Australian plantation statistics 2013...

Australian plantation statistics 2013 update

Mijo Gavran

Research by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural

and Resource Economics and Sciences

Technical report 13.3 May 2013

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ISSN 1893128

ISBN 978-1-74323-128-9

ABARES project 43091

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Australian plantation statistics 2013 update is available at daff.gov.au/abares/publications.

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) Postal address GPO Box 1563 Canberra ACT 2601 Switchboard +61 2 6272 2010 Facsimile +61 2 6272 2001 Email mailto:[email protected] Web daff.gov.au/abares Inquiries about the licence and any use of this document should be sent to mailto:[email protected].

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compiling the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and

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injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information or data

in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law.

Acknowledgements Data and information for this report were provided by the many companies, government agencies, other organisations and individuals who own or manage plantations, and by regional private forestry organisations. The plantation and timber industry associations that represent plantation owners by assisting with data collection and provide advice as required. Their support and assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

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Australian plantation statistics 2013 update ABARES

iii

Contents

About this report ............................................................................................................................................ 1

Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ 3

Plantation estate ............................................................................................................................................. 4

Total plantation estate ...................................................................................................................... 4

Plantation ownership ........................................................................................................................ 8

Plantations managed for sawlogs and pulpwood ................................................................... 8

New plantations ................................................................................................................................... 9

State and territory highlights ...................................................................................................... 11

Major plantation species ............................................................................................................... 11

Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................... 14

References ...................................................................................................................................................... 15

Tables

Table 1 Overview of Australia’s plantation estate, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012 ................... 6

Table 2 New plantations established, Australia, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012 ....................... 6

Table 3 Plantation area by states and territories, Australia, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012 ............................................................................................................ 6

Table 4 Plantation area by region, Australia, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012 ............................. 7

Table 5 Total plantation area, by states and territories and ownership, 2011–12 .............. 8

Table 6 Plantation ownership, 2005, 2011 and 2012 ...................................................................... 8

Table 7 New plantation areas, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012 ....................................................... 10

Table 8 Plantation areas, by state and territory, 2011–12 .......................................................... 11

Table 9 Major hardwood species, by region, 2011–12 ................................................................. 12

Table 10 Major softwood species, by region, 2011–12 ................................................................ 13

Figures

Figure 1 Total Australian plantation area, by type, 1995 to 2012 .............................................. 4

Figure 2 Log harvest by forest type, 1996–97 to 2011–12 ............................................................ 5

Figure 3 Proportion of plantations managed for sawlogs and pulpwood, 2011–12 ........... 9

Figure 4 New plantations, 1995 to 2012 ............................................................................................... 9

Maps

Map 1 National Plantation Inventory regions ..................................................................................... 2


1

About this report ABARES prepared this report under the auspices of the National Plantation Inventory (NPI)—a

program that has collected data and reported on plantations established primarily for timber

production in Australia since 1993.

The Australian plantations statistics update is published every year (Gavran 2012). It appears

between five-yearly comprehensive spatial reports (Gavran & Parsons 2011). Annual updates

support strategic forest industry planning and decision-making by presenting information on

total plantation area, new planting and ownership.

In this report, plantation areas are presented by NPI regions (Map 1) for softwood and

hardwood plantation types, species, and by jurisdiction, based on data collected from growers,

grower representatives and state and territory agencies. The survey that underpins this report

collects information on the total plantation estate and newly established plantations on land not

previously used for plantations. Plantations are added if they have not been previously recorded,

revised if earlier data were in error, and removed from the inventory if plantations have been

converted to another agricultural land use.

A substantial area of plantations is harvested each year and some areas are not replanted.

Replanting might not take place for some time after harvesting, and unless advised of a change

in land use, the NPI records such fallow land as plantation. Although all care is taken to reconcile

data, discrepancies in the area reported from year to year may occur.

Individual grower information submitted to the NPI is confidential. For reporting purposes, data

from individual growers are aggregated within regions or states and territories and are not

provided individually to other parties without the consent of the data owner.

The data presented in this report do not capture all small-scale and farm forestry plantings, but

do include farm forestry plantings that were reported in Australian plantation statistics 2011

(Gavran & Parsons 2011).

This report complements two other NPI information products published by ABARES: the five-

yearly comprehensive spatial stocktake of Australia’s industrial plantation estate and the five-

yearly comprehensive log supply forecast report. Data collated by the National Plantation

Inventory are subsequently reported in other national publications, including the ABARES

Australian forest and wood products statistics, Australia’s State of the Forests Report and the

Australian Bureau of Statistics Year Book Australia.


