Assimil Using Spanish
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Transcript of Assimil Using Spanish
Day by day method
Using Spanishoriginal text by
Francisco Javier Antn Martnez
adapted for the use
of English speakers by
gnes Martnez MadrigalLITERATURE AND LANGUAGE DfVSSfON FOREiGN LAfJGUAGE JNFORMATiON CEMTER IllustrM&ty& LAQaussvf 400 SOTH STATE STREETCHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60605CHICAGO PUBIJC LIBRARY
B.P. 25 94431 Chennevires-sur-Marne Cedex FRANCE
Assimil 1996
1SBN: 2-7005-0188-8
for over sixty years, the preferred publisher of
self-teaching foreign-language methods!
Illustrated books , recorded on cassettes and compact-discs
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Advanced level Using French
Using GermnUsing Spanish
V
INTRODUCTION
A household ame in Europe, ASSIMIL has been
successfiilly used by thousands of international business people, students and world travelers wanting or needing greater language abilities.Using Spanish is designed for anyone who has studied basic Spanish or completed Spanish with ease. In only one half-hour a day, you will succeed in perfecting your Spanish easily and effectively. Using Spanish was conceived with the idea of helping you move from simple conversational skills to greater ease and mastery of the subtleties of Spanish. This highlyeffective method is guaranteed to help you put Spanishinto daily use.
Using Spanish guides you on an exciting journey through the principal regions of Spain, while incorporating the views of the Spanish people. With Using Spanish, you learn about current events and meet ordinary - and extraordinary - folks from everyday Spanish life.
VI The author offers keen insights into his homeland, with a special knack for irony and temperament that the Spanish are known for. Count on adding considerably to your vocabulary and exploring the fner points of the Spanish language. Many
famous Spaniards - from the classical writer Cervantes to the filmmaker Buuel, not to mention the painter Goya and the composer de Falla - will become known to you.As an added bonus, the original language and cultures of Latin Amrica are amply introduced.
All the dialogues in the 432-page coursebook are conducted in both Spanish and English.The four 60-minute cassettes, which contain all the Spanish lessons and exercises in the book, have been recorded in Spain by native speakers to provide listeners with authentic Spanish intonation.As is true for ASSIMIL's other advanced methods, Using
French and Using Germn, Using Spanish helps users communicate with efficiency and confdence, leading them in a short period of time to total proficiency and comfort in the Spanish language!
1
LECCIN PRIMERAAndar (1)
1
En el momento en que comienza su andadura a travs de estas pginas -camino de lamejora del conocimiento de la lengua
castellana- (2)
2 3 4
y para que no pierda tiempo andndose porlas ramas, le invitamos a (3) andar con ojo -pero... sin andar con miedo!
(4)
Es verdad que andar no es fcil -cmo siempre con rodeos? (5) En efecto, la dificultad se enraiza ya en losorgenes cuando, queriendo echar a andar
explicar si no que haya tanta gente que anda5
-para andar por el mundo-, (6)
&
2
LESSON ONETo march
1
When (at the moment) you begin your march through these pages - on the way to a better
knowledge of the Castilian language 2 3 4 and n order not to waste time on waffling weinvite you
to pay attention - but... without any fear! It is true that "marching" s not easy - how to explain t n other ways (than saying that) there are so many people who always waffles?
5
In fact, (the) difficulty has its roots already in the origins (is already rooted in the origins) when wanting to begin walking - in order to move around the world -,
NOTES(1) Andar, to go, to march, to walk, to tramp, to haul, to move.
This lesson shows you how many different meanings a verb can
take depending on both the context and the nouns with which it forms idiomatic expressions. This may tead you towards the wrong direction as for the meaning. Pay attention to the different meanings of andarshown durng this lesson. Note that andar is irregular in the past simple and - as a consequence - in the mperfect of the subjunctive. Refer to the grammatical appendix on page 385.(2) La andadura: the action of marching.El camino: road, way.
Camino de: on the way to, towards. Iba camino del colegio cuando vio a su amigo: He was on the way to the school when he saw his friend.(3) Andarse por las ramas: to beat about the bush, to waffle.
(4) Andar con ojo: to pay attention.Andar con miedo: to be afrakJ. (5) Andar(se) con rodeos: (lit. "to go in a roundabout way") to waffle
(6) Echar(se) a andar to begin walking, to get started. Mi hijo ech a andar a los 15 meses: My son began walking when he was 15months od.
Andar por el mundo: to move around the world.Lesson 1
6
uno decide lanzarse a la aventura y, a la bsqueda de los primeros pasos, comienza por ponerse a andar a gatas. (7)
7
En ese momento se percibe ya todo
lo
abrupto del andar derecho, lo complejo del equilibrio entre andar por los suelos y andarpor las nubes. (8)
8
No hace mucho, un nio que ya se tena enpie deca que andaba de cabeza para andarcon cien ojos para no volver a las andadas (9)
9 10 11 1213 14
porque -aada- ya se sabe..., quien malanda mal acaba! (10)
El problema es pues tan viejo como andar a
Pe. (11)Cmo resolverlo? Cada uno a su manera y a su ritmo, con
confianza, porque... todo se andar!As que... Andando!
NOTES(7) Ponerse a: followed by an nfinith/e means to start, to begin. Se puso a trabajar a las ocho.: He started to work at 8.A gatas: on all fours, on hands and knees.
(8)
Todo lo abrupto (que es): lo ... que with an adjective betweenthem s a form of expressing "quantity". It s used to express the same as: qu or cuan. No puedes imaginar lo hermosa que es ella, or No puedes imaginar qu hermosa es ella: You can'timagine how beautiful she s.Abrupto: abrupt, steep, craggy.
Andar por los suelos: to walk on the ground, to walk on the floor.
Andar derecho: to go straight, to behave in accordance with themoral standards.
Andar por las nubes: toabsentminded, daydreaming.
have one's head in
the clouds,
6
one decides to dart out at adventure, and looking for the first steps, he begins movingon all fours.
7
At this moment one already perceives how
difficult t s to go straight, the complexity of the balance between hauling on the ground andhaving your head in the clouds.
8
It was not long ago that a child that could already stand said that had a lot to do in order to be careful not to resume his od vices
9 1011
because - he added - uit s well known..., that
he that lives wickedly can hardly die hohestly!"So the problem s as od as the hills.How to solve t?
12
Everyone nwill work well.
ts own way and in his own
rhythm, with confidence because everything13 Sothen...
14
Go ahead!
NOTES(9) Tenerse en pie: to stand.
Andar de cabeza: to be busy, to nave a lot to do.
Andar con cien ojos: (lit. "to walk with a hundred eyes") to becareful, to take care.
Volver a las andadas: (lit. "to go back to the traces") to resume
one's od vices or bad habits, to go back to one's od tricks. (10) Quien mal anda, mal acaba: He that lives wickedly can hardly die honestly. This is a Spanish proverb that could be literally
translated by "He that walks badly, finishes badly".(11) Andar a pie: to walk, to go on foot. Ms viejo que andar pie: (lit. "olderthan walking") as od as thehills.Lesson 1
EJERCICIO (repase las expresiones; el primer nmero remite a lafrase, el segundo a la nota):
Andarse por las ramas Andar con ojo Andar con miedo Andar(se) con rodeos Echar(se) a andar
2,3 3,4 3,4 4,5 5,6
Andar a gatas
6,7
*************************************************
LECCIN SEGUNDADe qu se trata?
1
Para que su estudio sea algo ms que un memorizar palabras y aprender reglas de gramtica, le propondremos, tambin, hacerun poco de turismo. (1)
2
As
pues,
ciertas
lecciones le
invitarn
a
viajar a diferentes puntos de la geografaespaola y le presentarn someramente una regin determinada, le hablarn de sushabitantes, de su cocina, de sus riquezas, de
sus fiestas o de sus costumbres, etctera. 3 4 Su aprendizaje ser ms ameno y msconsistente.
Al final, usted habr hecho un poco realidad el dicho: Hablar Espaa es, tambin, conocery comprender. (2)
NOTES
(1) The infinitive may become an abstract noun f it s preceded by an adele (definite or indefinite) or any other determinen Necesito un buen dormir I need a good sleep. B vestirse a ta moda cuesta mucho: Dressing according to the fashbn coste a lot.
6
Andar derecho Andar por los suelos Andar por las nubes Andar de cabeza Andar con cien ojos Volver a las andadas Quien mal anda mal acaba Ms viejo que andar a pie Todo se andar Andando!
7,7,8 7,8 8,9 8,9 8,9 9,10 10,11 12,14,-
*************************************************
LESSON TWOWhat is it about?
1
In order not to let your studies be limited tomemorizing tourism. words and learning grammar
rules, we also propose you to make a bit of 2 This way, certain lessons will invite you uto travel" to different points of Spanish geography and will show you superficially one particular regin; they will speak to you aboutits inhabitants, its cuisine, its wealth, its feasts3 and its customs, etc. Your learning will be more delightful and more consistent.
4
In the end you will have made the following saying a bit of reality: "Speaking Spain" is alsoknowing and understanding.
NOTES
Todo lo difcil est en el comenzar Difficulty lies in the beginning. Elmentir pide memoria: Lying needs good memory.
(2) Al final (de): in the end, at the end of.Lesson 2
5
Comencemos, la orientacin.
pues,
con
una
breve
presentacin, limitndonos, por el momento, a
6
Integran Espaa diecisiete comunidades autnomas; stas comprenden un total de cincuenta provincias (Ceuta y Melilla tienen estatuto aparte). (3) Por orden alfabtico, las comunidades son lassiguientes:
78
Andaluca, Canarias,
Aragn, Cantabria,
Asturias, Castilla-La
Baleares,
Mancha, Castilla-Len, Catalua, Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid,
Murcia, Navarra, Pas Vasco y Rioja. 9 10 Para ms detalles, vea el mapa. Brevemente, y slo para que usted se haga
una ligera idea, se puede decir que, de algunamanera, Espaa se esboza como un ente federativo. Por supuesto, al final del viaje las deas
1112
estarn ms claras. Slo a base de pequeas pinceladas, el pintorpinta el cuadro. (4)
13 1415
A que es bueno saber adonde se va? (5) y ello no quita que el camino sea una continuaaventura. (6) Buen viaje!
NOTES
(3) Integrar to comprehend, comprise, form.(4) A base de: on the basis of.
