 3fs suffix – 2ms impf – root bz[˚rmçtw: lqæ 3fs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root rmvhbha: lqæ ms impv + 3fs suffix – root bha˚rxtw: 3fs imperfect + non-conversive ww: + 2ms suffix – root rxnyp: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hP,k. I opened to my lover, but my lover had turned away, crossed over. My soul went out

when he spoke. I sought him, but I did not find him; I called him, but he did notanswer me. The guards circling around the city found me. They hit me; theywounded me. The guards of the wall lifted my veil from upon me.

ytjtp: lqæ 1cs perfect – root jtpqmj: lqæ 3ms perfect – root qmjrb[: lqæ 3ms perfect (pausal) – root rb[haxy: lqæ 3fs perfect – root axywrbdb: l[ePi inf const + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix – root rbdwhytçqb: l[ePi 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root vqbwhytaxm: lqæ 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root axmwytarq: lqæ 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root arqynn[: lqæ 3ms perfect (pausal) + 1cs suffix – root yn[ynaxm: lqæ 3cp perfect + 1cs suffix – root axmµyrmçh: lqæ mp active part (definite) – root rmvµybbsh: lqæ mp active part (definite) – root bbs






ynwkh: ly[ip]hi 3cp perfect + 1cs suffix – root yknynw[xp: lqæ 3cp perfect + 1cs suffix – root [xpwaçn: lqæ 3cp perfect– root acnyrmç: lqæ mp active part (construct) – root rmvydwdl: ms noun + -l] preposition + 1cs suffix; abs form d/Dydwdw: ms noun + disjunctive ww: + 1cs suffix; abs form d/Dyçpn: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form vp,n,&ydydr: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form dydir]






1.a. l[æp]nI 2fs perfect – root dmv; “you were destroyed”; note the prefixed ˆWn, which is

characteristic of the l[æp]nI perfect.b. l[ePi 2ms perfect – root rpk; “you atoned”; note the vgED: in the middle root letter, which

is characteristic of the l[ePi.c. l[æp]nI 3fs/2ms imperfect – root mlk; “she/you will be ashamed”; note the vgED: in the first

root letter as well as the vowel pattern, which are characteristic of the l[æp]nI imperfect.d. l[æPu 3ms imperfect – root rfq; “it will be offered as incense”; note the vgED: in the

middle root letter as well as the vowel pattern, which are characteristic of the l[æPuimperfect.

e. l[ePæt]hi 3cp perfect – root bxy; “they took their stand”; note prefixed wT; and doubling ofthe middle root letter, which are characteristic of the l[ePæt]hi perfect.

f. l[æp]nI 3/2fp imperfect – root mlk; “they/you will be ashamed”; note the vgED: in the firstroot letter and that the vowel under the lamed is a jTæPæ, changed from a yrexee due toPhillippi’s law.

g. l[æp]nI cp cohortative – root mjl; “let us fight”; note the vgED: in the first root letter, whichis characteristic of the l[æp]nI. The jTæPæ πfæj} is due to pretonic reduction of yrexe.

h. l[æp]h; fp participle – root klv; “cast out”; note prefix vowel, which characterizes thel[æp]h;, and the prefixed µme, which is characteristic of the participle. (The prefixed ahefrom the ly[ph has elided.)

i. l[ePi inf const + 3ms suffix – root vqb; “his seeking”; the doubling of middle rootletter, which is characteristic of the l[ePi, has been lost in the π/q; note also the pretonicreduction with addition of the suffix (/vQeBæ > /vq]Bæ).

2.lqæ l[æp]nI l[ePi l[æPu ly[ip]hi l[æp]h; l[ePæt]hi

Perfect3ms Ëpæv; dræp]nI rMezI vQæBu lyDib]hi lDæb]h; dBeKæt]hi3fs hk;p]v; hd;r]p]nI hr;M]zI hv;Q]Bu hl;yDi&b]hi hl;D]b]h; hd;B]Kæt]hi2ms T;k]pæ&v; T;d]ræ&p]nI T;r“Mæ&zI T;v]Qæ&Bu T;l]Dæ&b]hi T;l]Dæ&b]h; T;d]Bæ&Kæt]hi2fs T]k]pæv; T]d]ræp]nI T]r“MæzI T]v]QæBu T]l]Dæb]hi T]l]Dæb]h; T]d]BæKæt]hi1cs yTik]pæ&v; yTid]r&æp]nI yTir“Mæ&zI yTiv]Qæ&Bu yTil]Dæ&b]hi yTil]Dæ&b]h; Tid]Bæ&Kæt]hi3cp Wkp]v; Wdr]p]nI WrM]zI WvQ]Bu WlyD&ib]hi WlD]b]h; WdB]Kæt]hi






2mp µT,k]pæv] µT,d]ræp]nI µT,r“MæzI µT,v]QæBu µT,l]Dæb]hi µT,l]Dæb]h; µT,d]BæKæt]hi

2fp ˆT,k]pæv] ˆT,d]ræp]nI ˆT,r“MæzI ˆT,v]QæBu ˆT,l]Dæb]hi ˆT,l]Dæb]h; ˆT,d]BæKæt]hi1cp Wnk]pæ&v; Wnd]ræ&p]nI Wnr“Mæ&zI Wnv]Qæ&Bu Wnl]Dæ&b]hi Wnl]Dæ&b]h; Wnd]Bæ&Kæt]hi

Imperfect3ms ËPov]yI dreP;yI rMez"y“ vQæbuy“ lyDib]y" lDæb]y: dBeKæt]yI3fs ËPov]Ti dreP;Ti rMez"T] vQæbuT] lyDib]Tæ lDæb]T; dBeKæt]Ti2ms ËPov]Ti dreP;Ti rMez"T] vQæbuT] lyDib]Tæ lDæb]T; dBeKæt]Ti2fs ykiP]v]Ti ydIr]P;Ti yrIM]z"T] yviQ]b]T] yliyD&ib]Tæ yliD]b]T; ydIB]Kæt]Ti1cs ËPov]a, dreP;a, rMez"a} vQæbua} lyDib]aæ lDæb]a; dBeKæt]a,3mp WkP]v]yI Wdr]P;yI WrM]z"y“ WvQ]buy“ WlyDi&b]y" WlD]b]y: WdB]Kæt]yI3fp hn:k]Po&v]Ti hn:d]re&P;Ti hn:r]Me&z"T] hn:v]Qæ&buT] hn:l]De&b]Tæ hn:l]Dæ&b]T; hn:d]Be&Kæt]Ti2mp WkP]v]Ti Wdr]P;;Ti WrM]z"T] WvQ]buT] WlyDi&b]Tæ WlD]b]T; WdB]Kæt]Ti2fp hn:k]Po&v]Ti hn:d]re&P;Ti hn:r]Me&z"T] hn:v]Qæ&buT] hn:l]De&b]Tæ hn:l]Dæ&b]T; hn:d]Be&Kæt]Ti1cp ËPov]nI dreP;nI rMez"n“ vQæbun“ lyDib]n" lDæb]n: dBeKæt]nI

