Basic Biblical Hebrew
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Transcript of Basic Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabettwenty-three consonants
Letter Name Pronunciation Transliteration
� A lef silent <� Bet b as in boy b� Gimel g as in God g� Dalet d as in day d� He h as in hay h Waw w as in way w Zayin z as in Zion z� Óet ch as in Bach � Tet t as in toy 2 Yod y as in yes y� Kaf k as in king k� Lamed l as in lion l� Mem m as in mother m� Nun n as in now n� Samek s as in sin s� A yin silent >� Pe p as in pastor p� Tsade ts as in boots ß� Qof k as in king q� Resh r as in run r� Sin s as in sin �� Shin sh as in ship ¡� Taw t as in toy t

Chapter 1b - Hebrew Alphabetfive final forms
Five Hebrew letters have “final” forms. When one of theseletters occurs at the end of a word, it is written differentlythan when it appears at the beginning or in the middle of
a word. The changing of a letter’s form, however, does notchange its pronunciation or transliteration.
Regular Final Example Translit. TranslationForm Form
� � ��� drk road, way
� � �� >m nation, people
� ��� zqn old man, elder
� �� ksp money, silver
� � ��� <rß earth, land
Basics of Biblical Hebrew�

Chapter 1c - Hebrew Alphabetsix begadkephat consonants
Six consonants have two possible pronunciations and are known asbegadkephat consonants. To distinguish between the two pronunciations, adot called Daghesh Lene was inserted into the consonant. The presence of
Daghesh Lene indicates a hard pronunciation and its absence denotes a softpronunciation.
Begadkephat Pronunciation TransliterationLetter
� b as in boy b v as in vine �
� g as in God g� gh as in aghast ©
� d as in day d� dh as in the %
� k as in king k ch as in Bach ¬
� p as in pastor p� ph as in alphabet º
� t as in toy t� th as in thin ®
Basics of Biblical Hebrew

Chapter 1d - Hebrew Alphabeteasily confused letters
Hebrew consonants that look alike
1. � (Bet) � (Kaf)
2. � (Gimel) � (Nun)
3. (He) (Óet) � (Taw)
4. � (Sin) � (Shin)
5. � (final Mem) � (Samek)
6. (Dalet) � (Resh)
7. � (Tsade) � (Ayin)
8. � (Waw) � (Zayin)
9. � (Waw) � (final Nun)
10. � (final Kaf) � (final Nun)
Hebrew consonants that sound alike
1. � (Tet) � (Taw with Daghesh Lene)
2. � (Qof) � (Kaf with Daghesh Lene)
3. � (Samek) � (Sin)
Basics of Biblical Hebrew�

Chapter 1e - Hebrew Alphabetmodern pronunciation
The pronunciation of modern Hebrew differs in a numberof ways from ancient pronunciation. With the three
begadkephat consonants listed below, the forms withoutDaghesh Lene are pronounced like the forms with
Daghesh Lene in modern Hebrew.
Traditional ModernConsonant Pronunciation Pronunciation
� gh as in aghast g as in God
� dh as in the d as in day
� th as in thin t as in toy
� w as in way v as in vine
Basics of Biblical Hebrew�

Chapter 2a - Hebrew Vowelsvowels with consonants
Deuteronomy 6:5
no vowel pointing
���� ��� ����� ���� � ����
������ ����� �������� � ��� �� �� ������ ��
with vowel pointing
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�
� �

Ch
ap
ter
2b
- H
eb
rew
Vo
wels
shor
t vo
wel
s
2.3
Vow
el C
hart
1: S
hort
Vow
els.
Vow
el N
ame
Pron
uncia
tion
Tran
slite
ratio
n
a-ty
pe���
Path
ach
a as i
n ba
ta
e-ty
pe���
Segh
ole a
s in
bette
re
i-typ
e���
Hire
qi a
s in
bitte
ri
o-ty
pe���
Qam
ets H
atuf
o as i
n bo
ttle
o
u-ty
pe���
Qib
buts
u as
in ru
leru
Bas
ics o
f Bib
lical
Heb
rew
© G
ary
D. P
ratic
o an
d M
iles
V. V
an P
elt
�

Ch
ap
ter
2c
- H
eb
rew
Vo
wels
chan
gabl
e lo
ng v
owel
s
2.4
Vow
el C
hart
2: C
hang
eabl
e Lo
ng V
owel
sV
owel
Nam
ePr
onun
ciatio
nTr
ansli
tera
tion
a-ty
pe���
Qam
ets
a as i
n fa
ther
å
e-ty
pe���
Tser
ee a
s in
they
�
o-ty
pe���
Hol
emo a
s in
role
ø
Bas
ics o
f Bib
lical
Heb
rew
© G
ary
D. P
ratic
o an
d M
iles
V. V
an P
elt
�

Ch
ap
ter
2d
- H
eb
rew
Vo
wels
unch
anga
ble
long
vow
els
2.5
Vow
el C
hart
3: U
ncha
ngea
ble
Long
Vow
els
Vow
el N
ame
Pron
uncia
tion
Tran
slite
ratio
n
a-ty
pe����
Qam
ets Y
odou
as i
n bo
ught
â
e-ty
pe����
Tser
e Yo
de a
s in
they
ê
����Se
ghol
Yod
e as i
n be
tter
ê
i-typ
e����
Hire
q Yo
di a
s in
mac
hine
ª
o-ty
pe���
Hol
em W
awo a
s in
role
ô
u-ty
pe���
Shur
equ
as in
ruler
û
Bas
ics o
f Bib
lical
Heb
rew
© G
ary
D. P
ratic
o an
d M
iles
V. V
an P
elt
�

Ch
ap
ter
2e -
Heb
rew
Vo
wels
redu
ced
(hat
eph)
vow
els
2.6
Vow
el C
hart
4: R
educ
ed (H
atep
h) V
owel
sV
owel
Nam
ePr
onun
ciatio
nTr
ansli
tera
tion
a-ty
pe���
Hat
eph
Path
ach
a as i
n am
use
á
e-ty
pe���
Hat
eph
Segh
ola a
s in
amus
eé
o-ty
pe���
Hat
eph
Qam
ets
a as i
n am
use
ó
Bas
ics o
f Bib
lical
Heb
rew
© G
ary
D. P
ratic
o an
d M
iles
V. V
an P
elt
�

Chapter 2f - Hebrew Vowelssummary vowel chart
a e i o u
Short ��� ��� ��� ��� ��Pathach Seghol Hireq Qamets Qibbuts
Hatuf
Changeable ��� ��� ��Long Qamets Tsere Holem
Unchangeable ���� ����/� ��� ���� ��� ���Long Qamets Tsere Yod/ Hireq Holem Shureq
Yod Seghol Yod Yod Waw
Reduced ��� ��� ���Hateph Hateph HatephPathach Seghol Qamets
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 2g - Hebrew Vowelsshewa
���This vowel symbol is called Shewa.
It is not listed in the vowel charts because it is not like anyother vowel. It does not belong to any phonetic class.
There are two types of Shewa in Hebrew:Silent Shewa and Vocal Shewa.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 2h - Hebrew Vowelsdaghesh forte
��This pointing symbol is called Daghesh Forte.
It looks exactly like the Daghesh Lene but it is used todouble the consonant in which it occurs. For example, theHebrew word ��������� (the heavens) has a Daghesh Forte in
the Shin (��). It should be rendered, therefore, with twoShins (��), ha¡¡åmayim. The Daghesh Forte can occur in
any consonant except the gutturals (, �, �, ) and �.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 2i - Hebrew Vowelsdefective writing
Full DefectiveWriting Writing
�� ➣ �� Holem Waw to Holem
Example ���� ➣ ���� ram’s horn
�� ➣ �� Shureq to Qibbuts
Example ������ ➣ ������ why?
��� ➣ �� Hireq Yod to Hireq
Example ���� ➣ ��� David
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 3a - Syllabificationtwo rules
1. Every syllable must begin with one consonantand have only one vowel. The followingexample has two syllables, each beginningwith a consonant and each having only onevowel.
����� ➣ ���|�� då-�år
2. There are only two types of syllables: open andclosed. Open syllables end with a vowel andclosed syllables end with a consonant. Inthe above example, �� (då), is open becauseit ends in a vowel and ��� (�år), is closedbecause it ends in a consonant.
��|���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�
ClosedSyllable
OpenSyllable

Chapter 3b - Syllabificationhebrew accent
Most Hebrew words are accented or stressedon the last syllable. Some are not. The stress
in words not accented on the last syllablewill be indicated by an accent mark
over the stressed syllable asin the following example.
���.��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 3c - Syllabificationsyllable classification
syllables may be classified according totheir proximity to the accent
���|�| ��
syllables may be classified withoutreference to accent
���|�| ��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�
tonic pretonic propretonic
ultima penultima antepenultima