(5) A que...?: (lit. "I bet...") Introduces a question to which confirmation s expected. A que Miguel ama a Marbel? (lit. "I bet Miguel loves Maribel.) Doesn't Miguel love Maribel? orDon't you think Miguel loves Maribel?
5
Let's begin then with a brief ntroduction confining ourselves, for the time being, toorientation.
6
Spain s formed by seventeen autonomous
communities that comprehend a total of fifty
provinces 78
(Ceuta
and
Melilla
have
their
seprate statutes).
In alphabetical order the communities are thefollowing:Andalusia, Aragn, Asturias, Baleario Islands,
Canary
Islands,
Cantabria,
Castile-La
Mancha, Castile-Len, Catalonia, Community
of Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, Basque Provinces and Rioja.9 For more details see the map.
10
Briefly and only to help you get a little idea, wecan say that, n some ways, Spain can be sketched as a federal entity.
1112
Of course, at the end of the "journey" thedeas will be clearer.
Only by small strokes can the painter paint thepicture.
13 1415
Isn't it good to know where you are going?and this does not prevent the journey frombeing a continuous adventure.
Have a good journey!
NOTES
(6) Ello: t. The neuter pronoun s used when t refere to a thought,
a concept, a notion not expressed n a word and thus t has nogender that could agree with the pronouns l or ella. El camino: journey, travel.
Quitar: to deprive of, to prevent.Lesson 2
EJERCICIO 1.1. Se puede decir que conoce bien la ciudad. 2. Es una persona que tiene las ideas claras. 3. Por ahora no tengo proyecto de ir. 4. En Espaa hay cincuenta y dos provincias. 5. S, hemos sabidoorientarnos.EJERCICIO II
1.
With the map I have made myself an idea.me he
2.
Ofcourse, I have understood it.lo he
3.
Let's say it briefy.
4.
At the end of the road there s a fountain.fuente.
5.
/ bet you want to go.
*************************************************
LECCIN TERCERATaxi..., por favor! 1 Hola, buenas! Vaya chaparrn! (1) (2) 2 Un poco ms y no le veo. Adonde vamos?NOTES(1) Hola! s a familiar greeting while Buenas! is the short form of
Buenas tardes!, a more formal salutation. In the peninsula nowadaysthey are used together - in this order - when meeting anyone or
entering any shop or office. It is because the informal way of treatingeach other in everyday life is spreading.
10 Correccin del ejercicio I. 1. One can say that he knows the town
well. 2. It s a person who has clear deas. 3. At the moment I have no plans to go. 4. In Spain there are fifty-two provinces. 5. Yes, we havebeen able to orintate ourselves.
SL7
OCt
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. Con el mapa hecho una idea. 2. Por supuesto comprendido. 3. Digmoslo brevemente. 4. Al final del camino hay una - . 5. A que quieres ir?*************************************************
LESSON THREETaxi..., please!
1 Helio, good afternoon. What a shower!2 A bit more and I can't see you. Where are yougoing?
NOTES
(2)
Vaya chaparrn! or Qu chaparrn! are two ways of exclamation. Vaya! is an interjection used to express surprise, anger, jeer, ridicule or reproof.Lesson 2
11
3 A la caite de la Quiebra, nmero veintinueve. (3) 4 No hay all una sucursal bancada? 5 S, eso es. Espero que no haya mucho trafico. (4) 6 Pues... tmeselo con tranquilidad! No s lo que pasa hoy, pero... vaya da! Entre la lluvia, los atascos y las prisas de los clientes... (5)
7 Eso, es ms bien buena seal; para usted... los negocios van bien! (6) 8 Eso es lo que mucha gente cree, pero... qu hace se? Ha visto como ha adelantado? El taxista pita repetidamente y, sacando la cabeza por la ventanilla, grita: (7) 10 Loco! El da en que se haga bailar a los idiotas, t no formars parte de la orquesta!!! Qu da! (8) 11 Me deca usted que... 12 S, que los negocios van slo a medias. Cada 9vez hay ms circulacin y... durante el da, por el centro de la ciudad, no se circula, con frecuencia, ni siquiera a 15 por hora. (9) (10) (11)NOTES
(3)
In Spanish addresses the ame of the street comes first and it is followed by the number of the house. In writing, an address can be:Calle Infanta No 27-2-Cc/Infanta #27 - 2o - C
Infanta, 27 - 2o - C
where "c/" s an abbreviation for "calle", "No" stands for "nmero" and "2o - C" means "segundo piso, puerta C" Espero que no haya...: Remember that verbs expressing sentiment are followed by the subjunctive. Haber is irregular in the present subjunctive. It's fonms are: haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayis, hayan. (5) Entre: between, among(st). Sometimes it refers to the accumulating, gathering of various facts or (4)persons.
Entre amigos resolvimos el problema: We solved the problemtogether with some friends.
(6) Ir bien (mal): to do well (badly), to get along nicely (pooriy). (7) Ventanilla: small window, e.g. of a car, a bookingoffice, etc.
12
3 To twenty-nine Bankruptcy Street.4 Isn't there a branch of a bank?
5 Yes, that's t. I hope there s not much traffic. 6Well..., take it easy! I don't know what shappening today, but... What a day! Among
the rain, the traffic jams and the humes of theclients...
7 This s rather a good sign for you... Business is getting along nicely.
8This is what a lot of people believe, but... What is it? Have you overtaken? seen how he has
The taxi-driver hoots several times and sticking his head out of the window, he shouts: 10 Crazy! The day when idiots are forced to dance you will not be a member of theorchestra. What a day!
9
11 You were telling me that...
12Yes, that business is going half-way. Every day there is more traffic and ... during the day, in the centre of the town, one cannot driveeven at 15 per hour.NOTES(8) El da que se haga bailar... or Cuando se haga bailar...: Remember that the subjunctive s used after conjunctions (or other structures)ntroducing future or hypothetical action.
Hacer followed by the nfinitive forms the causative. Su patrn le hizo trabajar 18 horas al da: His master made him work 18 hours a day. Hemos hecho pintar la casa: We have had the house painted.
Formar parte: to be a part or a number of.(9) A medias: half, halfway, fifty-fifty, partially, poorly.(10) Cada vez ms: more and more.
Cada vez menos: less and less.
Tiene cada vez menos fuerza: He has less and less strength. (11) Ni siquiera: not even, even though. It's a negative expression when it comes before the verb, but - like other negative words -
it needs the no before the verb when it s preceded by the predcate. Ni siquiera me salud or No me salud ni siquiera: Hedidn't even greet me. Lesson 3
13
13 jMejor para usted! 14 Es lo que piensa mucha gente que no conoce la profesin. Pero el beneficio ms importantelo sacamos con la bajada de bandera. As
pues, lo interesante son las carreras cortas yrpidas. (12) (13)
15 Tambin estn las propinas... 16 No crea, con la dichosa crisis... ya no es como antes! Y no hablemos del precio de lagasolina! (14)
17 18
Pero... adonde va ese otro?, no ha visto elintermitente?
Y el taxista grita: -Dominguerooo! Y repite: -Vaya dta!Luego aade: -Ya estamos!
19 Cunto le debo?20 Ciento setenta.
21 Tome doscientas; qudese con la vuelta y ...que se le arregle el da! (15)
NOTES (12) La bajada de bandera: "the dropping of the flag" refers to the
mnimum charge to be paid when a taxi is occupied. Originally aflag standing upward showed that the taxi was for hire.
When a passenger got into the taxi the flag was dropped, the minimum charge appeared n the taxi-meter which then began tocharge the fare.
(13) Lo interesante: "the nteresting thing". Remember that the neuter article lo put before an adjective makes it a noun. Examples: lo
difcil en mi profesin es...: the drfficult thing in my profession is..., lo ms hernioso en la vida es...: the most beautiful thing in Irfe is...
14
13 It's better for you!
14 This s what a lot of people who don't know theprofession think.then short and
But we obtain the mostfast journeys are the
mportant profit from the mnimum charge. Sonteresting ones.
15There are also the tips...
16 Don't think so, with the blessed crisis... it is notlike earlier. And let's not speak about the price of petrol.
17 18
But... where s this other [guy] going! Hasn't heseen the trafficator?
And the taxi-driver shouts: "Sunday-driver!"And he repeats: "What a day!" Then he adds:"Here we are."
19 How much do I owe you? 20 One hundred and seventy.
21 Take two hundred; keep the change and...[I wish] that your day got better.
NOTES(14) Dichoso: happy, lucky; blessed. Here t s used ronically.
No crea! Y no hablemos del precio...!: Remember that the presentsubjunctive s used to form negative mperatives. (15) Arreglarse: to settle, arrange, be put n order.
Que se le arregle el da! or Deseo que se le arregle el da:Remember that the subjunctive is used after verbs of requesting.
The verb desear s very often dropped
leaving a kind of
exclamation. Other examptes: Que lo pases bien!: Have a nice
time! Que tengas suerte!: I wish you luck. Que seis felices!: I wishyou happiness. Lesson 3
15
EJERCICIO 1.1. Espero que yo pueda r. 2. Hoy ha habido muchos atascos. 3. Tengo mucha prisa. 4. so, es una buena seal. 5. Los negocios vanbastante bien.EJERCICIO II.
1.
Now you cannot overtake, it s forbidden., .... prohibido.
2.
Have you given a tip to the taxi-driver?
L3.
?
Petrol s getting more and more expensive.
4.
Pedro has not even phoned.Pedro ni
*************************************************
LECCIN CUARTALevante
1
Valencia, capital de la Comunidad Valenciana
-de la que tambin forman parte Castelln yAlicante-,Espaa. (1)NOTES
con sus dos millones
largos de
habitantes, es la tercera ciudad ms grande de
(1) Largo: long. Una larga vida: a long life. Hace una semana larga que he llegado: It was a good week ago that I arrived.
16 Correccin del ejercicio I. I. I expect that I can go. 2. Today there
have been many trafc jams. 3.1 am n a [great] hurry. 4. This s a goodsign. 5. Business is getting along quite nicely.
5.
// is not as it was befare, it is better.