Imperativems Ëpov] dreP;hi rMez" lyDib]hæ dBeKæt]hifs ykip]vi ydIr]P;hi yrIM]z" yliyDi&b]hæ ydIB]Kæt]himp Wkp]vi Wdr]P;hi WrM]z" WlyDi&b]hæ WdB]Kæt]hifp hn:k]po&v] hn:d]ræ&P;hi hn:r“Me&z" hn:l]D&eb]hæ very rare

Participlems Ëpevo dr:p]nI rMez"m] vQ;bum] lyDib]mæ lDæb]mu dBeKæt]mifs tk,p,&vo td,r&,p]nI tr,M&,z"m] tv,Q,&bum] tl,D,&b]mæ tl,D,&b]mu td,B,&Kæt]mifs hk;p]vo hd;r:p]nI hr:Mez"m] hv;Q;bum] hl;yDib]mæ hd;BeKæt]mi






mp µykip]vo µydir:p]nI µyriM]z"m] µyviQ;bum] µyliyDib]mæ µyliD:b]mu µydiB]Kæt]mifp t/kp]vo t/dr:p]nI t/rM]z"m] t/vQ;bum] t/lyDib]mæ t/lD:b]mu t/dB]Kæt]mi

Infinitiveconst: Ëpov] dreP;hi rMez" none lyDib]hæ none dBeKæt]hiabs: Ëpov; droP;hi/ rare rare lDeb]hæ lDeb]h; none

drop]nI

ˆy:n“Bi Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationl[ePi mdq impv m p come to meet!ly[ip]hi jlx inf abs certainly succeed

impv m s succeed!l[ePi flm conv perf 1 c p we will deliverl[ePi rmz inf const to sing

impv m s sing!l[æPu rpk participle m s atoned forl[æp]nI mlk conv perf 1 c s I will be ashamedl[ePi rbd participle f p speakingly[ip]hi drp impf 2 m s you will separate

3 f s she will separately[ip]hi dmv jussive 3 m s may he destroyl[æp]nI dmv inf const +3mp suff their destructionly[ip]hi rts cohortative c s let me hidely[ip]hi mkv conv impf 3 m s he got up earlyl[æp]h; dmv impf 2 m s you will be destroyed

3 f s she will be destroyedl[æp]nI mjl conv impf 1 c s I foughtl[æp]nI flm inf const +1cs suff my fleeing

impv f s flee!ly[ip]hi rts impf 2 m s you will hide

3 f s she will hidel[ePi vqb inf const to seek

impv m s seek!ly[ip]hi mlk impf 1 c p +ww: we will be ashamedly[ip]hi ldb impf 3 f p they will divide

2 f p you will dividel[æPu sbk conv impf 2 m s you were washed

3 f s she was washed






l[ePæt]hi bxy perfect 3 c p they took their standimpv m s Take your stand!inf const to take one’s stand

l[ePi rmz cohortative c p let us singl[æp]nI drp perfect 2 m p you dividedl[ePæt]hi llp perfect 3 m s he prayed

impv m s pray!inf const to pray

ly[ip]hi lkc participle m p prosperingl[æp]nI rts conv impf 3 m p they were concealed

4.a. hl;yKi&c]n"b. lKec]Tæw" hl;yKi&c]hic. Wdr“P;yI Wdr“p]nIw“d. hn:r“Be&Dæe. hN:d]ræ&P;Tiw" Wdr“p]nIf. tv,Q,&bæm]g. WbX]y"t]YIw" WbX]y"t]hih. µleK;hii. µyKiv]mæj. yTim]Dæqiw“ µDeqæa}k. /ll]Pæt]hiB]l. µyriT;s]nIm. dmeV;YIw" dmæv]nIn. hk;yli&v]aæo. Wmj}L;YIw" Wmj}l]nIp. fLemæy“q. t/rP]kæm]r. hj;yli&x]mæs. sBekæn“w" Wns]Bæ&Ki






5. Translations below are from the NJPS

a. 3 God said, “Let there be light”; and there was light.4 God saw that the light was good, and God separated the light from the darkness.5 God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And there was eveningand there was morning, a first day.6 God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the water, that it may separatewater from water.”7 God made the expanse, and it separated the water which was below the expansefrom the water which was above the expanse. And it was so.8 God called the expanse Sky. And there was evening and there was morning, asecond day.

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmayhy: lqæ 3ms jussive – root yyhyhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyharyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yarldbyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root ldbarqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root arqarq: lqæ 3ms perfect – root arqç[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yc[b. 1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh. For I have hardened his heart and

the hearts of his courtiers, in order that I may display these My signs among them,2 and that you may recount in the hearing of your sons and of your sons’ sons how Imade a mockery of the Egyptians and how I displayed My signs among them — inorder that you may know that I am the LORD.”

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmaab: lqæ ms imperative – root awbytdbkh: ly[ip]hi 1cs perfect – root dbkytv: lqæ inf const + 1cs suffix – root tyvrpst: l[ePi 2ms imperfect – root rpsytll[th: l[ePæt]hi 1cs perfect – root ll[ytmç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root mwcµt[dyw: lqæ 2mp converted perfect – root [dywbl: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form blewydb[: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µydib;[}ytta: fp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form t/taowbrqb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form br,q,&˚nb: ms noun + 2ms suffix; abs form ˆBe






c. 20 When he has finished purging the Shrine, the Tent of Meeting, and the altar, thelive goat shall be brought forward.21 Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat and confess over itall the iniquities and transgressions of the Israelites, whatever their sins, putting themon the head of the goat; and it shall be sent off to the wilderness through a designatedman.22 Thus the goat shall carry on it all their iniquities to an inaccessible region; and thegoat shall be set free in the wilderness.23 And Aaron shall go into the Tent of Meeting, take off the linen vestments that heput on when he entered the Shrine, and leave them there.24 He shall bathe his body in water in the holy precinct and put on his vestments;then he shall come out and offer his burnt offering and the burnt offering of thepeople, making expiation for himself and for the people.25 The fat of the sin offering he shall turn into smoke on the altar.26 He who set the Azazel-goat free shall wash his clothes and bathe his body inwater; after that he may reenter the camp.