Chapter 4a - Hebrew Nounsinflectional endings
4.2 Endings on Masculine and Feminine Nouns.
Masculine FeminineSingular ��� horse ���� lawPlural ����� horses ����� lawsDual ���.���� two horses ���.����� two laws
4.4 Summary of Noun Endings.
Masculine FeminineSingular endingless ���/���/��Plural ��� ��Dual ���.�� ���.����/ ���.��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 4b- Hebrew Nounsexceptions to rules
1. Endingless Feminine Nouns. Not all endingless nounsare masculine singular. In a few instances, femininesingular nouns are also endingless as in ��.�� (land), !���(city) and ���.�� (stone).
2. Exception to Normal Pluralization. Some singularnouns of one gender take the plural endings of the othergender. For example, the masculine singular noun ���(father) takes the feminine plural ending # as in #���.
3. Special Dual Nouns. There are three special Hebrewwords that are always dual in form but normally singularin translation: ��� .���� (heaven, heavens), ��� .�� �� (Egypt)and ��� .�� (water).
4. Irregular Stem Change. Some Hebrew nouns will altertheir actual (consonantal) stem when they add theirplural endings. For example, the plural of �� (day) is������ (days), the plural of ���� (man) is �������� (men) andthe plural of ����� (woman) is ������ (women).
5. Defective Spelling of #. Occasionally, the feminineplural ending # will be spelled #� (with Holem ratherthan Holem Waw). For example, the plural of ��� �(congregation) may appear either as #� � or #� �. Theshorter spelling is called Ldefective spellingM and thelonger spelling is called Lfull spelling.M
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 4c - Hebrew Nounspatterns of noun pluralization
1. Pluralization with No Change
%��� song ➣ ������ songs
���� dream ➣ '���� dreams
2. Pluralization with Propretonic Reduction
%���� word ➣ ������� words
�� �" cloud ➣ ��� � �" clouds
3. Pluralization of Segholate Nouns
� � .� king ➣ �������� kings
% #�.! book ➣ ����#�! books
4. Pluralization of Geminate Nouns
��" people ➣ ��� ���" peoples
$�� statute ➣ ����$��
5. Irregular Pluralization
��� son ➣ ��� �� sons
���� man ➣ ����� �� men
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5a - Introductionchapter summary
1. DEFINITE ARTICLE
Basic form ����Translation “the”
2. CONJUNCTION WAW
Basic form ��Translation “and”
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5b - Introductiondistributional significance
Total Verses 23,213Total Words 471,096
Article 24,058
5.1%1.04 per verse
Conjunction 50,524
10.7%2.2 per verse
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5c - Definite Articlebasic form
In Hebrew, a noun is made definiteby prefixing the definite article which consists of � plus a
Daghesh Forte in the first consonant of the noun.
���� +.��� = ����.���
Definite Article
���.����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5d - Definite Articlebasic form: top 10 examples
1. � �. �2. ��
3. ����.���4. ������
5. ��������
6. ���
7. ���
8. � ��
9. ����
10. ����.�
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5e - Definite Articlewith begadkephat consonants
When adding the definite article to wordswith an initial begadkephat consonant,
the Daghesh Lene is replaced by a Daghesh Forte.
Indefinite Noun Definite Noun
���.� a house ➣ ���.��� the house
��.� a road ➣ ��.�� � the road
����� a warrior ➣ ������� the warrior
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5f - Definite Articlewith guttural consonants
Compensatory LengtheningWith initial , � and �, the guttural rejects the Dagesh
Forte and Pathach lengthens to Qamets.
��� a man ➣ ���� the man
Virtual DoublingWith initial or �, the guttural rejects the Daghesh Forte
but the Pathach does not lengthen to Qamets.
�� �� a palace ➣ �� ��� the palace
Irregular SegholBefore unnaccented ��, � or �� (�� may also be accented), the definite article
appears with the Seghol vowel and without the Daghesh Forte.
�� �� a wise man ➣ �� ��� the wise man
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 5g - Definite Articlewith initial �� and ��
Words that begin with �� or �� usually give upthe Daghesh Forte that is associated
with the definite article.
������ boys ➣ �������� the boys
��������� spies ➣ ����������� the spies
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5h - Definite Articlealternate forms: top examples
���� � 3/./� $/# �*/�&
1. +�#�� 3&�. #�*�$ )&��(�&
2. 3� �� �&�� 5����$ )&�5�&
3. 5�&.�� )&�#��� �(�$ )&�(� ��*
4. &� #�"�. (�'&�# )&�5���*
5. /�->�� ��� 3�# )&���� �*
+�,�. 3�1�$
3�0�. +�*�#
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5i - Definite Articlesummary of forms
Basic Form ���� �� .����Begadkephat ���� ���.����
Gutturals �/�/� �� ������
Gutturals �/� �� �������
Gutturals ��/��/�� � ������
Miscellaneous �/�� �� ���������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5j - Conjunction ��basic form
Before most consonantsthe conjunction will appear as ��
–Waw with Vocal Shewa–
�� .���� and a servant
������� and a woman
��������� and the woman
������ and a man
�������� and the man
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5k - Conjunction ��basic form: top 10 examples
1. ����
2. !��
3. ������
4. #�%>��5. "�#����
6. "��>��7. �����
8. �����
9. ��
10. �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5l - Conjunction ��spelled with shureq
Before �, � or � it is spelled with Shureq
���.�� + �� ➣ ����.�� and a king
����� + �� ➣ ������ and Pharaoh
Before Vocal Shewa it is spelled with Shureq
������� + �� ➣ �������� and books
����� + �� ➣ ����� � and Samuel
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5m - Conjunction ��with short vowels and qamets
Before Hateph vowels it is spelled withthe corresponding short vowel
������� + �� ➣ ��������� and men
��� � + �� ➣ ��� ��� and truth
Before some monosyllabic words or words withinitial accent it may be spelled with Qamets
���� + �� ➣ ������ and sheep
���.�� + �� ➣ ���.���� and bread
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5n - Conjunction �#alternate forms: examples
-/*/ Vocal Shewa Hateph Vowels Monosyllabic/Initial Accent
1. 1%�� /���� )%���+�� )%��(�%
2. 1�+�� %�(�� )%�� �, )%��1�%
3. �(.�* �� �� 1� �� )%�(���*
4. $�����* )%�*�(�� )%�(%�#�� )%�1����*
5. %�� � �( 1�*�� )%��� �*
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 5o - Conjunction ��summary of forms
Basic Form �� �������
Before �/�/� � ����.��Before Vocal Shewa � ��������
Before Hateph Vowels ��/�� ��� ������
Before Monosyllabic �� ������Initinal Accent
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 6a - Prepositionsthree types
Independent PrepositionsThese prepositions stand alone.
� � .��� ���� �� before the king
!��� $���. under the tree
Maqqef PrepositionsThese prepositions are joined to their objects by Maqqef.
�������"� � to the temple
!��.���"��� from the land
Inseparable PrepositionsThese prepositions are prefixed directly to their objects.
������ in a field
� �. ��� like a king
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 6b - Prepositionsthree inseparable prepositions
�� in, by, with (15,559)
�� to, for (20,320)
�� like, as, according to (3,053)
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 6c - Prepositionsspelling inseparable prepositions
Before most consonants: Shewa
������ in a field
���>���� for a young man
Before Hateph vowels: corresponding short vowel
��������� like men
!������ in truth
Before consonants with Vocal Shewa: Hireq
�� �� ��� � for prophets
!���� � for a covenant
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 6d - Prepositionsinseparable prepositionswith the definite article
The vowel and Daghesh Forte of the definite article isretained but the consonant of the preposition replaces the
� of the definite article.
� �� ��� the field ➣ � �� ��� in the field
��� .� ���� the king ➣ ��� .� ���� like the king
���� the fire ➣ ���� in the fire
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 6e - Prepositionsthe preposition ���
The preposition ��� occurs both as a Maqqef prepositionand as an inseparable preposition.
Maqqef Preposition
��.�!��� from a king
Inseparable Preposition
��.�!��� ➣ �� .���� (assimilated �)
���.��!��� ➣ ���.����� (assimilated �)
����!��� ➣ ����� (compensatory lengthening)
��.����!��� ➣ ��.����� (compensatory lengthening)
���!��� ➣ ����� (virtual doubling)
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 6f - Prepositionsdefinite direct object marker
In Hebrew prose, definite direct objectsare usually marked with !+��/+��.
#� .�$��� +�� # ����� ����
��"�.��" *�).� ��!+�� � ������ %�+�&
%�+�&��� !+�� ���� �����
#�(�" � �+�*��!+�� ��"�.��� %�+�&
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 7a - Hebrew Adjectivesinflection (form)
Inflected Adjective
Masculine Feminine
Singular ��� �����Plural ���� �����
Inflectional Endings
Masculine Feminine
Singular ���Plural �� ��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 7b - Hebrew Adjectivesthe use of adjectives
1. Attributive Use. Directly modifies a noun and agreeswith that noun in gender, number and definiteness.
��� � good man or a good man
����� � �� the good man
2. Predicative Use. Asserts something about the nounand agrees with that noun in gender and number, butnot definiteness. A predicate adjective will never takethe definite article.
��� � �� The man is good.
��� �� ����� The woman is good.
3. Substantival Use. Adjectives may be usedindependently as nouns with no noun for the adjectiveto modify.
������� the wise man.
������� the good women
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 7c - Hebrew Adjectivesthe directional ending
In Hebrew, a special ending may be added to aword in order to express the idea of motion towardsomeone or something. This special ending is thedirectional ending ���(it is always unaccented).
���.�� house ➣ �����.���� to the house
���� city ➣ � ���.���� toward the city
���.��� heaven ➣ �����.������ heavenward
���.����� Egypt ➣ �����.����� to Egypt
�� there ➣ ���.� to there
��� sea ➣ ���>�� toward the sea
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 7d - Hebrew Adjectivesbasic patterns of inflection
1. Inflection with No Change
��� � ���
����� �����
2. Inflection with Propretonic Reduction
����� � �����
������� �������
3. Inflection of Adjectives Ending in ���
�� � � �
�� � �� �
4. Inflection of Geminate Adjectives
�� � ���
�� ��� �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 8a - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns
Singular Plural
1 com �������, ����� I ���� >��� we
2 masc �� � you �� � you
2 fem � � you ���.� � you
3 masc ��� he/it ���.��, ��� they
3 fem ����, ���� she/it ��.��, ��� they
Notes
1. The independent personal pronoun is labelledindependent because it stands alone and is notprefixed or suffixed to another word.
2. Independent personal pronouns are subjective,meaning they are used as the subject of a verb, neveras the object of the verb.
3. Independent personal pronouns may also appear asthe subject of a verbless clause. For this reason, theyare sometimes called subject pronouns.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 8b - Hebrew Pronounsindependent personal pronouns
The following examples illustrate how independentpersonal pronouns are used with other nouns or adjectivesin a predicative relationship. The pronoun may precede
or follow the noun or adjective. A form of the verb “to be”is required in translation.
�����! !�'�� I am Yahweh (the Lord).
*!���) �!���' ��� He is a righteous prophet.
�� ��$.�& �� �� You (2ms) are a good king.
�'��>�'�� %!���� We are brothers
��&�#�� ����� �!�� She is a wise woman.
��$����� +!�(� %� �� You (2mp) are in the great city.
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Chapter 8c - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives
Singular Plural
Masc ��� this ��.� these
Fem ���� this ��.� these
Masc ��� that � �.�, �� those
Fem ���� that ���.�, �� those
Notes
1. They may be used either as adjectives (this man,those women) or as pronouns (this is the man, thoseare the women).
2. The masculine and feminine singular forms, ��� and����, are identical to the third person masculine andfeminine independent personal pronouns.
3. The demonstrative ��.� (these) is both masculine andfeminine plural. Remember that the designation forthis phenomenon is “common,” meaning not inflectedfor gender.
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Chapter 8d - Hebrew Pronounsdemonstratives
Hebrew demonstratives may be usedeither as adjectives or as pronouns.
Demonstrative Adjectivesfollow the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness.
����� ������ this man
������ ������� this woman
��.���� �������� ���������� these good men
��.���� ������� ������� these good women
Demonstrative Pronounsprecede the noun and agree in gender and number but not definiteness.
������ � � That is the man.
������� ���� That is the woman.
�������� ���������� ��.�� These are the good men.
������� ������� ��.�� Those are the good women.
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Chapter 8e - Hebrew Pronounsthe relative pronoun
+����(who, which, that)
The form of this word does not change in order to indicatethe gender or number of its antecedent. It may appear
with or without Maqqef. When functioning as a relativepronoun introducing a relative clause, it immediately
follows the noun it is modifying.
(��� !�-� +���� *�)� the tree that (is) in the middleof the garden
&�#�.'� � -�".��!+���� &#�� � the mountains that (are) underthe heavens
&����"� +���� �%.��� the king whom you chose
�! �# -#��� +���� ��!�� David, who (is) in the house ofthe Lord
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Chapter 8f - Hebrew Pronounsinterrogative pronouns
��� Who?
��� What?
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. Thesepronouns do not inflect and can appear with or withoutthe Maqqef. The vocalization of ��� may change slightly
(� � or ���). When spelled � �, a Daghesh Forte will usuallyappear in the first consonant of the following word.
����!� � What (is) his name?
�!�.����!��� What have you done?
��� � ����� � ��� What (is) this dream?
�� �!��� Who (are) you?
��� � ������!��� Who (is) this man?
���.���� ���������� ��� Who (are) these men?
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Chapter 8g - Hebrew Pronounsthe interrogative particle
��The interrogative particle is prefixed to the first word ofthe sentence. Compare the following examples. The firstexample is a statement. The second example is a questionbecause the interrogative particle has been prefixed to thefirst word of the sentence.
�������!��� ����.��� ���� The king sent the prophet.
�������!��� ����.��� ������ Did the king send the prophet?
The Spelling of the Particle
1. �� before most consonants as in the above example
2. �� before gutturals or any consonant with Shewa
3. �� before gutturals with Qamets
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Chapter 9a - Pronominal Suffixesgrammar summary
• Pronominal suffixes are pronouns that can be eitherpossessive (his, her, our) or objective (him, her, us).
• These possessive and objective pronouns appear assuffixes on nouns, prepositions and the definite directobject marker.
• When appearing on nouns, they are possessive as in“his book” or “her wisdom.” When appearing onprepositions or the definite direct object marker, theyare objective as in “to them,” “for them,” or “them.”
• All pronominal suffixes have person, gender andnumber.
• There are two sets of pronominal suffixes: Type 1 andType 2. Both types have the same possessive andobjective translation values.
• With few exceptions, Type 1 suffixes occur withsingular nouns and Type 2 suffixes occur with pluralnouns.
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Chapter 9b - Pronominal Suffixessummary paradigm
Type 1 Type 1 Type 2 TranslationSuffixes Alternate Suffixes
1cs �� ��� �� my/me
2ms � ��. your/you
2fs � ���.� your/you
3ms � �� ��� his/him
3fs ��� �� ���. her/her
1cp �� ���. our/us
2mp �� ��� your/you
2fp �� ��� your/you
3mp �� ��� ��� their/them
3fp �� ��� ��� their/them
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Chapter 9c - Pronominal Suffixeson masculine nouns
Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp
1cs ����� my horse ����� my horses2ms ����� your horse ��.��� your horses2fs ���� your horse ����.��� your horses3ms ���� his horse ������ his horses3fs ����� her horse ���.��� her horses
1cp ��.��� our horse ���.��� our horses2mp ������ your horse ������ your horses2fp ������ your horse ������ your horses3mp ����� their horse ������ their horses3fp ����� their horse ������ their horses
Note: When pronominal suffixes are added to masculineplural nouns, the masculine plural ending (����) isdropped. With the absence of this ending, a masculinenoun is recognizable as plural only by the use of Type 2pronominal suffixes.
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Chapter 9d - Pronominal Suffixeson feminine nouns
Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun fs Noun fp
1cs ��#�� my law ��#�"� my laws2ms �#,"� your law �.�#�"� your laws2fs ��#�� your law ����.#�"� your laws3ms �#�� his law ���#�"� his laws3fs ��#�� her law ����.#�"� her laws
1cp �!�.#�� our law �!�.�#�"� our laws2mp ����#� your law �����#�"� your laws2fp ���#� your law ����#�"� your laws3mp ��#�� their law �����#�"� their laws3fp �#�� their law ����#�"� their laws
Note: When a feminine singular noun ending in ���(asin ��� ) receives a pronominal suffix, the � is replacedby # (��� becomes #�� ).
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Chapter 9e - Pronominal Suffixeson monosyllabic nouns
Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 SuffixesNoun ms Noun mp
1cs ��� my brother ���� my brothers2ms ��.�� your brother ���.�� your brothers2fs ��.�� your brother ����.�� your brothers3ms ���� his brother ����� his brothers3fs ���.�� her brother ���.��� her brothers
1cp ���.�� our brother ����.�� our brothers2mp ������ your brother ������� your brothers2fp ������ your brother ������� your brothers3mp ������ their brother ������� their brothers3fp ������ their brother ������� their brothers
Note: Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add � totheir stem before a pronominal suffix. The addition ofthis � to singular nouns with Type 1 suffixes may causethem to be confused with plural nouns having Type 2suffixes. The singular noun paradigm has Hireq Yod(��.�� , your brother). The plural noun paradigm variesits vowel but it is never Hireq Yod (���.�� , your brothers).
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Chapter 9f - Pronominal Suffixeson prepositions
Type 1 Suffixes Type 2 Suffixes
1cs ��� to me ����� on me2ms ��� to you �� .��� on you2fs �� to you ����.��� on you3ms �� to him ������ on him3fs �� to her ���. ��� on her
1cp �.� to us ��.���� on us2mp � �� to you � ������ on you2fp � �� to you � ������ on you3mp � �� to them � ������ on them3fp � �� to them � ������ on them
Note: The prepositions �� (to, for), �� (in, on), ��� (with)and !�� (with) all take Type 1 suffixes. Prepositions thattake Type 2 suffixes include: ��� (on, upon), � � (to, for),!���.� (under) and ������ (after).
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Chapter 9g - Pronominal Suffixeson �� and � �
�� � �1cs ����.�� like me ����.� � from me2ms ��.�� like you ��� � from you2fs ���� like you ��� � from you3ms ��.�� like him ��.� � from him3fs ��.�� like her ���.�� � from her
1cp ��.�� like us �.�� � from us2mp ���� like you ��� � from you2fp ���� like you ��� � from you3mp ���� like them ����� from them3fp ���� like them ����� from them
Note: With the preposition ��, forms with singular and1cp suffixes exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of thepreposition (�.���). With the preposition � �, forms withsingular and 1cp suffixes also exhibit a longer, alternatespelling of the preposition.
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Chapter 9h - Pronominal Suffixeson !� �/���
Object Marker Preposition
1cs ����� me ����� with me2ms ����� you ����� with you2fs ����� you ����� with you3ms ��� him ��� with him3fs ����� her ����� with her
1cp ��.��� us ��.��� with us2mp � ��� � you � ����� with you2fp � ��� � you � ����� with you3mp ����� them ����� with them3fp ����� them ����� with them
Note: The object marker is distinguished by a Holemvowel over the initial consonant (�����). It is Seghol in the2mp and 2fp forms (� ��� �). The preposition is distin-guished by Hireq under the initial consonant and DagheshForte in the � (�����).
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Chapter 9i - Pronominal Suffixeson ��� and ���
��� ���1cs ����� with me ����� my people2ms ����� with you ����� your people2fs ����� with you ���� your people3ms ���� with him ���� his people3fs ����� with her ����� her people
1cp ��.���� with us ��.��� our people2mp ������ with you ������ your people2fp ������ with you ������ your people3mp ����� with them ����� their people3fp ����� with them ����� their people
Note: The preposition has Hireq (�����, with me) andthe noun has Pathach (�����, my people). Both words takea Daghesh Forte in the � when pronominal suffixes areadded.
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Chapter 10a - Construct Chainconstruct and absolute
The first of the two nouns in the construct chainis called the construct noun and is said to be in theconstruct state. The second of the two nouns iscalled the absolute noun and is said to be in theabsolute state. The absolute form of a noun is alsoits lexical form.
���.��� ��.��Absolute Noun Construct Noun
“the servant of the king”
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Chapter 10b - Construct Chainwith attributive adjectives
When an adjective modifies either the construct orabsolute noun, it must follow the entire chain. It must
agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number anddefiniteness.
���� ���. �� ��.�the good king of the land
������ ���. �� ��.�the king of the good land
���� ��.�� ����the word of the good king
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Chapter 10c - Construct Chainwith demonstrative adjectives
Just like attributive adjectives,demonstrative adjectives must also
follow the construct chain.
���.���� ����� � �����these words of the prophet
��� � ����� � �����the words of this prophet
��� � ��� � ����� � �����the words of this good prophet
��� � ����� � � ��the word of this prophet or
this word of the prophet
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Chapter 10d - Construct Chainvowel reduction (spelling)
A construct noun surrenders itsprimary accent and …
a. Qamets (and sometimes Tsere) changes to Pathachin a final closed syllable.
���� �� judgement ➣ ���� �� judgement of������ altar ➣ ������ altar of
b. Qamets or Tsere changes to Vocal Shewa in an open,unaccented syllable.
���� peace ➣ ���� peace of����� place ➣ ����� place of
c. Both rules a and b may apply to the formation of anoun in the construct state.
����� word ➣ ���� word of���� heart ➣ ���� heart of
d. Monosyllabic nouns with changeable long vowelsreduce to the corresponding short vowel.
�� son ➣ ��� son of��� all ➣ ��� all of
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Chapter 10e - Construct Chainmasculine plural and dual
The masculine plural ���� and dual ���.� endingschange to ��� (Tsere-Yod) in the construct state and
then the rules of vowel reduction apply.
������� God ➣ ������ God of
������ sons ➣ �� � � sons of
���>����� two eyes ➣ �� ���� (two) eyes of
����� �� words ➣ � �� ���� words of
In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.
������� ➣ �� � �� ➣ �� ����
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Chapter 10f - Construct Chainfeminine singular
Feminine singular nouns ending in � � changethis ending to �� in the construct state and
then the rules of vowel reduction apply.
���� law ➣ � ��� law of
������ queen ➣ ����� queen of
���� year ➣ � �� year of
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Chapter 10g - Construct Chainfeminine plural
Feminine plural nouns ending in �� retain this pluralending and then the rules of vowel
reduction will apply.
����� ��� kingdoms ➣ ��� � ��� kingdoms of
����� names ➣ ��� �� names of
����� fields ➣ ����� fields of
���� � blessings ➣ ����� blessings of
In the last example, both propretonic reductionand Rule of Shewa apply.
���� � ➣ ���� � ➣ �����
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Chapter 10h - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (a)
Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add Hireq Yodto their stem in the construct state. Do not to confuse
this Hireq Yod with the 1cs pronominalsuffix ( �� “my father”).
�� father ➣ ��� father of
�� brother ➣ ��� brother of
The diphthong � �.� as in �� .�� (house) changes toTsere Yod in the construct state.
�� �.� house ➣ � �� house of
�� .�� spring ➣ � �� spring of
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Chapter 10i - Construct Chainmiscellaneous nouns (b)
The singular absolute of Segholate nouns is identicalto its singular construct form. The plural construct
form follows the pattern of ����� (kings of).
���.�� king ➣ ���.�� king of
���.�� servant ➣ ���.�� servant of
�������� kings ➣ ����� kings of
������� servants ➣ ����� servants of
Nouns ending in �� (with Seghol) have a singularconstruct form ending in � (with Tsere).
��� field ➣ ��� field of
������ camp ➣ � ���� camp of
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Chapter 11a - Numberscardinals:1-10
Masculine FeminineAbsolute Construct Absolute Construct
One �"�� �"�� +�"�� +�"��Two %�#>�'� #�'� %�#�.�� #���Three ��$�� ��$� !���$� +���.$�Four (����� (����� !�(����� +�(.�����Five ��&�" ��&�" !���&�" +��.�&�"Six ��� ��� !��� +��.��Seven (��.�� (��� !�(��� +�(���Eight !�'�&� !�'�&� !�'�&� +�'�&�Nine (��.�� (��� !�(�� +�(��Ten )��.�( )��.�( !����( + .���(
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Chapter 11b - Numberscardinals:11-19
With Masculine With FeminineNouns Nouns
Eleven (���& �� �� ����& *� ��
(���& !�����& ����& !�����&
Twelve (���& !�%�� ����& !����
(���& #!�%�� ����& #!����
Thirteen (���& ����"�� ����& ��"��
Fourteen (���& ��&����� ����& &�����
Fifteen (���& �� �$� ����& ��$�
Sixteen (���& �� �� ����& ���
Seventeen (���& ��&���� ����& &����
Eighteen (���& ��%�$�� ����& ��%�$��
Nineteen (���& ��&���� ����& &����
��%�� ����& ��"�� thirteen years (1 Kgs 7:1)
#�! (���& ��&����� fourteen days (Ex 12:6)
"�� (���& �� �$� fifteen shekels (Lev 27:7)
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Chapter 11c - Numberscardinals:20-99
Twenty " ���%
Thirty " ���!��
Forty " �%����
Fifty " ���#��
Sixty " ����
Seventy " �%����
Eighty " �$�#��
Ninety " �%����
(������ " ���% twenty-one (2 Kgs 24:18)
��%������ " �%���� seventy-seven (Gen 4:24)
%���(�� " �%���� ninety-nine (Gen 17:24)
" ���!��� "� �$�� thirty-two (Num 31:40)
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Chapter 11d - Numberscardinals:100+
One Hundred �����
Two Hundred ���.�����Three Hundred ���� �����
One Thousand � � .�Two Thousand ���.������Three Thousand �������� �������
Ten Thousand ������
Twenty Thousand ����.���Thirty Thousand ��� �����
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Chapter 11e - Numbersordinal numbers
Masculine Feminine
First !���� ��"����Second ��"�� &��"��Third �������� &��������Fourth ��#���� &��#����Fifth ����� �� &����� ��Sixth ���� &����Seventh ��#����� &��#�����Eighth ��"�� �� &��"�� ��Ninth ��#���� &��#���� Tenth ������# &������#
!������ ���� on the first day (Lev 23:7)
��#������ ���� on the seventh day (Gen 2:2)
���#������ &�"��� in the fortieth year (1 Chr 26:31)
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Chapter 12a - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: names
English Hebrew SpellingSpelling Spelling Diagnostics
Qal ➣ �� unaugmented
Niphal ➣ ������ �� prefix; Pathach stem vowel
Piel ➣ ����� Hireq-Tsere vowel pattern
Pual ➣ ���� Qibbuts-Pathach vowel pattern
Hiphil ➣ ������ � prefix; Hireq Yod stem vowel
Hophal ➣ ����� � prefix; Pathach stem vowel
Hithpael ➣ �������� �� prefix; Tsere stem vowel
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Chapter 12b - Intro to Verbsverbal stems: meaning
Qal Simple/Active. Qal verbs are active in voice, though a fewpassive forms do exist. The Qal stem also exhibits thesimple or unnuanced type of action.
Niphal Simple/Passive or Reflexive. The Niphal stem is used toexpress simple action with either a passive or reflexivevoice. In other words, whatever a verb means in the Qalstem, it becomes passive or reflexive in the Niphal stem.
Piel Intensive/Active. The Piel stem is sometimes used toexpress an intensive type of action with an active voice. Inother words, the simple action of the Qal stem will takeon some type of intensive nuance in the Piel stem.
Pual Intensive/Passive. The Pual is the passive form of thePiel. The Pual stem, therefore, is used to express anintensive type of action with a passive voice.
Hiphil Causative/Active. The Hiphil stem is used to expresscausative action with an active voice. For example, the verb���� means “he was king” or “he reigned” in the Qal stem.The Hiphil form, however, is ������� and means “he causedto reign” or “he made (someone) king.”
Hophal Causative/Passive. The Hophal is the passive form of theHiphil. The Hophal stem, therefore, is used to expresscausative action with a passive voice. For example, theHiphil verb ������� means “he made (someone) king.” TheHophal form is ����� and it is translated “he was madeking.”
Hithpael Intensive/Reflexive. The Hithpael stem is used to expressan intensive type of action with a reflexive (or sometimespassive) voice. For example, the verb ��� means “he hid”in the Qal stem. The Hithpael form is �������� and it means“he hid himself.”
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Chapter 12c - Intro to Verbssummary: stem meaning and translation
Simple Intensive CausativeAction Action Action
Active Voice Qal Piel HiphilPassive Voice Niphal Pual HophalReflexive Voice Niphal Hithpael
Form Translation
Qal ���� he heardNiphal ������ he was heardPiel ���� he smashed into piecesPual ���� he was smashed into piecesHiphil ���� ��� he made kingHophal �� ��� he was made kingHithpael ������� he hid himself
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Chapter 12d - Intro to Verbsverbal conjugations
Perfect Completed Action. The Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.
Imperfect Incomplete Action. The Imperfect aspect denotesincomplete action, whether in the past, present or future.
Imperative 2nd Person Command. The Imperative conjugation isused primarily to express direct commands, demandingimmediate action from the one being addressed.
Cohortative 1st Person Volitional. The Cohortative is used to expressa wish, request or command. It may also be used toexpress purpose (in order to) or result (resulting in).
Jussive 3rd Person Volitional. The Jussive conjugation is alsoused to express some type of mild command or strongwish.
Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Infinitive Construct can function muchlike an English Infinitive, usually translated with thepreposition “to” plus a verb as in “to study” or “to learn.”
Infinitive Verbal Noun. The Hebrew Infinitive Absolute has no realEnglish counterpart. It may be used in conjunction withother verbs to emphasize or intensify the verbal action. Itmay also be used in the place of an Imperative to expressa command.
Participle Verbal Adjective. Verbally, the Participle expresses sometype of verbal action such as “studying” or “learning.”Adjectivally, it is used much like a Hebrew adjective:attributively, predicatively or substantively.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�
Construct
Absolute