TE (
EDfCCto E6 DE RECIENTE
Lesson 22
111
7
Algunos transentes han afirmado que se oyeron disparos procedentes del interior de laescuela y que en el exterior rein una gran
confusin durante los primeros momentos. (4) 8 En efecto, entre los padres que haban
acudido
a
buscar
a
sus
retoos
se
desarrollaron escenas dramticas;
9
numerosas madres agolpadas ante las verjasde la entrada rompieron a llorarprorrumpiendo en gritos histricos;
10
algunos padres, indignados, la emprendieron a pedradas con los miembros de las fuerzas del orden all presentes, acusndoles de incompetencia. La polica, a su vez, acus al gobierno de faltade firmeza -es de suponer que el gobierno acuse prximamente a la oposicin. (5)
11
12
La situacin en el exterior se calm cuando, alrededor de las seis, dos chiquillos armadoscon metralletas irrumpieron en el patio de la escuela a fin de entregar un documento a las autoridades.
13
Por ahora
slo
se ha filtrado que dicho
documento est firmado por el G.A.P. (GrupoArmado Pacifista)
NOTES
(4) Un disparo: shot, discharge. Disparar: to discharge, fire.Disparar un tiro: to fire a shot.
Salir disparado: to start out ainning, to dash, to bolt. Cuando se enter sali disparado: When he got to know t, hestarted out running.
112
7
Some passers-by have said that shots wereheard from nside the school and that outside a great confusin reigned during the firstmoments.
8
In fact, amng the parents who had gone to take their "sprouts" dramatic scenes tookplace;
9
numerous mothers thronged n front of the
railing of the entrance burst nto tears and ntohysterical screams
10
some
indignant
parents
attacked
the
members of the plice torces who were there with stones, accusing them of ncompetence. 11 The plice, in turn, accused the government oflack of firmness - t is supposed that the government will soon accuse the opposition.
12
The situation outside calmed down when, atabout six o'clock, two kids armed with
machine-guns broke nto the patio of the school in order to hand over a document tothe authorities.
13
For the present the only thing that leaked outthat the document in question was signed by A.P.G. (Armed Pacifist Group)
NOTES (5) Remember: when an action s supposed, that s hypothetical,the subjunctive must be used.Lesson 22
113
14
y
que
una
de
las
exigencias
de
los
secuestradores es que se les abastezca de
regaliz, 15
bombones y caramelos suficientes
mientras duren las negociaciones.
A las ocho de la tarde, los jovenzuelos han
colgado en las ventanas del primer piso unapancarta en la que se puede leer: (6)
16
NO A LA VEJEZ! NO A UNA JUVENTUD
QUE NADA MS LLEGAR YA COMIENZA AACABARSE! (7)
17
Ampliaremos noticias sobre este suceso en el informativo de las once de la noche, horaoficial espaola. (8)
18
(Sintona musical)
NOTES
(6) A las ocho de la tarde: Evening n Spain begins later than n the majority of countries. Usually "tarde" s used until beforeabout nine o'clock.
(7) Nada ms + nfinitive:
expresses that as soon as an action Nada ms saberlo, me lo
happens another follows t.
comunic: As soon as he got to know t/Hardly had he got to know t, he reported t to me. This structure can only be usedwhen the subject of the two clauses s the same.
EJERCICIO I. 1. Sobre las cinco, hacia las cinco, a eso de las cinco o alrededor de las cinco. 2. Voy a
bajar al stano. 3. El nio es todava muy pequeo para ir a la escuela de prvulos. 4. Este edificio es de reciente construccin. 5. No pude acudir a lareunin.
114
14
and
that
one
of
the
demands
of
the
kidnappers s to be supplied with enough juice, bon-bons and candies for the time thenegotiations will last.
15
At
eight
o'clock
n
the
afternoon
the
youngsters hung a placard n the Windows of
the first floor where the following sentencescould be read:
16 17
NO OLD AGE! NO YOUTH THAT SHORTLY AFTER ARRIVING BEGINS TO BE OVER! We will give more information about the event in the news bulletin at eleven o'clock n theevening, according to official time n Spain.
18
(Musical tone)
NOTES (8) Ampliar to enlarge, amplify, extend, ncrease. Ampliar una casa: to enlarge a house. Ampliar los poderes: to extend the powers. Ampliacin de capital: ncrease of capital. Ampliar noticias sobre: to give more information about.
Correccin del ejercicio 1.1. At about ve o'clock 2. l'm going downto the basement. 3. The child is still very small to go to the nursery
school. 4. This building is a recent construction. 5.1 could not go to themeeting.
Lesson 22
115 EJERCICIO II. 1. When I announced t to him he burst into tears.
2.
The child calmed down and he could fall asleep.
3.
For the present, I don't have any news about him.
*************************************************
LECCIN VEINTITRSDejad que los nios se acerquen a m!
1
Al or la tercera seal sern exactamente las once de la noche, las diez en las IslasCanarias.
2
(Seal sonora.)
3 4
Diario hablado de la noche. Seoras y seores,buenas noches!
Conectamos inmediatamente con nuestros enviados especiales en Mlaga para darles a conocer las ltimas noticias en relacin con los graves acontecimientos que tienen lugar en
5
esa capital. Conectamos con Mlaga. S, aqu Mlaga. Buenas noches! Ya disponemos de nuevas informaciones con respecto al trgico suceso de hoy. (1)
NOTES
(1) Con respecto a, con respecto de, respecto a, respecto de:with regare! to. Respectivamente: respective ly.
116
4.
The negoiations will last one week.
5.
As soon as he arrived he had a bath.
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. Cuando se lo he anunciado, ha roto a llorar. 2. El nio se calm y pudo dormirse. 3. Por ahora, no tengo
noticias suyas. 4. Las negociaciones durarn una semana. 5. Nadams llegar ha tomado un bao.
*************************************************
LESSON TWENTY-THREELet the children approach me!
1
When you hear the third sign t will be exactly eleven o'clock n the evening, ten on CanaryIslands.
2
(Tone)
34
Evening journal. Ladies and gentlemen, goodevening!
We are going to connect you immediately to our special correspondent n Malaga in order to be able to give you the latest news in connection
with the serious events that are taking place inthat capital. We are connecting to Malaga.
5
Yes, here is Malaga. Good evening. We have
already got new information with regard totoday's tragic event.
Lesson 23
117
6
En efecto, se conoce ya la identidad de losdos terroristas que han entregado eldocumento a las autoridades:
7
se trata de Samanta de Vasy, de origen
francs, y de Juan Jos de Cabrales, de cinco y cuatro aos de edad respectivamente. 8 Aparentemente, ninguno de los dos infantes estaba todava fichado por los servicios depolica. (2)
9
A ese respecto hay que decir que, en el Congreso,momento Interior. (3)
elpara
jefe
de
laal
oposicinministro
hadel
interrumpido el debate que tena lugar en eseinterpelar
1011
ste ltimo ha respondido diciendoque, si bien era verdad que la natalidad haba descendido en los ltimos aos, todava no dispona de medios suficientes para poner aun guardia detrs de cada nio. (4)
12
Pero,
a
continuacin,
les
invitamos
a
escuchar un reportaje nico que, aunque de
mediana calidad dadas las condiciones enque trabajamos, da prueba de la
determinacin de los secuestradores.
NOTES
(2) Infante: prince; little boy.El cro: baby, child.
El retoo: sprout, shoot child.
Un hijo: son, Una hija: daughter.Los chiquillos: small boys or girls. Los jovenzuelos: youngsters.
118
6
In fact, the identity of the two terrorists who
handed over the document to the authorities salready known:
7
they are Samanta de Vasy, of French originand Juan Jos de Cabrales, aged five andfour, respectively.
8
Apparently, neither of the two children have had records at the plice.
9
In this respect t has to be mentioned that nthe Congress, the leader of the opposition
interrupted the debate that was going on at that moment n order to question the Ministerof the Interior.10 The latter answered saying
11
that although t was true that the birth-rate had dropped n the past few years, still he did not have sufficient means to put a guard behindeach child.
12
But, now we invite you to listen to the uniquereport that, in spite of its not good qualitywhich is due to the conditions in which we are
working, gives proof of the determination ofthe kidnappers.
NOTES (3) The Spanish Parliament (Cortes Generales) consists of two Chambers (Cmaras): the house of Representatives (Congreso de Diputados) and the Senate (Senado).
(4) After si bien and aunque the subjunctive s used when theaction is hypthetic. Aunque/Si bien llueva, ir\ a pasearme: Even f t rains I will go for a walk. When, however, it s a realfact, the ndicative is used. Aunque llueve, ir a pasearme: Although/Though t s raining, I will go for a walk.Lesson 23
119
13
Se trata de la contestacin que Samanta ha dado a su padre cuando ste, protegido por
un chaleco antibalas, se ha acercado a laentrada de la escuela y a gritos se ha dirigido a s hija. Escuchen:
14 Samanta, obedceme y entrega las armas, sino te quedars sin propina durante un mes!
(5)15Pap, vulvete a casa con mam y tranquilizaos, si no esto va a terminar en un bao de sangre! (6) 16 Desgarrador, seores! Desgarrador!
17 18
Segn fuentes prximas al Gobierno Civil, laoperacin estaba minuciosamente preparada.
S... Atencin, Madrid! Atencin! Retenemos la conexin durante unos instantes ya que enestos momentos se est remitiendo a los
medios informativos fotocopia del documentoen el que los terroristas dan cuenta de sus reivindicaciones. (7) 19 Si no lo veo, no lo creo!
NOTES (5) La propina: tip, gratuity. Here: pocket-money.(6) Tranquilizar, to calm somebody down. Tranquiliza a los nios!: Calm the children down!
Tranquilizad a vuestros padres!: Calm your parents down!Tranquilizarse: to calm down.
Tranquilzate!: Calm down! (second person singular) Tranquilizaos!: Calm down! (second person plural) Note that n case of reflexive verbs, n the imperativo form of
the second person plural the final "d" is dropped before thereflexive pronoun.
120
13
It s the answer that Samanta has given herfather When he, protected by a bullet-proofjacket, has approached the school and spoke
to his daughter shoutins. Listen: 14Samanta, obey me and hand over theweapons. If not, you will be left without pocketmoney for a month!
15 Daddy, go back home with Mum and calm down. If not, this will end in a blood-bath.
16
Heart-rending, ladies and gentlemen! Heartrending!
17
According
to
sourcesthe
near
thehad
Civilbeen
Government, 18
operation
prepared n detail.
Yes... Attention, going to retain
Madrid! Attention! the connection
We are some
for
moments as at this moment the media s
transmitting the photocopy of the document nwhichclaims. 19 If I don't see it, I don't believe it!
the terrorists give account
of their
NOTESOther examples:
Lavad el coche!: Wash the car!Wash (yourself) with this soap!