hlkw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root ylkrpkm: l[ePi inf construct + ˆmi preposition – root rpkbyrqhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect – root brq˚msw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root kmshdwthw: l[ePæt]hi 3ms converted perfect – root ydyˆtnw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root ntnjlçw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root jlvaçnw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root acnabw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root awbfçpw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root fvpçbl: lqæ 3ms perfect – root vblwabb: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix – root awbµjynhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect + 3mp suffix – root jyn≈jrw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root xjrçblw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root vblaxyw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root axyhç[w: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root yc[rpkw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root rpkryfqy: ly[ip]hi 3ms imperfect – root rfqjlçmhw: l[ePi ms participle (defined) + ww: – root jlvsbky: l[ePi 3ms imperfect – root sbk






awby: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root awbwdy: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form dy:?wydy¿: f dual noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µyId&æy:µhy[çp: mp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form µy[iv;P]µtafj: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/aF;jæµtnw[: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/n/[}wrçb: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form rc;B;wydgb: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µydig:B]wtl[: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hl;[od. 9 But take utmost care and watch yourselves scrupulously, so that you do not forget

the things that you saw with your own eyes and so that they do not fade from yourmind as long as you live. And make them known to your children and to yourchildren’s children:10 The day you stood before the LORD your God at Horeb, when the LORD said toMe, “Gather the people to Me that I may let them hear My words, in order that theymay learn to revere Me as long as they live on earth, and may so teach their children.”11 You came forward and stood at the foot of the mountain. The mountain was ablazewith flames to the very skies, dark with densest clouds.

rmçh: l[æp]nI ms imperative – root rmvrmçw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root rmvjkçt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root jkvwar: lqæ 3cp perfect – root yarwrwsy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root rwsµt[dwhw: ly[ip]hi 2ms converted perfect + 3mp suffix – root [dytdm[: lqæ 2ms perfect – root dm[rmab: lqæ inf const + -B] preposition – root rmalhqh: ly[ip]hi ms impv – root lhqµ[mçaw: ly[ip]hi cs cohortative + non-conversive ww: + 3mp suffix – root [mvˆwdmly: lqæ 3mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dmlharyl: lqæ feminine inf const + -l] preposition – root aryˆwdmly: l[ePi 3mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dmlˆwbrqtw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root brqˆwdm[tw: lqæ 2mp converted imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root dm[r[b: lqæ ms participle – root r[b˚çpn: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs form vp,n<&˚yny[: f dual noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e˚bblm: ms noun + ˆmi preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form bb;le






˚ynbl: mp noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µynIB;˚ynb: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µynIB;˚yhla: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘yrbd: mp noun + 1cs suffix (pausal); abs form µyrib;D]µhynb: mp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form µynIB;e. 25 Elijah said to the prophets of Baal, “Choose one bull and prepare it first, for you

are the majority; invoke your god by name, but apply no fire.”26 They took the bull that was given them; they prepared it, and invoked Baal byname from morning until noon, shouting, “O Baal, answer us!” But there was nosound, and none who responded; so they performed a hopping dance about the altarthat had been set up.27 When noon came, Elijah mocked them, saying, “Shout louder! After all, he is agod. But he may be in conversation, he may be detained, or he may be on a journey,or perhaps he is asleep and will wake up.”28 So they shouted louder, and gashed themselves with knives and spears, accordingto their practice, until the blood streamed over them.29 When noon passed, they kept raving until the hour of presenting the meal offering.Still there was no sound, and none who responded or heeded.

rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmawrjb: lqæ mp impv – root rjbwç[w: lqæ mp impv – root yc[warqw: lqæ 3mp converted perfect – root arqwmyçt: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root mycwjqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jqlˆtn: lqæ 3ms perfect – root ntnwç[yw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root yc[warqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root arqrmal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root rmawnn[: lqæ ms imperative + 1cp suffix – root yn[hn[: lqæ ms active participle – root yn[wjspyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root jsphç[: lqæ 3ms perfect – root yc[yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyhlthyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root lthˆçy: lqæ ms act part – root nvy≈qyw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect (pausal) – root xqywddgtyw: l[ePæt]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root ddg






˚pç: lqæ infinitive construct – root kpvrb[k: lqæ infinitive construct + -K] preposition – root rb[wabntyw: l[ePæt]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root abnµkyhla: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form µyhiløaµfpçmk: mp noun + -K] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form fP;v]mif. 1 The word of the LORD of Hosts came to me:

2 Thus said the LORD of Hosts: I am very jealous for Zion, I am fiercely jealous forher.3 Thus said the LORD: I have returned to Zion, and I will dwell in Jerusalem.Jerusalem will be called the City of Faithfulness, and the mount of the LORD ofHosts the Holy Mount.4 Thus said the LORD of Hosts: There shall yet be old men and women in the squaresof Jerusalem, each with staff in hand because of their great age.5 And the squares of the city shall be crowded with boys and girls playing in thesquares.6 Thus said the LORD of Hosts: Though it will seem impossible to the remnant ofthis people in those days, shall it also be impossible to Me?—declares the LORD ofHosts.

yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyhrmal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root rmarma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rmaytanq: l[ePi 1cs perfect – root anqytbç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root bwvytnkçw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root nkvharqnw: l[æp]nI 3fs converted perfect – root arqwbçy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root bvywalmy: l[æp]nI 3mp imperfect – root almµyqjçm: l[ePi mp participle – root qjcalpy: l[æp]nI 3ms imperfect – root alpwtn[çm: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form tn<[,&v]miwdyb: fs noun + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form dy:hytbjrb: mp noun + -B] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form t/bjor]yny[b: f dual noun + -B] preposition + 1cs suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[e






g. 5 what is man that You have been mindful of him, mortal man that You have takennote of him,6 that You have made him little less than divine, and adorned him with glory andmajesty;7 You have made him master over Your handiwork, laying the world at his feet,8 sheep and oxen, all of them, and wild beasts, too;9 the birds of the heavens, the fish of the sea, whatever travels the paths of the seas.10 O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is Your name throughout the earth!

wnrkzt: lqæ 2ms imperfect + 3ms suffix (pausal) – root rkzwndqpt: lqæ 2ms imperfect + 3ms suffix (pausal) – root dqpwhrsjtw: l[ePi 2ms converted imperfect + 3ms suff – root rsjwhrf[t: l[ePi 2ms imperfect + 3ms suff – root rf[whlyçmt: ly[ip]hi 2ms imperfect + 3ms suff – root lvmhtç: lqæ 2ms perfect – root tyvrb[: lqæ ms participle – root rb[˚ydy: f dual noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyId&æy:wylgr: f dual noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µyIlæ&g“ræµlk: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form lKownynda: mp noun + 1cp suffix; abs form µynIdoa}˚mç: ms noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µve






1.a. ly[ip]hi 3ms imperfect – root fbn; “he will look”; the prefix vowel jTæPæ& characterizes the

ly[ip]hi imperfect; the initial root letter ˆWn assimilates to the following root letter (notethe vgeD: in the tyBe).

b. l[æp]nI 3ms perfect – root jdn; “he was thrust out”; the initial ˆWn is characteristic of thel[æp]nI, while the initial root letter ˆWn assimilates to the following root letter (note the vgeD:in the tl,D;&); this form could also be a l[ePi 3ms perfect or a lqæ 1cp imperfect.

c. ly[ip]hi 3fs or 2ms imperfect – root nyb; “she/you will cause to understand”; this is thetypical form for the ly[ip]hi of hollow verbs; it could also be lqæ imperfect (“she/youwill understand”).

