An Optical Subsystem for Peak-Cell-Rate Policing in ATM Networks
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2002 LECTURE 16 (con’t.) ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL...
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Transcript of ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2002 LECTURE 16 (con’t.) ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL...
MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHERMADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER
Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT 17 JUL 2002 Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25 Sky/Weather: PTSUNNY Temperature: 79 F (26 C) Dew Point: 65 F (18 C) Relative Humidity: 62% Wind: SW5 MPH Barometer: 30.07F (1018.3 mb)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2727
Last 24 hrs in MadisonLast 24 hrs in Madison
FOGFOG
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2828
Radar estimated storm total precipitationRadar estimated storm total precipitation
From 5PM Sun toFrom 5PM Sun to9 AM Mon (CDT)9 AM Mon (CDT)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2929
CURRENT CURRENT VISIBLEVISIBLE
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3030
CURRENT IRCURRENT IR
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3131
Yesterday’s High Temperatures (Yesterday’s High Temperatures (°°F) F)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3232
Yesterday’s High Temperatures (Yesterday’s High Temperatures (ooF) – F) – (1961-90) Average High Temperatures(1961-90) Average High Temperatures
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3434
Late Sunday Afternoon Late Sunday Afternoon Dewpoints Dewpoints ((ooF) F)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3535
Late Sunday Afternoon Late Sunday Afternoon Apparent Temperatures/Heat IndicesApparent Temperatures/Heat Indices ((ooF) F)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3636
Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3939
Current Temperatures (Current Temperatures (°°F) & IsothermsF) & Isotherms(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4040
Current Dewpoints Current Dewpoints ((ooF) F)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4747
Tomorrow AM Forecast MapTomorrow AM Forecast Map
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4848
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4949
AnnouncementsAnnouncements
Homework #3 is returned todayHomework #3 is returned todayAnswer Key is posted atAnswer Key is posted athttp://www.aos.wisc.edu/~hopkins/aos100/homeworkhttp://www.aos.wisc.edu/~hopkins/aos100/homework
Homework #4 is due Thurs.Homework #4 is due Thurs. 22ndnd Hour Exam is scheduled for Thurs. Hour Exam is scheduled for Thurs. Study sheet is posted at: Study sheet is posted at: http://www.http://www.aosaos..wiscwisc..
eduedu/~/~hopkinshopkins/aos100/exams/aos100/exams
If you have ??, please see me.If you have ??, please see me.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5050
ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2002 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2002 LECTURE 16LECTURE 16
ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL PHENOMENA PHENOMENA
A. INTRODUCTIONA. INTRODUCTION– Why do we have red sunsets, white clouds & Why do we have red sunsets, white clouds &
blue skies?blue skies?– Where do we look for a rainbow & what does its Where do we look for a rainbow & what does its
occurrence signify?occurrence signify?
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5151
A. Introduction A. Introduction (con’t.)(con’t.)
Definition & ScopeDefinition & Scope
– Optics: To be seenOptics: To be seen Historical BackgroundHistorical Background
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5252
B. NATURE OF VISIBLE LIGHTB. NATURE OF VISIBLE LIGHT
The Electromagnetic SpectrumThe Electromagnetic Spectrum
– A reviewA review
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5353
B. NATURE OF VISIBLE LIGHTB. NATURE OF VISIBLE LIGHT (con’t.)(con’t.)
Visible Light, Sunlight Visible Light, Sunlight & the & the
Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
– I. Newton, sunlight & I. Newton, sunlight & polychromatic light polychromatic light
Visible Light, Color & Visible Light, Color & Human Visual Perception Human Visual Perception
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5555
C. FUNDAMENTAL OPTICAL PROCESSESC. FUNDAMENTAL OPTICAL PROCESSES
Atmospheric Optical Phenomena Atmospheric Optical Phenomena depends upon Fundamental Optical depends upon Fundamental Optical Processes affecting sunlight Processes affecting sunlight
Review of Fundamental Optical Review of Fundamental Optical ProcessesProcesses– where ...where ...
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5656
SCATTERINGSCATTERING
Redirection of light ray due to suspended Redirection of light ray due to suspended particles.particles.
New direction may be in forward or backward New direction may be in forward or backward direction.direction.
Depends upon relative size of scatterer:Depends upon relative size of scatterer:
– Rayleigh Scatter Rayleigh Scatter [small particles][small particles]
– Mie Scatter Mie Scatter [large particles][large particles]
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5757
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5858
REFLECTIONREFLECTION Redirection of light ray in Redirection of light ray in
backward direction by large surface.backward direction by large surface. Reflection RelationshipReflection Relationship
Angle of reflection = angle of incidenceAngle of reflection = angle of incidence
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6060
REFLECTION REFLECTION (con’t.)(con’t.) Depends upon reflecting surface:Depends upon reflecting surface:
– Smooth surface Smooth surface Specular Reflection Specular Reflection– Rough surface Rough surface Diffuse Reflection Diffuse Reflection
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6262
ComparisonsComparisons
ScatteringScattering ReflectionReflectionAbsorption & Absorption &
EmissionEmission
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6363
REFRACTIONREFRACTION
Redirection of light ray within medium Redirection of light ray within medium due to density differences.due to density differences.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6464
REFRACTION REFRACTION (con’t.)(con’t.)
