-Hebrew Basic Lessons - Learn to Read Biblical Hebrew

Learn to Read Biblical HebrewLearn to Read Biblical HebrewLearn to Read Biblical HebrewLearn to Read Biblical Hebrew In the Modern Hebrew ScriptIn the Modern Hebrew ScriptIn the Modern Hebrew ScriptIn the Modern Hebrew Script

Part One Part One Part One Part One ---- The Alphabet The Alphabet The Alphabet The Alphabet

Introduction

The Alephbet

Lesson 1 (Aleph, Beyt)

Lesson 2 (Mem, Yud)

Lesson 3 (Nun, Hey)

Lesson 4 (Lamed, Vav)

Lesson 5 (Resh, Shin)

Lesson 6 (Ayin, Tet)

Lesson 7 (Tav, Dalet)

Lesson 8 (Tsade, Quph)

Lesson 9 (Chet, Kaph)

Lesson 10 (Zayin, Pey)

Lesson 11 (Gimel, Samech)

Lesson 12

Part Two Part Two Part Two Part Two ---- Basic Sentence Basic Sentence Basic Sentence Basic Sentence StructStructStructStructureureureure

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Part Three Part Three Part Three Part Three ---- Biblical Hebrew Word Biblical Hebrew Word Biblical Hebrew Word Biblical Hebrew Word and Sentence Constructionand Sentence Constructionand Sentence Constructionand Sentence Construction

Introduction

Prefixes, suffixes and infixes

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Learn to Read Biblical HebrewLearn to Read Biblical HebrewLearn to Read Biblical HebrewLearn to Read Biblical Hebrew

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

WHY LEARN HEBREW?

There are many reasons to learn Hebrew such as to read the Tenach (the Old

Testament of the Bible written in Hebrew) in its original language or simply to learn

how to pronounce Hebrew words such as those in Strong's Concordance without

having to use the transliterations. Probably the most advantageous reason to learn

Hebrew is the ability to understand the original author's words, rather than through

the translators opionion of the author's words.

Learning the Hebrew language can be both fun and exciting. By simply studying the

pages to follow for just a few minutes a day you will soon be reading Hebrew and be

building a small vocabulary of Hebrew words and phrases.

THE HEBREW ALEPHBET

English uses the word "Alphabet" which is the first two letters of the Greek

Alphabet; Alpha and Beta. Hebrew on the other hand uses "Alephbet" as they are the

first two letters of the Hebrew Alephbet; Aleph and Bet. The Hebrew alephbet

consists of 22 consonants and no vowels. The vowels are dots and dashes added

above and below the consonants. One advantage to Hebrew is that the sound for each

letter remains the same unlike English where one has to memorize many variations

such as the word circus where one "c" is pronounced like an "S" and the other like a

"K".

DIRECTION OF READING

Unlike English which is read from left to right, Hebrew is read from right to left just

as many other semitic languages such as Arabic. This may sound difficult but in a

very short time you will get used to it.

When sounding out a word it will be easier if you remember the Consonant (C) and

Vowel (V) patterns. In English the consonants and vowels may be arranged in any

order such as in the word "circle" which has the following pattern; C-V-C-C-C-V.

Hebrew on the other hand is very consistent in that a vowel always follows a

consonant (except the final consonant which may or may not be followed by a

vowel), such as in the following words "Melek" (king) C-V-C-V-C; "Meleko" (his

king) C-V-C-V-C-V and "Hamelek" (the king) C-V-C-V-C-V-C. The Yud (Y) is

another exception to this as it can be a consonant acting as a vowel, just as our

English "Y".

MODERN AND ANCIENT HEBREW

The pronunciation of some of the consonants and vowels have changed over the

centuries but this does not affect the meaning of words so we will learn to pronounce

them according to the modern Hebrew. Modern Hebrew pronunciation is also

divided into two parts, Ashkenazie and Sephardic. Since Sephardic is the

pronunciation adopted by the State of Israel, we will also use this pronunciation.

THE LESSONS

Each lesson includes new consonants, vowels, a practice section, new vocabulary

words and sentences. The practice session will allow you to practice the new letters

and vowels and refresh yourself on old ones. The vocabulary section will consist of a

few words using the new letters and vowels to begin building your Hebrew

vocabulary. The Sentences will allow you to begin using your new words in

sentences. To assist you in learning the letters and words, I recommend that you put

the letters and words you are learning on flashcards so that you can study them at

any time.


AlephbetAlephbetAlephbetAlephbet

Some common confusions between letters

The alephbet in handwritten form

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Lesson 1Lesson 1Lesson 1Lesson 1

Consonants

The "aleph" is the first letter of the Hebrew alephbet. This consonant is silent.

The "beyt" is pronounced two ways, a "b" as in ball, and as "v" as in visit. A dagesh (a dot in the middle of the letter) indicates that the letter will have the "b" sound, while the abscence of the dagesh indicates the "v" sound. When the beyt is prefixed to a word it means "in".

Vowels

This vowel, which is placed under the consonant, is pronounced "a" as in father. Since the aleph is silent, this consonant/vowel combination would be pronounced as "a". (Note: The aleph here is not part of the vowel, it is

simply used here to show the placement of the vowel only)

This vowel is also pronounced "a" as in father.

Practice

.1

.2

Vocabulary

Came

.1

Father

.2

Sentences

Father Came.

.1



Consonants

The "mem" is pronounced "m" as in mother.

The "final mem" is the form of the letter used when at the end of a word. The pronunciation does not change.

The yud is pronounced "y" as in yes. When the yud is added at the end of a word it means "of me" or "my".

Vowels

This vowel is pronounced "i" as in machine.

This vowel is pronounced "e" as in grey.

Practice

.1

.2

Vocabulary

Mother

.1

Who

.2

My mother

.3

My father

.4

Sentences

Who came?

.1

My father came.

.2



Consonants

The "nun" is pronounced "n" as in no.

The "final nun" is the form of the letter used when at the end of a word. The pronunciation does not change.

The "hey" is pronounced "h" as in hello. When the "hey" is suffixed to the end of a word it makes the word feminine. When it is prefixed to the front of a word it is the definite article meaning "the".

Notes

1. The English verb "to be" and its various tenses such as "am", "is" and "are" do not exist in Hebrew and need to be added in the translation.

2. English has two indefinite articles, "a" and "an" which also do not exist in Hebrew and must be added in the translation.

3. The vocabulary word below "ba'ah" is the feminine form of the masculine verb "ba'" (came) which was introduced in lesson 1.

4. The final syllable of most Hebrew words is accented by pronouncing the final Consonant-Vowel-Consonant as a syllable. For instance, the word for "I", in the vocabulary list below, is pronounced "a-niy" rather than an-iy.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

I

.1

Where

.2

Son

.3

She

.4

Prophet

.5

Came (f)

.6

What

.7

The

.8

Sentences

Where is my father? .1

I am a father. .2

Who is she? .3

The prophet came. .4

What is a prophet? .5

My son came. .6

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Consonants

The "lamed" is pronounced "l" as in long. When the lamed is prefixed to a word it means "to" or "for".

The "vav" is pronounced "v" as in visit. When the vav is prefixed to a word it means "and".

Vowels

When this vowel is placed under the first letter of a word it is pronounced as a soft "e" as in help. When it appears in the middle of a word it is used as a syllable break and is not pronounced.

This vowel is pronounced "e" as in elephant.

Notes

1. When one of the "a" vowels are followed by the consonant "yud", the pronunciation is "ah-y", which, when said quickly sounds like "i" as in bike.

2. In some languages, such as Spanish, nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter . Hebrew is much the same, all nouns are either masculine or feminine (there is no neuter).

3. The "yud-mem" combination is the masculine plural ending, similar to the the "s" ending for English plural nouns.

4. When the dagesh (the dot in the middle of a letter) is placed within some letters, such as in the nun in the word for "Here [am] I" in the vocabulary list below, it doubles the letter. Therefore, this letter would be pronounced "hin-ney-niy" rather than "hi-ney-niy".

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

Night

.1

God

.2

Water

.3

Amen

.4

Here

.5

Sea

.6

Here am I

.7

To me

.8

Sentences

Night came.

.1

My son came to me.

.2

Mother came in the night.

.3

My father and my mother are here.

.4

Water is in the sea.

.5



Consonants

The "resh" is pronounced "r" as in rain.

The "shin" is pronounced two ways, "sh" as in sharp, and "s" as in sign. When a dot is placed on the top right corner of the letter it takes the "sh" sound and when the dot is placed on the top left corner of the letter it takes the "s" sound.

Vowels

The dot above the "vav" is pronounced "o" as in open. The "vav" becomes silent. When this "vav" is suffixed to a word it means "to him" or "his".

Notes

1. In Hebrew, the verb usually appears before the subject of the verb, such as in sentence #5 below.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

Peace

.1

Skies

.2

Said (m)

.3

Created (m)

.4

Said (f)

.5

Ruler

.6

Day

.7

Light

.8

Rabbi

.9

Name .10

Sentences

My name is Levi. .1

What is his name?

