MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHERMADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER

Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT THR JUN 20 2002 Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25

Sky/Weather: CLOUDY Temperature: 78 F (25 C) Dew Point: 66 F (18 C) Relative Humidity: 66% Wind: SW9G17 MPH Barometer: 30.21R (1023.0 mb)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 33

QUIZ!!!QUIZ!!!

Which way does the wind circulate Which way does the wind circulate around a high pressure center?around a high pressure center?

And around a Low?And around a Low? Why sunny skies?Why sunny skies? Answers….Answers….

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Current Surface Weather Map Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radarwith Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar

IsobarsIsobars

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Current Surface Winds Current Surface Winds with Streamlines & Isotachs (“iso” = equal & “tach” = speed)with Streamlines & Isotachs (“iso” = equal & “tach” = speed)

IsobarsIsobars HHHH

LL

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Current Temperatures (Current Temperatures (°°F) & IsothermsF) & Isotherms(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)(“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 77

Tomorrow AM Forecast MapTomorrow AM Forecast Map

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 88

Did You know that –Did You know that –Tomorrow is summer solstice (8:24 AM CDT)Tomorrow is summer solstice (8:24 AM CDT)

See Fig. 2.10 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 2.10 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 99

AnnouncementsAnnouncements

Sign-upSign-up

– Class listClass list

– Official registration (NLT Fri. 21 June) Official registration (NLT Fri. 21 June)

– Course SyllabusCourse SyllabusNOTE Change Wed. to Fri. 21 Dec. on backNOTE Change Wed. to Fri. 21 Dec. on back

Homework 1: Due next Thurs. 27 JuneHomework 1: Due next Thurs. 27 June

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1616

ATM OCN 100 – ATM OCN 100 – Summer 2002Summer 2002LECTURE 2ALECTURE 2A

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREof EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

A. PRACTICAL QUESTIONSA. PRACTICAL QUESTIONS

– What makes Planet Earth special?What makes Planet Earth special?

– How has the atmosphere evolvedHow has the atmosphere evolved??

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1717

Earth-Rise Earth-Rise (Apollo Mission)(Apollo Mission)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1818

SUNRISE FROM SPACESUNRISE FROM SPACE

From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)From STS-52 (JSC-NASA)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1919

B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHEREB. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE BackgroundBackground

– Early Greek ThoughtEarly Greek Thought The 4 Elements: Earth, Air, Water, Fire.The 4 Elements: Earth, Air, Water, Fire.

– ““Modern” Chemistry Modern” Chemistry (since 18(since 18thth century) century)ElementElementCompoundCompoundMixtureMixture

Chemical CompositionChemical Composition– Air is a mixtureAir is a mixture– With the following gases:With the following gases:

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2121

Atmospheric Gases isolated by 18Atmospheric Gases isolated by 18thth Century ChemistsCentury Chemists

Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22))– Importance in Food Chain (Nitrogen Fixation)Importance in Food Chain (Nitrogen Fixation)

Oxygen (OOxygen (O22))– Critical Importance for Life (Respiration)Critical Importance for Life (Respiration)

Argon (Ar)Argon (Ar)– Unknown ImportanceUnknown Importance

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))– Critical Importance for Life (Photosynthesis)Critical Importance for Life (Photosynthesis)

(also Asphyxiation) (also Asphyxiation)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2222

FRACTIONAL VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR in

HOMOSPHERE

Ar0.93%

CO2

0.03%O2

21%

N2 78%

See Table 1.2 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Table 1.2 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2323

B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE B. PRESENT EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.)(con’t.)

Vertical Variations of Atmospheric Vertical Variations of Atmospheric CompositionComposition– Criterion Criterion

ChemicalChemical

– DivisionsDivisions HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE HETEROSPHEREHETEROSPHERE

– Where ...Where ...

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2424

VERTICAL COMPOSITION VARIATIONS VERTICAL COMPOSITION VARIATIONS (con’t.)(con’t.)

HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE– ““Homo” Homo” = same = same ((percentage composition)percentage composition);;– Turbulent mixing;Turbulent mixing;– Below 80 km altitude.Below 80 km altitude.

HETEROSPHEREHETEROSPHERE– ““Hetero” Hetero” = different (= different (compositioncomposition););– Fractional diffusion Fractional diffusion (by molecular weight)(by molecular weight);;– Above 80 km altitude.Above 80 km altitude.

