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Basic Chemistry and Microbiology
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Transcript of Basic Chemistry and Microbiology
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Basic Chemistry and Microbiology
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Review of Basic Chemistry smallest basic particle is the atom
› Electrons- negatively charged› Protons- positively charged in nucleus› Neutrons- uncharged in nucleus
when electrons are lost or gained, a charge occurs
substances containing only one kind of atom are called elements
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approximately 20 elements are found
in all living things carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen make up 97% the other 16 are called trace elements
Molecules are when two or more atoms are joined together (Ex: O2, CO2 )
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Compounds and Solutions Two or more atoms or molecules
joined in a definite proportion by weight is called a compound
Compounds have different characteristics from elements they are made from
Represented by a formula
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Compounds and Solutions Two or more atoms or molecules
joined in a definite proportion by weight is called a compound
Compounds have different characteristics from elements they are made from
Represented by a formula
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Compounds and Solutions Types of Compounds
› Inorganic Do not contain carbon Often has a metal as a positive ion
› Organic Found in living things Always contain carbon When with hydrogen they are called
hydrocarbons (usually gases) When with other carbons, they bond in
chains
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Compounds and Solutions Solutions
› Chemical process take place in solutions› A solution is when one substance dissolves
into another› The solute is dissolved into the solvent› If it dissolves it is soluble, if not, insoluble
› Note: in microbiology, a tincture is alcohol and some other substance
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Carbohydrates All have carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O) Occur in ration of 1:2:1
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Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
› Single or simple sugars› Glucose, fructose, galactose› They are isomers (same formula, but
different arrangement)
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Carbohydrates Glucose (also known as dextrose)
› Carried in bloodstream› Combines with oxygen (oxidation) and
produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Fructose (found in fruits and honey)
› Sweetest of all monosaccharides Galactose
› Found in small amounts in agar, flaxseed, and milk
NOTE: “ose” means sugar
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Carbohydrates Disaccharides
› Known as a double sugar› Examples: sucrose(table sugar), lactose
(milk sugar)and maltose (malt sugar) Chemical reaction to join:
› Dehydration synthesis (opposite to break apart is hydrolysis)
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Dehydration Synthesis
+ = Disaccharide
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Hydrolysis
Disaccharide + =
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Carbohydrates Oligosaccharides
› Form chains called polymers› Small chains with only 2-10 monosaccharides› Ex: insulin
Polysaccharides› Large, complex molecules› Made of hundreds of thousands of glucose› Have very long polymer chains› Ex: starch, cellulose, and glycogen
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Carbohydrates https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6ZLDJluj6I
http://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course-biology-103
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Lipids Examples are fats, oils, and waxes Like carbs, they have carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, but much less oxygen Fats are solid and oils are liquid at room
temperature Better sources of energy than
carbohydrates (yield more energy) but are harder to oxidize
Three groups: simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids
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LipidsSimple Lipids (triacylycerol or triglyceride) contain one glycerol molecule and
three fatty acids held together by ester linkages
Formed by dehydration synthesis
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LipidsSimple Lipids Saturated (when all carbon bonds are
single and saturated with hydrogen)› Can block arteries› Difficult to break up› Raises cholesterol› Solid at room temperature
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LipidsSimple Lipids Unsaturated (when two or more hydrogen
bonds are replaced with double bonds between carbon atoms)› Liquid at room temperature› Monounsaturated (lacks 2 hydrogen bonds) or
Polyunsaturated (lacks 8 or more hydrogen bonds forming 4 or more double bonds)
› Lowers Cholesterol› Easier to break up
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Lipids Trans Fats
› Unsaturated fat but act like a saturated fat› Has trans arrangement in bonding- the
hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond.
› Typical man-made
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Lipidshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_LK9pnL0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGHD9e3yRIU
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Lipids Compund lipids- lipids which contain an
inorganic or organic group in addition to fatty acids and glycerol. › Phosphpholipids- Lipids containing a
phosphate group. A phospholipid molecule has a strongly nonpolar and hydrophobic (water insoluble) tail region represented by fatty acid chains and a strongly polar or hydrophilic (water soluble) head region represented by the phosphate group.
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Lipids› Glycolipids- These are lipids containing a
carbohydrate group, usually galactose. They are found in the nerve cell membranes especially in the myelin sheath.