.2

His name is Abraham.

.3

Ruler of Peace. .4

God created skies.

.5



Consonants

The "Ayin" is silent.

The "Tet" is pronounced "t" as in tune.

Vowels

The dot in the "vav" is pronounced "u" as in tune. The "vav" is silent. When this vav is suffixed to a word, it means "of them" or "they".

Notes

1. In Hebrew the adjectives come after the noun, such as tov (good) in sentence #1 below.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

Evening

.1

Good

.2

Israel

.3

Over, On

.4

She

.5

He

.6

Keeping, Guarding

.7

Sentences

Good Evening. .1

Who came in the evening?

.2

She came in the evening.

.3

He came in the evening.

.4

Peace over Israel. .5

What is his name?

.6

His name is Israel.

.7



Consonants

The "Tav" is pronounced "t" as in tune. A dagesh may appear in the letter but will not change the sound of the letter.

The "dalet" is pronounced "d" as in dig.

Vowels

This vowel is pronounced "eh" as in elephant, but it is pronounced very softly.

This vowel is a dot which appears at the top and just to the left of the letter instead of beneath it and is pronounced "o" as in open.

Notes

1. The Hebrew word for Moses (Vocabulary word #1) appears to be missing a vowel after the "mem". Since Hebrew requires a vowel after each consonant, the vowel is the "o" placed above the letter "Shin". The dot over the right leg of the letter "Shin" and the vowel "o" are in the same place.

2. The "et" (Vocabulary word #3) precedes a direct object of the verb and is rarely translated into English. For example, if I said "I made the dinner", the direct object is "the dinner" because "the" comes before "dinner". In this case the Hebrew word "et" would precede "the dinner" in Hebrew. If I said "I made a dinner", the "et" would not precede it since "dinner" in this sentence is not a direct object.

3. An exception to the rule requiring the C-V-C-V pattern is the word "reshiyt" (Vocabulary word #8). The aleph does not always require a vowel after it.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

Moses

.1

God, gods

.2

Precedes the direct object of the

verb .3

Gave (m)

.4

Sabbath

.5

Teaching

.6

To us

.7

Beginning

.8

Student (m)

.9

Student (f) .10

Study (m) .11

Study (f) .12

Sentences

Peaceful Sabbath. .1

And they will keep the Sabbath.

.2

Moses gave to us the Torah.

.3

In [the] beginning God created.

.4

A student studies the Torah.

.5

A student studies Torah.

.6



Consonants

The "tsade" is pronounced "ts" as in pots.

The final "tsade" is the form used when the letter appears at the end of a word and is also pronounced "ts".

The "quph" is pronounced "q" as in quiet.

Vowels

This vowel is a combination of the "sheva" vowel and the "a" vowel learned previously. The vowel works the same as the "sheva" with a pronunciation of "a" as in father, when placed under the first consonant of the word.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

Exist (m)

.1

Land

.2

Sentences

Genesis 1:14



Consonants

The "chet" is pronounced "ch" as in the German name Bach.

When a dagesh appears in the "Kaph", it is pronounced "k" as in kick. When a dagesh does not appear in the letter it is pronounced "ck" as in the German name Bach.

The final "kaph" has the same pronunciations as the "kaph". While most words end with a consonant, the final "kaph" will usually be followed by a vowel.

Vowels

This vowel is pronounced "u" as in tune.

Notes

1. When the "ah" vowel appears under the letter "chet", the two sounds trade places. The second word in line 2 of the practice section is pronounced "ko'ach" not "kocha". This is unique only to this letter and vowel combination when it appears at the end of a word.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

Yes, So

.1

Grass, Herb

.2

Tree, Wood

.3

Sentences

Genesis 1:5



Consonants

The "zayin" is pronounced "z" as in zebra.

When a dagesh appears in the "pey", it is pronounced "p" as in pet. When a dagesh does not appear in the letter it is pronounced "ph" as in phone.

The pronunciation of the final "pey" is the same as the "pey".

Vowels

This vowel is a combination of the "sheva" vowel and the "a" vowel learned previously. The vowel works the same as the "sheva" with a pronunciation of "a" as in father, when placed under the first consonant of the word.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

Which, Who

.1

Make, Do (m)

.2

Face

.3

Sentences

Genesis 1:11



Consonants

The "gimel" is pronounced "g" as in game.

The "samech" is pronounced "s" as in sand.

Notes

1. Vocabulary word #1 is pronounced "Kol" (coal), not "Kal" as it appears. The "a" vowel is pronounced "o" in this word only.

Practice

.1

.2

.3

Vocabulary

All

.1

Man

.2

Bird

.3

Fish

.4

Sentences

Genesis 1:26

Learn to Read Biblical HebrLearn to Read Biblical HebrLearn to Read Biblical HebrLearn to Read Biblical Hebrewewewew


Now that you have completed the previous lessons, you may begin putting what you have learned to use. Below are the first five verses of Genesis chapter one for your reading practice.

Genesis 1:1-5

Congratulations

You have completed all twelve lessons. At this point you have the ability to read the Bible in its original language. Your next step is to practice your reading skill, build your vocabulary and begin learning word and sentence structure.

We recommend four books;

Hebrew Bible: With a Bible in the Hebrew language you can practice your reading and take the first steps to reading the Bible in its original language.

Prayer Book Hebrew The Easy Way: While this book is written to aid the Jewish student in learning to read the Sidur (Prayerbook), it is an excellent book for the non-Jew as well because of its ability to teach word and sentence structure.

Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon: This lexicon will greatly assist the Hebrew student learn Hebrew prefixes, suffixes, roots and vocabulary.

Learn Biblical Hebrew: Includes a revised version of the Hebrew lessons on this site as well as charts and dictionaries to assist the new Hebrew student in Biblical Reading.

The Ancient Hebrew Research Center Web Site has some resources that will assist you with your continued reading practices and vocabulary including an on-line Hebrew Bible (no vowel pointings) and a Dictionary which lists all the Hebrew words used twenty five times or more in the Bible.

Let us also recommend these sites for additional Hebrew studies;

1. Hebrew vocabulary Lessons 2. Hebrew vocabulary games 3. Hebrew for me activities 4. Downloadable Hebrew Bible 5. Bible Readings in Hebrew 6. Hebrew Dictionary 7. Hebrew Picture Dictionary 8. Mechon Mamre Hebrew Bible 9. Allon Ministries 10. Audio Scriptures International

It would help us greatly if you would E-Mail us to let us know what you think of the lessons. Did you find them easy to follow? Did you have any problems with the lessons? Do you have any suggestions that would make the lessons better for others? May we also invite you to sign our guestbook.

Thank-you very much for your continued interest in the Hebrew language and allowing us to be a part of your studies. We hope that you will continue your Hebrew studies with enjoyment and satisfaction. If we can be of service to you now or in the future, please let us know.

Learn Hebrew Part 2Learn Hebrew Part 2Learn Hebrew Part 2Learn Hebrew Part 2

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

In these lessons we will begin to learn Hebrew sentence structure and vocabulary. These lessons are adapted from "beyt siyphrenu" (our schoolhouse) by the Hebrew Publishing Company, New York. copyright 1939.

The writing of these lessons will take time and we hope to add an additional lesson every few weeks.

If you have any comments, questions or suggestions for these lessons please Email us, thank you.

About the Lessons

Hebrew Fonts

The "BSThebrew" font, designed by Crosswalk.Com, is required to be installed in your fonts folder to view the Hebrew letters.

Vocabulary

Hebrew words are gender sensitive as are some English words such as "boy" and "girl". Many English words are not gender sensitive such as "child". In order to convey the gender of the Hebrew, the symbols (m.) for masculine words and (f.) for feminine words will be placed after the English words.

Those entries in the vocabulary section which are prefixes will be followed by a dash (-).

Transliteration

The vowels in the transliteration will be pronounced as follows; a - father; e - edge; i - king; o - old; u - tune; ay - fly; ey - play; iy - king.

A dash within the English transliterations indicate a syllable break.

Translation

Words required in the translation that are not in the Hebrew, that are added into the translation are in italics.