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2626

CONSTITUENTS OF AIR CONSTITUENTS OF AIR in the in the HOMOSPHEREHOMOSPHERE

(Below 80 km)(Below 80 km)

Principal Permanent Gases of “Dry Air”Principal Permanent Gases of “Dry Air” Principal Variable gasesPrincipal Variable gases Anthropogenic GasesAnthropogenic Gases AerosolsAerosols

– Liquids Liquids oror solids suspended in Atmosphere solids suspended in Atmosphere CloudsClouds

– Liquid droplets Liquid droplets oror ice crystals in Atmosphere ice crystals in Atmosphere

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2929

PRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESPRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESin the Homospherein the Homosphere

Water Vapor (HWater Vapor (H22O) O) << 4% by volume4% by volume

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22) ) 360 ppm = 0.036%360 ppm = 0.036%

Methane (CHMethane (CH44) ) < 1700 ppb = 0.00017%< 1700 ppb = 0.00017%

Ozone (OOzone (O33) ) < 8 ppm = 0.0008%< 8 ppm = 0.0008%

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3030

Recent Atmospheric CORecent Atmospheric CO22 Concentrations Concentrations

See Fig. 2.25 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 2.25 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3131

Mauna Loa Observatory, HIMauna Loa Observatory, HI

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3333

OzoneOzone

A paradoxA paradox

– Good and BadGood and Bad Natural production & destructionNatural production & destruction

where…where…

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Ozone FormationOzone FormationFigure 2.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)Figure 2.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3535

Ozone Destruction (Natural)Ozone Destruction (Natural)Figure 2.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)Figure 2.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3636

OzoneOzone

A paradoxA paradox Natural production & destructionNatural production & destruction Location in AtmosphereLocation in Atmosphere

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3737

VERTICAL OZONE PROFILE US STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 1976

020406080

100120140

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

MIXING RATIO [PPMV]

AL

TIT

UD

E [

km

]

8 ppmv = 0.0008%

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ANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTANCESANTHROPOGENIC SUBSTANCES

Chlorofluorocarbons Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)(CFCs)

Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile Organic Compounds– (Hydrocarbons)(Hydrocarbons)

Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO(NO, NO22))

Oxides of carbon Oxides of carbon (CO, CO(CO, CO22))

Sulfur compounds Sulfur compounds ((HH22S, SOS, SO22,, SOSO33))

Suspended particulatesSuspended particulates

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3939

AEROSOLSAEROSOLS

What they areWhat they are

– Suspended solid particles or liquid Suspended solid particles or liquid droplets in atmosphere.droplets in atmosphere.

SourcesSources

– NaturalNatural

– Human activityHuman activityWhere….Where….

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4040

Aerosols from WildfiresAerosols from Wildfires

11 May 200011 May 2000 ((NOAA-15)NOAA-15)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4141

Aerosols from Colorado WildfiresAerosols from Colorado Wildfires

10 June 200210 June 2002 ((SSEC - MODIS)SSEC - MODIS)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4242

Aerosols from VolcanoesAerosols from VolcanoesMt. St. Helens, WA May 1980Mt. St. Helens, WA May 1980

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4343

Volcanic Plume from Mt. EtnaVolcanic Plume from Mt. Etna

23 July 200123 July 2001 ((NOAA-14)NOAA-14)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4444

Aerosols-Dust from MongoliaAerosols-Dust from Mongolia

10 Apr 200110 Apr 2001

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4545

Aerosols from Blowing DustAerosols from Blowing Dust

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4646

Aerosols from Sea Spray Aerosols from Sea Spray (Calif. Coast)(Calif. Coast)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4747

Aerosols from Natural VegetationAerosols from Natural Vegetation

in Great Smoky Mtn. Natl Park, NC-TNin Great Smoky Mtn. Natl Park, NC-TN

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4848

Aerosols from Urban PollutionAerosols from Urban PollutionMadison (from Space Science & Eng. Center)Madison (from Space Science & Eng. Center)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4949

PRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESPRINCIPAL VARIABLE GASESin the Heterospherein the Heterosphere

(above 80 km)(above 80 km)

Diatomic nitrogen (NDiatomic nitrogen (N22) ) 85 to 200 km85 to 200 km

Monatomic oxygen (O) Monatomic oxygen (O) 200 to 1100 km200 to 1100 km Helium (He)Helium (He) 1100 to 3500 km1100 to 3500 km Atomic hydrogen (H) Atomic hydrogen (H) 3500 to 11,000 km3500 to 11,000 km

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5151

C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTIONC. ORIGIN & EVOLUTIONof Earth’s Atmosphereof Earth’s Atmosphere

How did our current atmosphere How did our current atmosphere evolve?evolve?

