Battle of Nahawand (642)

Main article: Battle of Nahavan

d

After the conquest of Khuzistan, the Caliph Umar wanted peace. Though consider

ably weakened, the image of the Persian Empire as a fearsome superpower still resonated

in the minds of the newly-ascendant Arabs, and Umar was wary of unnecessary military

engagement with the Iranians. He wanted to leave the rest of Persia to the Iranians. U

mar said:

But the Iranians thought differently. The pride of the imperial Persians

had been hurt by the conquest of their land by the Arabs. They could not acquiesce in

the occupation of their lands by the Arabs.[29]

A Sassanid army

helm

et

After the defeat of the Persian forces at the Battle of Jalula in 637, Emperor Yazdgerd

III went to Rey and from there moved to Merv where he set up his capital. From Merv,

he directed his chiefs to conduct continuous raids in Mesopotamia to destabilize the Mus

lim rule. Within the next four years, Yazdgerd III felt powerful enough to challenge th

e Muslims once again for the throne of Mesopotamia. The Emperor sent a call to his pe

ople to drive away the Muslims from their lands. In response to the call, hardened vete

rans and young volunteers from all parts of Persia marched in large numbers to join

the imperial standard and marched to Nihawand for the last titanic struggle between th

e forces of the Caliphate and Sassanid Persia. 100,000 Persian fighters assembled,

commanded by Mardan Shah.

The Governor of Kufa, Ammar ibn Yasir, received intellige

nce of the Persian movements and concentration at Nihawand. He reported the matter

to Umar. Although Umar had expressed a desire for Mesopotamia to be his eastern

most frontier, he felt compelled to act given the concentration of the Persian army at Nih

awand.[30]

He believed that so long as Persia proper remained under Sassanid rule, Per

sian forces would continue raiding Mesopotamia with a view to one day recapturing th

e region. Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander of the forces of Kufa, and

was ordered to march to Nihawand. Governor of Busra Abu Musa, was to march to Nihawan

d commanding his forces of Busra Nouman ibn Muqarrin marched from Ctesiphon to N

ihawand while Umar decided to lead the army concentrated at Madinah in person and comm

and the Muslims at the battle. Umar's decision to command the army in person was not

well received by the members of Majlis al Shura at Madinah. It was suggested that Umar

should command the campaign from Madinah, and should appoint an astute military com

mander to lead the Muslims at Nihawand. Umar appointed Mugheera ibn Shuba as com

mander of the forces concentrated at Madinah and appointed Nouman ibn Muqarrin as comm

ander in chief of the Muslims at Nihawand. The Muslim army left for Nihawand and fir

st concentrated at Tazar, and then moved to Nihawand and defeated the Persian forces at th

e Battle of Nihawand in December 642. Nouman died in action, and as per Umar's in

structions Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman became new commander in chief. After the victory

at Nihawand, the Muslim army captured the whole district of Hamadan after feeble resi

stance by the Persians.[28]

Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different elements.[1] Waste sorting can occur manually at the household and collected through curbside collection schemes, or automatically separated in materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment systems. Hand sorting was the first method used in the history of waste sorting.[2]

Waste can also be sorted in a civic amenity site.

Waste segregation means dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals and glass. Wet waste, typically refers to organic waste usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness. Waste can also be segregated on basis of biodegradable or non-biodegradable waste.

Landfills are an increasingly pressing problem.[citation needed] Less and less land is available to deposit refuse, but the volume of waste is growing all time. As a result, segregating waste is not just of environmental importance, but of economic concern, too.

Contents

[hide]

1 Methods 2 By country 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Methods[edit]

Waste is collected at its source in each area and separated. The way that waste is sorted must reflect local disposal systems. The following categories are common:

Paper Cardboard (including packaging for return to suppliers) Glass (clear, tinted – no light bulbs or window panes, which belong with residual waste) Plastics Scrap metal Compost Special/hazardous waste Residual waste

Organic waste can also be segregated for disposal:

Leftover food which has had any contact with meat can be collected separately to prevent the spread of bacteria.

o Meat and bone can be retrieved by bodies responsible for animal wasteo If other leftovers are sent, for example, to local farmers, they can be sterilised before

being fed to the animals Peel and scrapings from fruit and vegetables can be composted along with other degradable

matter. Other waste can be included for composting, too, such as cut flowers, corks, coffee grindings, rotting fruit, tea bags, egg- and nutshells, paper towels etc.

Chip pan oil (fryer oil), used fats, vegetable oil and the content of fat filters can be collected by companies able to re-use them. Local authority waste departments can provide relevant addresses. This can be achieved by providing recycling bins.

By country[edit]

In Germany, regulations exist that provide mandatory quotas for the waste sorting of packaging waste and recyclable materials such as glass bottles.[3]