d. l[ePi 3ms jussive – root ywx; “may he command”; the imperfect form is hW,xæy“, but thefinal syllable, with the marking of the l[ePi’s doubling, is dropped in the jussive andconverted imperfect.

e. ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root ykn; “he smote”; hK,y" is the long form, but thefinal syllable is lost in the converted form; the prefix vowel indicates that the form isly[ip]hi; the initial ˆWn normally assimilates, but in this form, because the final syllable islost, the doubling of the πK; is also lost.

f. ly[ip]hi 3ms impf/jussive – root ydy; “he will give thanks”; the verb is historically initialww:, and the initial ww: reappears in the ly[ip]hi as the prefix vowel.

g. l[æp]h; 3ms perfect– root bvy; “he was made to sit”; the qr,Wv vowel in the prefix is dueto the original first consonant, ww:. The form could also be a pausal infinitive.

h. ly[ip]hi 1cs imperfect – root pwn; “I will raise”; the prefixed πl,a; characterizes the firstperfect imperfect, and the remaining πynI- is characteristic of hollow roots in the ly[ip]hi.This form cannot be lqæ because its root is middle ww:, not middle d/y.

i. ly[ip]hi 3mp imperfect – root dw[; “they will testify against”; the form’s W�y�iy: pattern ischaracteristic of 3mp imperfect hollow root forms. This form cannot be lqæ because itsroot is middle ww:, not middle d/y.

j. l[ePi 3ms perfect – root nam; “he refused”; the form is parallel to rBeDi, except that theinitial vowel is compensatorily lengthened because the middle radical, a guttural, willnot tolerate a vgeD;.

k. l[æp]nI 3fs perfect or fs participle – root rty; “she was/is left over”; the prefix ˆWncharacterizes the l[æp]nI, while the original initial ww: is preserved in the prefix vowel.

l. l[æp]nI ms participle or 3ms pausal perfect – root bxn; “he is/was standing”; the initial ˆWnof the root assimilates to the following root letter. The form could also theoreticallybe a l[ePi 3ms pausal perfect






m. ly[ip]hi or lqæ converted imperfect – root yl[; “he brought up/he went up”; the jTæPæ thatfollows the d/y is either that of the ly[ip]hi’s prefix or, in the lqæ, due to the followingguttural; the converted imperfect takes the short form in final d/y verbs, but even thelong form in this case (hl,[}y") does not help distinguish between binyanim.

2.Gen 17:20˚yt[mç: lqæ 1cs perfect + 2ms suffix – root [mv; “I heard you”ytkrb: l[ePi 1cs perfect – root krb; “I blessed”ytyrphw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root yrp; “I will make fruitful”ytybrhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root ybr; “I will make numerous”dylwy: ly[ip]hi 3ms imperfect – root dly; “he will sire”wyttnw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect + 3ms suffix – root ntn; “I will give him”

Gen. 18:29πsyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root psy; “he added/did again”rbdl: l[ePi inf const + -l] preposition – root dml; “to speak”rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma; “he said”ˆwaxmy: l[æp]nI 3mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root axm; “they will be found”hç[a: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root yc[; “I will do”

Gen. 24:48dqaw: lqæ 1cs converted imperfect – root ddq; “I bowed down”hwjtçaw: l[ep]Tæv]hi (this is the only attested root in this ˆy:n“Bi in BH; however, in other Semiticlanguages, the equivalent of this stem, called the ⁄t in cross-Semitic classification ofverbal stems, is readily attested) 1cs converted imperfect – root ywj; “I worshipped”˚rbaw: l[ePi 1cs converted imperfect – root krb; “I blessed”ynjnh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect +1cs suffix – root yjn; “he led me”tjql: lqæ inf const – root jql; “to take”

Gen. 29:13yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyh; “it was”[mçk: lqæ infinitive const + -K] preposition – root [mv; “when he heard”≈ryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root xwr; “he ran”wtarql: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition + 3ms suff – root arq; “to meet him”qbjyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root qbj; “he embraced”qçnyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root qvn; “he kissed”whaybyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms conv imperfect +3ms suffix – root awb; “he brought him”rpsyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rps; “he recounted”






Gen. 34:30rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma; “he said”µtrk[: lqæ 2mp perfect – root rk[; “you troubled”ynçyabhl: ly[ip]hi inf const +1cs suffix – root vab; “to make me odious”bçyb: lqæ ms act participle + -B] preposition – root bvy; “among the inhabitant”wpsanw: l[æp]nI 3cp converted perfect – root psa; “they will gather”ynwkhw: ly[ip]hi 3cp conv perfect +1cs suffix – root hkn; “they will kill me”ytdmçnw: l[æp]nI 1cs converted perfect – root dmv; “I will be destroyed”

Gen. 37:32wjlçyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root jlv; “they sent”waybyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp conv imperfect – root awb; “they brought”wrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rma; “they said”wnaxm: lqæ 1cp perfect – root axm; “we found”rkh: ly[ip]hi ms impv – root rkn; “recognize!”

Gen. 37:35wmqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root mwq; “they arose”wmjnl: l[ePi inf const + -l] preposition – root mjn; “to comfort him”ˆamyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root nam; “he refused”µjnthl: l[ePæt]hi inf const + -l] preposition – root mjn; “to be comforted”rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma; “he said”dra: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root dry; “I will go down”˚byw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ykb; “he wept”

Gen. 38:13-15dgyw: l[æp]h; 3ms conv imperfect – root dgn; “it was made known”rmal: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root rma; “saying”hl[: lqæ act part – root yl[; “he is going up”zgl: lqæ inf const + -l] preposition – root zzg; “to shear”rstw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rws; “she turned aside, took off”sktw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root ysk; “she covered”πl[ttw: l[ePæt]hi 3fs converted imperfect – root pl[; “she wrapped herself”bçtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root bvy; “she sat down”htar: lqæ 3fs perfect – root yar; “she saw”ldg: lqæ 3ms perfect – root ldg; “he grew up”hntn: l[æp]nI 3fs perfect – root ntn; “she was given”haryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3fs suffix – root yar; “he saw her”






hbçjyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect + 3fs suffix – root bvj; “he considered her”htsk: l[ePi 3fs perfect – root ysk; “she had covered”

Gen. 42:7aryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yar; “he saw”µrkyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp conv imperfect + 3mp suffix – root rkn; “he recognized them”rkntyw: l[ePæt]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root rkn; “he acted like a foreigner”rbdyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root rbd; “he spoke”rmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma; “he said”µtab: lqæ 2mp perfect – root awb; “you came”wrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rma; “they said”rbçl: lqæ inf construct – root rbv; “to buy grain”

Gen. 42:25wxyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root ywx; “he commanded”walmyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root alm; “they filled”byçhlw: ly[ip]hi inf construct + -l] preposition + ww: – root bwv; “he returned”ttlw: lqæ inf construct + -l] preposition + ww: – root ntn; “to give”ç[yw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root yc[; “he did”

