Volume III Number 22 December 2008

Pakistan

No.1 in the worldwith 1.9 M NGVs and2,430 CNG station

Safety first!

NGV stakeholders tofocus on vehicle conversion´s safety

Asia, world’s biggest NGV region4.6M NGVs and 5,800 stations

December 20082

Summary04 Asia, this year as the biggest NGVregion in the world About 49% of NGVs and 43% NG refuelling stations are in Asia.With over 4.6 million NGVs and 5,839natural gas refuelling stations in early...

18 Safety first!

Illegally converted vehicles lead toexplosions and threaten NGV industry.Some fatalities occurred due to CNGvehicle explosion in Asia. As reported...

22

23 Haryana to add CNG buses in2008-2012

24 Elimination of gasoline subsidy inIran and 50 CNG stations for Tehran

25 Iran to join 1 million NGV club

30 Techno Update: Diesel-to-naturalgas conversion

32 Using LNG as an alternative sourceof gas supply to refuel your NGVs

36 Export to Asia, the biggest buyersof NGV/station equipment

38 End-year statistics for your salesplanningCopies Distribution

One thousand CNG buses forSindh province in Pakistan

Asian NGV Communications is a publicationof NGV Communications Group, publishinghouse and fairs-conferences organizer: www.ngvgroup.comIn Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report,GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, theInternational NGV Guide. In Argentina, the Group publishes PrensaVehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps,books and brochures while in Brazil, Folhado GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps andposters, among others. In Peru PrensaVehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.comThe signed articles are exclusive responsibility ofthe authors, as well as advertising companies andagencies are responsible for the published ads.

300-5, Changchon-Ri ■ Namsan-MyunChuncheon-Si ■ Kangwon-Do ■ 200-911 Tel. and fax.: +82 33 260 3419

+31 20 420 1076asia@ngvgroup.com ■ www.asiangv.com

Vicolo Gonzaga 13 ■ 46045 Marmirolo (Mn)Tel.: +39 0376 294055info@thegvr.com ■ www.thegvr.com

Uspallata 711 ■ CP 1268 ■ Capital FederalTel./Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137 info@prensavehicular.comwww.prensavehicular.com

is member of the ANGVA (Asia Pacific NGV Association)

20 Dual fuel trains for IndianRailwaysThe Indian Railways is the first railwayon Indian sub-continent running over astretch of 21 miles from Mumbai toThane. For its current operation ...

We print and mail to 24countries about 4.000 copiesaddressed to governmental relat-ed offices, OEM and Oil & Gascompanies, associations, related NGV indus-tries, refuelling stations,workshops and suppliers,according the following list (somefigures rounded):Armenia: 0.3%Australia: 4.1%Azerbaijan: 0.2%Bangladesh: 5.0%China: 10.9%Egypt: 1.9%India: 9.5%

Indonesia: 1.6%Iran: 7.0%Israel: 0.1%Japan: 10.2%Korea: 5.1%Malaysia: 6.6%Myanmar: 0.5%New Zealand: 1.0%Pakistan: 11.4%Philippines: 3.6%Russia:4.3%Singapore: 3.1%Taiwan: 0.2%Thailand: 5.8%Turkey: 5.5%United Arab Emirates: 2.1%Vietnam: 0.1%

In addition, the magazine issent to over 19.300 readersin 94 countries

by e-mail (.pdf) and is also onlinein www.ngvgroup.comIf your NGV business is in Asia,advertise with us.