Vocabulary

Trans-

lation

Trans-

literation Hebrew

Trans-

lation

Trans-

literation Hebrew

name sheym ~ev this (m.) zeh h,z

child (m.) ye-led d,l,y this (f.) zot taoz

child (f.) yal-dah h'D.l;y these ey-leh h,Lea

children (m.) ye-le-diym ~yid,l.y one (m.) e-chad d'x,a

children (f.) ye-le-dot tAd,l.y one (f.) a-chat t;x;a

man iysh vyia two (m.) she-na-yim ~iy;n.v

woman ish-shah h'Via two (f.) she-ta-yim ~iy;T.v

men a-na-shiym ~yiv:n]a or o Aa

women na-shiym ~yiv"n the ha- -'h -;h

Mr. mar r;m what mah h'm h;m

Mrs. ma-rat t;r'm book sey-pher r,pes

Sentences

Translation Transliteration Hebrew

The name of the boy is

David. sheym hay-ye-led david

`diw'D d,l,Y;h ~ev

The name of the girl is

Dinah.

sheym hay-yal-dah diy-

nah

`h'nyiD h'D.l;Y;h ~ev

The name of the man is

Mr. Levin.

sheym ha-iysh mar le-

viyn

`!yiw,l r;m vyia'h ~ev

The name of the woman

is Mrs. Levin.

sheym ha-ish-shah ma-

rat le-viyn

`!yiw,l t;r''m h'Via'h ~ev

This is a boy. zeh ye-led `d,l,y h,z

This is a girl. zot yal-dah `h'D.l;y taOz

This is a man. zeh iysh `vyia h,z

This is a woman. zot ish-shah `h'Via taOz

One man. Two men. iysh e-chad. she-na-yim

a-na-shiym.

`~yiv"n]a ~iy:n.v `d'x,a vyia

One woman. Two

women.

ish-shah a-chat. she-ta-

yim na-shiym.

`~yiv"n ~iy;T.v `t;x;a h'Via



Vocabulary

Trans-

lation

Trans-

literation Hebrew

Trans-

lation

Trans-

literation Hebrew

here/behold hin-neyh heNih big, great (m.) ga-dol lAd'G

taliyt ta-liyt tyiL;j big, great (f.) ge-do-lah h'lAd.G

tephiliyn te-phi-

liyn !yiLip.T small (m.) qa-tan !'j'q

praying mit-pa-

leyl leL;P.tim small (f.) qa-tan-

nah h'N;j.q

there is/are yeysh vey to (belongs to) le- -.l

and ve- -.w to the (belongs

to the) la- -'l

Sentences


Here is one man. hin-neyh iysh e-chad. `d'x,a vyia heNih

The name of the man

is Mr. Kahen.

sheym ha-iysh mar ka-

hen.

`!,h'K r;m vyia'h ~ev

To Mr. Kahen there

is a taliyt.

le-mar ka-hen yeysh ta-

liyt.

`tyiL;j vey !,h'K r;m.l

To Mr. Kahen there

is tephiliyn.

le-mar ka-hen yeysh te-

phi-liyn.

`!yiLip.T vey !,h'K r;m.l

To Mr. Kahen there

are tephiliyn and

le-mar ka-hen yeysh te-

phi-liyn ve-ta-liyt. `tyiL;j.w !yiLip.T

taliyt. vey !,h'K r;m.l

Mr. Kahen is

praying. mar ka-hen mit-pa-leyl.

`leL;P.tim !,h'K r;m

Here are two men. hin-neyh she-ney a-na-

shiym.

`~yiv"n]a yen.v heNih

To the men there are

tephiliyn

la-a-na-shiym yeysh te-

phi-liyn.

`!yiLip.T vey ~yiv"n]a'l


taliytot.

la-a-na-shiym yeysh ta-

liy-tot.

`tAtyiL;j vey ~yiv"n]a'l


tephiliyn and taliytot.

la-a-na-shiym yeysh te-

phi-liyn ve-ta-liy-tot.

`tAtyiL;j.w !yiLip.T vey ~yiv"n]a'l

Two of the men are

praying.

she-ney ha-a-na-shiym

mit-pal-liym

`~yil.L;P.tim ~yiv"n]a'h yen.v

The man is big and

the boy is small.

ha-iysh ga-dol ve-ha-ye-

led qa-tan.

`!'j'q d,l,Y;h.w lAd'G vyia'h

The woman is big

and the girl is small.

ha-ish-shah ge-do-lah

ve-ha-yal-dah qe-ta-nah.

`h"N;j.q h'D.l:Y;h.w h'lAd.G h'Via'h

The man and the

woman are big.

ha-iysh ve-ha-ish-shah

ge-do-liym.

`~yilAd.G h'Via'h.w vyia'h

The boy and the girl

are small.

hay-ye-led ve-hay-yal-

dah qe-ta-niym.

`~yIN;j.q h'D.l:Y;h.w d,l,Y;h

Notes

1. A taliyt is a four cornered garment with the fringes tied at each corner (Numbers 15:37-41), often called a prayer shawl.

2. Tephiliyn, often called by the Greek name phylacteries, are leather boxes tied to the forehead and hand when praying (Deuteronomy 6:8). Inside the boxes are parchment with specific Biblical passages written on them.

3. Many feminine words end with "h'-".

4. Masculine plural words are idenitified with a "~yi-" suffix. Feminine plural

words are identified with a "tA-" suffix.

5. The participle verbs such as "leL;P.tim" (praying) use the same plural

suffix when more than one are performing the action of the verb. When a group composed of both masculine and feminine are the subjects of the verb, the masculine suffix is used for the participle.

6. Adjectives normally follow the noun.



Vocabulary

Trans-

lation

Trans-

literation Hebrew

Trans-

lation

Trans-

literation Hebrew

boy na-ar r;[;n table shul-chan !'x.luv

hand yad d"y on, over al l;[

where ay-yeyh hEY;a standing (m.) o-meyd demA[

chair ki-sey aeSiK standing (f.) o-me-det t,d,mA[

Participle Verb

Conjugations of dm[ (standing)

Gender Singular Plural

Masculine demA[ ~yid.mA[

Feminine t,d,mA[ tAd.mA[

Participle Verb

Conjugations of bvy (sitting)

Gender Singular Plural

Masculine bevAy ~yib.vAy

Feminine t,b,vAy tAb.vAy

Sentences


Here is a boy. hin-neyh na-ar. `r;[;n heNih

A boy is a large child. na-ar ye-led ga-dol. `lAd'G d,l,y r;;[;n


Joseph.

sheym ha-na-ar yo-

seyph.

`@esAy r;[;N;h ~ev

What is on the table?

A book.

mah al ha-shul-chan?

sey-pher.

`r,pes ?!'x.luV;h l;[ h'm

What is in the hand? A

book. mah bay-yad? sey-pher. `r,pes ?d"Y;B h;m

Where are the books? ay-yeyh ha-se-pha-

riym? ?~yir'p.S;h hEY;a

One is in the hand and

one is on the table.

e-chad ba-yad ve-e-

chad al ha-shul-chan.

`!'x.luV;h l;[ d'x,a.w d"Y;B d'x,a

Here is one boy. hi-neyh ye-led e-chad `d'x,a d,l,y hENih


Abraham.

sheym hay-ye-led av-

ra-ham.

`~'h'r.b;a d,l,Y;h ~ev

Where is Abraham? ay-yeyh av-ra-ham? ?~'h'r.b;a hEY;a

Abraham is on a chair. av-ra-ham al ki-sey. àeSiK l;[ ~'h'r.b;a

Abraham is standing

on the chair.

av-ra-ham o-meyd al

ha-ki-sey.

àeSiK;h l;[ demA[ ~'h'r.b;a

Here is one girl. hin-neyh yal-dah a-

chat.

`t;x;a h'D.l:y hENih

The name of the girl is

Sarah.

sheym hay-yal-dah sa-

rah. `h'r'f h'D.l:Y;h ~ev

Where is Sarah? a-yeyh sa-rah? ?h'r'f hEY;a

Sarah is on a chair. sa-rah al ki-sey. àeSiK l;[ h'r'f

Sarah is standing on sa-rah o-me-det al ha- àeSiK;h l;[

the chair. ki-sey. t,d,mA[ h'r'f

Abraham and Sarah

are standing on the

chairs.

av-ra-ham ve-sa-rah

om-diym al ha-ki-sot

`tAa.siK;h l;[ ~yid.mA[ h'r'f.w ~'h'r.b;a

Notes

1. Remember that the "a" vowels are pronounced like the "a" in father. In the

above sentence is the word "d"Y;B". The transliteration for this word is bay-yad. The first syllable "bay" is pronounced "bahee" (as in good "bye") not "bay" as in a bay of water.

Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew ---- Part 3 Part 3 Part 3 Part 3 IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

If you know the Hebrew alephbet, your next step in Biblical Hebrew studies is to

learn sentence and word structure. The following is the first few verses of Genesis

chapter one where we will examine each word, one at a time, explaining their

construction and relationship within the sentence. The final lesson is Genesis chapter

one for you to practice your translation on. You will need the BST Hebrew Font to

view the Hebrew text in these lessons.

Below are a couple resources to assist you in your Biblical Reading. We are

including a singular link below to these but do not make any specific links at each

occurence within the lesson as you will learn quicker when you search for the word,

prefix or suffix within the resources. If you have any questions, comments or

suggestions on these lessons please e-mail us.