Root���
Qal Stem
Hithpael������������
Hiphil�������
HophalPual���
Piel���
Niphal�����
����
Chapter 12e - Intro to Verbsroots, stems & conjugations
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�
PerfectImperfect
ImperativeCohortative
JussiveInf ConstructInf Absolute
Participle
Verbal Conjugations
Derived Stems

Chapter 12f - Intro to Verbsweak verb classification
Class Example Description
I-Guttural ���� guttural in first root position
II-Guttural ����� guttural in second root position
III-�/� ��� � or � in third root position
III-� ��� � in third root position
III-� ���� � in third root position
I-� ���� � in first root position
I-� ���� � in first root position
Doubly Weak ��� I-Guttural and III-� (for one example)
Biconsonantal �� only two root consonants
Geminate ���� identical second and third consonants
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 12g - Intro to Verbsverbal sentence word order
Normal word order for a verbal sentence isverb-subject-object.
����� "���� �������� "�� ���� �� ���
God created the heavens and the earth.Gen 1:1
It is not uncommon for the direct object to standat the beginning of a Hebrew sentence
for the purpose of emphasis.
����� ���� �� ������""��
Yahweh your God you shall fear.Deut 10:20
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�
verbsubjectobjectobject
verb object

Chapter 13a - Qal Perfect: Strongintroduction
The Qal StemQal verbs are active in voice with the simple or unnuanced type ofaction. The simple action of the Qal stem is further divided intotransitive, intransitive and stative.1. Transitive. Transitive verbs may take a direct object. In the example“the prophet wrote the book,” the word “book” is the direct object ofthe verb “wrote” because it receives the verbal action.2. Intransitive. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. In theexample “the king perished in the battle,” the verb “perished” cannottake a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include “tolive,” “to die” and “to fast.”3. Stative. Stative verbs are used to describe a state of being. In theexample, “the priest is old,” the verbal construction “is old” describesthe state or condition of the subject (the priest). In English, a stative(or state-of-being) idea is expressed with a form of the verb “to be”(is) and an adjective (old). In Hebrew, a stative idea is expressedthrough various verbs themselves, such as ����� (to be heavy) and ����(to be small). Most stative verbs are considered to be intransitivebecause they cannot take a direct object.
The Perfect ConjugationThe Perfect conjugation is used to express a completed action or state ofbeing. It must be emphasized that the Hebrew Perfect does not havetense (time of action) apart from context and issues of syntax. Rather,it signifies aspect (type of action). The Perfect aspect designates averbal action with its conclusion envisioned in the mind of the speakeror writer. To state it differently, the Perfect aspect denotes completedaction, whether in the past, present or future.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 13b - Qal Perfect: Strongqal perfect paradigm
Sufformative Perfect Translation
3ms ���� he killed
3fs ��� �����,� she killed
2ms ��� ����.��� you killed
2fs ��� ������� you killed
1cs ���� �����.��� I killed
3cp �� ����,� they killed
2mp ���� ������� you killed
2fp ���� ������� you killed
1cp ��� ����.��� we killed
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 13c - Qal Perfect: Strongother strong verbs
����� "���� ��$� "���� ����!to dwell to remember to write to keep to gather
3ms ����� "���� ��$� "���� ����!
3fs �����<� � "��<� ����$< � "��,� �� ��,!
2ms �����.��� ��.���� ����.�$� ���.��� ��� .���!
2fs �������� ������ �����$� ������ ��� ���!
1cs ������.��� ���.���� �����.�$� ����.��� ���� .���!
3cp ����<� �"��<� ���$< �"��,� � ��,!
2mp ��������� ������� ������$� ������� ���� ���
2fp ��������� ������� ������$� ������� ���� ���
1cp �����.��� ���.��� ����.�$� ���.��� ��� .���!
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 13d - Qal Perfect: Strongverbal roots ending in � and �
When a verbal root ending in � receives a sufformativebeginning with �, the two identical consonants becomeone consonant with a Daghesh Forte (�� ➣ ). Five of thePerfect sufformatives begin with �.
���.��� ➣ ���.��� 2ms you cut
������ ➣ ������ 2fs you cut
����.��� ➣ ����.��� 1cs I cut
������� ➣ ������� 2mp you cut
������� ➣ ������� 2fp you cut
When a verbal root ending in � receives a Perfectsufformative beginning with �, the two identical consonantsbecome one consonant with Daghesh Forte (�� ➣ ). Theonly sufformative that begins with � is the 1cp (��). Thefinal � of a verbal root may also assimilate into suffirmativesending in � (�� ➣ ).
�����.��� ➣ �� ��.��� 1cp we dwell
�����.��� ➣ �� ���.��� 1cp we dwell
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 13e - Qal Perfect: Strongstative verbs
Stative verbs are classified by their stem vowel. The stemvowel is the vowel that is associated with the second root consonant.In transitive strong verb paradigms, the stem vowel isPathach as in "���', (�$�� and (�!��. With stative verbs, thestem vowel is variable.
Pathach-Stative Tsere-Stative Holem-Stative
"��� to be great ����� to be heavy %���' to be small#�!�� to be wise %�'�� to be old "�!� to be able
Pathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative
3ms "�� ����� %���'
3fs ��"�< �����<� ��&��,'2ms � �".�� � �.���� � �&.���'
2fs � �"�� � ����� � �&���'
1cs � �".�� � ��.��� � �&�.��'
3cp �"�< ����<� �&��,'2mp #� �"�� #� ����� #� �&��
2fp %� �"�� %� ����� %� �&��
1cp �&�".�� �&��.��� ���.��'
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 13f - Qal Perfect: Strongparsing
The parsing of Perfect verbs involves the identificationof the verbal stem, conjugation, person, gender, numberand verbal root. When parsing, give the appropriateinformation in the proper order as the followingexamples illustrate (translation is not a required partof parsing information).
����.���� Qal Perfect 1cs ����� I remembered
����.�� Qal Perfect 2fs ���� you observed
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 13g - Qal Perfect: Strongthe negative particle �
Perfect (and Imperfect) verbs are negated with theparticle �, usually translated “not.” It may also bespelled ��. The negative particle is always placedimmediately before the verb.
�����!� � �������� �You did not observe the laws.
�������!� � ���.���� �You did not remember the covenant.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 13h - Qal Perfect: Strongthe particle (���(
The word (���( (also as 1�( and !1�() is commonly translated “behold.”It can stand alone or take Type 1 pronominal suffixes.
1cs +�2�2�(/+�2>���( 1cp �2�2�(/��>���(2ms ����( 2mp /�-���(
2fs ����( 2fp
3ms ���( 3mp /���(
1. The particle (���( may be used to add emphasis.
) (��$3 5��!%!.$�!7�% /+�(�"% %����) (���(!'#% 0 &�*And God saw all that he had made, andbehold, (it was) very good (Gen 1:31).
2. The particle (���( may be used to indicate the immediate presence ofsomeone or something.
�)(���(�$��3 +�-�2$% And behold, I am with you (Gen 28:15).
3. The particle (���( may be used to introduce a fact or situation uponwhich a subsequent statement is based.
.�% ��+!.$�!.�% .�%�0� 5�0%���)(���(/�- .� & +� 3�0�� ��.�0 /�-+�.!3 �+�. 0�%�) +�. /����0!%!5��!% .#- .
And Samuel said to all of Israel, “Behold, I havelistened to all that you have said to me and (therefore)I have caused a king to reign over you” (1 Sam 12:1).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt%

Chapter 14a - Qal Perfect: WeakI-Guttural, II-Guttural and III-�/#
I-Guttural II-Guttural III-�/# Strong
3ms �� �# %���� #� �� ����$
3fs ��� <# ���<� ��#� ,� �����,$
2ms ���.� �# ���.��� ���#.� �� ����.���$
2fs ���� �# ������ ���#.� �� �������$
1cs ����.� �# ���.���� ����#.� �� �����.���$
3cp �� <# %��<� #� ,� ���,$
2mp ����� �# ������� ����#� �� ��������
2fp !���� �# !������ !���#� �� !�������
1cp "�.� �# "�.��� "�#.� �� "��.���$
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 14b - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-�
III-� Strong
3ms ����� ����
3fs ��� �,� ��� �,�
2ms ���.���� �� �.���
2fs ������ �� ����
1cs ����.���� ��� �.���
3cp �� �,� �� �,�
2mp ������ � ��� ���
2fp ������ � ��� ���
1cp ���.���� �� �.���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 14c - Qal Perfect: WeakIII-�
III-� Strong
3ms ����� �����
3fs �����<� �����,�
2ms ���. ��� ����.����
2fs �� ��� ��������
1cs ����. ��� �����.����
3cp ��� ���,�
2mp ���� ��� ��������
2fp ���� ��� ��������
1cp ��. ��� ���.����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 14d - Qal Perfect: Weakdoubly weak verbs
III-�/ III-�/ StrongII-Gutt I-Gutt Verb
3ms ���� ����� �����
3fs ������ �����,� �����,�
2ms ��� .�� ���. ��� ����.����
2fs �� �� �� ��� ��������
1cs ���� .�� ����. ��� �����.����
3cp �� ��� ���,�
2mp ���� �� ���� ��� ��������
2fp ���� �� ���� ��� ��������
1cp �� .�� ��. ��� ���.����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 14e - Qal Perfect: Weakgeminate verbs
Geminate Geminate Geminate StrongStrong Weak 1 Weak 2 Verb
3ms ����� !��� �� ����
3fs �����,� ��,� �����. �����,
2ms �"�.���� �"�.!�� �"�.��� ���.���
2fs "����� "�!�� "���� ������
1cs ��"�.���� ��"�.!�� ��"�.��� ����.���
3cp ���,� !,� ���. ���,
2mp ��"����� ��"�!�� ��"���� �������
2fp ��"����� ��"�!�� ��"���� �������
1cp ��.���� ��.!�� ��.��� ���.���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 14f - Qal Perfect: Weakbiconsonantal verbs
StrongStrong Strong Weak Verb
3ms ��� ��� ��� �����
3fs ����.� ���.�� ����.� �����,�
2ms ����.� ���.�� ����.� ���.����
2fs ����� ����� ���� �������
1cs ����.� �����.� ����.�� ����.����
3cp ��.� �.�� �.�� ���,�
2mp ������ ������ ������ �������
2fp ������ ������ ������ �������
1cp ����.� ����.� ��.�� ���.����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 14g - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: ����� and �����
����� ����� Strongto give to be Verb
3ms ����� ����� � ���
3fs �����<� �����<� �����,�
2ms ��.���� ����>��� ���. ���
2fs ��.���� ��� � �� ��� ���
1cs � � �.���� �����>��� ����. ���
3cp ����<� ���� ����,�
2mp �� ����� ����� ��� ���� ��
2fp � � ����� ����� ��� ���� ��
1cp � � .��� ����>��� ����. ���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 14h - Qal Perfect: Weakadvanced information: ���� and ���
���� ��� Strongto be afraid to die Verb
3ms ���� ��� � ���
3fs ���<� ���.�� �����,�
2ms ���.��� ��. � ���. ���
2fs ��.��� � � ��� ���
1cs ����.��� ��. � ����. ���
3cp ��<� ��.�� ����,�
2mp ������� �� � ���� ��
2fp ������� �� � ���� ��
1cp ���.��� ����. � ����. ���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 15a - Qal Imperfect: Strongmaster paradigm
Suffor- Imperfect Prefor- Translationmative Paradigm mative
3ms ������ �� he will kill
3fs ������ �� she will kill
2ms ������ �� you (ms) will kill
2fs � ������ �� you (fs) will kill
1cs ������ �� I will kill
3mp � ������ �� they (mp) will kill
3fp ��� �����.���� �� they (fp) will kill
2mp � ������ �� you (mp) will kill
2fp ��� �����.���� �� you (fp) will kill
1cp ������ �� we will kill
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 15b - Qal Imperfect: Strongother imperfect strong verbs
#���� ��%� #���� ���"to remember to write to keep to gather
3ms #� ���� ������� #������ ����
3fs #� ���� ������� #������ ����
2ms #� ���� ������� #������ ����
2fs �� ���� ��������� ������� ��!�����
1cs #� ���� ������� #������ ����
3mp �#� ���� �������� �#������ �!����
3fp �����. ���� ������.����� �����.����� ����!�.���
2mp �#� ���� �������� �#������ �!����
2fp �����. ���� ������.����� �����.����� ����!�.���
1cp #� ���� ������� #������ ����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 15c - Qal Imperfect: Strongstative verbs
With the Imperfect inflection of stative verbs,the stem vowel is Pathach regardless
of the stem vowel in the Perfect.
Perfect Imperfect
Pathach-Stative !�� ➣ !� ������Tsere-Stative ����� ➣ ��� ��Holem-Stative "���$ ➣ "�����
!�� ����� "���$Pathach- Tsere- Holem-Stative Stative Stative
3ms !������ ��� �� "�����
3fs !������ ��� �� "�����
2ms !������ ��� �� "�����
2fs ��!������ ���� �� ��#�����
1cs !������ ��� �� "�����
3mp �!������ ���� �� �#�����
3fp ��#�!�.����� ��#��.� �� �� �.����2mp �!������ ���� �� �#�����
2fp ��#�!�.����� ��#��.� �� �� �.����1cp !�����# ��� �# "����#
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 15d - Qal Imperfect: Strongparsing
When asked to parse Qal Imperfect verbs, you will berequired to identify the verbal stem, conjugation,person, gender, number and verbal root. When parsing,give the required information in the proper order asthe following examples illustrate (translation is not arequired part of the parsing information).
������� Qal Imperfect 3mp ���� they will hear
������ Qal Imperfect 3ms ��� � he will reign
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 15e - Qal Imperfect: Strongnegative particles � and � �
The Imperfect can be negated with �. Thisnegative particle is always placed immediatelybefore the verb. It can simply negate the verb orit may be used with the Imperfect for an absoluteor permanent prohibition.
��!��� �you shall not kill (Ex 20:13)
������ �you shall not commit adultery (Ex 20:14)
The Imperfact can also be negated with � � (withMaqqef "� �). This negative particle is used withthe Imperfect to express an immediate, specificand non-durative prohibition.
�����"� �Do not fear! (Gen 15:1)
����������� �����"��� ��������"� �Do not listen to the words of your prophets! (Jer 27:14)
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16a - Qal Imperfect: WeakII-guttural/III-�/�
II-Guttural III-�/� Strong
3ms ������� ������� ������
3fs ������ ������ �����
2ms ������ ������ �����
2fs ������� �������� �������
1cs ����� � ����� � ���� �
3mp ������� ������� ������
3fp �����.���� ������.���� ������.���
2mp ������ ������ �����
2fp �����.���� ������.���� ������.���
1cp ������� ������� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16b - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-�
III-� Strong
3ms ������� ������
3fs ������� ������
2ms ������� ������
2fs �������� �������
1cs ������ �����
3mp �������� �������
3fp ����.����� ������.����
2mp �������� �������
2fp ����.����� ������.����
1cp � ����� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16c - Qal Imperfect: WeakIII-�
III-� Strong
3ms � ����� ������
3fs � ����� ������
2ms � ����� ������
2fs ������� �������
1cs � ��� ����
3mp ������ �������
3fp ����. ����� ������.����
2mp ������ �������
2fp ����. ����� ������.����
1cp � ����� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 16d - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-guttural
I-Guttural I-GutturalType 1 Type 2 Strong
3ms #����� � �� �"� � ��� ��
3fs #������ �� �"�� ��� �
2ms #������ �� �"�� ��� �
2fs �������� �� �"�� ����� �
1cs #������ �� �"�� ��� ��
3mp �#������ ��� �"�� ���� ��
3fp ��! >������ ��!��. �"�� ��!���.� �
2mp �#������ ��� �"�� ���� �
2fp ��! >������ ��!��. �"�� ��!���.� �
1cp #�����! �� �"�! ��� �!
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16e - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-�
I-� I-�Type 1 Type 2 Strong
3ms ������ � ������ �����
3fs ������� ������ �����
2ms ������� ������ �����
2fs ������� ������ �������
1cs ������� ����� �����
3mp ������ � ������ �����
3fp �����.����� �����.���� ������.���
2mp ������� ������ �����
2fp �����.����� �����.���� ������.���
1cp ������� ������ �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16f - Qal Imperfect: Weakbiconsonantal classification
Qal Perfect 3ms Qal Imperfect 3ms Lexical Entry
� - Class �� he arose ���� he will arise ��� to arise
��- Class �� he placed � �� he will place � � to place
� - Class ��� he entered ���� he will enter ��� to enter