2

Map 1 National Plantation Inventory regions

Source: ABARES


3

Summary Australia’s total plantation estate decreased by 4000 hectares in 2011–12, to a total of 2 013 000

hectares, compared with 2 017 000 hectares in 2010–11.

In 2011–12 the total area of softwood plantations was 1 024 000 hectares, the total area of

hardwood plantations was 977 000 hectares, and around 12 000 hectares was classified as other

categories that included mixed hardwood and softwood species and plantations where species

type was not reported.

About 4200 hectares of new plantation areas were reported to be established in 2011–12. This

is the smallest area of new plantations established since the mid-1990s. The increase was offset

by removal of existing plantation areas of around 8200 hectares that growers deemed

commercially unviable or did not replant for a number of reasons, including the aim of

increasing water recharge.

From 2000 to 2012 the new plantation establishment rate has declined in all states and

territories except the Northern Territory, with the largest declines in Tasmania, South Australia

and Western Australia.

From 2011 to 2012 the plantation estate has increased or remained unchanged in every

National Plantation Inventory (NPI) region, except Western Australia and Central Gippsland. The

plantation area in Western Australia declined by 1.8 per cent and by 0.1 per cent in Central

Gippsland (although the plantation area for Victoria as a whole increased between these two

years). The largest increase from 2011 to 2012 of 3.9 per cent was in the Northern Territory.

The softwood plantation estate is dominated by radiata pine (75.4 per cent) and southern pines

(14.7 per cent). Both species are primarily managed for sawlog production.

The hardwood plantation estate is dominated by blue gum (55.1 per cent) and shining gum

(24.2 per cent). Both species are primarily managed for pulpwood production.

The reduction in land under forest plantations is expected to increase over the next five to

10 years as commercially unviable plantations are not replanted and are converted to other land

uses, including agricultural uses.

Domestic forestry has become more reliant on plantations as the tenure of significant areas of

native forest has changed from multiple-use forests to reserves, as some multiple-use forests are

no longer managed for wood production and as commercially marginal native forest mills have

exited the forest industry. Plantations currently provide 76 per cent of the total wood supply

from Australian forests.

If the establishment of new plantations continues to decline, maintenance of domestic wood

flows to meet domestic and international demand will depend on managers increasing the

growth rates of existing plantations. Alternatively there may be a need to increase imports and,

where possible, to divert exports to the domestic market.


4

Plantation estate

Total plantation estate

Australia’s plantation estate decreased slightly in 2011–12 to a total of 2 013 000 hectares,

compared with 2 017 000 hectares in 2010–11 (Figure 1). A total of 4200 hectares of new

plantings were established in 2011–12. This was offset by the removal of 8200 hectares of

plantation that growers deemed commercially unviable or did not replant to increase water

recharge.

Reductions in plantation land are expected to increase over the next five to 10 years as

commercially unviable plantations are not replanted and are converted to other land uses,

including previous agricultural uses (Brand 2012). Predicted reductions are based on

information collected by ABARES at forestry sector stakeholder workshops conducted in March

2013 for a separate project.

Figure 1 Total Australian plantation area, by type, 1995 to 2012

Note: 1995 to 2005 are calendar years and 2006 to 2012 are financial years (2005–06 to 2011–12).

Source: ABARES

In 2011–12 the total area of softwood plantations was 1 024 000 hectares, about 0.1 per cent

less than in 2010–11 (Table 1).

The total area of hardwood plantations was 977 000 hectares, 0.3 per cent less than in 2010–11.

In 2011–12 hardwood plantations accounted for 49 per cent of all plantations, compared with

43 per cent in 2005 (Table 1).

From 2000 to 2012 the new plantation establishment rate declined by 97.2 per cent for

hardwoods, and by 94.2 per cent for softwoods (Table 2).

From 2000 to 2012 the total plantation area increased in all states and territories, except for the

Australian Capital Territory (Table 3).

From 2011 to 2012 the plantation estate increased or remained unchanged in every NPI region,

except for Western Australia and Central Gippsland. The plantation area in Western Australia


5

declined by 1.8 per cent and by 0.1 per cent in Central Gippsland (although the plantation area

for Victoria as a whole increased between these two years). The largest increase from 2011 to

2012 of 3.9 per cent was in the Northern Territory (Table 4).