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Lipids› Lipoproteins- These are lipids, usually
phospho-lipids which contain a protein molecule. They occur in the cell membrane. They are also found in milk and egg yolk
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Lipids Derived Lipids (Sterols)
› Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen› Include steroids found in male and female
hormones, Vitamin D, cholesterol, and fat soluble vitamins A, E, and K
› Classified as lipids only because they are soluble in fat solvents
› These are lipids that do not have a straight chain. They are composed of four fused carbon rings and a long hydrocarbon side chain.
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Lipids Derived Lipids
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Proteins Contain hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen and most times phosphorus and sulfur
Found in every part of living cells Coat viruses In binding and structural components
like fingernails, hair, ligaments, muscles, etc.
Made of AMINO ACIDS
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Proteins Structure of Amino AcidPosition 1 is carbon, Position 2 is amino group (NH2), Position 3 is hydrogen atom, Position 4 is a carboxyl group (COOH), and Position 5 is variable (R)
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ProteinsEx: Glycine (H is in R group)
Large protein molecules are constructed from any number and sequence of amino acids (can number from 300 to thousands)
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Proteins Amino acids linked by dehydration
synthesis (C-N) (bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of next amino acid). Called a PEPTIDE BOND and a series of linkages is called a POLYPEPTIDE
THIS IS CALLED A PROTEIN
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Proteins Structure
› Primary- straight chain› Secondary- helix› Tertiary- twisted and folded› Quaternary- two or more polypeptide
chains are bonded together
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Proteins
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Jgb_DpaQhM
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ProteinsFunctions:
Enzymes - proteins that allow chemical reactions to occur in living things Antibodies – proteins that protect the body from infection Structure – cytoskeleton, hair, nails, muscles, spider
web, silk, feathers ,horns, hooves etc…. Hormones – chemical messengers Cell membrane – proteins can act as channels through
the cell membrane - receptor proteins found on membrane transmit signals to the inside of cells
Hemoglobin – protein found in blood that carries oxygen
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Proteins
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ProteinsDenatured proteins are proteins that lose their shape - if they lose their shape, they also lose their - What can cause a protein to become denatured? Exposure to: Strong Acid Strong Base Heat Organic solvent: Alcohol or
Acetone - Denatured proteins can lose quaternary, tertiary
and secondary structure - Primary Structure is left untouched
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Proteins (enzymes) Specialized proteins Help provide energy to cell at just the
right moment and at just the right speed
Also known as organic catalysts Highly specific Very large and complex
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Proteins (enzymes) Made of either all protein or part
protein (apoenzyme)attached to a non-protein part (coenzyme)
Coenzymes could be calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, or vitamins like C and B-complex
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Proteins (enzymes) The localized site on the enzyme
molecule is called the active site Each enzyme has its own pattern on
the active site (no 2 alike) An enzyme reacts with a reactant
whose molecular pattern fits the enzyme’s molecular pattern.
The molecule that the enzyme reacts with is called a SUBSTRATE molecule
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Proteins (enzymes)
Lock and key model
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Proteins (enzymes) Temporary physical binding called
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Proteins (enzymes)
Enzymes are proteins and if they are exposed to extremes of temp or pH lose their shape - if a protein loses its shape, it loses its
function - a protein that loses its shape is said to
be denatured - if an enzyme is denatured, substrate
cannot enter the active site
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Proteins (enzymes)
extreme temperatures or pH
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Proteins (enzymes) Name usually ends in –ASE Added to stem word taken from
substrate Examples:
› Lactase……lactose› Lipase……...lipids› Maltase……maltose› Protease…...protein› Sucrase…….sucrose
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Proteins (enzymes)An example in microbiology:
Many bacteria have an enzyme that needs a compound called PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid). PABA helps bacteria make a vitamin called folic acid, which the bacteria need to grow.
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Proteins (enzymes)An example in microbiology:
When antibiotic sulfanilamide is given to the bacteria instead of PABA, the sulfanilamide molecules attach to active sites of bacteria and folic acid is not made.
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Proteins (enzymes)
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Nucleic Acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and phosphorous Two types- DNA and RNA
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Nucleic Acids DNA
› Found in chromosomes and genes, plasma membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
› Consists of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids RNA
› Consists of a phosphate group (ribose sugar), and any of the following nitrogenous bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
› Single stranded› Found in cytoplasm, nucleoli, and
ribosomes› Two kinds: mRNA and tRNA