Study Resources

Hebrew/English dictionary of common Hebrew words

Prefixes, suffixes and infixes added to Hebrew roots

Hebrew Alphabet

Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew ---- Part 3 Part 3 Part 3 Part 3 Hebrew Prefixes, Suffixes and InfixesHebrew Prefixes, Suffixes and InfixesHebrew Prefixes, Suffixes and InfixesHebrew Prefixes, Suffixes and Infixes

Prefixes

The --ה To --ל

In --ב Like --כ

And --ו Which --ש

Noun Derivatives

---ם מ---

---ת ת---

-ו-- --י-

---תי ---ה

---תו ---ןו

Pronoun Suffixes - Masculine

Singular Plural

My hand ידי Our hand ונדי

Your hand ךדי Your hand םכדי

His hand ודי Their hand םדי

Pronoun Suffixes - Feminine

Singular Plural

My hand ידי Our hand ונדי

Your hand ךדי Your hand ןכדי

Her hand הדי Their hand ןדי

Perfect Tense - Masculine

Singular Plural

I said יתרמא We said ונרמא

You said תרמא You said םתרמא

He said רמא They said ורמא

Perfect Tense - Feminine

Singular Plural

I said יתרמא We said ונרמא

You said תרמא You said ןתרמא

She said הרמא They said ורמא

Imperfect Tense - Masculine

Singular Plural

I say רמאא We say רמאנ

You say רמאת You say ורמאת

He says רמאי They say ורמאי

Imperfect Tense - Feminine

Singular Plural

I say רמאא We say רמאנ

You say ירמאת You say הנרמאת

She says רמאת They say הנרמאת

Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew Learn Biblical Hebrew ---- Part 3 Part 3 Part 3 Part 3 Lesson 1Lesson 1Lesson 1Lesson 1

Genesis 1:1

תישארב

The ב is a prefix meaning "inside". This letter is an abbreviated form of the Hebrew

word "תיב" (beyt) meaning "house". The house is where the family resides "inside".

The root word is "שאר" meaning "head".

Words related in meaning to the root are commonly formed by adding certain letters

to the root and all of the words derived from the same root will be related in

meaning. The letters "תי--" are added to the root to form a new noun, תישאר, meaning

"beginning" (The head of a time or space as in the beginning of an event or a river.)

By being able to recognize the prefixes and letters added to a root to form noun

derivatives, one can easily see the root word within the word. There are

approximately 8,000 different words in the Bible, all of which are derived from only

about 1,500 root words. Of these 1,500, about half are used very infrequently in the

Bible. This means that with a good understanding of about 750 root words one can

easily read the Biblical text without memorizing all 8,000 words used within it.

ארב

This is a verb (word denoting action). While this word is usually translated as

"create" a better Hebraic translation would be "fatten" or "filled" as what is fattened

is filled up. The Hebrews thought and communicated in concrete terms rather than

abstracts as we do. The word create is an abstract word while the word fatten or

filled are concrete.

Each verb identifies gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and

tense (perfect or imperfect). This verb would literally be translated as "he did

fatten/fill". The "he" is masculine singular and the word "did" indicates perfect tense.

Perfect tense is completed action and is similar to our past tense. Imperfect tense is

incomplete action and is similar to our present or future tense. Notice the difference

of tenses between Hebrew and English. English tenses are related to time while

Hebrew is related to action.

םיהלא

This word is the subject of the verb, the "he" in "he did fatten". Generally the subject

of the verb will follow the verb rather than precede it as in English. In English we

say "John ran fast." but in Hebrew this would be written as "ran John fast".

The root word for this noun is "הלא" meaning "power". This word is used for anyone

or anything which, has "power" and is often translated as "God". The suffix "םי--"

denotes a plural for masculine nouns. While English plurals denote quantity (more

than one), Hebrew plurals can also denote quality (very large or great). The word

can be translated as "gods" (quantity) or "a great god" (quality). The idea of "םיהלא"

"a great god" is generally written as "God".

Only through context can it be determined if the plural noun is identifying quantity

or quality. This can be the context within the passage or the sentence structure itself.

In this verse the context of the sentence structure requires this word to be understood

as qualitative since the verb was preceding it states "he (singular) did fatten" and not

"they (plural) did fatten".

תא

This word literally a plow point which creates the furrows in the field and is guided

by the driver of the plow. In order to keep the furrow straight, the driver heads for a

mark in the distance. Therefore, this word is literally "the moving toward a mark".

The word "תא" is used over 11,000 times (and never translated into English as there

is no equivelent) to point to the direct object of the verb. Some examples of a direct

object are; "Bible", "the book" and "his book" where the "book" is specically

identified". Conversely, an example of an indirect object would be; "a book" where

the book is not specifically identified.

םימשה

The first letter, "ה", is another prefix and is usually translated as "the". This prefix is

the short form of the word "לה" meaning, "to look at something".

The root word is "מש" and while usually translated as "name" is more literally

"breath". In Hebraic thought your breath is your character, who you are. In the

Hebraic culture one's name was to reflect their character, or "breath".

Again we find the suffix "םי--" indicating a plural - "breaths" or "winds" of the sky

and best translated as "skies".

Because the "ה" (the) precedes the word "םימש" (skies), this word is a direct object,

hence, the reason for the word "תא" before it.

תאו

Another very common prefix is the letter "ו", usually translated as "and". This is the

abbreviated form of the word "וו" meaning, peg or nail. As a nail attaches two items

together, this prefix attaches two or more things together in a sentence, in this case

"the skies and the land".

Added to this prefix is the word "תא" which was previously discussed. Because of

this word we know that the word which follows is also a definite object of the verb

."ארב"

ץראה

The letter "ה" is the prefix meaning "the". The word "ץרא" is a common word

meaning "land".


Genesis 1:2

ץראהו

As previously discussed the prefix "ו" is used to attach two parts of a sentence

together but is also used to attach two or more sentences together, in other words

bringing all of the words of one story together. In fact, the entire chapter of Genesis

chapter one is one long story as each sentence begins with a "ו".

The letter "ה" is the prefix meaning "the" and the word "ץרא", as previously

discussed means "land".

התיה

The root word of this verb is "היה", a very common root literally meaning "to exist"

or "breath" as one who exists breathes but, is usually translated with a form of the

English verb "to be". This verb is made feminine, singular, and perfect tense because

the "ה" is added at the end of the root. When a "ה" is added to a root which ends with

a "ה", the "ה" is changed to a "ת". This verb would be literally translated as "she did

exist" where the "she" is the "land" from the previous word.

והת

The root word here is "הת" meaning "empty". By adding the letter "ו" to the root, a

noun derivative is formed meaning, "empty" or "void".

והבו

The first letter, "ו", is the prefix meaning "and" and is used to connect the word

following it with the previous word.

The root word is "הב" meaning, "to fill a void". A common Hebrew word also

derived from this root is "אוב" (bo') and is usually translated as "come" or "go". The

English translations of this word imply movement in a certain direction but the

Hebrew meaning of the word is to "fill a void" and can be either here (come) or there

(go).

The "ו" added after the root forms a noun derivative meaning "void".

There are two styles of poetry seen in the passages we have looked at thus far. The

first is the use of similar sounding words together such as we see with this word and

the previous word - "tohu v'vohu". The other is called parallelism where one idea is

expressed in two separate ways. The first sentence we looked at said that "God filled

the sky and the land" while this sentence says that "the land was unfilled (a void)".

(Hebrew does not write sentences in chronological order as we do.)

ךשחו

The first letter is the prefix meaning "and". The word "ךשח" means "dark" or

"darkness".

לע

This word is very common and means "over" or "on".

ינפ

The root for this word is "הנפ" meaning, face. This word is always used in the plural

form "םינפ". This word is in the construct state "faces OF....".

When a masculine plural noun is used in the construct state, the letter "ם" is always

dropped. Also, when the masculine plural is added to a word that ends with the letter

.is dropped "ה" the ,"ה"

םוהת

A noun derived from the root "םוה" meaning "sea". This derivative, formed by

adding the letter "ת", has the more specific meaning of "deep sea".

חורו

The first letter "ו" is the prefix meaning "and". The word "חור" is another Hebrew

word meaning "wind". This word is often translated as "spirit" but again, this is an

abstract word whereas, "wind" is a more concrete word and closer to the meaning of

the Hebrew.

םיהלא

This is the same word discussed previously. When two nouns appear together they

are in the construct state. This word and the word "חור" would be translated as "wind

OF powers".

תפחרמ

The root to this verb is "ףחר" meaning, "hover over" such as a bird does over the

nest. The letter "ת" indicates this verb is feminine singular (she) perfect tense. The

letter "מ" is a type of verb conjugation to be discussed later. This verb can literally be

translated as "she did hover". The "she" of this word is the "חור" which is a feminine

word. While most consider the "Spirit" a "he", Biblically, it is a "she".

לע

This is the same word previously discussed meaning "over" or "on".

ינפ

This word was also previously discussed meaning "faces" and is in the construct

state with the following word.