Chapter 16g - Qal Imperfect: Weakbiconsonantal paradigms
Class � � Class Class�� ���� �� Strong
3ms ���� �� ��� ���� ������
3fs ���� �� ��� ���� ������
2ms ���� �� ��� ���� ������
2fs � �.��� � �� .��� � �.��� � ������
1cs ���� �� ��� ���� ������
3mp �.�� � �� .��� �.��� ������
3fp ����.����� �����.�� ��� ����.��� ������.����
2mp �.��� �� .��� �.��� ������
2fp ����.����� �����.�� ��� ����.��� ������.����
1cp ��� � �� �� � ���� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16h - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-�
Type 1 ���� Type 2 Strong
3ms ���� � ��� � � � ��� ������
3fs ����� ���� ����� ������
2ms ����� ���� ����� ������
2fs ������� ������� ������ ��������
1cs ����� ���� ����� ������
3mp ����� � ����� � ����� �������
3fp �����.���� �����.���� �����.���� ������.����
2mp ������ ������ ����� �������
2fp �����.���� �����.���� �����.���� ������.����
1cp ���� � ��� � ���� � ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16i - Qal Imperfect: WeakI-�
Type 1 Type 2 Doubly Weak Strong
3ms ������ ������ ������� ������
3fs ������ ������ ������� ������
2ms ������ ������ ������� ������
2fs � ������ � ����� � ������� � ������
1cs ������ ������ ������� ������
3mp ������ ����� ������� ������
3fp �����.����� ������.���� ������.����� ������.����
2mp ������ ����� ������� ������
2fp �����.����� ������.���� ������.����� ������.����
1cp ������ ������ ������� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 16j - Qal Imperfect: Weaksummary
II-Gutt III-�/� III-� III-�
3ms ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����
3fs ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����
2ms ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����
2fs �������� ������ �� ��������� �������
1cs ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����
3mp �������� ����� �� �������� ������
3fp ����.����� �����.�� �� �����.����� ����>� �����
2mp �������� ����� �� �������� ������
2fp ����.����� �����.�� �� �����.����� ����>� �����
1cp ������ ��� �� ������ �� �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 17a - Waw Conversiveintroduction
Converted verbal forms areused primarily to denotesequences of consecutive
actions, either in the past,present or future.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 17b - Waw Conversivebasic form with imperfect
Qal Imperfect without Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive
������ ��������he will observe and he observed
������� ���������he will remember and he remembered
Imperfect withWaw Conversive
������ ����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 17c - Waw Conversiveimperfect strong verb paradigm
Imperfect with Waw Conversive
3ms � ���� � ��� and he killed
3fs � �������� and she killed
2ms � �������� and you killed
2fs ������������ and you killed
1cs � ����� and I killed
3mp ������� � ��� and they killed
3fp ����� .�������� and they killed
2mp ����������� and you killed
2fp ����� .�������� and you killed
1cp � ����� ��� and we killed
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 17d - Waw Conversivewaw conversive and regular waw
Qal Imperfect with Qal Imperfect withWaw Conversive Regular Waw
3ms ����� � ��� �������� and he will kill
3fs ���������� �������� and she will kill
2ms ���������� �������� and you will kill
2fs � ���������� � �������� and you will kill
1cs �������� �������� and I will kill
3mp ����� � ��� �������� and they will kill
3fp ������.��� ���� �����.������� and they will kill
2mp ���������� �������� and you will kill
2fp ������.��� ���� �����.������� and you will kill
1cp ����� � ��� �������� and we will kill
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 17e - Waw Conversiveuse of converted imperfect
1. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with a Perfectverb followed by any number of converted Imperfectverbs.
* # ! $�%.�' �����! $���&"3�! 1�$���% #�)���%,�'"3�!
And Adam knew Eve his wife, and then sheconceived, and then she bore Cain (Gen 4:1).
2. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with thetemporal modifier '�$�'�% followed by Imperfect verbs withWaw Conversive.
'�$�'�% * $��"�! 3�+ ' �&�! �� "�'�%�-�� 0 &�/�'"3�! *'�$��!
And after the death of AbrahamGod blessed Isaac his son (Gen 25:11).
3. A past tense narrative sequence may begin with theconverted Imperfect itself.
!�����% $���+")�! 1���'�%#�.�+ )�$�!�+ %' )�! $�%$�'
And he called to Moses and Yahweh spoke to himfrom the tent of meeting (Lev 1:1).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt!

Chapter 17f - Waw Conversivechanges in spelling
With I-� verbs like %�!�� and some I-� verbs (including�����), the stem vowel changes to Seghol.
%�!��� he will say ➣ %�!�>���� and he said
����� he will dwell ➣ ��>���� and he dwelt
����� he will go ➣ ���>���� and he went
Biconsonantal and III-� verbs are “shortened” inconverted Imperfect forms without a sufformative(except the 1cs). With Biconsonantal verbs, the medialvowel letter is lost. With III-� verbs, the final � dropsoff.
$�� he will rise up ➣ �$>���� and he rose up
���� he will set ➣ �>���� and he set
��#���� he will build ➣ "��>���� and he built
������� he will reveal ➣ ���>���� and he revealed
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 17g - Waw Conversivebasic form with perfect
Qal Perfect without Qal Perfect withWaw Conversive Waw Conversive
����� �������he observed and he will observe
����� �������he remembered and he will remember
Perfect withWaw Conversive
�� ���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 17h - Waw Conversiveperfect strong verb paradigm
Perfect with Waw Conversive
3ms ������� and he will kill
3fs �����,��� and she will kill
2ms .��������� and you will kill
2fs ��������� and you will kill
1cs �.��������� and I will kill
3cp ���,��� and they will kill
2mp �������� and you will kill
2fp �������� and you will kill
1cp �������� and we will kill
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 17i - Waw Conversiveuse of converted perfect
1. The future tense narrative sequence may begin with anImperfect verb followed by any number of convertedPerfect verbs.
.*�/�* 4����'#&"0�� 4*� $0�)���!,%�-!/"-$�
Six days you will labor and (you will) doall your work (Deut 5:13).
2. The temporal modifier (�*$(�) may mark the beginning ofa future tense narrative sequence.
(�*$(�) %�(�( .���� *����&��)-�% �* 4���"4�%
And in that day I will break thebow of Israel (Hos 1:5).
3. The converted Perfect will frequently follow anImperative verb and carry the full force of the initialImperative.
'#/"0 (�)(�* 4*�� 2�0��!� 4% $1�)2$&$��("4�% .� (���(���/$%�)(�)(�*"2�&� �0!/��
Stand (Imperative) in the gate of Yahweh’s house and(you will) proclaim there this word and (you will) say,
“Hear the word of Yahweh” (Jer 7:2).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt%

Chapter 17j - Waw Conversiveparsing
The parsing of converted verbal forms is just like the parsingof regular Perfect or Imperfect verbs except that you mustidentify the presence of the Waw Conversive.
� ������� Qal Imperfect 3ms ���� with Waw Conversive
������ Qal Perfect 3ms ���� with Waw Conversive
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18a - Qal Imperativeintroduction
Volitional ConjugationsThe term “volitional” describes thoseconjugations used, as a general rule,
to express some type of command,wish or desire.
Imperative2nd person volitional conjugation
Cohortative1st person volitional conjugation
Jussive3rd person volitional conjugation
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18b - Qal Imperativestrong verb paradigm
Imperative Sufformative Translation
2ms ���� (you) kill!
2fs ���� �� (you) kill!
2mp ���� � (you) kill!
2fp �����.�� ��� (you) kill!
Imperfect Subtract ImperativeForm Preformative Form
2ms ������ ➣ ����| �� ➣ ����
2fs ������ ➣ ����| �� ➣ ����
2mp ������ ➣ ����| �� ➣ ����
2fp �����.���� ➣ �����.��| �� ➣ �����.��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18c - Qal Imperative“lengthened” 2ms imperative
Lexical Regular LengthenedForm Imperative Imperative Translation
����� ��� ����� you (2ms) kill!
����� ���� ����� you (2ms) observe!
����� ���� ����� you (2ms) judge!
����� ����� ����� you (2ms) listen!
The vowel in the first syllable of a lengthenedImperative like ����� is Qamets Hatuf
It may also appear with Hireq as in �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18d - Qal Imperativethe particle ��
Imperatives (along with the other volitionalconjugations) may be followed by theparticle �� which can be translated as“please” or simply left untranslated.
�� ������"����
“observe!” or“please observe!”
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18e - Qal Imperativeweak verbs: part 1
I-Guttural II-Guttural
2ms %������ ➣ %���� &������ ➣ &��� 2fs ������� ➣ ����� �������� ➣ ����� 2mp �%������ ➣ �%���� �&������ ➣ �&��� 2fp ��!.������ ➣ ��!.���� ��!��.����� ➣ ��!��.��
I-� Type 1 I-� Type 2
2ms &�"���� ➣ &�"�� &� ��� ➣ &� ��2fs ���"���� ➣ ���"�� ��� ��� ➣ ��� ��2mp �&�"���� ➣ �&�"�� �&� ��� ➣ �&� ��2fp ��!��."���� ➣ ��!�.�"�� ��!��. ��� ➣ ��!��. ��
III-�/# III-�
2ms ������� ➣ ����� ��$� �� ➣ ��$� 2fs ��������� ➣ ������� ����$� �� ➣ ����$� 2mp �������� ➣ ������ ���$� �� ➣ ���$� 2fp ��!���.����� ➣ ��!��.���� ��!��.$� �� ➣ ��!�.�$�
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18f - Qal Imperativeweak verbs: part 2
III-� Geminate
2ms ��!��� ➣ ��!�� ��"�� ➣ ��"2fs ��!��� ➣ ��!�� ���.�"�� ➣ ���.�"2mp �!��� ➣ �!�� ���."�� ➣ ���."2fp ��!�>�!��� ➣ ��!�>�!�� ��!��.��"�� ➣ ��!���."
I-! Type 1 I-! Type 2
2ms ��� ➣ �$�! #��� ➣ #�"2fs �� ��� ➣ �� �$�! ��#�"� ➣ ��#�"2mp � ��� ➣ � �$�! �#�"� ➣ �#�"2fp ��!� .��� ➣ ��!� .�$�! ��!�#�.�� ➣ ��!�#.�"
I-� Type 1 I-� Type 2
2ms ��� ➣ �� ���� ➣ ��2fs ������ ➣ ����� �� �� ➣ �� 2mp ����� ➣ ���� �� �� ➣ �� 2fp ��!��.��� ➣ ��!��.� ��!��.��� ➣ ��!��.�
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18g - Qal Imperativebiconsonantal verbs
�� ���
2ms ���� ➣ �� ��� �� ➣ ��� 2fs ���.��� ➣ ���.� �����. �� ➣ �����. 2mp �.��� ➣ �.� ���. �� ➣ ���. 2fp ����.����� ➣ �����.� �����.��� ��
���
2ms ����� ➣ ���2fs ����.��� ➣ ����.�2mp ��.��� ➣ ��.�2fp �����.���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18h - Qal Imperativeirregular/doubly weak verbs
&�*�' (to give) ��% (to take)
2ms &��� ➣ &�� ��� ➣ �2fs "�'�� ➣ "�'� "� �� ➣ "� �2mp �'�� ➣ �'� � �� ➣ � �2fp ���.��� ➣ ����.� ��'� �.�� ➣ ��'� .�
�%�� (to walk) ��"�� (to be)
2ms �%�� ➣ �% ��"��� ➣ ��"��2fs "�$�%�� ➣ "�$�% "�"���2mp �$�%�� ➣ �$�% �"��� ➣ �"��2fp ��'�$�.%�� ➣ ��'�$�.% ��'">�"���
��%�( (to go up) ��!�' (to extend)
2ms ��%�(�� ➣ ��%�( ���� ➣ ��!�'2fs "�%�(�� ➣ "�%�( "��� ➣ "�!�'2mp �%�(�� ➣ �%�( ��� ➣ �!�'2fp ��'".�%�(�� ➣ ��'".�%�( ��'".��� ➣ ��'".�!�'
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18i - Qal Cohortativethe basics
The Cohortative occurs only in the first person,singular and plural. It is constructed by adding��� to a first person form of the Imperfect.This final ��� is the diagnostic indicator of theCohortative conjugation.
Imperfect Cohortative
������ + ��� = ��������
������ + ��� = ��������
����� � ���� �� May I observe your law.Let me observe your law.
����� �������� Let us make (cut) a covenant.May we make (cut) a covenant.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18j - Qal Jussivethe basics
The Jussive conjugation occurs primarily inthe third person, singular and plural. Withstrong verbs, the form of the Jussive is thesame as its corresponding Imperfect form. Forexample, ����$�" may be translated as either “hewill write” or “let him write.” The presenceof the particle ��' will suggest the Jussivetranslation.
�����"!-�� �%���� ��'!+�����"Let the king remember Yahweh.
(2 Sam 14:11)
�"�'"��� "�'"� �����" !� ���"May Yahweh judge between me and between you.
(Gen 16:5)
������)�% �����" �%�(�"May Yahweh forgive your servant .
(2 Kgs 5:18)
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18k - Qal Jussive“short” forms
Short jussive forms occur only in the singularand only with selected types of weak verbs,especially III-� weak verbs.
Perfect Imperfect Jussive (short)
��$�� he built ��$���� he will build #��>�� let him build
����% he made ����%�� he will make ��%>�� let him make
�� �% he went up �� �%�� he will go up �%>�� let him go up
��� he saw ������ he will see ��>� let him see
������ (���"(�� #������And let him build the house of Yahweh (Ezra 1:3).
&�� ����� !������ &�"�� ��And God said, “let there be light” (Gen 1:3).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18l - Qal Jussiveand Cohortative
negation
Jussive and Cohortative verbs are negated with ���.This construction expresses a negative wish or a mild-er form of prohibition than that expressed by �plus the Imperfect. The particle ��� is sometimes at-tached to ��� with Maqqef (���!���). In most instances,you do not need to translate the particle ���.
�������� ���!���Do not let us perish.
(Jonah 1:14)
�������� ����� �����!�����Do not let your anger burn against your servant .
(Gen 44:18)
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 18m - Qal Imperative,Cohortative and Jussive
verbal sequences
1. Multiple Imperative verbs may occur in succession.Context will determine whether or not they arerelated consequentially or sequentially.
����!*�� (���� ��"�&Go up and bury your father (Gen 50:6).
2. An Imperative verb may be followed by a Perfectverb with Waw Conversive. The Perfect verb maycarry the full force of the preceding Imperative.
�����&!"�� ����$���� �"Go and say to my servant (2 Sam 7:5).
3. An Imperative may be followed by an Imperfect orCohortative, a construction that will create a purposeor result clause. The Imperfect will be marked withthe conjunction �� and is translated as “so that.”
�� ���%�� #���$ �%�"!�(������ �����!���Go down there and buy grain for us from
there so that we might live (Gen 42:2).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 19aPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
introduction
��.���� ������ he will keep us
�� ������� he will keep us
����� ���� he judged you
��� �� he judged you
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 19bPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
review: type 1 suffixes
Type 1 Type 1 ObjectiveSuffixes Alternate Translation
1cs �� ��� me
2ms � you
2fs � you
3ms � �� him (it)
3fs �� �� her (it)
1cp �� us
2mp ��� you
2fp ��� you
3mp ��� � them
3fp ��� � them
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 19cPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
on the qal perfect
Qal Perfect 3ms Translation
1cs �� ��.���� he killed me
2ms ���<�� he killed you
2fs ����� he killed you
3ms ����� he killed him (it)
3fs ������ he killed her (it)
1cp ���.���� he killed us
2mp ����<�� he killed you
2fp ����,�� he killed you
3mp ������ he killed them
3fp ������ he killed them
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 19dPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
spelling the qal perfect
Qal Perfect Qal PerfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes
3ms ���� �����
3fs �����,� �.�����2ms ����.��� .������
2fs ������� �.�������1cs �����.��� �.�������3cp ����,� �.�����2mp �������
2fp �������
1cp ����.��� �>������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 19ePronominal Suffixes on Verbs
spelling the qal perfect: examples
�����,� (�. �����) + �� ➣ ����. ����� she (it) found us
���.��� (.�����) + ➣ ����� you knew him
��.���� (�.�����) + �� ➣ ���.����� I gave her (it)
����,� (�.�����) + ��� ➣ �� �.������ they surrounded me
����.��� (�>������) + � ➣ �������� we knew them

