PowerPoint Presentation

Basic Concepts of Networking

NetworkA network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources (e.g. information)

Types of NetworkLAN Local Area Network is a small geographical area such as our college board.

MAN Metropolitan Area Network is a network over a larger geographical area such as provincial government.

WAN Wide Area Network is a network used over an extremely large geographical area such as the federal government.

Basic Hardware ComponentsNetwork Interface Card

Transmission Media

Repeaters and hubs

Bridges

Switches

Routers

Firewalls

Network Interface controllerA network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to physically access a networking medium. It provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.

Types of Network Interface card

1.Ethernet 10Mbps

2.Fast Ethernet 100Mbps

3.Gigabit Ethernet 1000Mbps

Fundamental Components of NICROM - Read Only MemoryBIOS programMAC address Media Access control addressa)It is Unique addressb)Placed in NAC ROMc)It is called as BIA Burn in addressd)Not changeablee)Physical address/hardware addressf)48 bit address,Hexadecimal value

Boot PROMa)It is used to to boot from networkRIS in windows,KICKSTART in linuxTransceivera)Generate the frequencyData and address latchesa)Temporary storage areaRJ45 porta)Connection

Transmission mediaThe term transmission medium refers to a technical device that employs the material substance to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper cable is a transmission medium.Two types of transmission mediaWired (or guided) - Waves are guided along a solid medium such as a transmission line.

Wireless (or unguided) - Transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna.

Guided communicationTwisted-pair cablesTwisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sourcesIf the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection)

A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

MetalInsulator

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires

CrimpingCrimping is joining two pieces of metal or other malleable material by deforming one or both of them to hold the other. The bend or deformity is called the crimp.Typesa)Cross over : used to interconnect same type of componentsEg: PC to PC,router to router,switch to switchb)Straight:Different type of componentsEg:HUB to PC, Switch to PC, Router to HUB, Router to switch.c)Rollover:It is used to connect components of one from with another form

HUB/Switch devicesIt is used to connect more than 2 devicesHUB it is a single broadcast domainAmplify and transmitShared bandwidthSingle collision domainHUB have a collision LEDSwitchIndividual bandwidthIndividual collision domainIt has a MAC tableDoes not have collision LEDSpeedSignal sending depend upon MAC

RouterIt is used to select the best path and interconnect the network

Basic terminology of networkingTelnet Terminal emulation networkPort-23It is a connection oriented protocolARP Address resolution protocolIt is used to find the MAC address based on the IP addressSyntax : arp aSNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolIt is used to check the IP that is in communication.Syntax :netstat : to check the established connectionnetstat-s : to display the bytes sent to the established connectonnetstat-a : to display the listening connection

DHCPThis process is called DORA It is used to lease the IP address to the clients for a certain period.If the client is in contact with the DHCP th Ip will be renewed automaticallyIf not and if the lease period is expired the IP will be blocked.