Depends upon:Depends upon:
–density of mediumdensity of medium
–wavelength of lightwavelength of light
– incident angleincident angle RelationshipRelationship (Snell’s Law)(Snell’s Law)
Angle of refraction Angle of refraction angle of incidence angle of incidence
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6565
RefractionRefraction (con’t.)(con’t.)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6666
RefractionRefraction (con’t.)(con’t.)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6767
DISPERSIONDISPERSION
Separation of polychromatic light ray into Separation of polychromatic light ray into component colors during passage through a component colors during passage through a medium.medium.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6868
DISPERSION DISPERSION (con’t.)(con’t.)
Requires concurrent refraction.Requires concurrent refraction. Depends upon: Depends upon:
– density of mediumdensity of medium
– wavelength of lightwavelength of light
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6969
DispersionDispersion
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7070
DIFFRACTIONDIFFRACTION
Constructive & destructive interference patterns of Constructive & destructive interference patterns of light waves due to slight bending of light ray moving light waves due to slight bending of light ray moving around an object.around an object.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7171
DIFFRACTIONDIFFRACTION (con’t.)(con’t.)
Requires small openings or objects.Requires small openings or objects. Produces light and dark bands.Produces light and dark bands. Depends upon wavelength.Depends upon wavelength. Polychromatic light ray may be broken into Polychromatic light ray may be broken into
component colors.component colors.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7272
DiffractionDiffraction
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7373
DiffractionDiffraction (con’t.)(con’t.)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7474
D. ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL PHENOMENAD. ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL PHENOMENA
Optical Phenomena associated with:Optical Phenomena associated with: Small Particles in AtmosphereSmall Particles in Atmosphere Vertical Air Density GradientsVertical Air Density Gradients Liquid Water Drops/Droplets in AirLiquid Water Drops/Droplets in Air Ice Crystals in AirIce Crystals in Air
where ... where ...
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7575
1. 1. Optical Phenomena associated withOptical Phenomena associated with
SMALL PARTICLES in ATMOSPHERESMALL PARTICLES in ATMOSPHERE(GAS MOLECULES & AEROSOLS)(GAS MOLECULES & AEROSOLS)
Blue SkiesBlue Skies(Rayleigh Scatter)(Rayleigh Scatter)
White CloudsWhite Clouds(Mie Scatter)(Mie Scatter)
Red SunsetsRed Sunsets (Rayleigh & Mie Scatter)(Rayleigh & Mie Scatter)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7676
Rayleigh & Mie ScatteringRayleigh & Mie Scattering
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7777
Mie ScatterMie Scatter
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7878
Earth-Rise over the Moon Earth-Rise over the Moon (Apollo 8 Mission)(Apollo 8 Mission)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8080
Shadows on Lunar SurfaceShadows on Lunar Surface
Apollo 17Apollo 17
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8181
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8282
SUNRISE FROM SPACESUNRISE FROM SPACE
From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8383
Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8484
Rayleigh & Mie ScatterRayleigh & Mie Scatter
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8585
SUNSETSSUNSETS
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8686
Sunray Paths in the AtmosphereSunray Paths in the AtmosphereSee Fig. 2.8 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 2.8 Moran & Morgan (1997)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8787
Clouds as ScatterersClouds as Scatterers
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8888
Sunlight through a Montana Sunlight through a Montana ThunderstormThunderstorm
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8989
Red Clouds at SunsetRed Clouds at Sunset
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9090
Mie Scatter Mie Scatter Natural Aerosols in Great Smoky Mtn. N.P.Natural Aerosols in Great Smoky Mtn. N.P.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9191
Mie Scatter - Mie Scatter - Urban PollutionUrban Pollution
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9292
Mie Scatter - Mie Scatter - Urban PollutionUrban Pollution
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9393
Mie Scatter -- Mie Scatter -- Dust from SpaceDust from Space
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9494
Red Martian Skies Red Martian Skies (Viking Lander)(Viking Lander)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9595
Crepuscular RaysCrepuscular Rays
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9696
Crepuscular RaysCrepuscular Rays
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9797
Diffuse Reflection from snow vs. Diffuse Reflection from snow vs. Specular Reflection Specular Reflection
Madison skyline from frozen Lake MononaMadison skyline from frozen Lake Monona
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9898
2. 2. Optical Phenomena associated withOptical Phenomena associated with
VERTICAL AIR DENSITY GRADIENTSVERTICAL AIR DENSITY GRADIENTS
Apparent Sunsets Apparent Sunsets (Refraction)(Refraction)
Mirages Mirages (Refraction)(Refraction)
– Superior MiragesSuperior Mirages
– Inferior MiragesInferior Mirages
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9999
APPARENT SUNRISE/SUNSETAPPARENT SUNRISE/SUNSET
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 100100
““Red Sails in Sunset” & MirageRed Sails in Sunset” & Mirage
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 101101
Distorted SunsetsDistorted Sunsets
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 102102
Distorted SunsetsDistorted Sunsets
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 103103
Setting SunSetting Sun
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 104104
Green FlashGreen Flash
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 105105
MIRAGES MIRAGES (con’t.)(con’t.) See Fig. 3 pg. 195 Moran & Morgan (1997) See Fig. 3 pg. 195 Moran & Morgan (1997)
Fig. A -- Superior Mirage
Fig. B. -- Inferior Mirage
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 106106
MIRAGES MIRAGES (con’t.)(con’t.)Inferior mirageInferior mirage
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 107107
MirageMirage
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 108108
MirageMirage
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 109109
Other Refraction PhenomenaOther Refraction Phenomena
Twinkle, twinkle little star.Twinkle, twinkle little star.