Asian NGV Communications300-14, Changchon-Ri,Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do,200-911 KOREATel : +31 20 420 1076Tel : +82 33 260 3419e-mail: asia@ngvgroup.com

Av. Brasil 3222 oficina 403 - AMagdalena del Mar - RUC: 20513085576CP: Lima 17- peru@prensavehicular.co

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Av. Rio Branco, 131 Sala 1.701CEP: 20040-006 Rio de Janeiro - RJTel: + (55 21) 2215-0799 ■ + (5521) 2232-6798info@folhadognv.com ■ www.folhadognv.com

Printed: Rigraph S.R.L.• Constitución 4, 28.511 Madrid - España• Tilcara 3.146, Buenos Aires

December 20084

About 49% of NGVs and 43% NG refuellingstations are in Asia

With over 4.6 million NGVs and 5,839 naturalgas refuelling stations in early November2008, this year Asia has positioned itself asthe biggest NGV region in the world in bothvehicle and refuelling station segments.Actually, since April, this region has taken thefirst position in the NGV business as 49% ofworld’s NGVs equal to 4.2 million vehicleswere operated in Asia. By that time, 40% ofNG stations (5,000 units) in the world were inAsia.

In the beginning of November 2008, AsianNGV Communications recorded that9,433,694 NGVs and 13,515 NG refuellingstations were in service around the globe.About 47% of total NGVs in the world arelocated in Asia, while 3% more were inEurasian countries (including Armenia,Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Georgiawhich belong to both Asian and Europeanregions). The entire NGV population in allAsian countries counting Eurasian was 49%of the world’s total. The rest can be found inSouth and Central America (40%), Europe(9% or about 12% including Eurasian countries), and North America (1%), whileAfrica was home to a modest 226 NGVs.

Of more than 4.6 million NGVs in Asia including Eurasia, 75% were cars/LDVs ( ofalmost 3.5 million), 3% were buses(122,885), 2% were trucks (101,602), whilethe rest were other vehicles (929,907).Included in “other vehicles” are three-wheelers, off-road vehicles, but alsocars/LDVs and/or buses and/or trucks thatwere not classified by some countries whenreporting their update statistics to Asian NGVCommunications as this kind of detailed datawas not available in those countries.

Asian (including Eurasian) NG-poweredcars/LDVs accounted for 42% of world’stotal NG cars/LDVs, while the buses andtrucks represented 65% of all Heavy-DutyNGVs in the world.

In the refuelling sector, out of 13,515 NGstations in the world, 43% were in Asia(3,7% in Eurasian and 39,5% in the rest ofAsian countries), 31% in South and CentralAmerica, 19% in Europe, 7% in NorthAmerica, and 0.1% in Africa. In total, Asiahas 5,839 natural gas refuelling stations inearly November 2008.

China is projected to have 500,000 NGVs by2010 and to increase its NG consumption by300% in the next fifteen years.

The government keeps supporting the adoptionof cleaner fuels in all sectors including transport, for example, by releasing a mandate requiring at least 25% of vehicles inthe country to be powered by CNG. Underthe Fuel Tax Regulation, NGV owners are

subject to a half-tax bracket (discount) compared to owners of diesel or gasolinevehicles. Apart from that, to offset the cost of“clean fuels” programmes, on October 7th,diesel and gasoline prices in Beijing wereraised.

Besides using its local and foreign gas fromhydrocarbon resources, India start usingcoal-bed methane (CBM) and bio-CNG(biomethane) to cope with the nation’s gasdemand. The Great Eastern EnergyCorporation Limited (GEECL), has opened itsseventh CBM based CNG station inNeamatpur in Asansol by end October 2008.The CBM was distributed through Indian OilCorporation’s gasoline refuelling stations inAsansol, Durgapur, Raniganj, and other citiesacross West Bengal state (and will includeBurdwan and Dankuni in a later phase). Thegas is delivered through pipeline infrastructure and not through cascades. Onthe other hand, Ispat Energy Ltd. plans toinvest Rs 10 billion in the current fiscal yearfor producing bio-CNG from press mud, aby-product of sugarcane processing. Thefirm aims to work with 20 sugar mills inMaharashta and Uttar Pradesh. It will investRs 350 million in a production facility forWarna Sugar Ltd in Maharashta. This plantwill have the capacity to deliver 11,000m3/day of gas for industrial and transportsectors as per October 2009. About 110tonnes of pressmud and 100 tonnes of wetand dry organic manure will be used as rawmaterial. The whole project could generate16,000-30,000 carbon credits annually. Thebio-CNG will be produced at Rs 26/kg andwould be sold to Warna at Rs 28/kg. IspatEnergy’s CEO Shishir Tamotia stated that thefirm planned to invest Rs 50 billion over thenext five years for distribution of natural gas.Bio-CNG would be available in tier-I (majormetropolitan areas) and tier-II (secondary)cities such as Kolhapur and Sangali-close tothe sugar belt in Maharashta.