Chapter 19fPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
imperfect: nun-suffixes
Type 1 Nun-Suffix Suffix Example Translation
2ms � ��.�� ���.� � ��� he will capture you
3ms �/� �.�� ��.� � ��� he will capture him
3fs ���/�� ���.�� ����.� � ��� he will capture her

Chapter 19gPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
spelling the qal imperfect
Qal Imperfect Qal ImperfectWithout Suffixes Before Suffixes
3ms ������ �����
3fs ������ �����
2ms ������ �����
2fs ������ ������
1cs ������ �����
3mp ������ ������
3fp ����.����2mp ������ ������
2fp ����.����1cp ������ �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 19hPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
spelling the qal imperfect: examples
�(������� + �� ➣ ��������� and they buried him
(�$��� + ➣ ��$��� he will observe you
��"��� + ➣ ���"��� he will send you
����� + �� .�� ➣ �� .���� he will see her
%������ + # ➣ #�&������ and he gave them

Chapter 19iPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
on imperatives
The suffixes used on the Imperative are the same asthose used on the Imperfect.
1. The Imperative 2ms form ���� is spelled ����% (withQamets Hatuf) before a pronominal suffix.
&�!�� + ➣ �!�� (You) observe them!��$�� + ��" ➣ ��" ���$�� (You) judge me!
2. The Imperative 2fs (������) and 2mp (�����), bothending in a vowel, do not change.
���$� + ➣ ���$� (You) seize them!���� + ��" ➣ ��"���� (You) seek me!
3. Imperatives with a Pathach stem vowel (#�!��)lengthen Pathach to Qamets before pronominalsuffixes.
#�!�� + ��" ➣ ��" �#�!�� (You) hear me!����� + �� ➣ ������� (You) redeem her (it)!
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 19jPronominal Suffixes on Verbs
parsing
When parsing verbs with pronominal suffixes, youwill need to identify the verb and the person,
gender and number of the suffix.
��.����� Qal Perfect 1cs ����� with 2ms suffix
� .������� Qal Imperfect 3ms ����� with 3ms suffix
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 20aQal Infinitive Construct
basic form
The Infinitive Construct is not inflected for person,gender or number. There is one basic form and,therefore, no paradigm to memorize. The vowelpattern is consistent for all strong verbs and evenfor most weak verbs. Note that the basic form ofthe Qal Infinitive Construct is identical to the QalImperative 2ms (����).
Infinitive ConstructStrong Verb
��� ��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 20bQal Infinitive Construct
examples with weak verbs
Imperative Infinitive Infinitive2ms Construct Translation
Strong � ��� � �� to remember
I-Gutt ����� � ��� to abandon
I-� � ��� � ��� to say
II-Gutt ���� � �� to choose
III-� ���� �� � to send
III-� ���� �� � to hear
III-� ��� � �� to call
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 20cQal Infinitive Construct
III-� verbs: spelling
The Infinitive Construct form of III-� verbs endsin ��. Remember that Imperfect forms end in ��(except in those forms with sufformatives) andthat Imperative forms end in ��(2ms).
Summary of III-� Verbal Endings
Ending Example Translation
Imperfect �� �� ��� he will build
Imperative �� �� �� you (2ms) build!
Infinitive �� �� �� to build, buildingConstruct
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 20dQal Infinitive Construct
III-� verbs: examples
Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct Translation
����� ����� to build, building
����� ����� to weep, weeping
����� ���� to go up, going up
����� ���� to answer, answering
����� ���� to do, doing
������ ���� to be, being
���� ��� �� to see, seeing
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 20eQal Infinitive Construct
I-� verbs
Verbal Infinitive AlternateRoot Construct Form
with � with �
����� ������ ���.��
����� ������ ���.��
����� ������ ���.��
����� ���� ���� (����)����� ��.��
����� ����� ��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 20fQal Infinitive Construct
I-� verbs
Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct
����� � � .�
���� ���.�
����� �� .�
���� ��.�
���� ���.�
���� ����
���� � � .�
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 20gQal Infinitive Construct
biconsonantal verbs
Verbal InfinitiveRoot Construct
�� ��
�� ��
�� ��
��� ���
���� ����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 20hQal Infinitive Construct
with suffixes and prefixes
The Infinitive Construct can take pronominal suf-fixes that function as either the subject or objectof the verbal idea.
�����“his killing” or “killing him”
The inseparable prepositions ��, �� and �� may beprefixed to the Infinitive Construct with a rangeof uses and translation values.
� ���� � ����in order to remember while observing
Both pronominal suffixes and prepositional pre-fixes can occur with the Infinitive Construct.
��������when he hears/heard
Qal Infinitive Construct of ���� withpreposition �� and 3ms pronominal suffix.
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 20iQal Infinitive Construct
negation
The negative particles � and �� are not used tonegate the Infinitive Construct. Rather, it is negat-ed with ������ or �������� meaning “not” or “inorder not.”
��� ��������“in order not to kill”
or“not to kill”
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 20jQal Infinitive Construct
five common uses
1. With !0 to express purpose, intention or result.
&�0 1�/�0 (�)(�- 3�;�4"%��);�5�0 1�-�4-�5�) ;�%��0 1�-�4�*�%�)�5$2���0(���( 1���( '�5
or eyesto knowBut Yahweh has not given to you a heart ).Deut 29:3 [English 29:4] until this day (to hear or ears to see
2. With !0 to denote an action about to take place (inceptive).
�4!�";�% ,$+���0 ;�0�/"%���(";�% +�����)
And he took the knife (in order)to slaughter his son (Gen 22:10).
3. With or without !0 as a verbal noun.
&�,;�'$(!0(�)(-�0 It is good to praise Yahweh (Ps 92:2).
4. With or without !0 to explain, clarify or complement a preceding actionor statement (complementary).
�-�(�#% (�)(�- ;�!7�2";�% ���2���);�/�0�0)-�/ ���
And you shall observe the commandments of Yahweh).Deut 8:6 in his ways (by walkingyour God
5. With !� or !� in a temporal clause with or without pronominal suffixes.
%)�(�( 6��%�� 0�% � �- 3$����� -�(�-�)When (while) Israel dwelt in that land … (Gen 35:22).
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Chapter 21aQal Infinitive Absolute
introduction
The Infinitive Absolute is not inflected for person,gender or number and so there is only one formto memorize. This form is easy to identify andvaries little with weak verbal roots.
Infinitive AbsoluteStrong Verb
��� ��1. The vowel pattern of the strong verb also
occurs in most weak verb types.
2. Frequently, the Holem Waw stem vowel iswritten defectively as Holem. (�����).
3. Unlike the Infinitive Construct, the InfinitiveAbsolute does not occur with prepositionalprefixes or pronominal suffixes.
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Chapter 21bQal Infinitive Absolute
weak verbs
Qal Perfect Infinitive3ms Absolute
I-Guttural ���� �����I-Guttural ���� �����I- ��� ���� II-Guttural � �� �� ��II-Guttural ���� �����III-� ��� ����III-� ��� ����III- ���� ����I-� ���� �����I-� ���� �����Geminate ���� �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 21cQal Infinitive Absolute
III-� and biconsonantal verbs
Verbal Root Infinitive Absolute
����� ➣ ����� or ����
���� ➣ ���� or ���
�� � ➣ �� �� or � ��
����� ➣ ����� or ����
Verbal Root Infinitive Absolute
�� ➣ �� or ��
���� ➣ ���
��� ➣ ���
��� ➣ ���
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 21dQal Infinitive Absolute
parsing
The Infinitive Absolute form is not inflected forperson, gender or number. When parsing youare required to identify only stem, conjugationand lexical form.
���� Qal Infinitive Absolute ������� Qal Infinitive Absolute ���
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Chapter 21eQal Infinitive Absolute
usage
1. Emphatic. The Infinitive Absolute can precede or followa Perfect or Imperfect verbal form of the same root inorder to emphasize the verbal meaning.
+�&�� +�&you (2ms) will certainly die (2 Kgs 1:16)
2. Imperatival. The Infinitive Absolute can stand by itselfand function as an Imperative.
+����� %�!"+�� )�&��Observe the sabbath day! (Deut 5:12)
3. Contemporaneous Action. Two Infinitive Absolutes canbe used together with a Perfect or Imperfect verb toexpress two verbal actions occurring simultaneously.
$�#��� �$�� �$��� (literally) and he walked, walking and eating;
(idiomatically) and he walked, eating as he went (Judg 14:9)
4. Complementary. The Infinitive Absolute can comple-ment the main verb of a sentence and carry the temporalvalue of that main verb.
���(��"$� %!�'������ �+�� %���All of the congregation shall stone him with stones (Num 15:35).
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Chapter 21fQal Infinitive Absolute
the particle ���Hebrew can express the existence of someone or something byusing the particle ��� (!���) which translates either “(there)is” or “(there) are.”
���.�� ���“there is a king” or “a king is”
�� � ��!� � ������ ��� ����Surely the Lord is in this place (Gen 28:16).
��� may also be used to express possession when followedby the preposition �� (to).
�����# ���!���Literally: There is to me hope.
Idiomatically: I have hope (Ruth 1:12).
��� ����� �����Literally: Is there to you a brother?
Idiomatically: Do you have a brother? (Gen 43:7)
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Chapter 21gQal Infinitive Absolute
the particle ����
Hebrew may express the non-existence or absence of someoneor something by using the particle !��� (!��.��) which translateseither “(there) is not” or “(there) are not.”
' � %�# �"!���Joseph was not in the cistern (Gen 37:29).
&���� ������� (�$��"!�����(And) there is no knowledge of God in the land (Hos 4:1).
!��� can appear with pronominal suffixes as in �>�"��� (3msor 1cp) and ��"��� (3mp) or it may be used to negate averbless clause or sentences with Participles usedpredicatively.
������"(�� ������� ��"���They do not fear the Lord (2 Kgs 17:34).
������� !��� ��� ����" '� ��(The) fool says in his heart, “There is no God” (Ps 53:2
[English 53:1]).
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Chapter 22a-Qal Participleactive strong verb paradigm
The Participle inflects like an adjective, with bothgender and number. It is not inflected for person.The inflection of the Participle should look familiar.
Singular Plural
Masculine ���� � �����
Feminine ����.�� ������
Feminine �����
Singular Plural
Masculine � �����
Feminine ����.�� ������
Feminine �����
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Chapter 22b-Qal Participlediagnostics
The Holem in the first syllable of all forms is diag-nostic of the Qal active Participle. It may also bewritten as Holem Waw (�����). The Holem willnot reduce (undergo propretonic reduction) withthe additional of inflectional endings. The Holem-Tsere vowel pattern is distinctive of the masculinesingular Qal active Participle.
Qal Active ParticipleStrong Verb
�����
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Chapter 22c-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 1
I-Guttural I-�Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masc. ��� � ����� � ��� � �������
Fem. ��.� � ����� � ��.��� �������
Fem. ����� � �������
I-� GeminateSingular Plural Singular Plural
Masc. ��� � ������� ��� � ����� �
Fem. ��.���� ������� ��.� � ����� �
Fem. ������� ����� �
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Chapter 22d-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 2
II-Guttural III-�/�Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masc. ���� ������� ����� ���� ���
Fem. ��.��� ������� ���.���� ��� ���
Fem. ������ ��� ���
III-�Singular Plural
Masc. ���� ���� ���
Fem. ��.��� ��� ���
Fem. ��� ���
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Chapter 22e-Qal Participleweak verbs: part 3
III-� BiconsonantalSingular Plural Singular Plural
Masc. ����� ������ �� �����
Fem. ����� ����� ��� ����
Fem. �������
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Chapter 22f-Qal Participleuse of the qal active participle
Participles function just like adjectives.
1. Attributive Use. The Participle directly modifies a noun. Themodifying Participle will follow the noun and agree in gender,number and definiteness.
.�� �� !�����# )�-�# the people who dwell (who aredwelling) in the land (Num13:28)
#�(�'� �� %�#�� #�$#�% Yahweh your God is a consumingfire (Deut 4:24).
2. Predicative Use. The Participle asserts something about the noun(with a form of the verb “to be”). The modifying Participle willagree with the noun in gender and number but not definiteness.
�� �� /�-�� /�#�# The mountain was burning withfire (Deut 4:11).
(�'%�#�� !�'� (� �*��� And Samuel was lying downin (the) temple (1 Sam 3:3).
3. Substantive Use. The Participle is used independently as a noun,indicating the “one who” performs a certain action. It may functionas the subject or object of a verb; take a definite article; appear in aconstruct chain; or take pronominal suffixes and prepositionalprefixes.
)%������ 1�!�����# you who dwell in the gardens(Song 8:13)
(� ����% /�*�� +�%�% ��$ and the one who keeps Israelwill not sleep (Ps 121:4)
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Chapter 22g-Qal Participlepassive participle paradigm
The passive Participle inflects like an adjective,with both gender and number. It is not inflectedfor person.
Singular Plural
Masculine �� � ����� �
Feminine ��� � ���� �
Singular Plural
Masculine ����� �
Feminine ��. � ���� �
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Chapter 22h-Qal Participlepassive participle diagnostics
The diagnostic feature of the Qal passive Participleis the Qamets-Shureq vowel pattern. It may alsobe spelled defectively with Qibbuts as in �����.
Qal Passive ParticipleStrong Verb
�����
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Chapter 22i-Qal Participleweak verbs
����� abandoned ��� �� opened
����� hated ������ known
���� asked ������ planted
���� slaughtered ����� cursed
����� eaten ����� advised
III-�Singular Plural
Masculine ����� ��������
Feminine ������� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 22j-Qal Participleuse of the qal passive participle
Participles function just like adjectives.
1. Attributive Use. The passive Participle follows the noun it modifiesand agrees in gender, number and definiteness.
2�/�-� "���3���" 3%� �" the covenant written in this book"���" "����" of the law (Deut 29:20)
"�*�$�""(��"3�� +�����# (And) he (re)built all of the broken"�1�2���" wall (2 Chr 32:5).
2. Predicative Use. The passive Participle either precedes or followsthe noun it modifies and agrees in gender and number only (notdefiniteness).
)�(�.�( "�#"�% ��2� Blessed is Yahweh forever (Ps 89:53).
����.� "�*�!���" "��2�� Cursed is the ground because of you(Gen 3:17).
3. Substantive Use. Passive Participles can be used independently asnouns, indicating the “one who” performs a certain action. Whena Participle is used substantively, it behaves just like a noun.
%�,�/�( 2���.�% 0�(�$�"�# And the one equipped (for battle)"�#"�% +�2�� will pass before the ark of Yahweh
(Josh 6:7).
�(���% )%� �2�" 3�$�3�# And they will fall among the slain ones(Isa 10:4).
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Chapter 22k-Qal Participleparsing
Like a verb, the Participle has stem and voice.Like an adjective, it is inflected for gender andnumber. When parsing you will be required toidentify stem, conjugation (with voice), gender,number and lexical form.
����� Qal Active Participle ms �����
����� Qal Passive Participle ms ����
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Chapter 23a-Sentence Syntaxnormal word order
In Hebrew, normal word order for a verbalsentence is verb-subject-object (vso)
���"!(�� ������ &������(And) God remembered Noah (Gen 8:1).
���� $�#�� ������(And) Joseph dreamed a dream (Gen 37:5).
��������!� !��� ����! ������(And) Moses called to all Israel (Ex 24:16).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�
vso
vso
vso

Chapter 23b-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb
In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally at the beginning, in first position.
!����!����%�"! �$ ����!�� �" (And) a new king arose over Egypt (Ex 1:8).
����������$�� !� $ !������!��#���� I trust in the steadfast love of God forever and ever
(Ps 52:10 [English 52:8]).
�'������� '��� ������ Sing to Yahweh a new song (Ps 96:1).
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Chapter 23c-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the verb
The verb may also be preceded by an adverb of time, an adverbial phrase,0��'0 (behold), a temporal modifier (4'0�4�1 or 0�4#0�1), an expression that providescontext or circumstantial information, an independent personal pronounfor emphasis or a negative particle.
0��$;74'0�*,#0!6#�'8 0�10�4 6!/�.!4'� 4�(;�4 Now I know that Yahweh is greater
than all gods (Ex 18:11).
0&�%,#0 74�#- $0 >$2$,7�(-$,!6&, 0�10�4!>$- 0�4#0 After these things, the word of Yahweh
came (was) to Abram (Gen 15:1).
0��'0�1-�#2&� ":4�?!-), "6(<�: And behold, our fathers have fallen
by the sword (2 Chr 29:9).
4'0�4�1"0�.�$0���1 14'2#, 6&-&0!6&, 9�4� 7����1 0���$� 7�?!4(0'� When they were in the field, Cain rose up against Abel his brother and he killed him (Gen 4:8).
!6$,>���$0 4�(- �!6&, 7&5#6 "2(3(-�Do not trust in deceptive words (Jer 7:4).
7��$,�174�:)0+� ?&5&6(8$8 4'6!"4(0� And you will be to me a kingdom
of priests (Ex 19:6).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt,