Lavaos con este jabn!:Vestios!: Get
Vestid a los nios!: Get the children dressed!(yourself) dressed!
There is only one exception, that of the verb irse. Idosambos!: Go away, both of you!
(7) Dar cuenta de: to inform of, give account of.Darse cuenta de: to realize.Lesson 23
121
20 21
Fantstico! Perdn, seores, increble! Una nica frase! Una nica reivindicacin!Leo textualmente y devuelvo la conexin:
22
LA JUBILACIN A LOS VEINTE AOS!
EJERCICIO I. 1. No tengo nada que decir a ese
respecto.
2.
No
disponemos
todava
de
las
informaciones necesarias para poder tomar unadecisin con respecto a ese tema. 3. El informe ha
sido entregado a la direccin. 4. Tiene el documento de identidad, por favor? 5. Respondidiciendo que no saba.
EJERCICIO II.
1.
I haven't realised.
2.
Even if it is cold, one will have to go.
3.
Under the given circumstances we will go tomorrow.
4.
Though he is ill, he can read.
5.
Place yourself here, children. nios!
122
20 21
Fantastic! Sorry, sirs, ncredible! A sol sentence! A sol claim! l'm going toread it literally then to give back the connection:
22
RETIREMENT AT THE AGE OF TWENTY!
Correccin del ejercicio I. 1. I have nothing to tell/say in thisrespect 2. We still don't have the necessary infrmation to be able to take the decisin. 3. The report has been handed over to the direction. 4. Have you got your identity card, please? 5. He answeredsaying that he didn't know.
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. No me he dado cuenta. 2. Aunque haga fro, habr que ir. 3. Dadas las circunstancias, nos remos maana. 4. Aunque est enfermo, puede leer. 5. Poneos aqu, -!
Lesson 23
123
LECCIN VEINTICUATROAragn 1 El antiguo reino de Aragn, que limita al norte con los Pirineos y al sur con el sistema Ibrico,es un extenso territorio cuyo eje es el Ebro. (1)
2
Aragn es tierra de paso, camino de Europa, como lo fuera de Santiago de Compostela yporque es, (2)
3
por una parte, puente geogrfico entre CastillaLa Mancha y Francia y, por otra, paso obligatorioentre los extremos oeste y este de la Pennsula.
4
La vertiente aragonesa de los Pirineos, al norte de Huesca, es un marco muy apreciado por los aficionados a los deportes de montaa, al esqu, al piragismo o por quienes, sencillamente, prefieren al tumultode las playas el contacto silencioso con lanaturaleza.
5
6
En
pleno Pirineo, a unos
1300 metros de
altitud, el Parque Nacional de Ordesa con sus bosques, cascadas, grutas y sus pintorescos paisajes constituye uno de los parajes ms bellos de la Comunidad. (3)NOTES
(1) Cuyo, -a, -os, -as can be translated by whose. It s not an nterrogative pronoun, only a relative pranoun that can refer to both persons and objects. It always precedes the noun t refers to and it s always n concordance with it both n number and gender.Zaragoza cuyo nombre...: Saragossa, whose name/the ame of which... (phrase 7)
El Monasterio de Piedra cuyo parque..: The Monastery of Rocks, the park of which... (phrase 15) Pilar cuya madre...: Pilar, whose mother...
This grammar point will be explained with more details in lesson 28.
124
LESSON TWENTY-FOURAragn
1
The ancient kingdom of Aragn, which borders on the Pyrenees on the North and on the
Iberian system on the South, is an extensiveterritory the axis of which s the river Ebro.2 Aragn s a land of passage on the way to
Europe, as it was the route to Santiago deCompostela and also it is because
3
on the one hand, it is a geographical bridge between Castile-La Mancha and France and, on the other hand, t is an obligatory passagebetween the western and the eastern extremes of the Pennsula.
4
The Aragonian slope of the Pyrenees, to the
North of Huesca,5 6
is a valued spot for the
devotees of mountain sports, ski, canoe or for those, who simply prefer the silent contact with nature to the tumult of beaches. In the Pyrenees at a height of 1300 metres, theNational Park of Ordesa, with its forests,
waterfalls,
caverns
and
its
picturesque
landscapes forms one of the most beautifulplaces of the Community.NOTES (2) The conjunction como followed by the mperfect of the
subjunctive shows a very sophisticated style. It is optional then.
Thus the phrase ...tierra de paso, camino de Europa, como lo fuera de Santiago... can be made up by: ...como lo haba sido... or ...como lo fue... . Another example from the language of the Press: Como dijera la semana pasada en el Parlamento el Ministro de Industria (or como dijo, como haba dicho): As the Minister of Industry had said n the Parliament last week. (3) Comunidad: Community. Here Comunidad with a capital "C" refers to La Comunidad Autnoma de Aragn, one of the 17 communities that make up Spain. (See lesson 2).Lesson 24
125
7
Siguiendo el viaje hacia el sur se llega a Huesca, la antigua Osea romana Augusto - Caesaragusta. y luego a
Zaragoza cuyo nombre le viene de Csar 8 Zaragoza, ciudad industrial y universitaria, rodeada de huertas regadas por el Ebro, es la capital de la Comunidad Autnoma. 9 Camino de Valencia, en el centro de un amplio circo de montaas, se encuentra la hidalga ciudad de Teruel. (4) Es Teruel el trmino de la ruta del mudejar aragons, que, por supuesto, pasa porTarazona, la Toledo aragonesa. (5)
10
11
Adems de por sus torres y otros monumentos mudejares, Teruel es conocidacomo la ciudad de los Amantes.
12
La celebracin de la Semana Santa en el Bajo
13
Aragn presenta particularidades nicas. Es de destacar la de Hjar, donde a partir de las doce de la noche del Jueves Santo comienzan a redoblar centenares de tambores llevados por los vecinos del pueblo.El impresionante desfile a travs de las calles
14
iluminadas por antorchas termina a las docede la noche del Sbado Santo.
NOTES (4) For the explanaron of the word hidalgo see Note 8 n lesson16.
(5) Los mudejares were Arab people who remained on the
Iberan Pennsula after the Reconquest as vassals of the Christians, but they kept their Islamic religin. The word mudejar also refers to a style n architecture where both Christian and Muhammedan elements appear.
126
7
Continuing the journey towards the South one arrives at Huesca, the ancient Romn Osea; and then at Saragossa, the ame of which comes from Augustus Caesar - CaesareaAugusta.
8
Saragossa,
industrial and
university town,
surrounded by huertas (vegetable gardensand orchards) irrigated by the river Ebro, s the
capital of the Autonomous Community.
9
On the way to Valencia, in the middle of an ampie circus of mountains, the noble town ofTeruel can be found.
10
Teruel is the end of the Aragonian mudejarroute that, naturally, passes through
11
Tarazona, the uAragonian Toledo". Moreover for its mudejar towers and othermonuments Teruel is known as the "Town of Lovers".
12 13
In Lower Aragn the celebration of the Holy Week presents unique particularices. That of Hjar must be emphasized where fromtwelve o'clock midnight on Holy Thursday
hundreds of drums carried by the inhabitantsof the village begin to resound.14 The impressive parade through the streets
lluminated
by torches finishes
at twelve
o'clock midnight on Holy Saturday.
Lesson 24
127
15
Si se toma la carretera que va de Zaragoza a Madrid se encontrar, al atravesar el valle del
Jaln, a pocos kilmetros de Calatayud, elMonasterio de Piedra cuyo parque es un
conjunto incomparable:
16
luz, agua, vegetacin y rocas se armonizan, a lo largo de un recorrido fascinante, como si se tratara de las notas de una sinfona. (6)
17
El aragons, como el entorno en que vive, esnatural y acogedor.
18
En cuanto al folklore baturro hay que decirque es uno de los ms conocidos fuera deEspaa ya que est centrado en torno a lafamosa jota. (7)
19
Y en lo que respecta a la gastronoma son de destacar el pollo y el cordero al chilindrn, ascomo el bacalao a la baturra.
20
El vino ms representativo de la regin?-El de Cariena.
NOTES
(6) Como si: As if. After this conjunction either the mperfect(referring to present) or the pluperfect (referring to past) of thesubjunctive must be used.
Habla como si le conociera: He speaks as f he knew him.
Habla como si se hubiera enconctrado con l: He speaks asf he had met him.
(7) El folklore baturro (aragons): Aragonian folklore. Aragoniansare also known by the ame los maos.
EJERCICIO I. 1. Le gusta mucho esquiar. 2. Era la casa cuyas ventanas estaban abiertas. 3. Usted
llegar siguiendo esta carretera. 4. En la EdadMedia, la palabra hidalgo tena otro sentido.5. Aunque es sueco habla italiano como si se tratarade su lengua materna.
128
15
Taking the highway that leads from Saragossa to Madrid, when you cross the valley of Jaln, you will be at a few kilometres from Calatayud,
the Monastery of Rocks, the park of which isan incomparable unit:
16
light, water, vegetation and rocks harmonizethroughout a fascinating journey as f theywere the notes of a symphony.
17 18
Aragonian men, like the environment in whichthey live, are natural and hospitable.
As for Aragonian folklore it must be mentioned that it is one of the most well-known ones
outside Spain since t is built around thefamous jota .
19
Concerning gastronomy, chicken and lamb la chilindrn as well as cod-fish la baturramust be highlighted.
20
The most representative wine of the regin? It is the one from Cariena.l GUSTA MUCHo
Correccin del ejercicio 1.1. He likes skng very much. 2. It was the house, the Windows of which were open. 3. You will arrive going on this highway. 4. In the Middle Ages the word hidalgo had another meaning. 5. Though he is Swedish he speaks Italian as if it were his mothertongue.
Lesson 24
129
EJERCICIO II.1. As he realizad that it was late, he took a taxi. de que , cogi un taxi.
2.
I prefer water sports.acuticos.
3.
Besides their firmness, Aragonian men are known for theirfrankness. determinacinfranqueza.
A************************************************
LECCIN VEINTICINCOUna maana, temprano
1 2
La ciudad comienza a despertarse. Poco a poco, el ruido de fondo se hace ms intenso. El trfico va hacindose denso: los primeros taxis y autobuses han de compartir la calzadacon las furgonetas de reparto y los coches de
quienes comienzan el trabajo a primera hora. (1) 3 Algunas tiendaspuertas.
ya empiezan
a
abrir sus
4
Delante de m, un joven con delantal y en mangas de camisa riega airoso un trozo deacera en el que se amontonan desordenadas las mesas y sillas de la terraza .