General History of the AtmosphereGeneral History of the Atmosphere

– 4.5 billion yr ago - Solar System 4.5 billion yr ago - Solar System formedformed

– And then…And then…

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5252

C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTION C. ORIGIN & EVOLUTION of Earth’s Atmosphereof Earth’s Atmosphere

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5757

ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN & EVOLUTION ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN & EVOLUTION (con’t)(con’t)

RationaleRationale– Planet Earth is special because of Planet Earth is special because of

large amounts of Olarge amounts of O22;;– Atmosphere & Life Co-evolved.Atmosphere & Life Co-evolved.

Human InterventionHuman Intervention– Humans could possibly affect Humans could possibly affect

concentrations of some gases, concentrations of some gases, with following…with following…

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5858

Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”

BackgroundBackground

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5959

Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”

Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”– COCO2 2 and CHand CH44

Why more COWhy more CO22??

– Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels– DeforestationDeforestation– Changes in Sea Surface TemperatureChanges in Sea Surface Temperature

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6060

Global COGlobal CO22 Emissions Emissions

Marland, et.al. 2001Marland, et.al. 2001 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis CenterCarbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6161

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6262

COCO2 2 measurements at Mauna Loa, HImeasurements at Mauna Loa, HI

See Fig. 2.25 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 2.25 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6363

COCO2 2 measurements at South Polemeasurements at South Pole

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6464

Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect”Enhanced “Greenhouse Effect” (con’t.)(con’t.)

Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”Increases in “Greenhouse Gases”– COCO2 2 and CHand CH44

Why more COWhy more CO22??– Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels– DeforestationDeforestation– Changes in Sea Surface TemperatureChanges in Sea Surface Temperature

Potential Implications Potential Implications – Ice cap melting & coastal floodingIce cap melting & coastal flooding– Changes in agricultural areasChanges in agricultural areas– Increases in diseases and pestsIncreases in diseases and pests

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6565

See Fig. 19.9 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 19.9 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6666

““Ozone Hole”Ozone Hole”

BackgroundBackground Destruction of Stratospheric OzoneDestruction of Stratospheric Ozone

– From CFCsFrom CFCs

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6767

Destruction of ozone by CFCs. Destruction of ozone by CFCs. See Fig. 2.19, Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 2.19, Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6868

CFC & other SolventCFC & other Solvent Concentrations in Concentrations in Atmosphere Atmosphere

(Source: NOAA/CMDL)(Source: NOAA/CMDL)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6969

Evolution of the “Ozone Hole”Evolution of the “Ozone Hole” NASA TOMS ProjectNASA TOMS Project

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7070

Recent “Ozone Hole” Status Recent “Ozone Hole” Status NASA TOMS ProjectNASA TOMS Project

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7171

““Ozone Hole” Ozone Hole” (con’t.)(con’t.)

BackgroundBackground Destruction of Stratospheric OzoneDestruction of Stratospheric Ozone

– From CFCsFrom CFCs Potential ImplicationsPotential Implications

– Increased skin cancerIncreased skin cancer– Increased cataractsIncreased cataracts– Unknown changes to food chainUnknown changes to food chain

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7272

D. ATMOSPHERES D. ATMOSPHERES of of OTHER PLANETSOTHER PLANETS

General Composition Considerations:General Composition Considerations:– Planetary Size Planetary Size

(influences planetary gravity) (influences planetary gravity)– Closeness to Sun Closeness to Sun

(influences temperature) (influences temperature) Atmospheric Composition of PlanetsAtmospheric Composition of Planets

– Inner PlanetsInner Planets– Outer PlanetsOuter Planets

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7474

E. VARIATION OF CHARGED E. VARIATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH HEIGHTPARTICLES WITH HEIGHT

CompositionComposition– Ions: Charged ParticlesIons: Charged Particles

LocationLocation– IonosphereIonosphere– MagnetosphereMagnetosphere

ImplicationsImplications– Radio CommunicationsRadio Communications– Aurora Borealis (Australis)Aurora Borealis (Australis)

The Reason - Active SunThe Reason - Active Sun

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7575

IonosphereIonosphereFigure 1.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)Figure 1.11 Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7676

MagnetosphereMagnetosphereSee Fig. 1.13 Moran & Morgan (1997)See Fig. 1.13 Moran & Morgan (1997)

Northern Lights Planetarium Northern Lights Planetarium

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7777

MAGNETOSPHEREMAGNETOSPHERE

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 7878

AURORA BOREALISAURORA BOREALIS (from Univ. of Alaska)(from Univ. of Alaska)

ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8181

Aurora from Space ShuttleAurora from Space Shuttle