םימה

The first letter "ה" is the prefix meaning "the". The root word is "המ" with the

masculine plural suffix "םי". When a word ends with the letter "ה" as in this root

word and the masculine plural suffix is added, the "ה" is dropped.

The word "המ" means "unknown" and is commonly translated as "what" a word used

to discover an unknown. Another form of this word is "ימ" and is usually translated

as "who", another word used to discover an unknown.

When this word appears in the plural form it always refers to "water". The sea (a

place of large water) is seen as an unknown place, hence, the relationship between

water and an unknown.

Note that the previous sentence contains no verb, a common occurrence in Biblical

Hebrew.


Genesis 1:3

רמאיו

The first letter "ו" is the prefix meaning "and". The root word is "רמא".

Hebrew root words can be used as a noun or a verb. As a noun this root would be "a

word" while as a verb it is "to say". We see a similar occurrence in English as in the

sentence; "He will play Moses in the play". The first use of the word "play" is a verb

while the second is a noun. The context of the sentence as well as the type of

prefixes and suffixes added to the word will tell you if the word is a verb or a noun.

When the letter "י" is added to the root "רמא", the word is identified as a verb and can

literally be translated as "he will say" (masculine singular perfect tense). But, since

the letter "ו" is the prefixed the tense is reversed and becomes "and he did say".

םיהלא

This word has been discussed previously and is the subject of the previous verb.

יהי

The root of this word is "היה" as discussed previously meaning "to exist". The "י"

identifies the verb as masculine singular imperfect tense, "he will exist".

When a verb ends with a "ה", it is often dropped when conjugated. The same is true

for a verb that begins with a "נ" which is also dropped when the verb is conjugted.

All verbs are three-letter words. If you come across a verb and remove the prefixes

and suffixes and find only two letters remaining, most likely the verb has dropped

the final "ה" or the beginning "נ".

רוא

A root word meaning "light". This word is the subject of the previous verb.

יהיו

This is the same verb with the same conjugation as the previous verb but includes the

."which reverses the tense to perfect and becomes "and he did exist "ו"

רוא

The same word meaning, light, and again the subject of the previous verb.


Genesis 1:4,5

At this point you should be able to translate verses 4 and 5. Most of the words as

well as the prefixes and suffixes have been covered above with the exception of

those listed below. Once you have translated the verses you can use a translation to

check your work.

To see האר To call ארק

To separate לדב Good בוט

Between ןיב That it is יכ

Night הליל Day םוי

Evening ברע Morning רקב

One דחא To (prefix) ל

One of the best resources to assist with Biblical reading in Hebrew is a lexicon that

lists every word in the text. With type of lexicon you can look up any word found in

the Bible, including all its prefixes and suffixes, such as the word "תישארב". The

lexicon will tell you that the letter "ב" is a prefix, and that the root for this word is

The lexicon will also define the word itself. You can also look up the root and ."שאר"

see all of the other words derived from this root. One of the best lexicons is

"Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon" by Benjamin Davidson.


Below are links to the Hebrew text of Genesis

chapter one and the book of Ruth in MicroSoft Word

Format and Rich Text Format. Under each line of

Hebrew text is a blank line for you to enter your

translation for Hebrew translation practice. You will

also need to download the appropriate Hebrew font

to view the Hebrew text of the document.

Genesis Chapter One - Word

The Book of Ruth - Word

Genesis Chapter One

#,r'a'h tea.w ~Iy;m'V;h tea ~yih{l/a a'r'B tyivaer.B 1 ____________________________________________

~Ah.t yen.P-l;[ .$,v{x.w Wh{b'w Wh{t h't.y'h #,r'a'h.w 2 ____________________________________________

~Iy'M;h yen.P-l;[ t,p,x;r.m ~yih{l/a ;xWr.w ____________________________________________

rAa-yih.y;w rAa yih.y ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 3 ____________________________________________

leD.b;Y;w bAj-yiK rAa'h-t,a ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w 4 ____________________________________________

.$,v{x;h !yebW rAa'h !yeB ~yih{l/a ____________________________________________

a'r'q .$,v{x;l.w ~Ay rAa'l ~yih{l/a a'r.qiY;w 5 ____________________________________________

d'x,a ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w h'l.y'l ____________________________________________

yihyiw ~Iy'M;h .$At.B ;[yiq'r yih.y ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 6 ____________________________________________

~Iy'm'l ~Iy;m !yeB lyiD.b;m ____________________________________________

~Iy;M;h !yeB leD.b;Y;w ;[yiq'r'h-t,a ~yih{l/a f;[;Y;w 7 ____________________________________________

r,v]a ~Iy;M;h !yebW ;[yiq'r'l t;x;Tim r,v]a ____________________________________________

!ek-yih.y;w ;[yiq'r'l l;[em ____________________________________________

b,r,[-yih.y;w ~Iy'm'v ;[yiq'r'l ~yih{l/a a'r.qiY;w 8 ____________________________________________

yinev ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w

____________________________________________

~Iy;m'V;h t;x;Tim ~Iy;M;h Ww'QIy ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 9 ____________________________________________

!ek-yih.y;w h'v'B;Y;h h,a'ret.w d'x,a ~Aq'm-l,a ____________________________________________

~Iy;M;h hew.qim.lW #,r,a h'v'B;Y;l ~yih{l/a a'r.qiY;w 10 ____________________________________________

bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w ~yiM;y a'r'q ____________________________________________

b,fe[ a,v,D #,r'a'h aev.d;T ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 11 ____________________________________________

r,v]a Anyim.l yir.P h,f{[ yir.P #e[ [;r,z ;[yir.z;m ____________________________________________

!ek-yih.y;w #,r'a'h-l;[ Ab-A[.r;z ____________________________________________

[;r,z ;[yir.z;m b,fe[ a,v,D #,r'a'h aecAT;w 12 ____________________________________________

Ab-A[.r;z r,v]a yir.P-h,f{[ #e[.w Whenyim.l ____________________________________________

bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w Whenyim.l ____________________________________________

yivyil.v ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w 13 ____________________________________________

~Iy;m'V;h ;[yiq.riB t{r{a.m yih.y ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 14 ____________________________________________

t{t{a.l Wy'h.w h'l.y'L;h !yebW ~AY;h !yeB lyiD.b;h.l ____________________________________________

~yin'v.w ~yim'y.lW ~yid][A{m.lW ____________________________________________

-l;[ ryia'h.l ~Iy;m'V;h ;[yiq.riB t{rAa.mil Wy'h.w 15 ____________________________________________

!ek-yih.y;w #,r'a'h ____________________________________________

-t,a ~yil{d.G;h t{r{a.M;h yen.v-t,a ~yih{l/a f;[;Y;w 16 ____________________________________________

rAa'M;h-t,a.w ~AY;h t,l,v.m,m.l l{d'G;h rAa'M;h ____________________________________________

~yib'kAK;h tea.w h'l.y;L;h t,l,v.m,m.l !{j'Q;h ____________________________________________

ryia'h.l ~Iy'm'V;h ;[yiq.riB ~yih{l/a ~'t{a !eTiY;w 17 ____________________________________________

#,r'a'h-l;[ ____________________________________________

rAa'h !yeB lyiD.b;h]lW h'l.y;L;bW ~AY;B l{v.mil.w 18 ____________________________________________

bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w .$,v{x;h !yebW ____________________________________________

yi[yib.r ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w 19 ____________________________________________

h'Y;x v,p,n #,r,v ~Iy;M;h Wc.r.vIy ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 20 ____________________________________________

~Iy'm'V;h ;[yiq.r yen.P-l;[ #,r'a'h-l;[ @epA[.y @A[.w ____________________________________________

-l'K tea.w ~yil{d.G;h ~inyiN;T;h-t,a ~yih{l/a a'r.biY;w 21 ____________________________________________

~,henyim.l ~Iy;M;h Wc.r'v r,v]a t,f,m{r'h h'Y;x;h v,p,n ____________________________________________

bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w Whenyim.l @'n'K @A[-l'K tea.w

____________________________________________

Wa.limW Wb.rW Wr.P r{mael ~yih{l/a ~'t{a .$,r'b.y;w 22

____________________________________________

#,r'a'B b,rIy @A['h.w ~yiM;Y;B ~Iy;M;h-t,a ____________________________________________

yivyim]x ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w 23 ____________________________________________

H'nyim.l h'Y;x v,p,n #,r'a'h aecAT ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 24 ____________________________________________

!ek-yih.y;w H'nyim.l #,r,a-At.y;x.w f,m,r'w h'meh.B ____________________________________________

-t,a.w H'nyim.l #,r'a'h t;Y;x-t,a ~yih{l/a f;[;Y;w 25 ____________________________________________

Whenyim.l h'm'd]a'h f,m,r-l'K tea.w H'nyim.l h'meh.B;h ____________________________________________

bAj-yiK ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w ____________________________________________

Wnem.l;c.B ~'d'a h,f][;n ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 26 ____________________________________________