Gen. 43:9wnbr[a: lqæ 1cs imperfect + 3ms suffix – root br[; “I will be the exchange for him”wnçqbt: l[ePi 2ms imperfect + 3ms suffix – root vqb; “you may seek him”wytaybh: ly[ip]hi 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root awb; “I brought him”wytgxhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs perfect + 3ms suffix – root gxn; “I set him”ytafjw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root afj; “I will sin/be guilty”

Gen. 43:18waryyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root ary; “they feared”wabwh: l[æp]h; 3mp perfect – root awb; “they were brought”wrmayw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root rma; “they said”bçh: lqæ ms active participle (defined) – root bwv; “the one who returns”µyabwm: l[æp]h; mp participle – root awb; “the ones brought”llgthl: l[ePot]hi infinitive const + -l] preposition – root llg; “to assail”lpnthlw: l[ePæt]hi infinitive const + -l] preposition – root lpn; “to throw oneself”tjqlw: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root jql; “to take”






Gen. 44:11-13wrhmyw: l[ePi 3mp converted imperfect – root rhm; “they hurried”wdrwyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root dry; “they lowered/brought down”wjtpyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root jtp “they opened”çpjyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root cpj; “he searched”ljh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect – root llj; “he began”hlk: l[ePi 3ms perfect – root ylk; “he completed”axmyw: l[æp]ni 3ms converted imperfect – root axm; “it was found”w[rqyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root [rq “they tore”sm[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root sm[ “he loaded”wbçyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root bwv “they returned”






3.ˆy:n“Bi Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationly[ip]hi lxn perf 2 m s “you saved”l[æp]nI rty/w conv impf 1 c s “I was left alone”l[ePi llh impv m p loss of vgED: “praise him!”

under [n: aw:v]l[æp]nI abn perf 3 c p “they prophesied”l[æp]nI abj perf 3 m s “he hid”

participle m s “he is hiding”ly[ip]hi yqv conv impf 3 m s “he gave drink”l[ePi mjr perf 3 m s “he was merciful”l[ePi rhm participle m s “is hurrying”ly[ip]hi llj impf 3 m s “he will begin”ly[ip]hi nza impv m p “listen!”ly[ip]hi dgn conv impf 3 m s “he told”ly[ip]hi yfn impf 3 m s “he will incline”l[ePi trv perf 3 c p “they served”ly[ip]hi [wr impf 3 m s “he will shout”

jussive 3 m s “may he shout”l[ePi krb inf const “to bless”

impv m s “bless!”l[ePi ywq perf 1 c s “I waited”l[ePæt]hi ywa perf 3 m s “he desired”l[æp]nI bxn perf 3 c p “they stood”ly[ip]hi rkn participle m s +2fs suff “recognizing you”l[æp]nI nma participle m s “trustworthy”l[ePi rsy perf 2 m s “you disciplined”l[ePi trv perf 3 c p “they served”ly[ip]hi lxn impv m s “take away!”

inf const “to take away”ly[ip]hi [vy juss 3 m s “may he deliver”ly[ip]hi jky impf 3 m s “he will rebuke”ly[ip]hi yqv conv impf 2 m s “you gave drink”

3 f s “she gave drink”ly[ip]hi bxn impv f s “erect!”ly[ip]hi mrj inf abs “certainly destroy”

impv m s “destroy!”ly[ip]hi gcn conv impf 3 m s +3mp suff “he overtook them”l[ePi ljy perf 1 c p “we waited”






4. Translations below are from NJPS

a. 16 The maiden was very beautiful, a virgin whom no man had known. She went downto the spring, filled her jar, and came up.17 The servant ran toward her and said, “Please, let me sip a little water from yourjar.”18 “Drink, my lord,” she said, and she quickly lowered her jar upon her hand and lethim drink.19 When she had let him drink his fill, she said, “I will also draw for your camels,until they finish drinking.”20 Quickly emptying her jar into the trough, she ran back to the well to draw, and shedrew for all his camels.21 The man, meanwhile, stood gazing at her, silently wondering whether the LORDhad made his errand successful or not.22 When the camels had finished drinking, the man took a gold nose-ring weighing ahalf-shekel, and two gold bands for her arms, ten shekels in weight.23 “Pray tell me,” he said, “whose daughter are you? Is there room in your father’shouse for us to spend the night?”

h[dy: lqæ 3ms perfect + 3fs suffix – root [dydrtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root dryalmtw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root alml[tw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root yl[≈ryw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root xwrhtarql: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition + 3fs suffix – root arqrmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rmaynyaymgh: ly[ip]hi fs impv + 1cs suffix – root amgrmatw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root rmahtç: lqæ ms imperative – root ytvrhmtw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root rhmdrtw: ly[ip]hi 3fs converted imperfect – root drywhqçtw: ly[ip]hi 3fs converted imperfect + 3ms suffix – root yqvlktw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root hlkwtqçhl: ly[ip]hi infinitive const + -l] preposition + 3ms suffix – root yqvbaça: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root bavwlk: l[ePi 3cp perfect – root ylkttçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root ytvr[tw: l[ePi 3fs converted imperfect – root yr[≈rtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root xwr






baçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root bavbaçtw: lqæ 3fs converted imperfect – root bavhatçm: l[ePæt]hi ms participle – root yavçyrjm: ly[ip]hi ms participle – root vrjt[dl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root [dyjylxhh: ly[ip]hi 3ms perfect + interrogative ahe – root jlxyhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyhtwtçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root ytvjqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root jqlydygh: ly[ip]hi fs imperative – root dgnˆyll: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root nylhdk: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form dKæ˚dkm: fs noun + ˆmi preposition + 2fs suffix; abs form dKæynda: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form ˆ/da;hdy: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form dy:˚ylmgl: mp noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form µylim;G“wylmg: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µylim;G“wkrd: ms or fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form Ër,D,&hydy: f dual noun + 3fs suffix; abs form µyIdæ&y:wlqçm: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form lq;v]miµlqçm: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form lq;v]mi˚yba: ms noun + 2fs suffix; abs form ba;b. 16 Now Laban had two daughters; the name of the older one was Leah, and the name

of the younger was Rachel.17 Leah had weak eyes; Rachel was shapely and beautiful.18 Jacob loved Rachel; so he answered, “I will serve you seven years for youryounger daughter Rachel.”19 Laban said, “Better that I give her to you than that I should give her to anoutsider. Stay with me.”20 So Jacob served seven years for Rachel and they seemed to him but a few daysbecause of his love for her.21 Then Jacob said to Laban, “Give me my wife, for my time is fulfilled, that I maycohabit with her.”22 And Laban gathered all the people of the place and made a feast.23 When evening came, he took his daughter Leah and brought her to him; and hecohabited with her.—24 Laban had given his maidservant Zilpah to his daughter Leah as her maid.—25 When morning came, there was Leah! So he said to Laban, “What is this you have done to me? I was in your service for Rachel! Why did you deceive me?”