Overall, logs harvested from softwood plantations remained relatively unchanged over the past

decade to 2012 (Figure 2).The increase in total plantation area over that period was mainly in

short rotation hardwood plantations, with the volume of plantation hardwood increasing from

around 2 million cubic metres in 2004–05 to over 5 million cubic metres in 2011–12. By

contrast, native log harvest declined by 53 per cent from 2004–05 (Figure 2). Plantations

currently provide 76 per cent of the total wood supply from Australian forests.

Domestic forestry has become more reliant on plantations as the tenure of significant areas of

native forest changed from multiple-use forests to reserves, as some multiple-use forests are no

longer managed for wood production (Forestry Tasmania 2007; Forests NSW 2011) and as

commercially marginal native forest mills have exited the forest industry (Burns & Burke 2012).

Around 15 per cent to 30 per cent of hardwood plantations could be converted to another land

use over the next few years as they are deemed commercially unviable (Brand 2012). This may

reduce available plantation hardwood pulp log volumes in some regions by around 5 per cent to

15 per cent.

Figure 2 Log harvest by forest type, 1996–97 to 2011–12

Source: ABARES

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Table 1 Overview of Australia’s plantation estate, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012

Overview of total plantation area 2000 (’000 ha)

2005 (’000 ha)

2011 (’000 ha)

2012 (’000 ha)

Change from 2000 and 2012

(%)


(%)


(%)

Hardwood 503 740 980 977 94.3 32.0 –0.3

Softwood 972 990 1025 1024 5.3 3.4 –0.1

Other categories a 10 9 12 12 23.2 32.5 0.0

Total 1485 1739 2017 2013 35.6 15.7 –0.2

Note: a Other categories are mixed hardwood and softwood species and plantations for which species was not reported. All columns and rows have been rounded so column and row totals may

not tally.

Table 2 New plantations established, Australia, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012

New plantations established a 2000 (’000 ha)

2005 (’000 ha)

2011 (’000 ha)

2012 (’000 ha)


(%)


(%)


(%)

Hardwood 126 66 8 4 –97.2 –94.6 –55.4

Softwood 11 6 2 1 –94.2 –89.9 –60.5

Note: a New plantations are those established on land not previously used for plantation forestry. All columns and rows have been rounded so column and row totals may not tally.

Table 3 Plantation area by states and territories, Australia, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012

Plantation area by states and territories

2000 (’000 ha)

2005 (’000 ha)

2011 (’000 ha)

2012 (’000 ha)


(%)


(%)


(%)

New South Wales 319 332 392 392 22.9 18.2 0.1

Victoria 319 385 433 434 36.1 12.7 0.2

Queensland 191 226 232 233 22.2 3.4 0.3

South Australia 136 167 188 188 39.0 12.9 0.0

Western Australia 314 378 413 405 29.1 7.3 –1.8

Tasmania 185 227 311 311 67.8 36.8 0.0

Northern Territory 7 16 40 42 504.5 155.9 3.9

Australian Capital Territory 15 10 8 8 –48.1 –19.2 0.0

All columns and rows have been rounded so column and row totals may not tally.

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Table 4 Plantation area by region, Australia, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012

Plantation area by region a 2000 (’000 ha)

2005 (’000 ha)

2011 (’000 ha)

2012 (’000 ha)


(%)


(%)


(%)

Western Australia 314 378 413 405 29.1 7.3 –1.8

Northern Territory 7 16 40 42 504.5 155.9 3.9

Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island (South Australia)

21 29 34 34 64.0 19.0 0.0

Green Triangle (South Australia/Victoria) 224 299 347 348 55.2 16.5 0.3

North Queensland 24 29 37 38 59.3 28.5 0.7

South East Queensland 165 194 193 194 17.0 –0.1 0.3

Northern Tablelands New South Wales 17 17 24 24 47.5 39.7 0.0

North Coast New South Wales 57 67 101 101 77.9 51.7 0.0

Central Tablelands New South Wales 81 80 81 82 1.2 1.5 0.2

Southern Tablelands New South Wales 27 22 22 22 –17.0 -0.8 0.0

Murray Valley (New South Wales/Victoria)

179 185 196 196 9.0 5.9 0.0

Central Victoria 50 57 69 69 38.8 20.2 0.0

Central Gippsland (Victoria) 90 93 96 96 6.4 3.2 –0.1

East Gippsland–Bombala (New South Wales/Victoria) b

43 46 52 52 21.3 13.0 0.3

Tasmania 185 227 311 311 67.8 36.8 0.0

Note: a Locations of the regions listed are shown in Map 1. b Provisional data. 2000 and 2005 are calendar years and 2011 and 2012 are financial years (2010–11 and 2011–12). All columns and

rows have been rounded so column and row totals may not tally.