NOTES
(1) Ir + gerundive refers to a continuous action. (See note 6 of lesson 19.) Note the similar meaning of the phrase: se hace
ms intenso: it is becoming/getting more and more intense.(See lesson 21.)
130
4.
In this case it must be emphasized...
5.
Conceming the cost of reparation, I can't tell you anything atthe moment,
coste de la reparacindecirle .... por el momento.
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. Como se diera cuenta era tarde, - - . 2. Prefiero los deportes - . 3. Adems de por su - el aragons es conocido por su -. 4. En este asunto es de destacar... 5. En cuantoal , no puedo - nada .
*************************************************
LESSON TWENTY-FIVEOne day, eaiiy in the morning
1
The town s beginning to wake up. Little by little, background noise s getting more and moreintense.
2
Traffic s getting dense: the first taxis and buses
must share the road with delivery vans and withthe cars of those who begin work n the earlyhours.
3
Some shops are already beginning to opentheir doors.
4
In front of me, a young man with apron and inshirt-sleeves is watering gracefully the part of
the pavement where the tables and the chairsof the terrace are in a disarranged pile.
Lesson 25
131
5
Junto
a
una
boca
de
metro
en
cuyas
escaleras
silbotea
un
barrendero,
una
mquina de fotos, sostenida por dos manosjaponesas, mira fijamente a una seora que grita: (2) 6 El de la suerte! El de la suerte para hoy! (3) 7 Me siento en una terraza y al poco se presenta ante m un camarero de un blanco ynegro impecables.
8 Buenos das, seorita! Qu desea tomar?9 Un mosto, por favor. 10 Ahora mismo. 11 A poca distancia de donde estoy, un vendedor ambulante 12 Botijos! se desgaita para atraer la los atencin de los transentes: El arte al alcance de todos bolsillos! Regalen botijos! Compren botijos!
13
Aparato fotogrfico en bandolera, con camisahawaiana y pantalones cortos se acerca un
hombre al vendedor y pregunta:
14 Para qu sirve?
NOTES (2) Cuyo, -a, -os, -as can be used with a preposition as well. ...encuyas escaleras silbotea un barrendero: ...on the stairs ofwhich a sweeper s whistling.... una calzada en cuyo centro..:
... a road n the centre of which... . Lesson 28 will deal withrelative pronouns in more details.
(3) El de la suerte! that is El cupn de la suerte! In Spain lottery tickets are sold by blind men. ONCE - Organizacin Nacional de Ciegos Espaoles (National Organizaron of Spanish Blind Men) - organizes a lottery-game every day.
132
5
Near a metro entrance, on the stairs of which a sweeper s whistling, a camera hold by two
Japanese hands, s gazing at a lady firmly whos shouting:
6 The lucky one! The lucky one for today! 7 I sit down on the terrace and soon a waiter appears in front of me n faultless black and white. 8 Good morning, miss! What would you Nke tohave?
9 A must, please.
10 Right now.
11
Near the place where I am an ambulatory seller s shouting n order to draw the attentionof the passers-by.
12 Earthen jars! The art within everyone's reach! Give jars as gifts! Buy earthen jars! 13 Camera on his shoulder, a man with Hawaian shirt and shorts is approaching the seller andhe is asking:14 What is it good for?
Lesson 25
133
15 Para tener siempre al alcance agua fresquita.Souvenir of Spain, seor! -y... solcito, gota, echa un trago de demostracin; (4) el vendedor empina su botijo y, sin dejar caer una
16 17
acto seguido, tendindole el botijo, invita a sucliente a que le imite.
El turista, perplejo, parece no comprender ypregunta:
18 Cunto cuesta?
19 Mil doscientas. Mil doscientas -suelta sin dudar el granuja. (5) 20 El hombre escudria la mirada
pesetas de su
compaera, como si buscara aprobacin.
21
En ese momento se detiene ante el tendereteuna seora que, por lo que sobresale de su
bolsa, parece venir del mercado; y tambinpregunta:
22 A cunto estn?
23 A ochocientas cincuenta, seora, Regalados, seora! Regalados! (6)24 Qu barbaridad! Qu precios! Cmo se est poniendo la vida! -y la buena seora sigue su camino. (7)
NOTES
(4) Alcanzar: to catch up with, to reach. Es tan alto que alcanza el techo: He s so tall that he can reach the ceiling.Alcanzar a ver to see. Alcanzar a or to hear. Alcance: reach. Al alcance de uno: within one's reach.
Al alcance de la mano: at hand. (5) Soltar has various meanings. Remember that soltar has two past participles. Soltado is used n compound tenses (He soltado al perro: I released the dog.) while suelto s used as
an adjective (El caballo est suelto: The horse s free.).
134
15 To have fresh water always within Souvenir from Spain, mister! -
reach. and...
solicitous, the seller raises his jar and, without
letting a drop fall, pours a demonstration drink; 1617
Immediately afterwards, holding out the jars to his customer, he invites him to imtate him.The tourist, perplexed, seems not tounderstand and asks:
18 How much s it? 19One thousand two hundred. One thousand
two 20 21
hundred
pesetas -
lets
out without
hesitation the rascal.
The man scrutinizes the look of his companionas f he were lookng for approval.
At this moment a woman who, for what is standing out of her bag, seems to be coming from the market, stops n front of the stall; andalso asks:
22 How much are they?
23 Eight hundred fifty, madam. As if they weregifts, madam! Given as gifts!
24 What nonsense! What pnces! How expensive life is becoming! - and the good lady goes on.
NOTES 6) Regalar: to give as a gift or present.
Regalados!: As if they were given as a gift. It costs nothing.
(7) Qu barbaridad!: My goodness! What nonsense! What anatrocity! It is incredible!Lesson 25
135
25
Yo me levanto, sonro y prosigo alegre mipaseo matinal. (8)
NOTES
(8) Proseguir is conjugated as seguir and sonrer as rer. Notethat irregular verbs with prefixes are conjugated the same way as their simple model. Other examples from th!s lesson: atraer
like fraer (phrase 11), detener like tener (phrase 21).
EJERCICIO 1.1. sa es la cafetera en cuya terrazatomamos ayer el aperitivo. 2. Es una suerte que
hayis podido venir. 3. Djame el diccionario al
alcance de la mano, creo que lo necesitar. 4. Si usted tuviera suelto, me vendra bien. 5. Qubarbaridad! Hay muchsimo trfico.
136
25
I stand up, smile and continu my morningwalk cheerfully.
EJERCICIO II. Conjgate the following 12 verbs n the presenttense and give their first person singular and plural:
Verb 1. comenzar2. despertarse3. empezar 4. regar 5. sentarse 6. servir 7. tender 8. parecer 9. soltar 10. seguir
first person singular first person plural
11. sonrer 12. proseguir
Correccin del ejercico I. 1. This is the caf on the terrace of which we had the appetzer yesterday. 2. This is good luck that you con Id come. 3. Leave the dictionary for me at hand, I think I will need t. 4. Ifyou had small change, it would suit me. 5. It s ncredible! There is a lot of traffic.
***
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. Comienzo, comenzamos. 2. Me despierto, nos despertamos. 3. Empiezo, empezamos. 4. Riego,regamos. 5. Me siento, nos sentamos. 6. Sirvo, servimos. 7. Tiendo, tendemos. 8. Parezco, parecemos. 9. Suelto, soltamos. 10. Sigo, seguimos. 11. Sonrio, sonremos. 12. Prosigo, proseguimos.Lesson 25
137
LECCIN VEINTISISFrancisco de Goya y Lucientes
12
Goya naci en Fuendetodos -Zaragoza-, en1746.
Dio
sus
primeros
pasos
como
pintor
en
Zaragoza, Madrid e Italia, pas al que viaj en1771 y en el que se puso en contacto con la
obra pictrica ms sobresaliente de Europa. 3 En 1773 lleg a Madrid y contrajo matrimoniocon la hermana de Francisco Bayeu, pintor dela Corte. (1)
4
Poco a poco se convierte en el pintor predilecto de sta; bajo Carlos IV, es nombrado pintor delrey. (2)
5 6
En
1792
fue
atacado
por
una
grave
enfermedad que le dej sordo.
El hasta entonces pintor de un mundo alegrese concentra en s mismo. (3)
7
El
nuevo
Goya
abandona
el
Rococ
y
comienza a explorar los ms oscuros recodosdel alma humana, convirtindose en testigo
ardoroso de las fuerzas ocultas que la habitan.
NOTES
(1) Contraer to contract.
Contraer matrimonio con: to contract a marriage with, to getmarried to.
(2) Predilecto: favourite.
Predileccin: preditection, preference. El alumno predilecto: the favourite pupil.
138
LESSON TWENTY-SIXFrancisco de Goya y LucientesGoya was born in Fuendetodos - Saragossa -,n 1746.
He
took
his
first
steps
as
a
painter
in
Saragossa, Madrid and Italy, country which he
travelled to in 1771 and where he carne into contact with theworks of Europe.
most outstanding
pictorial
In 1773 he arrived at Madrid and got married to the sister of Francisco Bayeu, painter of theCourt.
Little by little he becomes the favourite painter there, and under Charles IV he s appointed theking's painter.
In 1792 he was attacked by a serious illnes thatleft him deaf.
The man that had been the painter of a joyfulworld until then concentrates on himself.
The
new Goya
abandons the
Rococ
and
begins to explore the darkest corners of human
soul,
by converting
himself into an
ardent
witness of the occult forces that live in it.
NOTES (3) El hasta entonces pintor or el que haba sido pintor hasta
entonces: the man who "had been a painter until then. Thedefinite article el refere to a masculine noun n the singular.
Thus the definite articles can be used to avoid the repetitionof nouns.
Tu punto de vista y el de tu amigo: your viewpoint and that ofyour friend.Lesson 26
139
8
Reflejo de ello sern los Caprichos -El sueo de la razn produce monstruos. (4)
9
En esos grabados, constituye el
la fealdad,
llevada en de los
ocasiones hasta los lmites de lo monstruoso,
medio
expresivo
innumerables rasgos de la maldad y de laestupidez humanas.