26 Laban said, “It is not the practice in our place to marry off the younger before theolder.27 Wait until the bridal week of this one is over and we will give you that one too,provided you serve me another seven years.”28 Jacob did so; he waited out the bridal week of the one, and then he gave him hisdaughter Rachel as wife.

htyh: lqæ 3fs perfect – root yyhbhayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root bharmayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root rma˚db[a: lqæ cs cohortative + 2ms suffix – root db[ytt: lqæ infinitive const + 1cs suffix – root ntnyttm: lqæ infinitive const + ˆmi preposition (comparative) + 1cs suffix – root ntnhbç: lqæ ms elongated imperative – root bvydb[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root db[wyhyw: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root yyhwtbhab: lqæ infinitive const + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix – root bhahbh: lqæ ms elongated imperative – root bhywalm: lqæ 3mp converted imperfect – root almhawbaw: lqæ cs cohortative + ww: – root awbπsayw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root psaç[yw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yc[yhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyhjqyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root jqlabeyw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted imperfect – root awbaboyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root dbˆtyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root ntntyç[: lqæ 2ms perfect – root yc[ytdb[: lqæ 1cs perfect – root db[yntymr: l[ePi 3ms perfect + 1cs suffix – root ymrhç[y: l[æp]ni 3ms imperfect – root yc[ttl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root ntnalm: l[ePi ms imperative– root almhntnw: lqæ cp cohortative + ww: – root ntndb[t: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root db[almyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect – root alm˚tb: fs noun + 2ms suffix; abs form tBæwyny[b: f dual noun + -B] preposition + 3ms suffix; abs form µyIn"&y[eytça: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hV;aiymy: mp noun + 1cs suffix (pausal); abs form µymiy:






wtb: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form tBæwtjpç: fs noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hj;p]viwnmwqmb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 1cs suffix; abs form µ/qm;c. 13 If you hear it said, of one of the towns that the LORD your God is giving you to

dwell in,14 that some scoundrels from among you have gone and subverted the inhabitants oftheir town, saying, “Come let us worship other gods”—whom you have notexperienced —15 you shall investigate and inquire and interrogate thoroughly. If it is true, the fact isestablished — that abhorrent thing was perpetrated in your midst —16 put the inhabitants of that town to the sword and put its cattle to the sword. Doomit and all that is in it to destruction:17 gather all its spoil into the open square, and burn the town and all its spoil as aholocaust to the LORD your God. And it shall remain an everlasting ruin, never to berebuilt.18 Let nothing that has been doomed stick to your hand, in order that the LORD mayturn from His blazing anger and show you compassion, and in His compassionincrease you as He promised your fathers on oath —19 for you will be heeding the LORD your God, obeying all His commandments thatI enjoin upon you this day, doing what is right in the sight of the LORD your God.

[mçt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root [mvˆtn: lqæ 3ms perfect – root ntntbçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root bvyrmal: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root rmawaxy: lqæ 3mp perfect – root axywjydyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root jdnybçy: lqæ mp active participle (construct) – root bvyhkln: lqæ cp cohortative – root klhhdb[nw: lqæ cp cohortative + ww: – root db[µt[dy: lqæ 2mp perfect – root [dytçrdw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root vrdtrqjw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root rqjtlaçw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root lavbfyh: lqæ infinitive absolute – root bfyˆwkn: l[æp]nI ms participle – root nwkhtç[n: l[æp]nI 3fs perfect – root yc[hkt hkh: ly[ip]hi inf abs + 2ms imperfect – root yknµrjh: ly[ip]hi ms imperative – root mrj≈bqt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root xbq






tprçw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root prchtyhw: lqæ 3fs converted perfect – root yyhhnbt: lqæ 2ms imperfect – root ynbqbdy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root qbdbwçy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root bwvˆtnw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root ntn˚mjrw: l[ePi 3ms converted perfect – root mjr˚brhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect + 2ms suffix – root ybr[bçn: l[æp]ni 3ms perfect – root [bvrmçl: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root rmv˚wxm: l[ePi ms participle + 2ms suffix – root ywxtwç[l: lqæ infinitive const + -l] preposition – root yc[˚yr[: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyri[;˚yhla: mp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘˚brqm: ms noun + ˆmi preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form br,q,&µry[: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form ry[i˚brqb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form br,q,&htmhb: fs noun + 3fs suffix; abs form hm;heB]hllç: ms noun + 3fs suffix; abs form ll;v;hbjr: ms noun + 3fs suffix; abs form b/jr]˚dyb: fs noun + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form dy:wpa: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form πaæ˚ytbal: mp noun + -l] preposition + 2ms suffix; abs form t/ba;wytwxm: fp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form t/x]mid. 19 Thus said the LORD to me: Go and stand in the People’s Gate, by which the kings

of Judah enter and by which they go forth, and in all the gates of Jerusalem,20 and say to them: Hear the word of the LORD, O kings of Judah, and all Judah, andall the inhabitants of Jerusalem who enter by these gates!21 Thus said the LORD: Guard yourselves for your own sake against carryingburdens on the sabbath day, and bringing them through the gates of Jerusalem.22 Nor shall you carry out burdens from your houses on the sabbath day, or do anywork, but you shall hallow the sabbath day, as I commanded your fathers.23 (But they would not listen or turn their ear; they stiffened their necks and wouldnot pay heed or accept discipline.)24 If you obey Me — declares the LORD — and do not bring in burdens through thegates of this city on the sabbath day, but hallow the sabbath day and do no work on it,






25 then through the gates of this city shall enter kings who sit upon the throne ofDavid, with their officers — riding on chariots and horses, they and their officers —and the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. And this city shall beinhabited for all time.26 And people shall come from the towns of Judah and from the environs ofJerusalem, and from the land of Benjamin, and from the Shephelah, and from the hillcountry, and from the Negeb, bringing burnt offerings and sacrifices, meal offeringsand frankincense, and bringing offerings of thanksgiving to the House of the LORD.27 But if you do not obey My command to hallow the sabbath day and to carry in noburdens through the gates of Jerusalem on the sabbath day, then I will set fire to itsgates; it shall consume the fortresses of Jerusalem and it shall not be extinguished.

rma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rma˚lh: lqæ inf abs – root klhtdm[w: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root dm[waby: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root awbwaxy: lqæ 3mp imperfect – root axytrmaw: lqæ 2ms converted perfect – root rmaw[mç: lqæ mp imperative – root [mvybçy: lqæ mp active participle (construct) – root bvyµyabh: lqæ mp active participle (defined) – root awbwrmçh: l[æp]ni mp imperative – root rmvwaçt law: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms impf – root acnµtabhw: ly[ip]hi 2mp converted perfect – root awbwayxwt: ly[ip]hi 2mp imperfect – root axywç[t: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root yc[µtçdqw: l[ePi 2mp converted perfect – root vdqytywx: l[ePi 2mp converted perfect – root vdqw[mç: lqæ 3cp perfect – root [mvwfh: ly[ip]hi 3cp perfect – root yknwçqyw: ly[ip]hi 3mp converted imperfect – root yvq[mwç: lqæ ms active participle – root [mv?[wmç¿: lqæ infinitive construct – root [mvtjq: lqæ infinitive construct – root jqlhyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root yyhˆw[mçt [mç: lqæ infinitive abs + 2mp imperfect + paragogic ˆWn – root [mvaybh: ly[ip]hi infinitive construct – root awbçdqlw: l[ePi infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root vdqtwç[: lqæ infinitive construct – root jqlwabw: lqæ 3mp converted perfect – root awb