Source: ABARES


8

Plantation ownership

In 2011–12 the proportion of private plantations remained relatively unchanged at

1 485 000 hectares, 74 per cent of the total plantation estate. Public plantations accounted for

23 per cent and jointly-owned (public and private) plantations represented 3 per cent of the

total plantation estate (Table 5).

New South Wales had the largest share of Australia’s total public plantations (54 per cent),

Victoria had the largest share of Australia’s total private plantations (29 per cent) and Western

Australia accounted for most of Australia’s total jointly managed plantations (60 per cent)

(Table 5).

Table 5 Total plantation area, by states and territories and ownership, 2011–12

States and territories Unit Joint a Private Public Total New South Wales ’000 ha 6 141 246 392 Victoria ’000 ha 0 428 5 434 Queensland ’000 ha 0 233 0 233 South Australia ’000 ha 0 98 91 188 Western Australia ’000 ha 44 290 71 405 Tasmania ’000 ha 23 253 35 311 Northern Territory ’000 ha 0 42 0 42 Australian Capital Territory ’000 ha 0 0 8 8 Total ’000 ha 73 1485 455 2013 Proportion of tree ownership % 4 74 23 100

Note: a Includes some small areas for which ownership details were not reported. All columns and rows have been rounded

so column and row totals may not tally.

Source: ABARES

Between 2010–11 and 2011–12 the proportion of plantations owned by institutional investors

increased by one percentage point to 32 per cent of all plantations, as growing rights were

transferred from managed investment schemes (Table 6). The proportion of plantations owned

by managed investment schemes decreased by one percentage point in 2011–12, to 23 per cent

of all plantations.

Table 6 Plantation ownership, 2005, 2011 and 2012

Plantation owners 2005 (%)

2011 (%)

2012 (%)

Institutional investors 12 31 32 Timber industry companies 15 13 13 Farm foresters and other private owners 13 8 8 Managed investment schemes 23 24 23 Governments 37 24 24

Note: 2005 is a calendar year and 2011 and 2012 are financial years (2010–11 and 2011–12). All columns and rows have

been rounded so column and row totals may not tally.

Source: ABARES

Plantations managed for sawlogs and pulpwood

In 2011–12, 99 per cent of softwood plantations were primarily managed to produce sawlogs for

sawn timber for the building and construction industry (Figure 3). Pulpwood produced from

thinnings and low quality parts of the stem are used to produce engineered wood products,

landscaping products, and paper products.


9

The proportion of hardwood plantations in Australia managed primarily to produce pulpwood

for paper manufacturing remained largely unchanged at 84 per cent in 2011–12 (Figure 3). Of

the 11 per cent of hardwood plantations managed to produce sawlogs, most were still too young

to produce significant sawlog volumes in 2011–12.

Figure 3 Proportion of plantations managed for sawlogs and pulpwood, 2011–12

Note: a Due to insufficient information about plantation management it was not always possible to ascertain the

main products.

Source: ABARES

New plantations

New plantations are those established on land not previously used for plantation forestry.

About 4200 hectares of new plantation areas were reported as being established in 2011–12

(Figure 4).

Figure 4 New plantations, 1995 to 2012

Note: 1995 to 2005 are calendar years and 2006 to 2011 are financial years (2005–06 to 2010–12).

Source: ABARES


10

Managed investment schemes funded 29 per cent of new plantations established in 2011–12,

institutional investors funded 57 per cent, timber industry companies 4 per cent, farm foresters

and other private owners 10 per cent, and government organisations funded 1 per cent.

The establishment of new plantations declined in all states and territories from 2010–11 to

2011–12, except for New South Wales. The largest falls in new plantation establishment were in

Victoria, Tasmania, and Queensland.

From 2000 to 2012 the new plantation establishment rate declined in all states and territories

except the Northern Territory, with the largest declines in Tasmania, South Australia and

Western Australia (Table 7).

