BASIC CONCEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY

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Prepared By ASLAM ALISr. Microbiologist Biopharma Ltd.nirjhor.aslam7@gmail.com

OBJECTIVESTo know what is Microbiology.

How much important of microbiology

knowledge in our life.Why need to know about Microbiology .

What type of diseases can occur in our body.

How can we prevent from the diseases.

What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.

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Microbiology is the branch of biology that studies microorganisms, or life too small to be seen with the naked eye.Including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and pathogenic protozoa/parasites, but is not limited to studies of infectious disease-causing microorganisms. MicrobiologyMicrobiologyBacteriaVirusFungusProtozoal ParasitesProtozoa are single cell organisms with a nucleus, a good deal bigger than bacteria.Plasmodia-malaria,Amoeba- Amoebic dysentry

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Microbes as Guardians of the EarthMicrobes act as guardians of our planet ensuring that key minerals, such as carbon and nitrogen, are constantly recycled. Even though the Earth is now populated with green plants, microbes still play a crucial role in oxygenating the atmosphere and collectively they carry out more photosynthesis than plants. Microbes degrade dead organic matter, converting the organic carbon in their bodies back into carbon dioxide.Microbes are everywhereMicrobiologists have discovered that microbes can be found just about anywhere. Microbes are an incredibly diverse group of organisms and can grow in extreme environments that no other living organisms can tolerate. Bacteria have been found to thrive in volcanic hot springs, where temperatures typically reach near boiling point. At the other extreme, living bacteria have also been discovered in Antarctic deserts, where temperatures range from -15 to -30C. Bacteria can also thrive in salt flats, pools of saturated brine, where salt concentrations range from 120 to 230 grams per litre. Bacteria which live happily in these inhospitable environments have been termed extremophiles (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek phili meaning "love").

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Characteristics of Extreme Environments in which Microorganisms Grow Environmental Microorganisms Stress Conditions Observed High temperature 110 113C, deep Pyrolobus fumarii marine trenches Methanopyrus kandleri Pyrodictium abyssi 67102C, marine basins Pyrococcus abyssi 85C, hot springs Thermus Sulfolobus 75C, sulfur hot springs Thermothrix thiopara Low temperature 12C, antarctic ice Psychromonas ingrahamii Osmotic stress 1315% NaCl Chlamydomonas 25% NaCl Halobacterium Halococcus Acidic pH pH 3.0 or lower Saccharomyces Thiobacillus pH 0.5 Picrophilus oshimae pH 0.0 Ferroplasma acidarmanus Basic pH pH 10.0 or above Bacillus Low water aw = 0.6 0.65 Torulopsis availability Candida Temperature 85C, pH 1.0 Cyanidium and low pH Sulfolobus acidocaldarum Pressure 500 1,035 atm Colwellia hadaliensis Radiation 1.5 million rads Deinococcus radiodurans

Microbes and Diseases

Microbes and DiseaseLarge numbers of children and the elderly succumbed to diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria and pneumonia. At this time microbiologists had little idea about how diseases were spread, or how they could be controlled, so epidemics flourished. The "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 19181919, caused 50 million deaths worldwide - more than the total number of deaths recorded in World War One. Diarrhoeal disease was also common since people regularly ate contaminated food and drank contaminated water.Microbiology research has, therefore, been concerned with developing antibiotics and vaccines to protect the population from infectious disease. The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming has saved the lives of many millions of people. The development of vaccines which protect against, diphtheria and pneumonia dramatically reduced the number of childhood deaths caused by these diseases. Children in developed countries are also routinely vaccinated against common viral infections such as measles, mumps, rubella and polio. As a direct result of the efforts of microbiologists, smallpox, once a dreadful scourge, is now officially extinct on the planet. However a vaccine against HIV, which in 2009 was reported to infect approximately 33.3 million people around the world

Characteristics of Hepatitides Caused by Hepatotropic Viruses Disease (Virus) Genome Classification Transmission Outcome Prevention Hepatitis A RNA Picornaviridae, Fecal-oral Subclinical, Killed HAV Hepatovirus acute infection (Havrix vaccine) Hepatitis B DNA Hepadnaviridae, (Blood, needles, Subclinical, acute chronic Orthohepadnavirus body secretions, infection; cirrhosis; HBV vaccines placenta, sexually) primary hepatocarcinoma Hepatitis C RNA Flaviviridae, Pestivirus, Blood, sexually Subclinical, acute chronic Routine screening of or Flavivirus (?) infection; primary blood hepatocarcinoma Hepatitis D RNA Unclassified Blood, sexually Superinfection or HBV vaccine coinfection with HBV Hepatitis E RNA Caliciviridae (?) Fecal-oral Subclinical, acute infection Improve sanitary (but high mortality in conditions pregnant women)