In Japan, the government has allocated anextra budget for 2008, in which NGV industry also has its cut of about 1 billion yensubsidy for the procurement of NGVs andCNG refueling station. A 9% annual growthin NGVs has been recorded in Japan duringSeptember 2007 to the same month in2008, with 35,720 NGVs registered up tolast September.

Malaysian Oil and Gas company Petronasset a target to open 200 CNG refueling stations and was keen to see 50,000 NGVsby 2010. Meanwhile in Indonesia, bus company PT Ekasari Lorena Transport(Lorena) in Jakarta City received 34 CNGbuses from PT Hino Motors Sales Indonesiain October. Lorena is currently constructing abus depot which, upon the completion of theproject, would have a bus terminal, a maintenance centre, and a CNG station. Atotal Rp 125 billion is invested in this project.Pakistan is giving attention to safety issues.

The All Pakistan CNG Association hasdemanded that the North-West FrontierProvince government take serious actionagainst illegal CNG conversion workshops,aiming at diminishing accidents caused byimproper vehicle conversion including theinstallation of substandard CNG cylinders.

From May to October 2008 alone, more than40,000 brand-new or converted CNG carsand pick-up trucks have been added inThailand. Already about 118,000 CNG vehicles were plying in this country by beginning November and Thai officialsexpect sales of NGVs to increase by almost200% by 2012. By that year, Thailandexpects to see 328,000 NGVs and 725 refuelling facilities in the country.

With the a temporary trend of decrease inglobal oil price, the NGV industry could benefit from more support from governmentand gas associations which actively promoteNG usage in transport sector and whichensure a more stable gas price and supply,such as the one proposed by world’s threemain holders of gas reserves.

A cartel for natural gas producers to managethe exportation of natural gas and helpachieve global pricing of liquefied natural gas(LNG) might soon be established. Russia,Iran, and Qatar, which hold about 60% of theworld’s natural gas reserves, have met inOctober this year to discuss about theestablishment of a cartel for natural gas.During the meeting, Gazprom ChairmanAlexei Miller, Iranian Oil Minister GholamHossein Nozari and Qatar Energy MinisterAbdullah Ben Hamad Al-Attiya also soughtthe potential formation of a “large gas troika”.The “Gas Troika” would meet three or four-times a year to pursue common strategic interests. Alexei Miller suggestedthe transformation of the Gas ExportingCountries Forum (GECF-formed in 2001) intoa permanent organisation promoting steadyand reliable gas supplies. Analysts said thatapart from the above-mentioned three countries, Venezuela and Algeria were alsomore likely to become members of thefounding fathers of this Gas Troika.

The global demand for LNG is anticipated togrow by about 86% by 2016. In Asia, thebiggest LNG importer is Japan. China andIndia are seen as the next potential marketsfor LNG. LNG exporters in Asia includeAustralia, Brunei, Egypt, Malaysia, Indonesia,Iran, Russia, and UAE.

Australia -which mainly used its LNG forexport commodity- continues to look forways to reduce its dependency on oil importwithin the energy basket. TheCommonwealth Scientific and IndustrialResearch Organisation, Australia’s nationalscience agency and one of the largest andmost diverse research agencies in the world,has recently conducted a study which resultshowed that Australia’s fuel mix was likely tobecome more diverse with a heavy relianceon hybrid/electric cars and other low emission vehicles for city commuting, NG for large vehicles (freight and buses),sustainable biofuels especially in regionalareas, diesel, LPG and CNG.