Table 7 New plantation areas, 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2012

States and territories

2000 (’000 ha)

2005 (’000 ha)

2011 (’000 ha)

2012 (’000 ha)

Change from 2000

and2012 (%)

Change from

2005 and 2012

(%)

Change from

2011 and 2012

(%) New South Wales 2.2 7.4 0.3 0.4 –84 –95 14 Victoria 37.7 10.9 3.1 1.0 –97 –90 –66 Queensland 3.9 9.7 1.9 0.8 –79 –92 –58 South Australia 15.1 6.0 0.1 0.0 –100 –100 –100 Western Australia 64.8 22.4 0.4 0.4 –99 –98 –20 Tasmania 12.6 10.0 1.5 0.1 –100 –99 –96 Northern Territory 1.2 5.7 2.2 1.6 31 –72 –28 Australian Capital Territory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 Total 137.5 72.0 9.6 4.2 –97 –94 –56

Note: New plantations are those established on land not previously used for plantation forestry. 2000 and 2005 are

calendar years and 2011 and 2012 are financial years (2010–11 and 2011–12). All columns and rows have been rounded so

column and row totals may not tally.

Source: ABARES

If the establishment of new plantations continues to decline, maintenance of domestic wood

flows to meet domestic and international demand will depend on managers increasing the

growth rates of existing plantations (New Forests 2013). Alternatively there may be a need to

increase imports and, where possible, to divert exports to the domestic market.

Research to improve growth rates and silvicultural techniques will be required to meet the

demands of the domestic and growing international markets. Innovation in value-added

products (such as engineered wood) that utilise short rotation hardwood plantations could

become important for the forest industry. This may address demand for structural and some

appearance grade products; however, the plantation estate does not have the species diversity

required by markets using native forest wood products, such as high value flooring and solid

wood furniture (VicForests 2010).

A recent incentive that may increase the rate of new plantation establishment has been

approved as an eligible activity under the Carbon Farming Initiative (DCCEE 2013). This will

allow the establishment of new farm forestry plantations on farmland. Once regulations are in

place, farm forestry plantations will be eligible to generate carbon credits as long as they do not

exceed 30 hectares in total or 30 per cent of the total farm area. This may encourage farmers to

contribute to the plantation estate by collaborating with commercial forestry companies to

establish new plantations on their land.


11

State and territory highlights

In 2011–12 Victoria had the largest area of plantations, followed by Western Australia and New

South Wales (Table 8). Western Australia had the largest area of hardwood plantations and New

South Wales the largest area of softwood plantations.

Table 8 Plantation areas, by state and territory, 2011–12

States and territories Hardwood (’000 ha)

Softwood (’000 ha)

Other (’000 ha)

Total (’000 ha)

New South Wales 93 296 3 392 Victoria 207 226 1 434 Queensland 41 189 2 233 South Australia 60 129 0 188 Western Australia 301 98 6 405 Tasmania 236 75 0 311 Northern Territory 39 2 0 42 Australian Capital Territory 0 8 0 8 Total 977 1024 12 2013

Note: All columns and rows have been rounded so column and row totals may not tally.

Source: ABARES

Major plantation species

Hardwood plantation species

The hardwood plantation estate is dominated by southern blue gum (55.1 per cent) and shining

gum (24.2 per cent), both of which are primarily managed for pulpwood production (Table 9).

These proportions are similar to those reported in previous years. Most southern blue gum

plantations are in Western Australia and the Green Triangle, while most shining gum plantations

are in Tasmania. Dunn’s white gum is primarily managed for pulpwood production in South East

Queensland and managed for sawlog and pulpwood production in the North Coast region.

Blackbutt and flooded gum (2.7 per cent) and spotted gum are primarily managed for sawlog

production. Most blackbutt, flooded gum and spotted gum are in North Coast New South Wales.

Softwood plantation species

The softwood plantation estate is dominated by radiata (75.4 per cent) and southern pines

(14.7 per cent); both are primarily managed for sawlog production (Table 10). Proportions were

similar to those reported in previous years. Most radiata pine plantations are in the Murray

Valley, Green Triangle, Central Tablelands New South Wales and Tasmania. Most southern pines

plantations are in the South East Queensland region. Other regionally important softwood

species are maritime pine in Western Australia, and hoop pine in South East Queensland.