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 110110
3. 3. Optical Phenomena associated withOptical Phenomena associated with
LIQUID WATER DROPS/DROPLETSLIQUID WATER DROPS/DROPLETS in THE ATMOSPHEREin THE ATMOSPHERE
RainbowsRainbows (Refraction, dispersion & reflection)(Refraction, dispersion & reflection)
CoronaCorona (Diffraction)(Diffraction)
GloriesGlories (Diffraction & reflection)(Diffraction & reflection)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 111111
RainbowsRainbows
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 112112
Rainbows Rainbows
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 114114
Ray path for a Primary RainbowRay path for a Primary Rainbow See Fig. 8.16 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 8.16 Moran & Morgan (1997)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 115115
““Internal Reflection” in Primary Internal Reflection” in Primary RainbowRainbow
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 116116
Primary RainbowPrimary Rainbow
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 117117
Ray path for a Secondary RainbowRay path for a Secondary Rainbow See Fig. 8.19 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 8.19 Moran & Morgan (1997)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 118118
Primary & Secondary RainbowsPrimary & Secondary Rainbows
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 119119
Backyard RainbowsBackyard Rainbows
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 120120
High Country RainbowsHigh Country Rainbows
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 121121
Rainbows – Rainbows – A pot of Gold?A pot of Gold?
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 122122
RainbowsRainbows
Where to lookWhere to look Weather loreWeather lore
– Evening rainbow = fair weather Evening rainbow = fair weather aheadahead
– Morning rainbow = inclement Morning rainbow = inclement weatherweather
– But only in midlatitudesBut only in midlatitudes
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 123123
CoronaCorona
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 124124
CoronaCorona
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 125125
Corona Corona (con’t.)(con’t.)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 126126
CoronaCorona
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 127127
Corona/IridescenceCorona/Iridescence
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 128128
Corona/IridescenceCorona/Iridescence
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 129129
CoronaCorona
Where to lookWhere to look Weather loreWeather lore
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 130130
GloryGlory
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 131131
Glory Glory
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 132132
Glory?Glory?
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 133133
4. 4. Optical Phenomena associated withOptical Phenomena associated with
ICE CRYSTALSICE CRYSTALS in THE ATMOSPHEREin THE ATMOSPHERE
HaloesHaloes (Refraction & dispersion)(Refraction & dispersion)
Parhelia (Sun Dogs)Parhelia (Sun Dogs) (Refraction & dispersion)(Refraction & dispersion)
Sun PillarsSun Pillars (Reflection)(Reflection)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 134134
22 degree Halo22 degree Halo
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 135135
22 Degree Halo Phenomena22 Degree Halo Phenomena
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 136136
Ray path for a Ray path for a 22° Halo22° Halo See Fig. 8.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 8.12 Moran & Morgan (1997)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 137137
46 degree Halo46 degree Halo
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 138138
46 Degree Halo Phenomena46 Degree Halo Phenomena
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 139139
Ray path for a Ray path for a 46° Halo46° Halo See Fig. 8.14 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 8.14 Moran & Morgan (1997)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 142142
Halo PhenomenaHalo Phenomena
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 143143
Halo PhenomenaHalo Phenomena
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 144144
Sun dogSun dog
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 145145
Sun Dog Sun Dog (Parhelion or Parhelia, (Parhelion or Parhelia, pl.pl.))
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 146146
Sun Dog Sun Dog (Parhelion, Parhelia)(Parhelion, Parhelia)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 147147
Haloes & Sun dogsHaloes & Sun dogs
Where to lookWhere to look Weather loreWeather lore
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 148148
Sun PillarSun Pillar
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 149149
Sun Pillar Sun Pillar (from The Weather Doctor)(from The Weather Doctor)
ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 150150
Sun Pillar Sun Pillar (from The Weather Doctor)(from The Weather Doctor)