µybkr: lqæ mp active participle – root bkrybçyw: lqæ mp active participle + ww: – root bvyhbçyw: lqæ 3fs converted perfect – root bvyµyabm: ly[ip]hi mp participle – root awbyabmw: ly[ip]hi mp participle (construct) + ww: – root awbw[mçt: lqæ 2mp imperfect – root [mvtaç: lqæ infinitive construct – root acnabw: lqæ infinitive construct + ww: – root awbytxhw: ly[ip]hi 1cs converted perfect – root txyhlkaw: lqæ 3fs converted perfect – root lkahbkt: l[ePi 3fs imperfect – root ybkµkytwçpnb: fp noun + -B] preposition + 2mp suffix; abs form t/vp]n"µkytbm: mp noun + ˆmi preposition + 2mp suffix; abs form µyTiB;µkytwba: mp noun + 2mp suffix; abs form t/ba;µnza: fs noun + 3mp suffix; abs form ˆz,ao&µpr[: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form πr,[o&µhyrçw: mp noun + ww: + 3mp suffix; abs form µyric;hyr[çb: mp noun + -B] preposition + 3fs suffix; abs form µyri[;v]e. 1 There was a man in the land of Uz named Job. That man was blameless and upright;

he feared God and shunned evil.2 Seven sons and three daughters were born to him;3 his possessions were seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundredyoke of oxen and five hundred she-asses, and a very large household. That man waswealthier than anyone in the East.4 It was the custom of his sons to hold feasts, each on his set day in his own home.They would invite their three sisters to eat and drink with them.5 When a round of feast days was over, Job would send word to them to sanctifythemselves, and, rising early in the morning, he would make burnt offerings, one foreach of them; for Job thought, “Perhaps my children have sinned and blasphemedGod in their thoughts.” This is what Job always used to do.

hyh: lqæ 3ms perfect – root yyhhyhw: lqæ 3ms converted perfect – root yyhrsw: lqæ ms participle + ww: – root rwswdlwyw: l[æp]ni 3mp converted imperfect – root dlyyhyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root yyhwklhw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root klhwç[w: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root yc[wjlçw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root jlvwarqw: lqæ 3cp converted perfect – root arq






lkal: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition – root lkatwtçlw: lqæ infinitive construct + -l] preposition + ww: – root ytvwpyqh: ly[ip]hi 3cp perfect – root pqnjlçyw: lqæ 3ms converted imperfect – root jlvµçdqyw: l[ePi 3ms converted imperfect + 3ms suffix – root vdqµykçhw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect – root mkvhl[hw: ly[ip]hi 3ms converted perfect – root yl[rma: lqæ 3ms perfect – root rmawafj: lqæ 3cp perfect – root afjwkrbw: l[ePi 3cp converted perfect – root krbhç[y: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root yc[wmç: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µvewhnqm: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form hn,q]miwynb: mp noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µynIB;wmwy: ms noun + 3ms suffix; abs form µ/yµhytyja: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/ja;?µhytwyja¿: fp noun + 3mp suffix; abs form t/ja;µlk: ms noun + 3mp suffix; abs form lKoynb: mp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form µynIB;µbblb: ms noun + -B] preposition + 3mp suffix; abs form bb;lef. 1 My son, do not forget my teaching, But let your mind retain my commandments;

2 For they will bestow on you length of days, Years of life and well-being.3 Let fidelity and steadfastness not leave you; Bind them about your throat, Writethem on the tablet of your mind,4 And you will find favor and approbation In the eyes of God and man.

jkçt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect (pausal) – root jkvrxy: lqæ 3ms imperfect – root rxnwpyswy: ly[ip]hi 3mp imperfect – root psy˚bz[y la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 3mp imperfect – root bz[µrçq: lqæ ms imperative + 3mp suffix – root rvqµbtk: lqæ ms imperative + 3mp suffix – root btkaxmw: lqæ ms imperative – root axmynb: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form ˆBeytrwt: fs noun + 1cs suffix; abs form hr;/Tytwxmw: fp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form t/x]mi˚bl: ms noun + 2ms suffix (pausal); abs form ble˚ytwrgrg: fp noun + 2ms suffix; abs form t/rG“r]G"






g. 7 Two things I ask of you; do not deny them to me before I die:8 Keep lies and false words far from me; Give me neither poverty nor riches, Butprovide me with my daily bread,9 Lest, being sated, I renounce, saying, “Who is the LORD?” Or, beingimpoverished, I take to theft And profane the name of my God.

ytlaç: lqæ 1cs perfect – root lav[nmt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect – root [nmtwma: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root twmqjrh: ly[ip]hi ms imperative – root qjrˆtt la: lqæ prohibitive construction – 2ms imperfect – root ntnynpyrfh: ly[ip]hi ms imperative + 1cs suffix – root prf[bça: lqæ 1cs imperfect – root [bcytçjkw: l[ePi 1cs converted perfect – root vjkytrmaw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root rmaçrwa: l[æp]nI 1cs imperfect – root vryytbngw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root bngytçptw: lqæ 1cs converted perfect – root cptyqj: ms noun + 1cs suffix; abs form qjoyhla: mp noun + 1cs suffix; abs form µyhiløa‘





Cumulative Exercises

ˆy:n“Bi Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationl[æp]nI axm perfect 3 m s “he was found”

participle m s “being found”l[ePi ysn impf 3 m p “they will test”l[æp]nI nyb participle m s “discerning”l[æp]nI yc[ impf 3 m s “it will be done”lqæ rwg perfect 3 m s “he sojourned”

act part m s “he sojourns”lqæ rkz impf 1 c s +2ms suff “I will remember you”l[ePi rps impv m s “recount!”

inf const “to recount”lqæ zja conv impf 1 c s “I seized”l[æp]nI [dy conv perf 3 m s “he will be known”

part m s +ww: “and a known man”lqæ ykb conv impf 2 m s “he wept”

3 f s “she wept”lqæ jbz inf const +3ms suff “his sacrificing”llePo mwr impf 3 m s “he will lift up”lqæ myc perf 3 m s “he placed”

active part m s “is placing”lqæ ntn inf const +1cs suff “my giving”lqæ rsa impv m p “bind!”ly[ip]hi mwq cohortative c p “let us raise”l[ePi rbd impv m s “speak!”