10
Crmenes, locura y todo tipo de desafuerosson representados por seres de pesadilla, deformes, repulsivos, inhumanos.
11
En
1808 Goya
presenci ende la
Madridde
lasla
primeras
escenas
Guerra
Independencia, que recoger en la serie LosDesastres de la guerra unos aos ms tarde.
12
A partir de 1814, alejado de la Corte, realiza dos series de grabados: Los Disparates y LaTauromaquia. (5) (6)
1314
A la vuelta del absolutismo, en 1824, se exilia en Burdeos, donde muere en 1828.La pintura de Goya influy en numerosos
pintores del siglo XIX y XX.15 El romanticismo -Delacroix- supo captar sugran sentido del color y del inconformismo.
$E HA CADO
Lesson 43
241
LECCIN CUARENTA Y CUATROBaleares y Canarias: Espaa insular Las islas Baleares 1 Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera y
Cabrera
son
las
principales
islas
del
archipilago balear,valenciana. (1)
situado en
aguas del
Mediterrneo, frente a las costas catalana y
2
De los tiempos prehistricos, en los que ya estaban habitadas, quedan hoy como huellas representativas monumentos ciertas variedades de megalticos -talayots,
navetas y taulas. (2) (3) (4) 3 4 Hoy en da, se han convertido en una de lasmetas del turismo internacional. (5)
La capital, Palma de Mallorca, registra la mayor
concentracinEspaa.
hotelera
de
Europa.
Su
aeropuerto es uno de los de mayor trfico de 5 Al otro lado de la isla, a unos 10 km. deManacor,Drach:
donde se producen
las famosas
perlas artificiales, se encuentran las cuevas del6 grutas naturales en las que se pueden recorrer
en bote numerosos lagos subterrneos. (6)
NOTES
(1) Principal (adjective): principal, main, chief.(2) Habitar, to nhabit, dwell, live, reside. Habitante: nhabitant, resident; citizen. (3) Huella: tread, trace, track; footprint, footstep.
242
LESSON FORTY-FOURBalearte and Canary Islands: Insular SpainBalearic Islands
1
Majorca,
Minorca,
Ibiza,
Formentera
and
Cabrera are the main islands of the Balearic
archipelago, which is situated in Mediterraneanwaters, opposite the Catalonian and Valenciancoasts.
2
Frorn prehistoric times, at which they were already inhabited, certain varieties of megalithicmonuments - "talayots", "navetas" and "taulas" - remain today as representative traces.
34
Nowadays they have become one of the goalsof international tourism.
The capital, Palma de Mallorca, registers the highest concentration of hotels in Europe. Its airport s one of the busiest ones of Spain.
5
At the other side of the island, at about 10 kms from Manacor, where the famous artificialpearls are produced, we can find the caves ofDrach:
6
natural caves, in which one can travel throughvarious subterranean lakes by boat.
NOTES
(4) Talayots, navetas, taulas: ames given to the megalithicmonuments that appear in different forms and shapes on the Baleario Islands.(5) Meta: goal, finish une; purpose, aim.
Guardameta: goalkeeper.
(6) Cueva, gruta or caverna: cave, grotto, cavern.Lesson 44
243
7
Si se va a pie, para llegar a cada uno de los lagos hay que atravesar desfiladeros, salas, bajadas, subidas y pasadizos: un vasto
laberinto 8
de
decorados
naturales
de
estalactitas y estalagmitas.
Manon, en Menorca -isla menos turstica perono menos seductora- dio su nombre a laclebre salsa mayonesa -mahonesa.
9
I biza es la isla ms risuea, quiz por estarmejor irrigada. La capital, la ciudad blanca, rene arte y hechizo natural. (7) (8)
Las islas Canarias
10
Al noroeste de la costa africana, las Canarias, incorporadas a Espaa al final de la Edad Media, constituyen un archipilago volcnicoque la antigua tradicin relacion con la mticaAtlntida.
11
Hasta el siglo XV estuvieron habitadas por losguanches.
12
En el puerto de la Luz, en Las Palmas -GranCanaria-, hicieron escala las carabelas que
llevaron a Coln a Amrica. 13 14 Hoy, Las Palmas es una ciudad moderna y rica. Es tambin un puerto de primer orden. El puerto franco de Santa Cruz -Tenerife- esuna escala muy frecuentada. Numerosos
viajeros adquieren all los finos encajes deTenerife.NOTES (7) Risueo, -a: pleasant, smiling, cheerful. Ibiza es la isla ms risuea: Ibiza is the most pleasant sland.Ella es una persona risuea: She s a cheerful person.
244
7
If you go on foot, n order to get to each lake you have to cross defiles, with natural decoration halls, ups and anddowns and passages: an immense labyrinth
of stalactites
stalagmites.
8
Manon, n Minorca - less visited by tourists
but not less seductive - gave his ame to thefamous mayonnaise sauce - "mahonesa".9 Ibiza s the most pleasant sland, maybe
because t s better irrigated. The capital, the"white town", unites arts and natural charm.Canary Islands
10
To the northwest of the African coasts, the Canary Islands, ncorporated nto Spain at the end of the Middle Ages, form a volcanc archipelago that was related to the mythicalAtlantis by the ancient tradition.
11
Till the 15th century they were nhabited by the"Guanches".
12
The caravels that took Columbus to Amricacalled at the port of Luz, n Las Palmas Grand Canary.
13 14
Today Las Palmas s a modern and rich town.It is also a first class port.
The free port of Santa Cruz - Tenerife - s a frequented port of cali. Numerous travellers acquire there the fine laces of Tenerife.
NOTES
(8) Hechizo: chanm, spell, enchantment; fascination.Hechizar, to bewitch, charm. Brujo: wizard, magician, sorcerer.Bruja: witch, sorceress.Lesson 44
245
15
En el centro de la isla se encuentra el Pico deTeide, gigantesco cono que alcanza 3718 metros de altura. (9)
16
En Fuerteventura, donde todava se puedenencontrar playas solitarias, hay lugares pintorescos muy adecuados para la pesca submarina. (10)
17
Lanzarote es la isla de belleza ms extraa.
En efecto, constituida por masas baslticas,gran parte del piso est configurado por infinidad de crteres aislados o formando cordilleras de aspecto entre negro y verde.
18
En la isla de La Palma, en un grandioso crter, se encuentra el Parque Nacional deTaburiente.
19
Gomera,valles.
silvestre y rocallosa, tiene
ricos
20
Hierro, en la punta oeste del archipilago, marcaba, hasta el descubrimiento de Amrica, el lmite del mundo conocido. Una remota literatura clsica asocia a LasCanarias, geogrfica y mitolgicamente, conel mito de la Atlntida.
21
22
Hornero, Platn y otros sabios griegos, refirindose a las Islas Canarias hablan delJardn de las Hesprides. (11)
NOTES
(9) Pico: beak (of a bird); peak; odd, and a little more. Callar el pico: to hold one's tongue. El Pico de Teide: the peak of Teide. Diez libras y pico: ten pounds odd.Son las diez y pico: It s some minutes past ten.
246
15
The Pico de Teide, gigantic cone that reaches3718 meters of height, can be found in thecentre of the island.
16
In Fuerteventura, where you can
still find
solitary beaches, there are picturesque places
that are very adequate for submarine fishing.
17
Lanzarote is an island with the most peculiarbeauty. In fact, constructed by basalt lump,
great part of the ground is shaped by infinitenumber of craters that are isolated or thatform chains of mountains with an appearance that vares between black and green. 18 In the island of La Palma, in a grand crter, we
can find the National Park of Taburiente. 19 Gomera, wild and rocky, has rich valleys.
20
Hierro, at the western point of the archipelago, marked, till the discovery of Amrica, the limitof the known world.
21
A remote classical literature associates the
Canary 22 Homer,
Islands, Plato and
geographically
and
mythologically, with the myth of the Atlantis. other Greek scholars,
referring to the Canary Islands, speak about the Garden of Hesperides.
NOTES
(10) Solitario, -a: solitary, lone, lonely; secluded. (11) Sabio, -a: learned, wise. Un sabio: a learned/wise person, scholar, scientist.Lesson 44
247
23
Los romanos las llamaban Islas Afortunadas-nombre que an conservan hoy. (12)
EJERCICIO I. 1. En los tiempos prehistricos los hombres vivan en cuevas. 2. Veo sus huellas en la arena. 3. Este ao se ha registrado ms trfico en el aeropuerto. 4. Tenemos intencin de recorrer la costa cantbrica. 5. Irs a pie o en coche?
EJERCICIO II.
1.
All the journalists were registered on enterng the door.Han
2.
He s someone who has a cheerful personality.
3.
The investment will be a little more than fve million.
4.
/ like reading mythological histories.
5.
His intervention was not very fortnate.
248
23
The Romans called them Fortnate Islands a ame that s still conserved.
NOTES
(12) Afortunado, -a: lucky, fortnate, happy.Afortunadamente: fortunately.
Fortuna: fortune, chance, luck; fate. Un hombre afortunado: a lucky man. Es poco afortunado: It is not very successful.
Correccin del ejercicio I. 1. At prehistoric times people lived in caves. 2.1 can see his footsteps in the sand. 3. This year more traffic has been registered at the airport. 4. We have the intention oftravelling through the Cantabrian coast. S. Will you go on foot or bycar?
(veo sa HueuAt, ^4
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. - registrado a todos los periodistas alpasar la puerta. 2. Es alguien que tiene una personalidad risuea.
3. La inversin ser de cinco millones y pico. 4. Me gusta leer historias mitolgicas. 5. Su intervencin fue poco afortunada.Lesson 44
249
LECCIN CUARENTA Y CINCODecir (1)1 Decir?
2
S, pero qu?
3 45
Ni que
decir tiene que,
a
pesar de
su
sencillez, el asunto es complejo. (2) En efecto, los hay, por ejemplo, que no dicenni po, (3) los hay que siempre hallan que decir,
6
los hay que, preocupados por el qu dirn, hablan para que no se diga, (4)
789
los hay que creen que todo se puede decircon flores, (5)
los hay que se limitan a dar que decir, (6)los hay que dicen misa, (7)
1011
los hay que con una mirada lo pueden decirtodo,
y los hay tambin -los ms numerosos- que, sin decir agua va, hablan por hablar, y (8)
12
a decir verdad, por ms que digan, nuncadicen nada.
NOTES
(1) Decir to say, talk, tell, speak. (2) Ni que decir tiene: It is not necessary to say it; it's obvious.