MOST DANGEROUS 10 VIRUS IN THE WORLDMarborg Virus--------Death risk 90%Evola virus----------80-90% Henta Virus----------70-80%Bard flu-------------60-70%Lasa Virus---------50-60%Junin Virus------40-50%Tik Virus----------40-50%Machopo Virus-------50%KFD Kiyasanor Forest Virus-40-50%Dengue Virus---------20-25%

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Cosmetics

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Candida albicans

Gas gangrine by Clostridium perfringens

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Escherichia coli Salmonella spp Pseudomonas aeroginosaStaphylococcus aureusColiform bacteriaPathogenic microbes in Pharmaceutical company

Pseudomonal infections can involve the following parts of the body, with corresponding symptoms and signs:

Respiratory tract (eg, pneumonia)Bloodstream (bacteremia)Heart (endocarditis)CNS (eg, meningitis, brain abscess)Ear (eg, otitis externa and media)Eye (eg, bacterial keratitis, endophthalmitis)Bones and joints (eg, osteomyelitis)GI tract (eg, diarrhea, enteritis, enterocolitis)Urinary tractSkin (eg, ecthyma gangrenosum)

Pseudomonas aeroginosa

Nail infection By Psedomonous areginosa

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Escherichia coli There are many types of E. coli, and most of them are harmless. But some can cause bloody diarrhea. Some strains of E. coli bacteria (such as a strain called O157:H7) may also cause severe anemia or kidney failure, which can lead to death.

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC)

Bloody diarrhea.Stomach cramps.Nausea and vomiting.

Salmonella spptyphoid fever, food poisoning, gastroenteritis, enteric fever and other illnesses.

Couse:Uncooked meat, seafood and poultry Uncooked eggsFruits and vegetablesLack of hygiene

Symptom:Stomach crampsBloody stoolsChillsDiarrheaFeverHeadacheMuscle painsNauseaVomiting

Staphylococcus aureusDiseasespneumonia endocarditis osteomyelitis food poisoning-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea rash sepsis

Zoonotic diseases

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Nervous system infections

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STD

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Grape and Fish

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Friendly Microorganisms

Babies are colonised by bacteria immediately after birth. It has been estimated that the average person is colonised by 200 trillion bacteria, comprising at least 1,000 different species. This doesnt mean that we are teaming with potentially pathogenic bacteria, quite the opposite! The bacteria that call the human body home are often essential for our health and well being. Our intestines contain about 100 trillion bacteria and collectively they make up 60% of the dry weight of faeces. These intestinal bacteria play an essential role in helping us to digest food, they provide us with essential vitamins such as vitamin K and biotin and they help to prevent the growth of harmful pathogenic bacteria. The surface of our skin is also home to millions of friendly bacteria which crowd out potential pathogens and prevent them from growing. One bacterium which is abundant on the skin is Staphylococcus epidermidis which produces chemicals called bacteriocins that kill pathogenic bacteria. Friendly bacteria can also be found in our noses but many of these bacteria also carry a health warning. Neisseria meningnitidis which causes meningitis, lives in the noses of millions of people without causing disease, but if the immune system becomes weakened through ill-health then this bacteria can, almost by accident, cause disease which may result in the death of the human that has become its home.

Yeast

*Yeast

LACTOBACILLUS

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Foods Raw Ingredients Fermenting Microorganisms Area Coffee Coffee beans Erwinia dissolvens, Saccharomyces spp. Brazil, Congo, Hawaii, India Gari Cassava Corynebacterium manihot, Geotrichum spp. West Africa Kenkey Corn Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Ghana, Nigeria Lactobacilli, yeasts Kimchi Cabbage and other vegetables Lactic acid bacteria Korea Miso Soybeans Aspergillus oryzae, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Japan Ogi Corn Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Nigeria Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Olives Green olives Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum Worldwide Ontjom Peanut presscake Neurospora sitophila Indonesia Peujeum Cassava Molds Indonesia Pickles Cucumbers Pediococcus cerevisiae, L. plantarum Worldwide Poi Taro roots Lactic acid bacteria Hawaii Sauerkraut Cabbage L. mesenteroides, L. plantarum Worldwide Soy sauce Soybeans Aspergillus oryzae or A. soyae, Z. rouxii, Japan Lactobacillus delbrueckii Sufu Soybeans Mucor spp. China Tao-si Soybeans A. oryzae Philippines Tempeh Soybeans Rhizopus oligosporus, R. oryzae Indonesia, New Guinea, Surinam Fermented Foods Produced from Fruits, Vegetables, Beans, and Related Substrates

MICROBIOLOGYSCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGYPharmaceuticals companyWater IndustryMilk IndustryCosmeticsChemicalHigher ResearchEnvironmentSoft drinksFood & beverageHospital & PathologyJuice, Wine & beer

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Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Pharmaceutical Finished Products

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Pharmaceutical raw materials

Escherichia coli Salmonella spp Pseudomonas aeroginosaStaphylococcus aureusColiform bacteriaPathogenic microbes in Pharmaceutical company

Name of Microbiological testMicrobial limit testFinished product -liquid syrup, -suspension, -dry syrup, -cream,-ointment.Raw Materials -solid, liquidWater test -Purified water, -DM water, -Drinking water.