inf const “to speak”lqæ vby perfect 3 f s “she was dry”lqæ mwq perfect 3 f s “she rose”lqæ nnj conv impf 3 m s “he was gracious”lqæ mwr jussive 3 m s “let him be high”lqæ vrd pass part f s “she is being sought”ly[ip]hi mwr impf 3 m s “he will lift up”ly[ip]hi bfy impf 3 m s “he will make it go well”ly[ip]hi ldb jussive 3 m s “let him separate”l[ePi amf perf 3 m s “he made unclean”lqæ jvm inf abs “certainly anoint”l[ePi abn perf 3 c p “they prophesied”l[ePi krb perf 3 m s “he blessed”





Cumulative Exercises (Page 2 of 5)

ly[ip]hi fbn conv impf 3 m s “he looked”lqæ klh impv m s elongated “go!”lqæ yyj jussive 3 m s “may he live”lqæ or yar conv impf 3 m s “he saw”ly[ip]hi “he showed”l[æp]nI ary impf 2 m s “you will be feared”

3 f s “she will be feared”ly[ip]hi bvy perf 3 m s “he caused to sit”

inf const “to place/cause to sit”ly[ip]hi bvy perf 3 c p “they placed”

impv m p “place!”ly[ip]hi awb conv impf 3 m s +1cs suff “he brought me”ly[ip]hi qzj participle m s “is strengthening”lqæ [qb impv m s +3ms suff “break through it”l[æPu lka perf 3 c p “they were consumed”lqæ yyh inf const “to be”ly[ip]hi axy juss 3 f s “may she bring out”lqæ awb inf const +3mp suff “their going”lqæ vwb impv m p “be ashamed!”lqæ ynz act part m s “they are prostituting”ly[ip]hi dry impv m s “bring down!”

inf abs “surely bring down”lqæ yl[ conv impf 2 m s “you went up”

3 f s “she went up”ly[ip]hi 2 m s “you brought up”

3 f s “she brought up”l[æPu llh participle m s “praised”l[æp]nI kph impf 3 m s “he will be overturned”lqæ ypa impf 2 m p “you will bake”l[ePi ldg impv m p “make great!”ly[ip]hi dly conv impf 3 m s “he begat”






2.a. Because hbr[ begins with an [, the vowel under the B is ; rather than æ (compensatory

lengthening).b. Because the l is followed by a [n awv, the –w is vocalized as a W.c. Before y“, the w is vocalized ywI (ayyé simplifies and d/y prefers the qr,yji).d. The root jql acts like a first ˆwn root, and thus the initial l assimilates. However, with a [n

awv, the vgd is lost.e. The root dry is historically a first ww:, and in the ly[ph the original first ww: is retained, thus the

µlwj vowel in the first syllable.f. The root mmt is a geminate, and thus the third root letter appears as a vgeD: in the second root

letter.g. The final n in the root ntn assimilates to the following t.h. When a word that begins with a tpk dgb letter immediately follows a long vowel in the

preceding word to which it is closely connect, the lq vgd is lost in the tpk dgb letter.i. In final a roots, the final syllable is open, which prefers a long vowel (≈mq).j. Guttural letters prefer not to take µyawv, and thus the vowel under the [ is a πfj vowel, with

the corresponding full vowel preceding it. Further, because yc[ is a final weak verb, itslast vowel is a lwgs.

3.a. t/ba; + -l] preposition + 2mp suffix; “to your fathers”b. [ræz,& + -l] preposition + ww: + 3mp suffix; “and for their offspring”c. byri + ww: + 2mp suffix; “and your argument”d. µyfib;v] + 2mp suffix; “your tribes”e. ly[ph inf const + -l] preposition + 1cp suffix – root dmv; “to destroy us”f. µynIB; + -l] preposition + ww: + 3ms suffix; “and for his sons”g. hm;j;l]mi + 3ms suffix; “his battle”h. br,q,& + -B] preposition + 2mp suffix; “in your midst”i. µybiy“ao + 2mp suffix; “your enemies”j. ≈r,a,& + ˆmi preposition + 3mp suffix; “from their land”k. dy: + -B] preposition + 1cp suffix; “in our hand”l. µyci[}mæ + -K] preposition + 2ms suffix; “according to your deeds”m. hm;k]j; + 2ms suffix; “your wisdom”n. tyrIB] + 3ms suffix; “his covenant”o. µyQiju + ww: + 3ms suffix; “his statutes”p. t/jB]z“mi + 3mp suffix; “their altars”q. lqæ mp active participle + -l] preposition + 3ms suffix – root bha; “to those who love him”r. hm;d;a} + 2ms suffix (pausal); “your land”s. µyhiløa‘ + 3mp suffix; “their god/s”t. lg,r,& + ww: + 2ms suffix; “and your foot”u. hq;d;x] + -B] preposition + 2ms suffix; “in your righteousness”






4.Ex. 1:1-7Now these are the names of the children of Israel who came to Egypt with Jacob, each manwith his household they came: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah; Issachar, Zebulun, andBenjamin; Dan, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. All the people who were the issue of the loins ofJacob were seventy—and Joseph was already in Egypt. Joseph and all his brothers and all ofthat generation died, but the children of Israel were fruitful and became many, and theybecame very great and mighty, and the land was filled with them.

1. v. 1 twmv and ynb are bound: in the former, the yrexe has been propretonically reduced,and in the latter, the final -µ is missing, and the ≈meq; has been propretonically reduced.v. 5 yaxy and ˚ry are bound: in the former, the final -µ is missing; in the latter, thecontext indicates that it is bound.

2. ˆy:n“Bi Root Tense Person Gender Num Other Translationlqæ awb active part m p definite see abovelqæ awb perf 3 c plqæ yyh conv impf 3 m slqæ axy active part m p constructlqæ mx[ conv impf 3 m plqæ ybr conv impf 3 m plqæ xrv conv impf 3 m plqæ yrp perf 3 m pl[æp]nI alm conv impf 3 f s

3. a. B begins the word.b. B begins the word, and though immediately preceded by a long vowel, it is not

closely connected to the previous word (no conjunctive accent).c. b begins the word, but it is immediately preceded by a long vowel in a word to

which it is closely connected. Thus it loses its vgd.4. The first is pronounced as an “ah” sound, while the second is pronounced as a long “o”

sound because it is in a closed, unaccented syllable. The converted form is related tothe “regular” imperfect tWmy:, and the vowel remains a “u-class” vowel.

5. The second occurrence is pausal.6. µyaiB;h' ynEB]] hL,aew“

qzj lq qzj

aleM;Tiw" daom]Bi WBr“YIw" WrP;qzj qzj lq lq qzj lq

7. a. This is the regular vocalization of the conjunctive ww:b. Before a y“, the awv under the d/y elides and the ww: is vocalized ywI (ayyé simplifies and

d/y prefers the qr,yji).c. Before a labial, the ww: is vocalized W






8. When lk is connected to the following word by a πQemæ, the usual µlwj vowel reduces toa ˆfq ≈mq.

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