(3) No decir ni po: not to say a word, to say nothing.Po: peeping (of birds).
(4) El que dirn: What people may say (public opinin).(5) Flores: here refers to compliments, flattery.
250
LESSON FORTY-FIVESaying 1 To say?
2 3
Yes, but what? It s obvious that, in spite of ts simplicity, the subject s complex.
4 56
In fact, there are people, for example, thatdon't say a word
there are people that always find something tosay,
there are people who, worried about what people say, speak "so that people should notsay anything", there are people who believe that everything
789
can be told by "flowers", there are people who confine themselves tocause gossip,there are people who say masses,
10
there are people who can tell everything by alook,
11
and there are also others - the majority - who without warning, speak for the pleasure of it,and to tell the truth, the more they say they never say anything.
12
NOTES
(6) Dar que decir: to cause criticism, gossip, trouble, suspicion,grief. (7) Decir misa: to say a mass. In a figurative sense it means: to
celbrate something.
(8) Sin decir agua va: to warn. This expression comes from the times when houses did not have canalizaron and dirty water was poured into the street through the Windows. The sentence: Agua va! was shouted to warn passers-by.Lesson 45
251
13 14
A esos especialistas del palabreo que, dichosea de paso, lo dice todo a su respecto, (9)
lo menos que se les puede decir, si no se lesdice adis, y
15 16 17
a falta de decirles cuatro frescas, es: (10) Eso se dice pronto o Eso no me dicenada o, (11)
si se est de humor -y sonriendo de oreja aoreja- No me diga!; expresiones todasque, (12)
18
en determinadas circunstancias pueden ser reemplazadas por un seco Pero, qu medice?
19
Spase que, para colmo, muchos de ellos songente capaz de soltarle luego a escalofriante (13) uno un
20
21
Haberlo dicho! y... eso si no tienen todava cuerda paraarrancar de nuevo diciendo:
NOTES
(9) Palabreo: the act of speaking a lot. (10) La fresca: truth, reality. (11) Eso se dice pronto: It s so easy, that t can be said very fast, without having to think.
252
13
To this specialists of speaking a lot, to mentiont by the way, who tell everything about thesubject,
14
the less you can tell, if you do not say goodbye, and
1516
for want of telling them four pieces of truth,"This s easy to tell" or "This does not tell me anything" or,
1718 19
f you are in a good mood - and, smiling widely- "No kidding!"; they are all expressions that in certa i n circumstances can be replaced by adry "But, what are you telling me?"
You should know that, to add insult to injury,many of them are people who are then, able to drop you a blood-curdling
20
"It must have been said!",
21
and... this if they still feel free to start againsaying:
NOTES
(12) No me diga!: It s not possible! It is unbelievable! No kidding!(13) Colmo: height, limit. Ser el colmo: It s the limit. It is the last straw. It is too much.To add insult to injury.Lesson 45
253
2223
No, no, donde digo "digo" no digo "digo" sinoque digo "Diego".
Delante de esos, y cuando a uno no le golpeaen la cabeza el famoso
24
Dime con quin andas y te dir quin eres,(14)
252627 28 29
suele ocurrir que uno se dice para susadentros: (15)
Digo! Qu ocasin para cerrar el pico! (16) (17)Dicho de otra manera, a modo de resumen, y por decirlo con palabras de un gran orador: Huelga decir, y no es por decir, que "decir" es
mucho decir -dgamelo a m!- luego. (18) 3031 32 33 34 35trecho;
aada
En fin, ya se sabe: del dicho al hecho hay unpero... lo dicho, dicho est; no se lo dir dos veces!; en consecuencia... no le digo ms!As pues...
Lo que usted diga! (19)
NOTES
(14) Dime con quin andas y te dir quin eres. (Lit: Tell me who you are going out with and I will tell you who you are.): Birdsof a feather flock together.
(15) Decir para sus adentros or decir para s: to say to oneself.
254
22
"No, no, where I say 'say' I don't say 'say' butI say 'Diego'."
2324 25 26 2728
Facing this, and when one's head s not beingbeaten by the famous
"Birds of a feather flock together." it often happens that one says to himself: "That's it! What an occasion to hold one's tongue!" To say t n another way, to sum it up,and to say t with the words of a great orator:
29
"Needless to say, and it is not for saying t, that'to say' is much to say - tell t to me!" he addedlater.
30 31 32 3334
In short, it s already known: Between sayingand doing there is a long road.;
but... what is said, is said; I won't say it twice!; consequently... I won't tell you more!So then...
35
You decide!
NOTES
(16) Digo!: I believe t! That's sure! That's t! This expressionshows surprise, astonishment. (17) Cerrar el pico: (Lit: to cise the beak.) To hold one's tongue. (18) Huelga decir Needless to say.
(19) Lo que usted diga!: It will happen as you like! You can decide!Lesson 45
255
EJERCICIO (repase las expresiones -el primer nmero remite ala frase, el segundo a la nota):
Ni que decir tiene No decir ni poHallar que decir
3,24,3 5,-
El qu dirn Para que no se diga Dar que decir Decir misa Sin decir agua va A decir verdad Por ms que digan Dicho sea de paso
6,4 6,8,6 9,7 11,8 12,12,13,-
Decirlo todo Lo menos que se puede decir Decir adis Decirle a alguien cuatro frescas Eso se dice pronto Eso no me dice nada No me diga! Qu me dice? Haberlo dicho! Dime con quin andas y te dir quin eres Decirse para sus adentros Digo!Dicho de otra manera
13,14,14,15,10 16,11 16,17,12 18,20,24,14 25,15 26,1627,-
Por decirlo con palabras de... Huelga decir No es por decir Es mucho decir Dgamelo a m! Del dicho al hecho hay un trecho Lo dicho, dicho est
28,29,18 29,29,29,30,31,-
No se lo dir dos veces! No le digo ms! Lo que usted diga!
32,33,35,19
256
Lesson 45
257
LECCIN CUARENTA Y SEISEl que sabe, sabe (1)
1 Hola! Hace tiempo que no te vea! Qu tal tu nuevo negocio de conservas? (2) 2 Viento en popa! Fue una buena idea; desde el primer da todo marcha como sobre ruedas. Sabes que voy para rico? (3) (4) 3 Me alegro por ti, pues te lo mereces por trabajador, por listo, por honrado, por... (5) (6) 4 Claro que s! Lo que hace falta es honradez; eso digo yo: vender bueno y barato. 5 Mira, llegas a punto, aqu traigo una muestra. 6 No tiene mala pinta; qu es eso? 7 Pues, pasta de hgado, foie gras. Prubalo. 8 No sabe mal. Y a cmo lo vendes? 9 Baratsimo. A cuatrocientas la lata de doscientos cincuenta gramos. (7)
NOTES
(1) El que sabe, sabe: This saying expresses recognition ofclevemess and skilfulness. Another saying:
El que sabe no es el que todo lo sabe, sino el que sabe donde est lo que no sabe: The one who knows is not the one who knows everything but the one who knows where t s what hedoes not know.
(2) Qu tal?: What s it like? How s t going? How is t gettingalong?
(3) Marchar sobre ruedas: (Lit: to be going as if on wheels.) to berunning smoothly, be rolling along fine. (4) Ir para: to be directed at, be meant for. (5) Me alegro por ti: I am glad for you.
Me alegro de encontrarme contigo: I am glad to meet you.
258
LESSON FORTY-SIXThe one who knows, knows
1 Helio! I have not seen you for a long time! How s your new business of preserves going? 2 Wind n stern! It was a good dea; from the first day everything is going along fine. Do you knowthat I am going to be rich?
3 I am glad for you, well you deserve t for being hard-working, clever, honest...4 Of course! What s necessary is honesty; that is what I say: to sell good and cheap.5 Look, you are coming at the right moment, hereI have a sample with me. 6 It doesn't look bad; what is it?
7 Well, liver paste, "foie gras". Try it.
8 It doesn't taste bad. At what price do you sell it? 9 Very cheap. Four hundred a tin of two hundredand fifty grams.
NOTES
(6) Te lo mereces por trabajador or por ser trabajador or porque eres trabajador You deserve it for being hard-working orbecause you are hard-working.(7) Lata: tin, can. En lata: tinned, canned.
Una lata de sardinas: a tin of sardines. Sardinas en lata: tinned sardines. An expression:
Darla lata: to annoy, bother, bore, kick up a fuss. Anoche nos
dio la lata con la narracin de su niez: Last night he bored usby narrating his childhood.
Qu lata!: What a drag!Lesson 46
259
10 A cuatrocientas? Imposible! A ese precio nopuede ser verdadero foie gras. Habr algoms. (8)
11 Palabra de honor!... ya sabes...
12 Mira... yo no soy un cliente y no dir nada.Puedes decirme la verdad.
13 Te juro que... 14 Anda, ya s lo que son los negocios. Teprometo que no dir nada; confiesa que... 15 Pues s, algo ms hay. 16 Qu es?
17 Carne de cerdo, pero poca cosa. (9)
18 Sin duda, todo es cuestin de proporcin. 19 S, no quiero engaara nadie, yo soy honradoy me gusta el equilibrio; pongo mitad de uno y
mitad de otro... as, alternando: un cerdo, unaoca, un cerdo, una oca... y as
sucesivamente.
EJERCICIO 1.1. Qu tal el coche nuevo? 2. Qu dices? Tanto mejor o tanto peor? 3. Se interesa mucho por su trabajo. 4. Se alegr de vernos. 5. Lo que hace falta es que puedas venir.
260
10Four hundred? Impossible! At this price itcannot be real liver paste. There must besomething else.
11 Word of honour!... you know... 12 Look... I am not a customer and I won't say aword. You can tell me the truth.
13 I swear that...
14 Come on, I know what business s. I promise you that I won't say a word; confess that... 15 Well, yes, there s something else. 16 What s t? 17 Pork, but not much. 18Doubtless, everything s a question ofproportion.
19Yes, I don't want to cheat anybody, I am honest and I like balance; I put half of one thing and half of the other one... n this way, alternating: a pig, a goose, a pig, a goose...and so on.
NOTES
(8) The future of the ndicative may express probability in thepresent (Habr algo ms: There must be something else. Tu
corbata estar en la silla: Your tie may be on the chair.) The same way the future perfect can express probability n the past (Va habrn llegado todos: All of them might have arrived.) (9) Cerdo means both the animal (pig, swine) and its meat (pork) but we can also refer to pork as carne de cerdo.