~Iy;m'V;h @A[.bW ~'Y;h t;g.dib WD.rIy.w WnetWm.diK

____________________________________________

fem{r'h f,m,r'h-l'k.bW #,r'a'h-l'k.bW h'meh.B;bW ____________________________________________

#,r'a'h-l;[ ____________________________________________

~,l,c.B Am.l;c.B ~'d'a'h-t,a ~yih{l/a a'r.biY;w 27 ____________________________________________

~'t{a a'r'B h'beq.nW r'k'z At{a a'r'B ~yih{l/a ____________________________________________

~yih{l/a ~,h'l r,ma{Y;w ~yih{l/a ~'t{a .$,r'b.y;w 28 ____________________________________________

t;g.diB Wd.rW 'hUv.bik.w #,r'a'h-t,a Wa.limW Wb.rW Wr.P

____________________________________________

t,f,m{r'h h'Y;x-l'k.bW ~Iy;m'V;h @A[.bW ~'Y;h ____________________________________________

#,r'a'h-l;[ ____________________________________________

b,fe[-l'K-t,a ~,k'l yiT;t'n heNih ~yih{l/a r,ma{Y;w 29 ____________________________________________

#e['h-l'K-t,a.w #,r'a'h-l'k yen.P-l;[ r,v]a [;r,z ;[er{z ____________________________________________

h'l.k'a.l h,y.hIy ~,k'l [;r'z ;[er{z #e[-yir.p AB-r,v]a ____________________________________________

l{k.lW ~Iy;m'V;h @A[-l'k.lW #,r'a'h t;Y;x-l'k.lW 30 ____________________________________________

q,r,y-l'K-t,a h'Y;x v,p,n AB-r,v]a #,r'a'h-l;[ femAr ____________________________________________

!ek-yih.y;w h'l.k'a.l b,fe[ ____________________________________________

bAj-heNih.w h'f'[ r,v]a-l'K-t,a ~yih{l/a a.r;Y;w 31 ____________________________________________

yiViV;h ~Ay r,q{b-yih.y;w b,r,[-yih.y;w d{a.m

____________________________________________

Ruth Chapter One

ƒtyBemi vyai %l,YEw: #r,a'B' b['r' yhiy>w: ~yjip.Voh; jpov. ymeyBi yhiy>w:

1 ________________________________________________

`wyn"b' ynEv.W ATv.aiw> aWh ba'Am ydef.B rWgl' hd'Why> ~x,l,i

________________________________________________ !Alx.m; wyn"b'-ynEv. ~vew> ymi[\n"

ATv.ai ~vew> %l,m,ylia/ vyaih' ~vew> 2 ________________________________________________

`~v'-Wyh.YIw: ba'Am-ydef. WaboY"w:

hd'Why> ~x,l,ƒtyBemi ~ytir'p.a, !Ayl.kiw>

________________________________________________ `h'yn<b' ynEv.W ayhi raeV'Tiw: ymi[\n"

vyai %l,m,ylia/ tm'Y"w: 3 ________________________________________________ tWr tynIVeh; ~vew> hP'r>[' tx;a;h' ~ve

tAYbia]mo ~yvin" ~h,l' Waf.YIw: 4 ________________________________________________

`~ynIv' rf,[,K. ~v' Wbv.YEw: ________________________________________________

h'yd,l'y> ynEV.mi hV'aih' raeV'Tiw: !Ayl.kiw> !Alx.m; ~h,ynEv.-~g: WtWmY"w:

5 ________________________________________________

`Hv'yaimeW ________________________________________________ ba'Am hdef.Bi h['m.v' yKi ba'Am ydeF.mi

bv'T'w: h'yt,L{k;w> ayhi ~q'T'w: 6

________________________________________________ `~x,l' ~h,l' ttel' AM[;-ta, hw"hy>

dq;p'-yKi ________________________________________________

hn"k.l;Tew: HM'[i h'yt,L{k; yTev.W hM'v'-ht'y>h' rv,a] ~AqM'h;-!mi aceTew:

7 ________________________________________________

`hd'Why> #r,a,-la, bWvl' %r,D,b; ________________________________________________

HM'ai tybel. hV'ai hn"b.Vo hn"k.le h'yt,L{k; yTev.li ymi[\n" rm,aTow: 8

________________________________________________ `ydIM'[iw> ~ytiMeh;-~[i ~t,yfi[] rv,a]K ds,x, ~k,M'[i hw"hy> Îf[;y:Ð ¿hf,[]y:À;

________________________________________________ !h,l' qV;Tiw: Hv'yai tyBe hV'ai hx'Wnm.

!"ac,m.W ~k,l' hw"hy> !TeyI 9 ________________________________________________

`hn"yK,b.Tiw: !l'Aq hn"aF,Tiw: ________________________________________________

`%Me[;l. bWvn" %T'ai-yKi HL'-hn"r>m;aTow: 10

________________________________________________ ~ynIb' yli-dA[h; yMi[i hn"k.l;te hM'l'

yt;nOb. hn"b.vo ymi[\n" rm,aTow: 11 ________________________________________________

`~yvin"a]l; ~k,l' Wyh'w> y[;meB. ________________________________________________

yli-vy< yTir>m;a' yKi vyail. tAyh.mi yTin>q;z" yKi !"k.le yt;nOb. hn"b.vo 12

________________________________________________ `~ynIb' yTid>l;y" ~g:w> vyail hl'y>L;h;

ytiyyIh' ~G: hw"q.ti. ________________________________________________

tAyh/ yTil.bil. hn"gE['Te !hel'h] WlD'g>yI rv,a] d[; hn"r>Bef;T. !hel'h] 13 ________________________________________________ `hw"hy>-dy: ybi ha'c.y"-yKi ~K,mi daom

yli-rm;-yKi yt;nOB. la; vyail.. ________________________________________________

tWrw> Ht'Amx]l; hP'r>[' qV;Tiw: dA[ hn"yK,b.Tiw: !l'Aq hn"F,Tiw: 14

________________________________________________ `HB' hq'b.D'

________________________________________________ yrex]a; ybiWv h'yh,l{a/-la,w> HM'[;-la,

%Tem.biy> hb'v' hNEhi rm,aTow: 15 ________________________________________________

`%Tem.biy> ________________________________________________

yKi %yIr'x]a;me bWvl' %bez>['l. ybi-y[iG>p.Ti-la; tWr rm,aTow: 16

________________________________________________ %yIh;l{awE yMi[; %Me[; !ylia' ynIyliT'

rv,a]b;W %leae ykil.Te rv,a]-la, ________________________________________________

`yh'l{a/ ________________________________________________

hkow> yli hw"hy> hf,[]y: hKo rbeQ'a, ~v'w> tWma' ytiWmT' rv,a]B; 17

________________________________________________

`%nEybeW ynIyBe dyrIp.y: tw<M'h; yKi @ysiyO

________________________________________________ `h'yl,ae rBed;l. lD;x.T,w: HT'ai

tk,l,l' ayhi tc,M,a;t.mi-yKi ar,Tew: 18 ________________________________________________

~x,l,ƒtyBe hn"a'boK. yhiy>w: ~x,l'ƒtyBe hn"a'Bo-d[; ~h,yTev. hn"k.l;Tew: 19

________________________________________________ `ymi[\n" tazOh] hn"r>m;aTow !h,yle[]

ry[ih'-lK' ~hoTew:: ________________________________________________ rm;he-yKi ar'm' yli !"ar,q. ymi[\n" yli

hn"ar,q.Ti-la; !h,ylea] rm,aTow: 20 ________________________________________________

`daom. yli yD;v; ________________________________________________ yli hn"ar,q.ti hM'l' hw"hy> ynIb;yvih/

~q'yrew> yTik.l;h' ha'lem. ynIa] 21 ________________________________________________

`yli [r;he yD;v;w> ybi hn"[' hw"hyw: ymi[\n"

________________________________________________ ba'Am ydeF.mi hb'V'h; HM'[i Ht'L'k; hY"bia]AMh; tWrw> ymi[\n" bv'T'w: 22

________________________________________________

`~yrI[of. ryciq. tL;xit.Bi ~x,l,ƒtyBe WaB' hM'hew>

_______________________________________________

Ruth Chapter Two

tx;P;v.Mimi lyIx; rABGI vyai Hv'yail. Î[d;AmÐ ¿[D'yUm.À ymi[\n"l.W 1

________________________________________________ `z[;Bo Amv.W %l,m,ylia/

________________________________________________ hj'q\l;a]w: hd,F'h; aN"-hk'l.ae

ymi[\n"-la, hY"bia]AMh; tWr rm,aTow: 2 ________________________________________________ `yTibi ykil. Hl' rm,aTow: wyn"y[eB !xe-

ac'm.a, rv,a] rx;a; ~yliB\Vib;. ________________________________________________

h'r,q.mi rq,YIw: ~yrIc.Qoh; yrex]a; hd,F'B; jQel;T.w: aAbT'w: %l,Tew: 3

________________________________________________ `%l,m,ylia/ tx;P;v.Mimi rv,a] z[;bol.

hd,F'h; tq;l.x, ________________________________________________

~k,M'[i hw"hy> ~yrIc.AQl; rm,aYOw:

~x,l,ƒtyBemi aB' z[;bo-hNEhiw> 4 ________________________________________________

`hw"hy> ^k.r,b'y> Al Wrm.aYOw: ________________________________________________ `taZOh; hr'[]N:h; ymil. ~yrIc.AQh;-l[;

bC'NIh; Ar[]n:l. z[;Bo rm,aYOw: 5 ________________________________________________

ayhi hY"bia]Am hr'[]n: rm;aYOw: ~yrIc.AQh;-l[; bC'NIh; r[;N:h; ![;Y:w: 6

________________________________________________ `ba'Am hdeF.mi ymi[\n"-~[i hb'V'h;

________________________________________________ aAbT'w: ~yrIc.AQh; yrex]a; ~yrIm'[\b' yTip.s;a'w> aN"-hj'q\l;a] rm,aTow: 7

________________________________________________ `j['m. tyIB;h; HT'b.vi hz< hT'[;-d[;w>

rq,Boh; za'me dAm[]T;w: ________________________________________________

jqol.li ykil.Te-la; yTiBi T.[;m;v' aAlh] tWr-la, z[;Bo rm,aYOw: 8

________________________________________________ `yt'ro[]n:-~[i !yqiB'd>ti hkow> hZ<mi

yrIWb[]t; al{ ~g:w> rxea; hd,f'B. ________________________________________________

ytiyWIci aAlh] !h,yrex]a; T.k.l;h'w> !Wrcoq.yI-rv,a] hd,F'B; %yIn:y[e 9

________________________________________________ tytiv'w> ~yliKeh;-la, T.k.l;h'w>

tmic'w> %[eg>n" yTil.bil. ~yrI['N>h;-ta,

________________________________________________ `~yrI['N>h; !Wba]v.yI rv,a]me

________________________________________________ ytiac'm' [;WDm; wyl'ae rm,aTow: hc'r>a'

WxT;v.Tiw: h'yn<P'-l[; lPoTiw: 10 ________________________________________________

`hY"rIk.n" ykinOa'w> ynIreyKih;l. ^yn<y[eB. !xe

________________________________________________ %teAmx]-ta, tyfi['-rv,a] lKo yli dG:hu

dGEhu Hl' rm,aYOw: z[;Bo ![;Y:w: 11 ________________________________________________

ykil.Tew: %Ted>l;Am #r,a,w> %Meaiw> %ybia' ybiz>[;T;w: %veyai tAm yrex]a;

________________________________________________ `~Avl.vi lAmT. T.[;d;y"-al{ rv,a] ~[;-

la, ________________________________________________

yhel{a/ hw"hy> ~[ime hm'lev. %Ter>Kuf.m; yhit.W %le[\P' hw"hy>

~Lev;y> 12 ________________________________________________

`wyp'n"K.-tx;T; tAsx]l; taB'-rv,a] laer'f.yI

________________________________________________ T'r>B;dI ykiw> ynIT'm.x;nI yKi ynIdoa]

^yn<y[eB. !xe-ac'm.a, rm,aTow: 13 ________________________________________________

`^yt,xop.vi tx;a;K. hy<h.a, al{ ykinOa'w> ^t,x'p.vi ble-l[;

________________________________________________ ~x,L,h;-!mi T.l.k;a'w> ~l{h] yviGO lk,aoh' t[el. z[;bo hl' rm,aYOw: 14

________________________________________________ yliq' Hl'-jB'c.YIw: ~yrIc.AQh; dC;mi

bv,Tew: #m,xoB; %TePi T.l.b;j'w> ________________________________________________

`rt;Tow: [B;f.Tiw: lk;aTow: ________________________________________________ ~yrIm'[\h' !yBe ~G: rmoale wyr'['n>-ta,

z[;Bo wc;y>w: jQel;l. ~q'T'w: 15 ________________________________________________

`h'Wmylik.t; al{w> jQel;T.

________________________________________________ al{w> hj'Q.liw> ~T,b.z:[]w: ~ytib'C.h;-

!mi Hl' WLvoT'-lvo ~g:w> 16 ________________________________________________

`Hb'-Wr[]g>ti ________________________________________________

yhiy>w: hj'Qeli-rv,a] tae jBox.T;w: br,['h'-d[; hd,F'B; jQel;T.w: 17

________________________________________________ `~yrI[of. hp'yaeK.

________________________________________________ aceATw: hj'Qeli-rv,a] tae Ht'Amx] ar,Tew: ry[ih' aAbT'w: aF'Tiw: 18

________________________________________________ `H['b.F'mi hr'tiAh-rv,a] tae Hl'-

!T,Tiw: ________________________________________________

yhiy> tyfi[' hn"a'w> ~AYh; T.j.Q;li hpoyae Ht'Amx] Hl' rm,aTow: 19

________________________________________________ rm,aTow: AM[i ht'f.['-rv,a] tae Ht'Amx]l; dGET;w: %WrB' %reyKim;

________________________________________________ `z[;Bo ~AYh; AM[i ytiyfi[' rv,a] vyaih'

~ve ________________________________________________

bz:['-al{ rv,a] hw"hyl; aWh %WrB' Ht'L'k;l. ymi[\n" rm,aTow: 20

________________________________________________ Wnl' bArq' ymi[\n" Hl' rm,aTow:

~ytiMeh;-ta,w> ~yYIx;h;-ta, ADs.x

________________________________________________ `aWh Wnlea]GOmi vyaih';

________________________________________________ ~yrI['N>h;-~[i yl;ae rm;a'-yKi ~G:

hY"bia]AMh; tWr rm,aTow: 21 ________________________________________________

`yli-rv,a] ryciQ'h;-lK' tae WLKi-~ai d[; !yqiB'd>Ti yli-rv,a]

________________________________________________ yaic.te yKi yTiBi bAj Ht'L'K; tWr-la,

ymi[\n" rm,aTow: 22 ________________________________________________

`rxea; hd,f'B. %b'-W[G>p.yI al{w> wyt'Ar[]n:-~[i

________________________________________________ ~yrI[oF.h;-ryciq. tAlK.-d[; jQel;l.

z[;Bo tAr[]n:B. qB;d>Tiw: 23 ________________________________________________

`Ht'Amx]-ta, bv,Tew: ~yJixih; ryciq.W ________________________________________________

Ruth Chapter Three

rv,a] x;Anm' %l'-vQ,b;a] al{h] yTiBi Ht'Amx] ymi[\n" Hl' rm,aTow: 1

________________________________________________ `%l'-bj;yyI

________________________________________________ hr,zO aWh-hNEhi wyt'Ar[]n:-ta, tyyIh' rv,a] WnT'[.d;mo z[;bo al{h] hT'[;w> 2

________________________________________________ `hl'y>L'h; ~yrI[oF.h; !r,GO-ta,

________________________________________________ ¿yTid>r;y"w>À %yIl;[' Î%yIt;l{m.fiÐ

¿%tel{m.fiÀ T.m.f;w> T.k.s;w" T.c.x;r'w> 3

________________________________________________ `tATv.liw> lkoa/l, AtL{K; d[;vyail' y[id>W"Ti-la; !r,GOh; ÎT.d>r;y"w>Ð

________________________________________________ tyLigIw> tab'W ~v'-bK;v.yI rv,a]

~AqM'h;-ta, T.[;d;y"w> Abk.v'b. yhiywI 4 ________________________________________________

`!yfi[]T; rv,a] tae %l' dyGIy: aWhw> ÎT.b.k'v'w>Ð ¿yTib.k'v'w>À wyt'l{G>r>m;

________________________________________________ `hf,[/a, Îyl;aeÐ ¿$kÀ yrIm.aTo-rv,a]

lKo h'yl,ae rm,aTow: 5 ________________________________________________

`Ht'Amx] hT'W:ci-rv,a] lkoK. f[;T;w: !r,GOh; dr,Tew: 6

________________________________________________ hm're[]h' hceq.Bi bK;v.li aboY"w: ABli

bj;yYIw: T.v.YEw: z[;Bo lk;aYOw: 7 ________________________________________________

`bK'v.Tiw: wyt'l{G>r>m; lg:T.w: jL'b; aboT'w:

________________________________________________ tb,k,vo hV'ai hNEhiw> tpeL'YIw: vyaih' dr;x/Y<w: hl'y>L;h; ycix]B; yhiy>w: 8

________________________________________________

`wyt'l{G>r>m; ________________________________________________

^p,n"k. T'f.r;p'W ^t,m'a] tWr ykinOa' rm,aTow: Ta'-ymi rm,aYOw: 9

________________________________________________ `hT'a' laegO yKi ^t.m'a]-l[;

________________________________________________ !Arx]a;h' %Des.x; T.b.j;yhe yTiBi

hw"hyl; T.a; hk'WrB. rm,aYOw: 10 ________________________________________________