Chapter 23d-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the subject
In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb isnormally followed immediately by its subject ifone is specified.
.�(�� �!��"��� ����� "&�� The serpent said to the woman (Gen 3:4).
)���� �! �! �#"�����#�*#�+ .� "&�, The glory of Yahweh dwelt upon Mount Sinai
(Ex 24:16).
The verb may be preceded by its subject toemphasize that subject, though there are otherreasons for this type of variation.
�! �#��,�! '�&�,�& ��(�# Yahweh will reign forever and ever (Ex 15:18).
� ���('#� ���� "&�� �&�, And Moses went up to God (Ex 19:3).
�!�"�* �! �# #�*#�,�� )�" ��-�( And Noah found favor in the
eyes of Yahweh (Gen 6:8).
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Chapter 23e-Sentence Syntaxsyntax of the object
1. The indirect object is usually marked with the preposition�! (to, for) or !!�� (to, for) and may precede or follow thedirect object (if any).
������ $�)�%!�� ����&���"� �!'����!)�� I know that Yahweh has given to you the land
(Josh 2:9).
2. A direct object (if any) will frequently stand after theverb or its subject. It may precede or follow an indirectobject.
)�� "������ ����"���#����)���� '���� God created the heavens and
the earth (Gen 1:1).
3. The verb may be preceded by its object to emphasizethat object, though there are other reasons for this syntax.
!)������������� ������ Yahweh your God you shall fear (Deut 10:20).
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Chapter 23f-Sentence Syntaxconditional sentences
A conditional sentence consists of two clauses. Thefirst clause states the condition and is called the protasis(“if-clause”). The second clause states the consequenceof the condition and is called the apodosis (“then-clause”). The protasis will often begin with �� (if) butit may also begin with ���, "�� or %���� followed by aPerfect, Imperfect or Participle.
$�� ������� %�!���� ������# ������ "�� �� ������
�� ������� �� ����# ������' ��"
Barak said to her, “If you will go with me, then I willgo; but if you will not go with me, (then) I will not go”
(Judg 4:8).
Condition (Protasis) Consequence (Apodosis)“if ( ��) you will go” “then I will go”
“but if ( ��) you will not go” “(then) I will not go”
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Chapter 23g-Sentence Syntaxadverbs
Adverbs are generally divided into four categories:adverbs of time (then, now), place (here, there), degree(very, extremely) and manner (swiftly, gently).
1. Adverbs of Time."���* (now)
"���*"���� '$�"��� ���$"$�� $���*��$ Now I know that you fear God (Gen 22:12).
2. Adverbs of Place.'�� (there)
'��� �#'��-�,�$ -���� '���""/�� And he placed there the man whom he hadformed (Gen 2:8).
3. Adverbs of Degree.!$�(�� (continually)
$�)$�*!$�(��"�#"�$"&�� My eyes are continually on the Lord (Ps 25:15).
4. Adverbs of Manner.'���/�� (suddenly)
�*��"�$ '�"$�&�� �� � �#'���/��And Joshua came upon them suddenly(Josh 10:9).
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Chapter 23h-Sentence Syntaxdisjunctive waw
A disjunctive Waw is prefixed to a non-verbal form and is non-sequential, that is, it introduces some kind of break or interruption inthe narrative. There are four basic uses.
1. Parenthetical. The disjunctive clause may interrupt the narrativeflow in order to provide some explanatory information.
*/�:�2,�� 6,�.���) ,�� 5�3�, �4�0� ,�� �4 �, &� /�)"Now they did not know that Joseph was understanding thembecause there was an interpreter between them (Gen 42:23).
2. Circumstantial. The disjunctive clause may introduce or identifycircumstantial information that relates to the main action of thenarrative.
��"-&�."0 :�!#4�. )�:�,���) &%'���* )���) /���)"� ,�)�,�*�*:�,���� /� :�,���) , �2�&�0 ,�& 1,�&
(And) one day, he went into the house to do his work and none ofthe household servants were there in the house (Gen 39:11).
3. Contrastive. The disjunctive Waw may introduce a contrastive ideaand is often translated as “but.”
�:�+�2�0".�&�* .�'�)".�& )�*)�, 4� ���*�*)�4� &� �:�+�2�0".�&�* 1�,�".�&
The Lord looked favorably on Abel and his offering but on Cainand his offering he did not look favorably (Gen 4:4b-5a).
4. Introductory. The disjunctive Waw may begin a new narrative orintroduce a new idea or theme within a narrative.
*)����) :���+ .%��0 /�8�4 )�,�) �+���)"/,�)�$& )�*)�, )�!�4 8 #&
Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the creatures that theLord God had made (Gen 3:1).
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt&

Chapter 24a-Niphal Strongperfect
Niphal PerfectStrong Verb
������
Qal Niphal Translation
3ms ����� ������ he was killed
3fs �����,� �������� she was killed
2ms ���.���� ���.����� you were killed
2fs ������ �������� you were killed
1cs ����.���� �����.���� I was killed
3cp ���,� ������ they were killed
2mp ������� ��������� you were killed
2fp ������� ��������� you were killed
1cp ���.���� ���.����� we were killed
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 24b-Niphal Strongimperfect
Niphal ImperfectStrong Verb
�������Qal Niphal Translation
3ms ������ ������� he will be killed
3fs ������ ������� she will be killed
2ms ������ ������� you will be killed
2fs ��� ���� ��� �,���� you will be killed
1cs ������ ������� I will be killed
3mp �� ���� �� �,���� they will be killed
3fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.������ they will be killed
2mp �� ���� �� �,���� you will be killed
2fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.������ you will be killed
1cp ������ ������� we will be killed
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 24c-Niphal Strongimperative
Niphal ImperativeStrong Verb
�������Qal Niphal Translation
2ms ���� ������� be killed!
2fs ���� ���,��� be killed!
2mp ���� ���,��� be killed!
2fp �����.�� ����.������ be killed!
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 24d-Niphal Stronginfinitive
Niphal InfinitiveConstruct
������
Niphal InfinitiveAbsolute
����� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 24e-Niphal Strongparticiple
Niphal ParticipleStrong Verb
�� ���Qal Niphal Translation
ms �� � �� ��� being killed
fs ����. � ����. ��� being killed
mp ���� � ����� ��� being killed
fp ��� � ���� ��� being killed
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 24f-Niphal Strongconjugation summary
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
������ �������� �������� �������� ������ ������������
������ ������� ������� ������� ������ �������������� ������ �����,�� ������� ����.�������.����� ������ ���,�� ���������
�������� �����,� �����.������ ��������
�����.���� �������
������ ���,����������� ������.������������� ���,� ���.����� ������.����
�������

Chapter 25 - Niphal Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong � ���� ����"�� ����"�� ����"�� ����� ���������"��
I-Gutt � �� �� ���� �� ���� �� ���� �� ��� �� ���� ����� ��
III-� ��!���� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� �!���� ��!����
III-� ������� ������� ������� $����� ������� ��������$�>������ �������
I-� � !�� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� � �!��� !��
I-� � �� ������� ������� ������� ����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 26a-Piel Strongperfect
Piel PerfectStrong Verb
������
Qal Piel Translation
3ms ����� ������ he slaughtered
3fs �����,� �������� she slaughtered
2ms ����.���� �����.���� you slaughtered
2fs ������� ��������� you slaughtered
1cs �����.���� ������.���� I slaughtered
3cp ���,� ������ they slaughtered
2mp �������� ���������� you slaughtered
2fp �������� ���������� you slaughtered
1cp ���.���� ���.����� we slaughtered
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 26b-Piel Strongimperfect
Piel ImperfectStrong Verb
�������Qal Piel Translation
3ms ������ ������� he will slaughter
3fs ������ ������� she will slaughter
2ms ������ ������� you will slaughter
2fs � ������ � ������� you will slaughter
1cs ������ ������� I will slaughter
3mp ������� �������� they will slaughter
3fp ������.���� ������.����� they will slaughter
2mp ������� �������� you will slaughter
2fp ������.���� ������.����� you will slaughter
1cp ������ ������� we will slaughter
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 26c-Piel Strongimperative
Piel ImperativeStrong Verb
����Qal Piel Translation
2ms ����� ���� (you) slaughter!
2fs �������� ������� (you) slaughter!
2mp ������� ������ (you) slaughter!
2fp �����.���� �����.��� (you) slaughter!
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 26d-Piel Stronginfinitive
Piel InfinitiveConstruct
������
Piel InfinitiveAbsolute
������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 26e-Piel Strongparticiple
Piel ParticipleStrong Verb
�������Qal Piel Translation
ms ��� ������� slaughtering
fs �� �.�� �� �.������ slaughtering
mp ��� ��� ��� ������� slaughtering
fp �� ��� �� ������� slaughtering
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 26f-Piel Strongconjugation summary
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
����� ����� �� ����� ����� ����� ����� ��
��� ����� ��� ��� ��� ���������� ���� ����� !���.�������.� ���� ��� ��������
����� ������ ������.� !������
�����.� �����
��� �����
������ ������.�������� ����
���.�� ������.�������

Chapter 27 - Piel Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������
III-�/� ���� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��
III-� �� ��� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ������� ��
III-� 1������ ������� ���� "���� ���� ��������"�.�����
Geminate ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������
II-Gutt2 ���� ����� ��� ��� ��� �����
1 3ms only2 virtual doubling3 compensatory lengthening
II-Gutt3 ��� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 28a-Pual Strongperfect
Pual PerfectStrong Verb
������
Qal Pual Translation
3ms ���� ������ he slaughtered
3fs ������ �������� she slaughtered
2ms �����.�� �����.���� you slaughtered
2fs ������� ��������� you slaughtered
1cs ������.�� ������.���� I slaughtered
3cp ���� ������ they slaughtered
2mp �������� ���������� you slaughtered
2fp �������� ���������� you slaughtered
1cp ���.��� ���.����� we slaughtered
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 28b-Pual Strongimperfect
Pual ImperfectStrong Verb
����� �Qal Pual Translation
3ms ������ � ���� � he will slaughter
3fs ������ ����� � she will slaughter
2ms ������ ����� � you will slaughter
2fs ��� ���� ��� ���� � you will slaughter
1cs ������ ������� I will slaughter
3mp �� ���� �� ���� � they will slaughter
3fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.���� � they will slaughter
2mp �� ���� �� ���� � you will slaughter
2fp ��� ��.���� ��� �.���� � you will slaughter
1cp ������ ����� � we will slaughter
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 28c-Pual Strongparticiple
Pual ParticipleStrong Verb
��� ��Qal Pual Translation
ms ����� �� � �� slaughtering
fs ����.��� ����.� �� slaughtering
mp ������� ����� �� slaughtering
fp ������ ���� �� slaughtering
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 28d-Pual Strongconjugation summary
Perfect Imperfect Participle
����� ������� �������
���� ������ � ����
� ���� ����� ���.��������.��� ����� ���� ����
������ ������� ��� ����
����.��� ������
����� �������
������� �����.����������� ������
����.��� �����.����������

Chapter 29 - Pual Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Participle
Strong ��� � ��� ��� ���� ���
III-� ��� � � ��� � ��� ��� � ���
III-� ���� � ���� ��� ���� ������.�� �
II-Gutt1 �� � �� ��� ��� ���
II-Gutt2 ���� ������ ������
1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 30a-Hiphil Strongperfect
Hiphil PerfectStrong Verb
�� �� � or ����.��� �Qal Hiphil Translation
3ms ����� �� �� � he caused to kill
3fs �����,� ��� .�� � she caused to kill
2ms ����.���� ����.��� � you caused to kill
2fs ������� ������� � you caused to kill
1cs �����.���� �����.��� � I caused to kill
3cp ���,� ��. �� � they caused to kill
2mp �������� �������� � you caused to kill
2fp �������� �������� � you caused to kill
1cp ���.���� ���.��� � we caused to kill
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 30b-Hiphil Strongimperfect
Hiphil ImperfectStrong Verb
��������Qal Hiphil Translation
3ms � ���� ������� he will cause to kill
3fs � ���� ������� she will cause to kill
2ms � ���� ������� you will cause to kill
2fs �������� �����.���� you will cause to kill
1cs � ��� ������� I will cause to kill
3mp ������� ���.������ they will cause to kill
3fp ����� .���� �����.���� they will cause to kill
2mp ������� ���.����� you will cause to kill
2fp ����� .���� �����.���� you will cause to kill
1cp � ���� ������� we will cause to kill
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 30c-Hiphil Strongimperative
Hiphil ImperativeStrong Verb
�� ��� or ����.� ���Qal Hiphil Translation
2ms � � �� ��� cause to kill!
2fs ��� � ����.� ��� cause to kill!
2mp �� � ���.� ��� cause to kill!
2fp ����. � ����.� ��� cause to kill!
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 30d-Hiphil Stronginfinitive
Hiphil InfinitiveConstruct
�����
Hiphil InfinitiveAbsolute
�����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 30e-Hiphil Strongparticiple
Hiphil ParticipleStrong Verb
������Qal Hiphil Translation
ms ��� ������ causing to kill
fs �� �.�� �� .������ causing to kill
mp ��� ��� ��� ������ causing to kill
fp �� ��� �� ������ causing to kill
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 30f-Hiphil Strongconjugation summary
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
������ ������ ����� ������ ����� ���������.���� ����.���������� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������
� ���.��� ����� ����.���� ���.��������.���� ����� ���.���� ���������
������� �����.�� �����.���� ��������
����.���� ������
���.���� ���.������������ ������.���������� ���.�������.���� ������.��
������

Chapter 31 - Hiphil Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong ������� ������� ������ ������� ������ �����������.����� ����.�����
I-Gutt �����! � �����!�� ����!�� �����!�� ����!�� �����!�����.���! � ����.��!��
III-�/! ��������� ��������� ������� ��������� �������� �������������.������ ����.������
III-� ���"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"�����%�.�"���� �����."����
III-� ������� � ����� ������� %����� ������� � ������%�.������
I- ���� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "������.�� "�� ����.�� "��
I-� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ���������.��� ����.���
Bicon ���#�� ���#� ��#� ���#� ��#� ���#���%.���#�� ����.�#�

Chapter 32a-Hophal Strongperfect
Hophal PerfectStrong Verb
��� � or �����Hophal Hophalu-class o-class
3ms ��� � �����
3fs ������ � ��������
2ms ����.�� � ����.����2fs ������ � ��������
1cs �����.�� � �����.����3cp ����� � �������
2mp ������� � ���������
2fp ������� � ���������
1cp ����.�� � ����.����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 32b-Hophal Strongimperfect
Hophal ImperfectStrong Verb
����� or �������Hophal Hophalu-class o-class
3ms ����� ������3fs ����� ������2ms ����� ������2fs ������� ��������1cs ����� ������3mp ������ �������3fp ����.���� ����.�����2mp ������ �������2fp ����.���� ����.�����1cp ������ �������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 32c-Hophal Strongparticiple
Hophal ParticipleStrong Verb
����� or �����
Hophal Hophalu-class o-class
ms ����� �����
fs ���.���� ���.����mp ������� �������
fp ������� �������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 32d-Hophal Strongconjugation summary
Perfect Imperfect Participleu-class o-class u-class o-class u-class o-class
����� ����� ����� ����� ����� �����
����� ����� ����� ����� ����� �����
������� ������� ����� ���� ��.���� ��.���������.��� �����.��� ����� ���� �������� ��������
�������� �������� ������� ������ ������ ������
������.��� ������.��� ����� �����
����� ����� ����� �����
��������� ��������� �����.���� �����.������������ ��������� ����� ����
����.��� ����.��� �����.���� �����.�������� �����

Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Participle
Strong (u) ����� ����� �����
Strong (o) ������ ������ ������
I-Gutt ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���
III-� ������� ������� �������
I-� ���� ���� ����
I-� ����� ����� �����
Bicon ����� ����� �����
Geminate ����� ����� �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Participle
Strong (u) ����� ����� �����
Strong (o) ������ ������ ������
I-Gutt ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���
III-� ������� ������� �������
I-� ���� ���� ����
I-� ����� ����� �����
Bicon ����� ����� �����
Geminate ����� ����� �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 34a-Hithpael Strongperfect
Hithpael PerfectStrong Verb
� �������
Qal Hithpael Translation
3ms ����� � ������� he killed himself
3fs �����,� ������������� she killed herself
2ms ����.���� ����.�������� you killed yourself
2fs ������� ������������ you killed yourself
1cs �����.���� �����.�������� I killed myself
3cp ���,� ��������� they killed themselves
2mp �������� ������������� you killed yourselves
2fp �������� ������������� you killed yourselves
1cp ���.���� ����.������� we killed ourselves
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 34b-Hithpael Strongimperfect
Hithpael ImperfectStrong Verb
���������
Qal Hithpael Translation
3ms ������ ��������� he will kill himself
3fs ������ ��������� she will kill herself
2ms ������ ��������� you will kill yourself
2fs � ������ � ��������� you will kill yourself
1cs ������ ��������� I will kill myself
3mp ������� ���������� they will kill themselves
3fp ������.���� �����.�������� they will kill themselves
2mp ������� ���������� you will kill yourselves
2fp ������.���� �����.�������� you will kill yourselves
1cp ������ ��������� we will kill ourselves
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 34c-Hithpael Strongimperative
Hithpael ImperativeStrong Verb
��������Qal Hithpael Translation
2ms ���� �������� kill yourself!
2fs ����� �� �������� kill yourself!
2mp ����� �� �������� kill yourselves!
2fp ������.�� ����� .������� kill yourselves!
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt

Chapter 34d-Hithpael Stronginfinitive
Hithpael InfinitiveConstruct
��������
Hithpael InfinitiveAbsolute
��������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 34e-Hithpael Strongparticiple
Hithpael ParticipleStrong Verb
����������Qal Hithpael
ms ���� ����������
fs ����.�� ��� �.��������mp � ���� � �� ��������
fp ����� ��� ��������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Chapter 34f-Hithpael Strongconjugation summary
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ��������� ���������
�������� �������� �������� �������� �������� ��������
� �������� ������� ���������� ����.���������.������� ������� ��������� �����������
���������� ��������� ������.������ ����������
����.������� ��������
��������� ���������
����������� �����.����������������� ��������
�����.������ �����.��������������

Chapter 35 - Hithpael Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!��
Gemin �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!��
III-� ����� ��!�� � ��� ��!�� ����� ��!�� !��� ��!�� � ��� ��!��
II-Gutt1 ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!��
1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening
II-Gutt2 �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Strong Verb Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Qal ����� � ��� � ��� � ��� ����� �� �
Niphal ������� ������ ������ ������ ������ ��������������
Piel ���� ������� � ���� � ���� � ���� �������
Pual ������ �������� ��������
Hiphil ����� ������ ����� ������ ����� ����������.���� ��� .����
Hophal ������ ������ ������������ ������ ����� ��
Hithpael �������� ��������� �������� �������� �������� ��������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Niphal Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong � ���� ����"�� ����"�� ����"�� ����� ���������"��
I-Gutt � �� �� ���� �� ���� �� ���� �� ��� �� ���� ����� ��
III-� ��!���� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� ��! � ��� �!���� ��!����
III-� ������� ������� ������� $����� ������� ��������$�>������ �������
I-� � !�� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� ��!� ��� � �!��� !��
I-� � �� ������� ������� ������� ����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Piel Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������
III-�/� ���� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��
III-� �� ��� �� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ������� ��
III-�1������ ������� ���� "���� ���� ��������"� .�����
Geminate ����� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������
II-Gutt2 ���� ����� ��� ��� ��� �����
1 3ms only2 virtual doubling3 compensatory lengthening
II-Gutt3 ��� ������ ���� ���� ���� ������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Pual Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Participle
Strong ��� � ��� ��� ���� ���
III-� ��� � � ��� � ��� ��� � ���
III-� ���� � ���� ��� ���� ������ .�� �
II-Gutt1 �� � �� ��� ��� ���
II-Gutt2 ���� ������ ������
1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Hiphil Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong ������� ������� ������ ������� ������ �����������.����� ���� .�����
I-Gutt �����! � �����!�� ����!�� �����!�� ����!�� �����!�����.���! � ���� .��!��
III-�/! ��������� ��������� ������� ��������� �������� �������������.������ ���� .������
III-� ���"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"���� ��"���� ���"�����%�.�"���� ����� ."����
III-� ������� � ����� ������� %����� ������� � ������%� .������
I- ���� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "�� ��� "�� ���� "������.�� "�� ���� .�� "��
I-� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� ���������.��� ���� .���
Bicon ���#�� ���#� ��#� ���#� ��#� ���#���%.���#�� ����.�#�

Hophal Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Participle
Strong (u) ����� ����� �����
Strong (o) ������ ������ ������
I-Gutt ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���
III-� ������� ������� �������
I-� ���� ���� ����
I-� ����� ����� �����
Bicon ����� ����� �����
Geminate ����� ����� �����
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Hithpael Diagnosticsat-a-glance
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Infinitive ParticipleConstruct Absolute
Strong ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!�� ��������!��
Gemin �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!�� �������!��
III-� ����� ��!�� � ��� ��!�� ����� ��!�� !��� ��!�� � ��� ��!��
II-Gutt1 ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!�� ���� � �!��
1 virtual doubling2 compensatory lengthening
II-Gutt2 �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!�� �����!��
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Summary of Endings on III-� VerbsQal and Derived Stems
Ending Qal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael
Perfect ��� ����� ������� ���� ���� ������� ������� ��������
Imperfect ��� ������� ������� ������ ������ ������� ������� ��������
Imperative � � � ��� � ����� � �� � ����� � ������
Inf Construct � ���� ������ ��� ������ �������
Participle ��� ����� ������� ������ ������ ������� ������� ��������
Basics of Biblical Hebrew© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt�

Strong VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal (1) Hophal (2) Hithpael
Perfect 3ms &�$!+ &�$��* &��� &��� &%�$��# &�$��# &�$��# &�� ,�#3fs ����� ,� #�&�$��* #�&��� #�&��� #�&%�.$��# #�&�$��# #�&�$��# #�&�� ,�#2ms ���&�.$� ���&�.$��* ���&.��� ���& .��� ���& .�$��# ���&�.$��# ���&�.$��# ���&.�� ,�#2fs ��&�$� ��&�$��* ��&��� ��&��� ��&�$��# ��&�$��# ��&�$��# ��&�� ,�#1cs %��& .�$� %��&�.$��* %��& .��� %��& .��� %��& .�$��# %��&�.$��# %��&�.�$��# %��& .�� ,�#3cp ���� ,� �&�$��* �&��� �&��� �&%.�$��# �&�$��# �&�$��# �&�� ,�#2mp '���&�$� '���&�$��* '���&��� '���&��� '���&�$��# '���&�$��# '���&�$��# '���&�� ,�#2fp )���&�$� )���&�$��* )���&��� )���&��� )���&�$��# )���&�$��# )���&�$��# )���&�� ,�#1cp �*�& .�$� �*�& .�$��* �*�& .��� �*�& .��� �*�& .�$��# �*�&�.$��# �*�&�.$��# �*�&�.� ,�#
Imperfect 3ms & $��% &�$���% &�� �% &����% &%�$��% &�$��% &�$��% &�� ,�%3fs & $�� &�$��� &�� � &���� &%�$��� &�$��� &�$��� &�� ,�2ms & $�� &�$��� &�� � &���� &%�$��� &�$��� &�$��� &�� ,�2fs %�&�$�� %�&�$ ,�� %�&�� � %�&���� %�&%�.$��� %�&�$��� %�&�$��� %�&�� ,�1cs & $��" &�$���" &�� �" &����" &%�$��" &�$��" &�$��" &�� ,�"3mp �&�$��% �&�$ ,��% �&�� �% �&����% �&%�.$��% �&�$��% �&�$��% �&�� ,�%3fp #�*�& .$�� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� � #�*�& .���� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�$��� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� ,�2mp �&�$�� �&�$ ,�� �&�� � �&���� �&%�.$��� �&�$��� �&�$��� �&�� ,�2fp #�*�& .$�� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� � #�*�& .���� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�$��� #�*�&�.$��� #�*�& .�� ,�1cp & $��* &�$���* &�� �* &����* &%�$��* &�$��* &�$��* &�� ,�*
416 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms & $� &�$���# &�� &�$��# &�� ,�#2fs %�&�$� %�&�$�,+�# %�&�� %�&% .�$��# %�&�� ,�#2mp �&�$� �&�$�,+�# �&�� �&%.�$��# �&�� ,�#2fp #�*�& .$� #�*�& .�$���# #�*�& .�� #�*�& .�$��# #�*�&�.� ,�#
InfinitiveConstruct & $� &�$���# &�� &%�$��# &�� ,�#
Infinitive &�$� &�$+�* &�� &�$��# &�� ,�#Absolute &�$���# &��
Active ms &�$� &�� �( &%�$��( &�� ,�(Participle fs ,�&�.$� ,�& .�� �( ,�&.� �$��( ,�&�.� ,�(
mp '%�&�$� '%�&�� �( '%�&%�$��( '%�&�� ,�(fp ,�&�$� ,�&�� �( ,�&%�$��( ,�&�� ,�(
Passive ms &�$!+ &�$��* &����( &�$��( &�$��(Participle fs #�&�$� #�&�$��* ,�& .����( ,�& .�$��( ,�&�.$��(
mp '%�&�$� '%�&�$��* '%�&����( '%�&�$��( '%�&�$��(fp ,�&�$� ,�&�$��* ,�&����( ,�&�$��( ,�&�$��(
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 417

I-Guttural VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Hiphil Hophal
Perfect 3ms $�*�- .�&�' #�&�-�, $(�*�-�% $�*!-�%3fs % �* <- %��& ,' %�#�&�-�, % ( .�*�-�% % �*�-�%2ms ���� .*�- ����>&�' ���#>�&�-�, ����� .*�-�% ���� .*!-�%2fs ����*�- ����&�' ���#�&�-�, ����*�-�% ����*!-�%1cs (��� .�*�- (��� >�&�' (���#>�&�-�, (����.*�-�% (��� .�*!-�%3cp �$�* <- �.�& ,' �#�&�-�, �$(�.*�-�% �$�*�-�%2mp )���*�- )���&�' )��#�&�-�, )���*�-�% )���*!-�%2fp +���*�- +���&�' +��#�&�-�, +���*�-�% +���*!-�%1cp �,��.*�- �,� .�&�' �,�#>�&�-�, �,� .�*�-�% �,� .�*!-�%
Imperfect 3ms $ *�-�( .�&�'�( #�&�-�( $(�*�-�( $�*!-�(3fs $ *�-�� .�&�'� #�&�-� $(�*�-�� $�*!-��2ms $ *�-�� .�&�'� #�&�-� $(�*�-�� $�*!-��2fs (��*�-�� (��&�'� (�#�& <-� (�(�.*�-�� (��*�-��1cs $ *�-�" .�&�'�" #�&�-�" $(�*�-�" $�*!-�"3mp �$�*�-�( �.�&�'�( �#�& <-�( �$( .�*�-�( �$�*�-�(3fp %�,� .*�-�� %�,��>&�'� %�,�#>�&�-� %�,� .�*�-�� %�,� .�*!-��2mp �$�*�-�� �.�&�'� �#�& <-� �$(�.*�-�� �$�*�-��2fp %�,� .*�-�� %�,��>&�'� %�,�#>�&�-� %�,� .�*�-�� %�,� .�*!-��1cp $ *�-�, .�&�'�, #�&�-�, $(�*�-�, $�*!-�,
418 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms $ *�- .�&�' #�&�-�% $�*�-�%2fs (��*�- (��&�' (�#�& <-�% (�(�.*�-�%2mp �$�*�- �.�&�' �#�& <-�% �$(�.*�-�%2fp %�,� .*�- %�,� >�&�' %�,�#>�&�-�% %�,��.*�-�%
Infinitive $ *�- .�&�' #�&�-�% $(�*�-�%Construct
Infinitive $�*�- .�&�' #�&�-�, $�*�-�%Absolute #�&�-�%
Active ms $�* - .�& ' $(�*�-�*Participle fs /� .�* - /� > �& ' /��*�-�*
mp )(��* - )(��& ' )(�(�*�-�*fp /�$�* - /�.�& ' /�$(�*�-�*
Passive ms $�*�- .�&�' #�&�-�, $�*!-�*Participle fs % �*�- %��&�' /�# >�&�-�, /�� .*!-�*
mp )(��*�- )(��&�' )(�#�&�-�, )(��*!-�*fp /�$�*�- /�.�&�' /�#�&�-�, /�$�*!-�*
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 419

I-� VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Qal (2)
Perfect 3ms $�#�� ����� $� ��3fs ��#<� ����� ,� �� ,�2ms �� . �#�� ����.���� �� � . ��2fs �� �#�� �������� �� � ��1cs ��� . �#�� �����.�� �� ��� �. ��3cp �$�#<� ���� ,� �$� ,�2mp ��� �#�� ��������� ��� � ��2fp !�� �#�� !�������� !�� � ��1cp �" . �#�� �"��� .��� �" � . ��
Imperfect 3ms $�#���� ������ $� ���3fs $�#���� ����� $� ��2ms $�#���� ����� $� ��2fs ���� �� ������� ��� ��1cs $�#���� ����� $� ��3mp �$�#���� ������� �$� ���3fp ��" � .#���� ��"��� .��� ��" � . ��2mp �$�#���� ������ �$� ��2fp ��" � .#���� �����.�� �� ��" � . ��1cp $�#���" �����" $� ��"
420 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms $�#�� ����� $� ��2fs ���#�� ������� ��� ��2mp �$�#�� ������ �$� ��2fp ��" . �#�� ��"��� .��� ��" � . ��
Infinitive $�#�� ����� $� ��Construct
Infinitive $�#�� ����� $� ��Absolute
Active ms $�#�� ����� $� ��Participle fs %� . �#�� %��.���� %� . � ��
mp ����#�� �������� ���� ��fp %�$�#�� %������ %�$� ��
Passive ms $�#�� ����� $� ��Participle fs ��# � �������� �� ��
mp ����# � �������� ���� ��fp ��$�# � %������ %�$� ��
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 421

II-Guttural VerbsQal Niphal Piel (vd) Piel (cl) Pual (vd) Pual (cl) Hithpael (vd) Hithpael (cl)
Perfect 3ms )�!�� )�!���( %�!�( ���� %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� 3fs �!�� �!���( �&�!�( �$��� �& �!�( �$��� �&�!�(*� �$�,�*� 2ms ����.!�� ����.!���( ���&.�!�( ���$ .��� ���&.�!�( ���$.��� ���&.�!�(*� ���$ .���*� 2fs ���!�� ���!���( ��&�!�( ��$��� ��&�!�( ��$��� ��&�!�(*� ��$���*� 1cs "��� .�!�� "��� .�!���( "���&�.!�( "���$ .��� "���&�.!�( "���$ .��� "���&�.!�(*� "���$ .���*� 3cp �)�!�� �)�!���( �&�!�( �$��� ��& �!�( �$��� �&�!�(*� �$� ,�*� 2mp %����!�� %����!���( %���&�!�( %���$��� %���&�!�( %���$��� %���&�!�(*� %���$���*� 2fp '����!�� '����!���( '���&�!�( '���$��� '���&�!�( '���$��� '���&�!�(*� '���$���*� 1cp �(��.!�� �(� .�!���( �(�&�.!�( �(�$ .��� �(�&�.!�( �(�$ .��� �(�&�.!�(*� �(�$ .���*�
Imperfect 3ms )�!���" )�!���" %�!�(�" �����" %�!�(�" �����" %�!�(*�" ����*�"3fs )�!���� )�!���� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(*�� ����*��2ms )�!���� )�!���� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(� ����� %�!�(*�� ����*��2fs "��!���� "��! ���� "�&�!�(� "�$�<�� "�& �!�(� "�$���� "�&�!�(*�� "�$�,�*��1cs )�!���� )�!���� %�!�(�� ������ %�!�(�� ������ %�!�(*�� ����*��3mp �)�!���" �)�! ���" �&�!�(�" �$� <��" �& �!�(�" �$����" �&�!�(*�" �$� ,�*�"3fp �(��.!���� �(��.!���� �(�&�.!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�& .�!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�&�.!�(*�� �(�$ .���*��2mp �)�!���� �)�! ���� �&�!�(� �$� <�� �& �!�(� �$���� �&�!�(*�� �$� ,�*��2fp �(��.!���� �(��.!���� �(�&�.!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�& .�!�(� �(�$ .���� �(�&�.!�(*�� �(�$ .���*��1cp )�!���( )�!���( %�!�(�( �����( %� �(�( �����( %�!�(*�( ����*�(
422 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms )�!�� )�!��� %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� 2fs "��!�� "��!��� "�&�!�( "�$�<� "�&�!�(*� "�$�,�*� 2mp �)�!�� �)�!��� �&�!�( �$� <� �&�!�(*� �$� ,�*� 2fp �(��.!�� �(� .�!��� �(�&�.!�( �(�$ .��� �(�&�.!�(*� �(�$ >���*�
Infinitive )�!�� )�!��� %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� Construct
Infinitive )�!�� )�!���( %�!�( ���� %�!�(*� ����*� Absolute
Active ms )�!�� %�!�(�& �����& %�!�(*�& ����*�&Participle fs * �.!�� *�&.�!�(�& *�$�.)���& *�&�.!�(*�& *�$ . ��*�&
mp %"��!�� %"�&�!�(�& %"�$�<��& %"�&�!�(*�& %"�$� <�*�&fp *�)�!�� *�&�!�(�& *�$� <��& *�&�!�(*�& *�$� <�*�&
Passive ms )�!�� )�!���( %�!�(�& ����&Participle fs �!�� * .�!���( *�&.�!�(�& *�$ . ���&
mp %"��!�� %"��!���( %"�&�!�(�& %"�$���&fp *�)�!�� *�)�!���( *�&�!�(�& *�$���&
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 423

III- /' VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal
Perfect 3ms �"�� �"��& � �� � � � !�"��� �"���3fs �� �" ,� �� �"��& �� � �� �� � � �� ! .�"��� �� �"���2ms ��� �."�� ��� �."��& ��� .� �� ��� .� � ��� .�"��� ��� .�"���2fs �� .�"�� �� .�"��& �� �. �� �� .� � �� .�"��� �� .�"���1cs !��� .�"�� !��� �."��& !��� .� �� !��� .� � !��� �."��� !��� �."���3cp � �" ,� � �"��& � � �� � � � � ! .�"��� � �"���2mp #��� �"� #��� �"��& #��� � �� #��� � � #��� �"��� #��� �"���2fp %��� �"� %��� �"��& %��� � �� %��� � � %��� �"��� %��� �"���1cp �&� .�"�� �&� .�"��& �&� �. �� �&� .� � �&� .�"��� �&� �."���
Imperfect 3ms �"��! �"���! � ���! � ��! � !�"��! �"��!3fs �"��� �"���� � ��� � �� � !�"��� �"���2ms �"��� �"���� � ��� � �� � !�"��� �"���2fs !� �"��� !� �" ,��� !� � ��� !� � �� !� !�."��� !� �"���1cs �"��� �"���� � ���� � ���� � !�"��� �"���3mp � �"��! � �" ,��! � � ���! � � ��! � ! .�"��! � �"��!3fp ��&� �."��� ��&� �."���� ��&� �. ��� ��&� .� �� ��&� .�"��� ��&� �."���2mp � �"��� � �" ,��� � � ��� � � �� � !�."��� � �"���2fp ��&� �."��� ��&� �."���� ��&� �. ��� ��&� .� �� ��&� .�"��� ��&� �."���1cp �"��& �"���& � ���& � ��& � !�"��& �"��&
424 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms �"� �"���� � �� �"���2fs !� �"�� !� �" ,��� !� � �� !� ! .�"���2mp � �"�� � �" ,��� � � �� � ! .�"���2fp ��&� .�"� ��&� .�"���� ��&� �. �� ��&� �."���
Infinitive � �� �"���� � �� � !�"���Construct
Infinitive � �"�� � �"��& � � �� � �"���Absolute � �"����
Active ms � �"�� � � ���$ � !�"��$Participle fs )� .�"�� )� .� ���$ )� �."��$
mp #!� �"�� #!� � ���$ #!� !�"��$fp )� �"�� )� � ���$ )� !�"��$
Passive ms � �"�� �"��& � ��$ �"��$Participle fs �� �"� )� .�"��& )� .� ��$ )� �."��$
mp #!� �"� #!� �"��& #!� � ��$ #!� �"��$fp )� �"� )� �"��& )� � ��$ )� �"��$
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 425