Asia, this year as the biggestNGV region in the world

December 20086

本年度亚洲成为世界天然气汽车最多的地区世界上49%的天然气汽车和43%的加气站在亚洲

2008年11月的统计显示，亚洲天然气保有量达到460万辆，加气站达到5,839座，一跃成为世界天然气汽车和加气站的双料冠军。实际上，今年4月份，亚洲就已经以占世界天然气汽车49%，约420万辆的成绩位居世界首位了。那时，世界上40%的加气站（约5,000座）在亚洲。

2008年11月初，《亚洲天然气汽车通讯》报道了全球天然气汽车保有量总数为9,433,694辆，在用的加气站总量13,515座。其中，亚洲的天然气汽车占47%，有超过3%是来自欧亚国家（指既属于欧洲也属于亚洲的国家，包括亚美尼亚、俄罗斯、乌兹别克斯坦、土耳其、乔治亚）。因此，亚洲（算上欧亚国家）天然气汽车占世界的比例为49%。世界其他国家的情况是这样的：南美和中美洲占40%，欧洲占9%（如果算上欧亚国家则占12%），北美占1%，而非洲仅有226辆天然气车。

亚洲（包括欧亚国家）共有460万辆天然气车，其中，75%为轿车/轻型车（将近35万辆），3%为客车（122,885辆），卡车占2%（101,602辆），其他车辆约为929,907辆。其他车辆包括三轮车、越野车、也包括部分轿车/轻型车，或客车和卡车，因为有些国家在向亚洲天然气汽车通讯报告的时候，并没有给这些车辆分类。亚洲（包括欧亚国家）的天然气轿车/轻型车保有量占世界相当车型总数的44%，而客车和卡车占世界天然气重型车的65%。世界天然气加气站总量为13,515座，43%的天然气加气站在亚洲（3.7%在欧亚国家，39.5%在亚洲其他国家），31%在南美和中美洲，欧洲占19%，北美占7%，非洲占0.1%。到2008年11月初，亚洲加气站保有量为5,839座。据报道，中国到2010年将有50万辆天然气汽车，未来十五年，天然气消费将增长3倍。政府将一如既往支持清洁燃料的发展，尤其在交通领域，如发布法令：全国至少有25%的车辆使用CNG。燃料税规定，天然气汽车主可以比汽柴油车主少交一半税。

除了使用自产和进口碳氢燃料，印度为了满足自身需求，开始利用煤层气（CBM）和生物CNG（生物甲烷）。截至2008年10月底，大东方能源公司（GEECL）在Asansol市的Neamatpur区建成了其第7座煤层气加气站。煤层气通过西Bengal省的Asansol, Durgapur,以及Raniganj市的汽油站销售。煤层气通过管道运输，而非气罐。另外，Ispat能源公司计划在本财年投资100亿卢比，用于生产生物甲烷，其原料为甘蔗加工的副产品—甘蔗泥。该公司打算与Maharashta 和UttarPradesh地区的20家糖厂合作。其中，将投资3.5亿卢比在UttarPradesh的Warna糖厂建设生物甲烷炼厂。到2009年十月，该厂将能为运输部门和工业部门每日提供11,000立方米的天然气。约有110吨甘蔗泥和100吨干的和湿的肥料作为原料。该项目每年可以活得16,000到300,000的碳积分。生产成本约为每公斤26卢比，卖给Warna公司的价格为28卢比/公斤。Ispat公司的首席执行官Shishir宣布，在未来5年，该公司将投资500亿卢比用于天然气的配送和销售。生物甲烷将供应主要城市（大城市地区），和次要城市，如接近Maharashta地区糖生产带的城市：Kolhapur 和Sangali。