`ryvi['-~aiw> lD;-~ai ~yrIWxB;h; yrex]a; tk,l,-yTil.bil. !AvarIh'-!mi

________________________________________________ [;deAy yKi %L'-hf,[/a, yrIm.aTo-rv,a]

lKo yair>yTi-la; yTiBi hT'[;w> 11 ________________________________________________

`T.a' lyIx; tv,ae yKi yMi[; r[;v;-lK' ________________________________________________

bArq' laeGO vyE ~g:w> ykinOa' laegO ÎqqÐ ¿~aiÀ yKi ~n"m.a' yKi hT'[;w> 12

________________________________________________ al{-~aiw> la'g>yI bAj %lea'g>yI-~ai rq,Bob; hy"h'w> hl'y>L;h; ynIyli 13

________________________________________________ `rq,Boh;-d[; ybik.vi hw"hy>-yx; ykinOa'

%yTil.a;g>W %lea\g"l. #Pox.y: ________________________________________________

¿~Arj.BiÀ ~q'T'w: rq,Boh;-d[; Îwyt'AlG>r>m;Ð ¿Atl'G>r>m;À bK;v.Tiw: 14

________________________________________________

hV'aih' ha'b'-yKi [d;W"yI-la; rm,aYOw: Wh[ere-ta, vyai ryKiy: Î~r,j,B.Ð

________________________________________________ `!r,GOh;

________________________________________________ dm'Y"w: HB' zx,aTow: Hb'-yzIx\a,w>

%yIl;['-rv,a] tx;P;j.Mih; ybih' rm,aYOw: 15

________________________________________________ `ry[ih' aboY"w: h'yl,[' tv,Y"w:

~yrI[of.-vve ________________________________________________ tae Hl'-dG<T;w: yTiBi T.a;-ymi rm,aTow:

Ht'Amx]-la, aAbT'w: 16 ________________________________________________

`vyaih' Hl'-hf'[' rv,a]-lK' ________________________________________________

Îyl;aeÐ ¿$kÀ rm;a' yKi yli !t;n" hL,aeh' ~yrI[oF.h;-vve rm,aTow: 17

________________________________________________ `%teAmx]-la, ~q'yre yaiAbT'-la;

________________________________________________ al{ yKi rb'D' lPoyI %yae !y[id>Te rv,a]

d[; yTibi ybiv. rm,aTow: 18 ________________________________________________

`~AYh; rb'D'h; hL'Ki-~ai-yKi vyaih' jqov.yI

________________________________________________

Ruth Chapter Four

z[;Bo-rB,DI rv,a] rbe[o laeGOh; hNEhiw>

~v' bv,YEw: r[;V;h; hl'[' z[;boW 1 ________________________________________________ `bveYEw: rs;Y"w: ynImol.a; ynIl{P. hPo-

hb'v. hr'Ws rm,aYOw: ________________________________________________

`WbveYEw: hpo-Wbv. rm,aYOw: ry[ih' ynEq.ZImi ~yvin"a] hr'f'[] xQ;YIw: 2

________________________________________________ hr'k.m' %l,m,ylia/l, Wnyxia'l. rv,a]

hd,F'h; tq;l.x, laeGOl; rm,aYOw: 3 ________________________________________________

`ba'Am hdeF.mi hb'V'h; ymi[\n" ________________________________________________ ynEq.zI dg<n<w> ~ybiv.YOh; dg<n< hnEq.

rmoale ^n>z>a' hl,g>a, yTir>m;a' ynIa]w: 4

________________________________________________ Îh['d>aew>Ð ¿[d;aew>À yLi hd'yGIh;

la;g>yI al{-~aiw> la'G> la;g>Ti-~ai yMi[;

________________________________________________ `la'g>a, ykinOa' rm,aYOw: ^yr,x]a; ykinOa'w> lAag>li ^t.l'Wz !yae yKi

________________________________________________ tWr taemeW ymi[\n" dY:mi hd,F'h;

^t.Anq.-~AyB. z[;Bo rm,aYOw: 5 ________________________________________________

tMeh;-~ve ~yqih'l. Îht'ynIq'Ð ¿ytiynIq'À tMeh;-tv,ae hY"bia]AMh;

________________________________________________ `Atl'x]n:-l[;

________________________________________________ tyxiv.a;-!P, yliÎ-la'g>liÐ ¿-lAag>liÀ

lk;Wa al{ laeGOh; rm,aYOw: 6 ________________________________________________

`laog>li lk;Wa-al{ yKi ytiL'auG>-ta, hT'a; ^l.-la;G> ytil'x]n:-ta,

________________________________________________ ~YEq;l. hr'WmT.h;-l[;w> hL'WaG>h;-l[;

laer'f.yIB. ~ynIp'l. tazOw> 7 ________________________________________________ `laer'f.yIB. hd'W[T.h; tazOw> Wh[erel.

!t;n"w> Al[]n: vyai @l;v' rb'D'-lK' ________________________________________________

`Al[]n: @l{v.YIw: %l'-hnEq. z[;bol. laeGOh; rm,aYOw: 8

________________________________________________ ytiynIq' yKi ~AYh; ~T,a; ~ydI[e ~['h'-

lk'w> ~ynIqeZ>l; z[;Bo rm,aYOw: 9 ________________________________________________

`ymi[\n" dY:mi !Alx.m;W !Ayl.kil. rv,a]-lK' taew> %l,m,ylia/l, rv,a]-lK'-

ta, ________________________________________________

~yqih'l. hV'ail. yli ytiynIq' !Alx.m; tv,ae hY"bia]Moh; tWr-ta, ~g:w> 10

________________________________________________ r[;V;miW wyx'a, ~[ime tMeh;-~ve

treK'yI-al{w> Atl'x]n:-l[; tMeh;-~ve ________________________________________________

`~AYh; ~T,a; ~ydI[e AmAqm. ________________________________________________

hw"hy> !TeyI ~ydI[e ~ynIqeZ>h;w> r[;V;B;-rv,a] ~['h'-lK' Wrm.aYOw: 11

________________________________________________ ~h,yTev. WnB' rv,a] ha'lek.W lxer'K.

^t,yBe-la, ha'B'h; hV'aih'-ta, ________________________________________________

`~x,l'ƒtybeB. ~ve-ar'q.W ht'r'p.a,B. lyIx;-hfe[]w: laer'f.yI tyBe-ta,

________________________________________________ [r;Z<h;-!mi hd'Whyli rm't' hd'l.y"-

rv,a] #r,P, tybeK. ^t.ybe yhiywI 12 ________________________________________________ `taZOh; hr'[]N:h;-!mi ^l. hw"hy> !TeyI

rv,a] ________________________________________________ hw"hy> !TeYIw: h'yl,ae aboY"w: hV'ail.

Al-yhiT.w: tWr-ta, z[;Bo xQ;YIw: 13 ________________________________________________

`!Be dl,Tew: !Ayr'he Hl' ________________________________________________

tyBiv.hi al{ rv,a] hw"hy> %WrB' ymi[\n"-la, ~yviN"h; hn"r>m;aTow: 14

________________________________________________ `laer'f.yIB. Amv. areQ'yIw> ~AYh; laeGO

%l' ________________________________________________

%teL'k; yKi %teb'yfe-ta, lKel.k;l.W vp,n< byvimel. %l' hy"h'w> 15

________________________________________________

`~ynIB' h['b.Vimi %l' hb'Aj ayhi-rv,a] WTd;l'y> %t,b;hea]-rv,a]

________________________________________________ `tn<m,aol. Al-yhiT.w: Hq'yxeb.

WhteviT.w: dl,Y<h;-ta, ymi[\n" xQ;Tiw: 16 ________________________________________________ hn"ar,q.Tiw: ymi[\n"l. !Be-dL;yU rmoale

~ve tAnkeV.h; Al hn"ar,q.Tiw: 17 ________________________________________________

@ `dwId' ybia] yv;yI-ybia] aWh dbeA[ Amv.

________________________________________________ `!Arc.x,-ta, dyliAh #r,P, #r,P' tAdl.AT

hL,aew> 18 ________________________________________________

`bd'n"yMi[;-ta, dyliAh ~r'w> ~r'-ta, dyliAh !Arc.x,w> 19

________________________________________________ `hm'l.f;-ta, dyliAh !Avx.n:w> !Avx.n:-

ta, dyliAh bd'n"yMi[;w> 20 ________________________________________________

`dbeA[-ta, dyliAh z[;boW z[;Bo-ta, dyliAh !Aml.f;w> 21

________________________________________________ `dwID'-ta, dyliAh yv;yIw> yv'yI-ta,

dyliAh dbe[ow> 22 ________________________________________________

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