III-� VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael
Perfect 3ms ��#� ��#� �" �� � �� � ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $��3fs ����# , ����#� �" ���� � ���� � �����.#� �� ����#� �� ���� � $��2ms �$�� .#� �$�� .#� �" �$�� .� � �$�� . � �$�� .#� �� �$��.#� �� �$�� . � $��2fs $��#� $��#� �" $�� � $�� � $��#� �� $��#� �� $�� � $��1cs �$��.#� �$� .�#� �" �$��. � �$��. � �$� .�#� �� �$� .�#� �� �$��. � $��3cp ���# , ���#� �" ��� � ��� � ����.#� �� ���#� �� ��� � $��2mp ��$��#� ��$��#� �" ��$�� � ��$�� � ��$��#� �� ��$��#� �� ��$�� � $��2fp !�$��#� !�$��#� �" !�$�� � !�$�� � !�$��#� �� !�$��#� �� !�$�� � $��1cp �"��.#� �"� .�#� �" �"��. � �"��. � �"��.#� �� �"� .�#� �� �"��. � $��
Imperfect 3ms ��#� �� ��#���� �� � �� �� � �� ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $��3fs ��#� � ��#��� �� � � �� � � ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $�2ms ��#� � ��#��� �� � � �� � � ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $�2fs ����#� � ����# <�� ���� � � ���� � � �����.#� �� ����#� �� ���� � $�1cs ��#� �� ��#���� �� � �� �� � �� ���#� �� ��#� �� �� � $��3mp ���#� �� ���#<��� ��� � �� ��� � �� ����.#� �� ���#� �� ��� � $��3fp ��"��.#� � ��"� .�#��� ��"� .� � � ��"� .� � � ��"��.#� �� ��"� .�#� �� ��"��.� � $�2mp ���#� � ���#<�� ��� � � ��� � � ����.#� �� ���#� �� ��� � $�2fp ��"��.#� � ��"� .�#��� ��"� .� � � ��"� .� � � ��"��.#� �� ��"� .�#� �� ��"��.� � $�1cp ��#� �" ��#���" �� � �" �� � �" ���#� �" ��#� �" �� � $�"
426 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms ��#� ��#���� �� � ��#� �� �� � $��2fs ����#� ����#<��� ���� � �����.#� �� ���� � $��2mp ���#� ���#<��� ��� � �����.#� �� ��� � $��2fp ��"� .�#� ��"� .�#���� ��"� .� � ��"� .�#� �� ��"� .� � $��
Infinitive ��#� ��#���� �� � ���#� �� �� � $��Construct
Infinitive ��#� ��#� �" �� � ��#� �� �� � $��Absolute ��#����
Active ms ��#� �� � � ���#� � �� � $� Participle fs $� �#� $�� � � $��#� � $�� � $�
mp �����#� ����� � � ������#� � ����� � $� fp $���#� $��� � � $����#� � $��� � $�
Passive ms ��#� ��#� �" �� � � ��#� � Participle fs ����#� ����#� �" ���� � � $��#� �
mp �����#� �����#� �" ����� � � �����#� � fp $���#� $���#� �" $��� � � $���#� �
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 427

III-" VerbsQal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael
Perfect 3ms "�(�� "�(� �( "���� "���� "�$�!�" "�$�!�" "���� )�"3fs ")�(<� ")�(� �( ")���� ")���� ")�$�!�" ")�$�!�" ")���� )�"2ms )#�.(�� )# .�(� �( )#�.��� )# .���� )# .�$�!�" )# .�$�!�" )# .���� )�"2fs )#�(�� )#�(� �( )#���� )#���� )#�$�!�" )#�$�!�" )#���� )�"1cs #�)# .�(�� #�)# .�(� �( #�)#�.��� #�)#�.��� #�)# .�$�!�" #�)#�.$�!�" #�)#�.��� )�"3cp �(�� �(� �( ���� ���� �$�!�" �$�!�" ���� )�"2mp %�)#�(�� %�)#�(� �( %�)#���� %�)#���� %�)#�$�!�" %�)#�$�!�" %�)#���� )�"2fp '�)#�(�� '�)#�(� �( '�)#����� '�)#���� '�)#�$�!�" '�)#�$�!�" '�)#��$�� )�"1cp �(# .�(�� �(# .�(� �( �(#� .��� �(# .���� �(# .�$�!�" �(#� .$�!�" �(#� .��� )�"
Imperfect 3ms "�(� �# "�(���# "���!�# "���!�# "�$�!�# "�$�!�# "���� )�#3fs "�(� �� "�(���� "���! � "���! � "�$�!� "�$�!� "���� )��2ms "�(� �� "�(���� "���! � "���! � "�$�!� "�$�!� "���� )��2fs #�(� �� #�(���� #���! � #���! � #�$�!� #�$�!� #���� )��1cs "�(� �� "�(���� "���!�� "���!�� "�$�!�� "�$�!�� "���� )��3mp �(� �# �(���# ���!�# ���!�# �$�!�# �$�!�# ���� )�#3fp "�(#.�(� �� "�(#�>(���� "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.$�!� "�(#�.$�!� "�(#.���� )��2mp �(� �� �(���� ���! � ���! � �$�!� �$�!� ���� )��2fp "�(#.�(� �� "�(#�>(���� "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.��! � "�(#�.$�!� "�(#�.$�!� "�(#.���� )��1cp "�(� �( "�(���( "���!�( "���!�( "�$�!�( "�$�!�( "���� )�(
428 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms "�(�� "�(���" "���� "�$�!�" "���� )�"2fs #�(�� #�(���" #���� #�$�!�" #���� )�"2mp �(�� �(���" ���� �$�!�" ���� )�"2fp "�(#.�(�� "�(#.�(���" "�(#.���� "�(#�.$�!�" "�(#�.��� )�"
Infinitive )�(�� )�(���" )���� )�$�!�" )���� )�"Construct
Infinitive "�(�� "�(� �( "��� "�$�!�"Absolute "�(���" "����
Active ms "�(�� "���!�& "�$�!�& "���� )�&Participle fs "�(�� "���!�& "�$�!�& "���� )�&
mp %#�(�� %#���!�& %#�$�!�& %#���� )�&fp )�(�� )���!�& )�$�!�& )���� )�&
Passive ms #�(�� "�(� �( "���!�& "�$�!�&Participle fs "�#�(�� "�(� �( "���!�& "�$�!�&
mp %#�#�(�� %#�(� �( %#���!�& %#�$�!�&fp )�#�(�� )�(� �( )���!�& )�$�!�&
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 429

I-' VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Qal (Irreg.) Niphal Hiphil Hophal
Perfect 3ms #�*�' )�(�' &,�' #���' #"���! #���!3fs !�#�* <' !�)�(<' !�' ,<' !�#���' !�#" .���! !�#���!2ms ���#.�*�' ���)�.(�' ��.,�' ���# .���' ���#��.��! ���#.���!2fs ��#�*�' ��)�.(�' �,�' � ��#���' ��#���! ��#���!1cs "���# .�*�' "���).�(�' "���.,�' "���#�.��' "���#�.��! "���# .���!3cp �#�* <' �)�(<' �' ,<' �#���' �#".���! �#���!2mp $���#�*�' $���)�(�' $��,�' $���#���' $���#���! $���#���!2fp &���#�*�' &���)�(�' &��,�' &���#���' &���#���! &���#���!1cp �'�# .�*�' �'�).�(�' ���.,�' �'�#�.��' �'�# .���! �'�#�.��!
Imperfect 3ms #���" )���" &��" #�+���" #"���" #���"3fs #���� )���� &��� #�+���� #"��� #����2ms #���� )���� &��� #�+���� #"��� #����2fs "�#���� "�)�(�� "�' ��� "�#�+<��� "�#" .��� "�#����1cs #��� )��� &�� #�+��� #"��� #��� 3mp �#���" �)�(�" �' ��" �#�+ <��" �#".���" �#���"3fp !�'�# .���� !�'�)�.��� !��.��� !�'�#�.+���� !�'�# .��� !�'�#�.���2mp �#���� �)�(�� �' ��� �#�+ <��� �#".��� �#����2fp !�'�#�.�*�� !�'�)�.��� !��.��� !�'�#�.+���� !�'�# .��� !�'�#�.���1cp #���' )���' &��' #�+���' #"���' #���'
430 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms #�*�' )�( &� #�+���! #���!2fs "�#�*�' "�)�( "�' � "�#�+<��! "�#" .���!2mp �#�*�' �)�( �' � �#�+ <��! �#".���!2fp !�'�# .�*�' !�'�).�( !���.� !�'�#�.+���! !�'�# .���!
Infinitive #�*�' ,�).�( ,� #�+���! #"���!Construct �)�(�' &�,�'
Infinitive #�*�' �)�(�' &�,�' #�+���! #���!Absolute #���'
Active ms #�*�' �)�(�' &,�' #"���%Participle fs ,�# .�*�' ,�)�.(�' ,�'.�,�' ,�# .���%
mp $"�#�*�' $"�)�(�' $"�' ,�' $"�#"���%fp ,�#�*�' ,�)�(�' ,�' ,�' ,�#"���%
Passive ms #�*�' �)�(�' &�,�' #���' #���%Participle fs !�#�*�' !�)�(�' !�'�,�' ,�# .���' ,�# .���%
mp $"�#�*�' $"�)�(�' $"�'�,�' $"�#���' $"�#���%fp ,�#�*�' ,�)�(�' ,�'�,�' ,�#���' ,�#���%
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 431

I- VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Hiphil Hophal
Perfect 3ms ���� � � ����$ � ���� �����3fs ����� < ���� < ������$ ��� .���� �������2ms �����.�� ����. � �����.��$ ����.���� ����.����2fs ������� ���� � �������$ �������� ��������1cs ����.��� ���� . � ����.���$ ����.���� ����.����3cp ���� < ��� < �����$ �� �.��� ������2mp !������ !��� � !������$ !������� !�������2fp #������ #��� � #������$ #������� #�������1cp �$�� .��� �$�� . � �$���.��$ �$�� .���� �$�� .����
Imperfect 3ms ��� � � ����� � ��� ���� 3fs ��� � �� ������ � ���� �����2ms ��� � �� ������ � ���� �����2fs ����� ��� �� ���� <��� �� .���� ������1cs ���� � �� ������ � ���� �����3mp ����� ��� � ���� <�� �� .��� ����� 3fp ��$��.��� ��$�� . �� ��$��.������ ��$���.��� ��$��.����2mp ����� ��� �� ���� <��� �� .���� ������2fp ��$��.��� ��$�� . �� ��$��.������ ��$���.��� ��$��.����1cp ���$ � �$ �����$ � ���$ ����$
432 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms �� � ������ ����2fs ���� ��� ���� <��� �� .����2mp ���� ��� ���� <��� �� .����2fp ��$��.� ��$�� . ��$��.������ ��$���.���
Infinitive '���.� '�.� ������ � ����Construct
Infinitive ���� ��%� ������ ����Absolute
Active ms ��� ��� � ���"Participle fs '���.�� '�.�� '���.��"
mp ! ����� ! ���� ! �� ���"fp '����� '���� '�� ���"
Passive ms ����$ ����"Participle fs '�� .��$ '�� .��"
mp ! �����$ ! �����"fp '�����$ '�����"
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 433

Biconsonantal VerbsQal (�-class) Qal (�� -class) Qal (�-class) Hiphil Hophal
Perfect 3ms � �� ��� ���� ��3fs ��! .� ��!�.� ��� .�� ��!� .��� ��! ��2ms ���!. ���!.�� �&�� .� �&� .!���� ���!.��2fs ���! ��!�� &��� &�!���� ���!��1cs ����! . ����! .�� ��&� .�� ��&� .!���� ����! .��3cp �! .� �! .�� ���.� �!� .��� �! ��2mp ���! ���!�� �&��� �&�!���� ���!��2fp "���! "���!�� "�&��� "�&�!���� "���!��1cp �#�! . �#�!�.� �#� .�� �#� .!���� �#�! .��
Imperfect 3ms �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��3fs �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��2ms �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��2fs ��!� .$�� ��!��.��� ���� .��� ��!� .��� ��! ��1cs �$�� ����� ����� ���� ��3mp �!� .$�� �!��.��� ��� .��� �!� .��� �! ��3fp ��#�.�!�$�� ��#��.!����� ��#�� .��� ��#�.�!���� ��#�! .��2mp �!� .$�� �!��.��� ��� .��� �!� .��� �! ��2fp ��#�.�!�$�� ��#��.!����� ��#�� .��� ��#�.�!���� ��#�! .��1cp �$�# ����# ����# ���# �#
434 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms �$ ��� ��� ��2fs ��!� .$ ��!��.� ���� .� ��!� .���2mp �!� .$ �!��.� ��� .� �!� .���2fp ��#�! .� ��#�! .��
Infinitive �$ ��� ��� ����Construct ��
Infinitive �$ �� ��� ��Absolute
Active ms � �� ��� ���!Participle fs ��!� ��!�� ����� ��!���!
mp ��!� ��!�� ����� ��!���!fp &�!� &�!�� &���� &�!���!
Passive ms �$ ��� ��� ��!Participle fs &�!.��!
mp ��!��!fp &�!��!
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 435

Geminate VerbsQal (1) Qal (2) Niphal Piel Hiphil Hophal Hithpael
Perfect 3ms � �( $�� �(�' #� �! �(�! �(�! #� ��*�!3fs !� � <( !�� .�� !�� .�(�' !�#�#�! !����.(�! !���.(�! !�#�#��*�!2ms �*� .��( �*� .��� �*� .��(�' ���# .� �! �*� .��(�! �*� .��(�! ���#�.�#��*�!2fs *���( *���� *���(�' ��#� �! *���(�! *���(�! ��#� ��*�!1cs "*� .��( "*� .��� "*� .��(�' "��#�. �! "*� .��(�! "*� .��(�! "��#�.�#��*�!3cp � � <( �� .�� �� .�(�' �#�#�! ���.(�! �� .�(�! �#�#��*�!2mp $�*���( $�*���� $�*���(�' $���#� �! $�*���(�! $�*���(�! $���#� ��*�!2fp &�*���( &�*���� &�*���(�' &���#� �! &�*���(�! &�*���(�! &���#� ��*�!1cp �'� .��( �'� .��� �'� .��(�' �'�# .� �! �'� .��(�! �'� .��(�! �'�#�.�#��*�!
Imperfect 3ms �(�" $�*�" ���" #� �!�" �(�" �(�" #� ��*�"3fs �(�� $�*�� ��� #� �!� �(�� �(�� #� ��*�2ms �(�� $�*�� ��� #� �!� �(�� �(�� #� ��*�2fs "��.�(�� "�� .�*�� "���.�� "�#�#�!� "��.�(�� "�� .�(�� "�#�#��*�1cs �(�� $�*�� ���� #� �!�� �(�� �(�� #� ��*��3mp ���.(�" �� .�*�" ���.��" �#�#�!�" �� .�(�" ���.(�" �#�#��*�"3fp !�'"�.��(� !�'"�.��*� !�'"�.���� !�'�#�. �!� !�'"�.� �(� !�'"�.��(�� !�'�# .� ��*�2mp ���.(�� �� .�*�� ���.�� �#�#�!� � � �.(�� �� .�(�� �#�#��*�2fp !�'"�.��(� !�'"�.��*� !�'"�.���� !�'�#�. �!� !�'"�.� �(� !�'"�.��(�� !�'�# .� ��*�1cp �(�' $�*�' ���' #� �!�' �(�' �(�' #� ��*�'
436 Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms

Imperative 2ms �( $�� ���! #� �! �(�! #� ��*�!2fs "��.�( "�� .�� "���.��! "�#�#�! "��.�(�! "�#�#��*�!2mp ���.( �� .�� ���.��! �#�#�! �� .�(�! �#�#��*�!2fp !�'� �.( !�'�%�.� !�'"�.����! !�'�#�. �! !�'"�.� �(�! !�'�#�. ��*�!
Infinitive �( $�� ���! #� �! �(�! #� ��*�!Construct
Infinitive � �( $�%�� ���! #� �! �(�! #� ��*�!Absolute
Active ms � �( $�� #� �!�% #� ��*�%Participle fs !� � �( !���� *�# .� �!�% *�#�. ��*�%
mp $"� � �( $"���� $"�#� �!�% $"�#�#��*�%fp *� � �( *���� *�#� �!�% *�#�#��*�%
Passive ms � �( �(�%Participle fs !� � �( *� .�(�%
mp $"� � �( $"���(�%fp *� � �( *���(�%
Appendix 1: V
erb Paradigms 437