日本政府在2008年再次拨款，支持天然气汽车的购买和加气站的建设，预算总数约为10亿日元。从2007年9月到2008年9月，日本天然气汽车保有量增长了9%。截至去年9月，日本注册的天然气汽车数量为35,720辆。马来西亚石油和天然气公司Petronas设定目标：到2010年共建200座天然气加气站，天然气汽车数量则达到5万辆。此间，印度尼西亚Lorena运输公司在今年十月从日野公司购买了34辆天然气公交车。Lorena正在建立一个公交车站，此站将包括一个终点站、一个维修中心和一个加气站。该项目投资1,250亿印尼盾。巴基斯坦非常关注安全问题。巴基斯坦压缩天然气协会要求西北边境各省政府严厉打击非法改装厂，目的是减少因非法改装，特别是安装不符合质量标准的气瓶引发的事故。

2008年5月到10月，泰国新增了4万多辆OEM或改装的天然气轿车和皮卡车。从11月份开始，泰国总共有118,000辆天然气汽车。泰国政府预计到2012年销量将增长两倍。届时，泰国将有328,000辆天然气车和725座加气站。随着国家油价的下滑趋势，天然气汽车产业会得到政府和燃气协会的支持，这些年来，政府和协会一直推动天然气在运输领域的应用，并为确保气价稳定和供应稳定而努力。一个旨在协调天然气出口和确保液化天然气售价的燃气生产商卡特尔组织即将成立。拥有世界天然气储量60%的俄罗斯、伊朗、卡塔尔三国于今年10月商讨建立天然气卡特尔组织。本次会议上，Gazprom主席AlexeiMiller，伊朗石油部长Gholam Hossein Nozari以及卡塔尔能源部长Abdullah Ben Hamad Al-Attiya也探讨了建立大型天然气联盟的可能性。该组织每年将开3到4次会议以寻求各方战略利益。AlexeiMiller认为有必要将燃气出口国论坛（设立于2001年）转换为促进燃气平稳可靠供应的永久性组织。分析家认为，除了上述三国，委内瑞拉和阿尔及利亚也有可能成为燃气联盟组织的创始成员。据预测，到2016年全球液化天然气的需求量增长约86%。亚洲最大的液化天然气进口国是日本，中国和印度紧随其后。亚洲液化天然气出口国主要是澳大利亚、文莱、埃及、马来西亚、印尼、伊朗、俄罗斯和阿联酋。澳大利亚是液化天然气的出口国，目前继续寻求降低石油进口依赖的途径。联邦科学和工业研究所是全世界研究领域最广的研究机构之一，其近期一项研究表明，澳大利亚未来的燃料结构将呈多元化发展趋势，其中城市交通将大量使用混合动力和纯电动车以及其他低排放车辆，大型车将主要使用天然气（货车和客车），生物燃料将在某些区域范围使用，此外还包括柴油、液化石油气和压缩天然气。