Environmental MonitoringMachine swab testPersonal Hygiene Empty Container testBioassay testGrowth promotion testOrganisms preservation & culture testLAL test (Limulus amebocycte Lysate)Preservatives Efficacy Test

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Bacterial endotoxin present in the cell walls of bacteria that is released after the bacteria has died. May cause chills, fever, leukopenia, and shock depending on the bacterial species and the health of the infected person. Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide complexes that occur in the cell wall a toxin contained in the cell walls of some microorganisms, especially gram-negative bacteria, that is released when the bacterium dies and is broken down in the body. Fever, chills, shock, leukopenia, and a variety of other symptoms result, depending on the particular organism and the condition of the infected person. Pyrogen is a substance, as a thermostable bacterial toxin, that produces a rise in temperature in a human or animal. Results of endotoxin release. From Copstead, 1995.

Horseshoe crab

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Sterility testAir sampling testAir particle count testETP water Test -PH, -TDS, -TSS, -BOD, -COD, -DO.

Autoclave---1210C ---15 psi---15 minutes

Sterilization

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Hot Air Oven---1600C -3 hours,180-1 hour,250-30 min

Laminar Air Flow-HEPA-DOP-PAO

Incubator

Colony Counter

Zone Reader

Air Sampler

Particle Counter

Micropipette

SpeciesTransmissionDiseases

Pseudomonas aeruginosaInfects damaged tissues or people with reduced immunity.Pseudomonas infection Localized to eye, ear, skin, urinary, respiratory or gastrointestinal tract or CNS, or systemic with bacteraemia, secondary pneumonia bone and joint infections, endocarditis, skin, soft tissue or CNS infections.AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)Bacillus anthracis Contact with sheep, goats and horses Inhalation or skin penetration through abrasions of spore-contaminated dust Cutaneous anthrax Pulmonary anthrax Gastrointestinal anthrax Bordetella pertussis Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts. Whooping cough Complications:Secondary bacterial pneumonia Campylobacter jejuni Faecal/oral from animals (mammals and fowl) Contaminated meat (especially poultry) Contaminated water Acute enteritis

SpeciesTransmissionDiseases

Salmonella typhiFaecal-oral through food or water Typhoid fever type salmonellosis (dysentery, colitis)Shigella sonneiFaecal-oral Flies Contaminated food or water Bacillary dysentery/Shigellosis Salmonella typhimuriumFaecal-oral Food contaminated by fowl (e.g. eggs), pets and other animals Salmonellosis with gastroenteritis and enterocolitis Salmonella typhiHuman-human Faecal-oral through food or water Typhoid fever type salmonellosis (dysentery, colitis) Neisseria meningitidisRespiratory droplets Meningococcal disease including meningitis Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Neisseria gonorrhoeaeSexually transmitted vertical in birth Gonorrhea Ophthalmia neonatorum Septic arthritis Mycobacterium tuberculosisDroplet contact Tuberculosis Listeria monocytogenesDairy products, ground meats, poultry Vertical to newborn or foetus Listeriosis Helicobacter pyloriColonizing stomach Unclear person-to-person transmission Peptic ulcer Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma Haemophilus influenzaeDroplet contact Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract Bacterial meningitis Upper respiratory tract infections Pneumonia, bronchitis Enteropathogenic E. coliVertical, in utero or at birth Diarrhoea in infants

Penicillin

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Germany Museum collected

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PREVENTION

Cook Cook food thoroughly, especially meats.

In the kitchen, wash your hands with hot, soapy water often, especially after you touch raw meat.

Wash any tools or kitchen surfaces that have touched raw meat.

Keep all cooking utensils and work surfaces clean

Use only pasteurized milk, dairy, and juice products.

Use only treated, or chlorinated, drinking water. Beware of drinking untreated water from streams, rivers and lakes.

When you travel to countries that may have unsafe drinking water Wash your hands often, and always wash them after you use the bathroom or change diapers.

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THANK YOU

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*Yeast*

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*Prevention *