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Table 9 Major hardwood species, by region, 2011–12

Regions Unit Blue gum Blackbutt/ flooded gum

Shining gum Spotted gum Dunn’s white gum

Other eucalypts

Other species

Total

Western Australia ’000 277 0 0 1 0 22 1 301 Northern Territory ’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 39 Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island (South Australia)

’000 12 0 0 0 0 1 0 14

Green Triangle (South Australia/Victoria) ’000 171 0 0 0 0 0 0 171 North Queensland ’000 0 1 0 1 1 4 3 10 South East Queensland ’000 0 2 0 6 19 4 0 31 Northern Tablelands, New South Wales ’000 0 0 5 0 0 1 0 7 North Coast, New South Wales ’000 1 22 4 13 27 11 5 83 Central Tablelands, New South Wales ’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Central Victoria ’000 33 0 3 0 0 2 0 38 Southern Tablelands, New South Wales ’000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Murray Valley (New South Wales/Victoria)

’000 6 0 1 0 0 1 0 7

Central Gippsland (Victoria) ’000 14 0 11 0 0 8 0 33 East Gippsland–Bombala (New South Wales/Victoria)

’000 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 6

Tasmania ’000 20 0 208 0 0 1 6 236 Total ’000 535 26 236 22 47 55 55 977 Proportion of hardwood species % 54.8 2.7 24.2 2.2 4.8 5.6 5.7 100


Source: ABARES

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Table 10 Major softwood species, by region, 2011–12

Regions Unit Radiata pine Southern pines Maritime pine Hoop pine Other pines Other species Total Western Australia ’000 ha 56 0 42 0 0 0 98 Northern Territory ’000 ha 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island (South Australia)

’000 ha 19 0 0 0 0 0 20

Green Triangle (South Australia/Victoria) ’000 ha 176 0 0 0 0 0 176 North Queensland ’000 ha 0 25 0 1 0 1 27 South East Queensland ’000 ha 1 112 0 43 1 4 160 Northern Tablelands, New South Wales ’000 ha 16 0 0 0 1 0 17 North Coast, New South Wales ’000 ha 0 12 0 1 3 0 15 Central Tablelands, New South Wales ’000 ha 81 0 0 0 0 0 81 Central Victoria ’000 ha 31 0 0 0 0 0 31 Southern Tablelands, New South Wales ’000 ha 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 Murray Valley (New South Wales/Victoria)

’000 ha 186 0 0 0 1 1 189

Central Gippsland (Victoria) ’000 ha 62 0 0 0 0 0 62 East Gippsland–Bombala (New South Wales/Victoria)

’000 ha 46 0 0 0 0 0 46

Tasmania ’000 ha 75 0 0 0 0 0 75 Total ’000 ha 772 151 42 45 6 8 1024 Proportion of softwood species % 75.4 14.7 4.1 4.3 0.6 0.8 100.0


Source: ABARES


14

Glossary blackbutt Eucalyptus pilularis blue gum Eucalyptus globulus Dunn’s white gum Eucalyptus dunnii flooded gum Eucalyptus grandis hoop pine Araucaria cunninghamii maritime pine Pinus pinaster radiata pine Pinus radiata shining gum Euclayptus nitens southern pines Pinus caribaea, Pinus elliottii spotted gum Corymbia maculata


15

References Brand, D 2012, ‘Investing in a sustainable Australian forest sector’, paper presented at 2012

Australian Forest Industry Development Conference, New Forests, Sydney, October.

Burns, K & Burke, B 2012, ABARES National Wood Processing Survey: 2010–11, ABARES research

report 12.4, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra,

June.

DCCEE 2013, ‘Positive list activities approved by the Minister. Regulations pending’, Department

of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Canberra, available at

climatechange.gov.au/en/government/initiatives/carbon-farming-initiative/activities-eligible-

excluded/additional-activities-positive-list/positive-list-activities-regulations-pending.aspx.

Forestry Tasmania 2007, Sustainable high quality eucalypt sawlog supply from Tasmanian State

Forest: Review no. 3, Planning Branch, Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, August.

Forests NSW 2011, Performance audit report: yield forecasts—hardwood plantations, Forests

NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, November.

Gavran, M 2012, Australian plantation statistics 2012 update, ABARES technical report,

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra, June.

Gavran, M & Parsons, M 2011, Australian plantation statistics 2011, Australian Bureau of

Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra, August.

New Forests 2013, Timberland Investment Outlook 2013–2017, New Forests, Chatswood, New

South Wales.

VicForests 2010, Plantations—complementing Victoria’s native forest timber, VicForests, Melbourne, Victoria, available at vicforests.com.au/www/content/default.aspx?cid=825.

http://www.climatechange.gov.au/en/government/initiatives/carbon-farming-initiative/activities-eligible-excluded/additional-activities-positive-list/positive-list-activities-regulations-pending.aspx

http://www.climatechange.gov.au/en/government/initiatives/carbon-farming-initiative/activities-eligible-excluded/additional-activities-positive-list/positive-list-activities-regulations-pending.aspx

http://www.vicforests.com.au/www/content/default.aspx?cid=825

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