Correccin del ejercicio I. 1. What is the new car like? 2. What areyou saying? So much better or so much worse? 3. He is very interested n his Job. 4. He was glad to see us. 5. What is necessary is that you could come.Lesson 46
261 EJERCICIO II.1. His studies are rolling along fine.
2.
You are coming just at the right moment, I want to speak toyou.
3.
// does not look bad. I am going to try it on./
*************************************************
LECCIN CUARENTA Y SIETELa carta comercial (1) 1 Hoy en da, las cartas comerciales se redactan
de una manera ms libre, con un estilo msespontneo.
2
Como
el
conjunto
de
la
lengua,
la
correspondencia comercial se transforma y seadapta a las nuevas realidades del entorno social y econmico.
3
Independientemente de la presentacin misma de una carta comercial -la veremos ms adelante-, se ha de tener en cuenta una serie de pautas de tipo general; (2) he aqu las ms importantes: - claridad en la exposicin de las ideas,- sencillez de las formas,
4
56
NOTES
(1) In Spanish we can use the definite article and the singular to speak about something in general. La vaca da leche: A cow gives milk or Cows give milk.(2) Cuenta: account; bil.Hacer cuentas: to cast accounts. Cuenta comente: current account.
262 4. By now he may have gone to eat
5.
Do you want something else? No, nothing else. Thank you.
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. Sus estudios marchan como sobre ruedas. 2. Llegas a punto, quera hablarte. 3. No tiene mala pinta. Voy a probarlo. 4. A esta hora, se habr ido a comer. 5. Quiere algo ms?No, nada ms. Gracias.*************************************************
LESSON FORTY-SEVENCommercial letters
12
Nowadays commercial letters are composed na freer way, n a more spontaneous style.
The
same
way
as
the
whole
language, and
commercial
correspondence
changes
adapts tself to the new realities of the socialand economic environment. 3 Independently of the layout itself of a commercial letter - we will see t later on - one has to take into account a series of generalrules;
4
here are the most important ones:
56
- cleamess n the exposition of deas,- simplicity of form,
NOTES A fin de cuentas: after all.
En resumidas cuentas: n short, to sum up. Dar cuenta de: to nform of. Darse cuenta de: to realise.
Tener en cuenta: to take nto account, bear in mind.Lesson 47
263
7 8
- brevedad y concisin (se ha de evitar lasfrases recargadas),
- correccin (no slo gramatical sino tambin en la relacin humana que se establece con eldestinatario),
9
- originalidad (el aspecto formal de la relacinprofesional no ha de impedir el aportepersonal de quien escribe).
1011
PRESENTACINCOMERCIAL
DEa
UNAlas
CARTAde
En
lo
que
concierne
normas
presentacin usuales, se pueden establecer las siguientes: 12 a) El membrete: una empresa ha de escribir
las cartas en papel con membrete. ste, engeneral, va impreso en la parte superior del papel y vara en funcin del grafismo elegidopor la empresa. (3)
13
En l se encuentran
la razn social,
la
direccin de la empresa y los nmeros de telex y de telfono.14 Si el papel utilizado no lleva membrete, la
direccin del remitente se escribir arriba, a laderecha.
15 16
b) La fecha: va debajo de la direccin de laempresa u otro remitente. (4)
c) La direccin del destinatario: se escribe arriba, en la parte izquierda, despus de lafecha.
17
La direccin habr de ser exactamente lamisma que la que se escriba en el sobre.
NOTES
(3) En funcin de: according to, n terms of.
264
7 8
- briefness
and
conciseness
(too
long
sentences must be avoided), - correctness (not only grammatically butalso in the human relation that s establishedwith the addressee),
9
- originality
(the
formal
aspect
of
the
professional relationship should not mpede the
personal contribution of the one who writes it). 1011 12
LAYOUT OF A COMMERCIAL LETTERAs far as the usual norms of layout are concerned, we can establish the following: a) The heading: a company should write their letters on a paper with heading on it. It is
usually printed on top of the paper and tvares according to the graphics elected bythe company.
13
The trade ame, the address of the company
and the telex and telephone numbers can befound in t.
14
If the paper used does not have the headingon, the address of the sender is written on top, on the right.
15 1617
b) The date: it goes below the address of thecompany or another sender.
c) The address of the addressee: it is writtenat the top, on the left, after the date.The address must be exactly the same as the one that is written on the envelope.
NOTES (4) The date can be written n different ways. Let's see the mostcommon ones:
Sevilla, 23 de marzo de 1995 Abril 17, 1989
En Madrid a 30 de septiembre de 1993.Lesson 47
265
18
Debajo del nombre del destinatario se escribir el nombre de la calle y el nmero; en la lnea siguiente la poblacin y, si ha lugar, el distrito postal. (5) (6) (7) d) La referencia: se coloca debajo de la direccin del destinatario y suele incluir un nmero y unas iniciales. (8) e) El asunto: arriba a la izquierda, debajo de las referencias, se indica o se reucerda deforma muy sucinta el tema de la carta.(contina en la leccin 48)UNA CARTA C0MERCAL NO UA VE ESTIXR BXEAJZA D
19
20
EJERCICIO I. 1. debe adaptarse
La
a
correspondencia comercial la realidad del entorno
socioeconmico. 2. Una carta comercial no ha deestar exenta de originalidad. 3. Ha expresado su
punto de vista con concisin. 4. Quin es el remitente? 5. Este equipo trabajar bajo su direccin.NOTES
(5) If the letter s addressed to a person, his ame should be written
before the address rtserf. His Chrstian ame and smame is
preceded by Sr. D. (seor don) or Sra. D.a (seora doa).Sr. D. Juan Mateos
Sra. D.a Pilar Guzmn
266
18
The ame of the street and the number are
written under the ame of the addressee; n the following line the town and, f there isspace, the postal code.
19
d) The reference: t s put under the address of the addressee and t usually ncludes anumber and some nitials. e) The subject: at the top, on the left, under the references, the subject of the letter is
20
ndicated or reminded briefly. (contines in lesson 48)NOTES
The professional title s only preceded by Sr. or Sra. (Sr. Director General). In plural Sres. (seores) s used (Sres. Garca, Domnguez y Merino). The ame of the person can be preceded by the word Atencin: or Atn: (Atn: Sr. D. CarlosManuel Prez Luz).
(6) The correct address looks like this:
Sra. D.a Pilar GmezCJ Mara de Molina, 2528024 MadridEspaa
See also Note 3 of Lesson 3.
(7) Debajo de and bajo are both translated by: under, beneath but the first one more concretely refers to a place and the second one s more abstract. El perro est debajo de la mesa: The dog s under the table. Sufren bajo su tirana: They sufferunder his tyranny. Bajo pena de muerte: on pain of death.
(8) The reference s usually preceded by S/ref. (su referencia: your reference) or N/ref. (nuestra referencia: our reference) oronly Ref.
Correccin del ejercicio I. 1. Commercial correspondence should
adapt tself to the reality of the socioeconomic environment. 2. A commercial letter should not be exempt from originality. 3. He has expressed his point of view briefly. 4. Who is the sender? 5. This teamwill work under his direction.Lesson 47
267
EJERCICIO II. 1. We have been negistened in the Company Register for two years.
2.
Valencia, 19th March, 1992
Valencia, .19 3.
1992
We don' have more window envelopes.
*************************************************
LECCIN CUARENTA Y OCHOLa carta comercial (continuacin)
1 2
Despus de haber indicado el asunto de que setrata se pasa al saludo.
3
f) El saludo: la frmula se escribe a la izquierda y va seguida de dos puntos, y no de una coma. La primera letra va, por supuesto, en mayscula. (1) g) El texto de la carta: entre las distintasmaneras de dos: presentarlo conviene destacar
4
- El estilo semibloque: el principio de cada
prrafo se encuentra ligeramente desplazado hacia el interior; la fecha, la despedida y lafirma se escriben a la derecha, con el mismomargen.
NOTES
(1) The most common formulas of salutation are the following: Seor (seora, seores, seoras)... In this case abbreviations(Sr, Sres, etc.) should be avoided.
268
4.
We will sit down under that tree.ese
5.
When you write to us, always indcate your references.
Correccin del ejercicio II. 1. Estamos inscritos en el Registro Mercantil desde hace dos aos. 2. -, a - de marzo de -. 3. Ya notenemos ms sobres de ventanilla. 4. Nos sentaremos debajo de -
rbol. 5. Cuando nos escriba, ndquenos siempre sus referencias.
*************************************************
LESSON FORTY-EIGHTCommercial letters (continued)
1 2
After indicating the subject n question youcontinu with the salutation.
f) The salutation: the formula is written on the left and it is followed by a colon and not a comma. Of course, the first letter s a capitalone.
3 4
g) The body of the letter: among the different
ways of putting t, t is worth emphasizing two:- The semiblock style: the beginning of each paragraph is slightly shifted towards the middle;
the date, the closing and the signature are written on the right, with the same margin.
NOTES Muy Sres. nuestros or Muy seores nuestros. This formula is
more impersonal and is used when a company is addressed.Estimado seor... or Distinguido seor... (Dear Mr...)
Estimado cliente: (Dear client)Lesson 48
269
5
- El estilo bloque extremo:
las diferentes
partes de la carta -incluida la fecha- van
alineadas, tomando como referencia el margen izquierdo; se dejan dos interlneasentre los prrafos.
6
Si en la carta se ha de indicar una cantidadobjeto de cargo o abono, es til subrayarla o escribirla tambin en el margen.
7
Con
objeto de evitar cualquier error, se escribirn en cifras
las e
cantidadesen letras. (2)
inmediatamente despus, 8
entre parntesis,
Si la carta consta de ms de una hoja, cada
una de las hojas que la compongan se habrde numerar.
9
h) La
despedida:
se
han
de
evitar
las
frmulas largas y retumbantes. (3)
10
i) La firma: si se trata de un comercianteestablecido por su cuenta o de un pequeocomercio, basta con que el titular estampe sufirma al pie de la carta.
11
Si se trata de comercios de importancia, y especialmente de sociedades, es necesarioque el nombre y el apellido del firmante vayan
precedidos del nombre de la empresa y que,
despus de la firma, se indique el cargo que
ocupa el firmante en la sociedad. (4)NOTES(