December 20088

49%의 NGV와 43%의 NG 충전소 보유아시아는 2008년 11월 초 460만대의 NGV와 5,839개 이상의 천연가스 충전소를 갖추면서 차량과 충전 양쪽 분야에서전세계에서 가장 큰 NGV 지역으로 자리잡았다. 실제로 아시아는 4월 이후로 세계 NGV의 49%인 420만대가 운행되어 이지역은 1위를 차지해 왔다. 그 당시까지 NG 충전소는 전 세계 40%인 5,000개가 아시아에 존재하였다2008년 11월 초에 Asian NGV Communications은 전 세계적으로 9,433,694대의 NGV가 운행되고 13,515개의 NG충전소가 운영되고 있다고 보도하였다. 아시아로 따지자면 48%, 유라시안으로 따지자면 3%의 NGV가 이곳에 분포하고있다. (유라시안:아시아와 유럽 지역에 속한 아르메니아, 러시아, 우즈베키스탄, 터키, 그리고 조지아 포함). 아시아에 있는총 NGV 인구는 유라시안으로 계수된다면 세계의 49%인 셈이다. 그 나머지는 중남미(40%), 유럽(9% 또는 유라시안 나라를포함할 경우 12%) 그리고 북미(1%), 반면 아프리카는 226대의 NGV만이 존재한다. 유라시아를 포함한 아시아에 있는 460만대 이상의 NGV 중 75%는 승용차/LDV(약 350만대), 3%는 버스(122,885대), 2%는트럭(101,602대), 기타 차종 (929,907대)이다.몇몇 나라에서는 자국의 업데이트 통계치를 Asian NGV Communications에 보고할 때 기타 차종에 대한 자세한 정보를주지 않기 때문에 “기타차종”이라 함은 삼륜차, off-road 차량뿐만 아니라 승용차/LDV 와/또는 버스 와/또는 트럭 등이포함 될 수 있다. 아시아(유라시아 포함)의 NG로 운행하는 승용차/LDV는 전 세계 NG 승용차/LDV의 44% 정도로 추정되며 버스와 트럭은전세계 모든 Heavy-Duty NGV WND 65%인 것으로 나타났다.충전분야에서는 전세계 13,515개의 충전소 중 >43%는 아시아에(3.7%는 유라시아, 39.5%는 나머지 아시아 국가), 31%는중남미, 19%는 유럽, 7%는 북미 그리고 0.1%는 아프리카에 위치하였다. 2008년 11월 초 아시아는 전체 충전소 중5,839개의 천연가스 충전소를 보유하고 있다. 중국은 2010년까지 500,000대의 NGV를 보유하고 15년 이내에 천연가스 수요를 300%까지 증가시키는 계획을 하였다.예로들면, 정부는 국가 내 차량의 최소 25%를 CNG로 운행하도록 하는 명령서를 발표하는 등 수송분야를 포함한 모든분야에 청정 연료를 도입하기 위해 지원을 계속하고 있다. 연료세법에 의하면 NGV 소유주들은 디젤이나 가솔린 차량소유주에 비해 세금감면의 혜택을 가진다. 그와 별개로 “Clean fuels” 프로그램 경비를 보충하기 위해 10월 7일 베이징내의 디젤과 가솔린 가격이 인상되었다. 인도는 탄화수소 연료로부터 나오는 국내/외 가스를 사용하는 것 이외에도 국가의 가스 수요량을 충족시키기 위하여,석탄층 메탄(CBM)과Bio-CNG (biomethane)의 사용하기 시작하고 있다. ‘Great Eastern Energy Corporation Limited(GEECL)’는 2008년 10월 말까지 아산솔(Asansol )의 Neamatpur에 CNG 충전소를 기반으로 한 7번째 CBM을 오픈하였다.CBM은 아산솔(Asansol), 두르가푸르(Durgapur), 라니간지(Raniganj) 그리고 서벵골주를 지나는 여러 도시에 있는 인도가스회사의 휘발유 충전소를 통하여 공급되고 있다.(Burdan과 Dankuni도 차후 포함될 예정이다)가스는 파이프라인을 통해 운송되며 cascade를 통하지 않는다. 반면 ‘Ispat Energy Ltd.’는100억 루피(Rs)를 올 회계연도에압축된 진흙과 사탕수수 처리과정의 부산물로부터 Bio-CNG를 생산하는데 투자할 계획이다. 이 회사는마하라시타(Maharashta)와 우타르 프라데시주(Uttar Pradesh)에 있는 20개의 설탕 공장(회사)와 함께 일 할 계획이다.따라서 마하라시타에 있는 ‘Warna Sugar Ltd’의 생산설비에 3억 5천만 루피(Rs)를 투자할 것이다. 이 공장은 2009년10월부로 산업용과 수송용으로 일일 11,000 m3의 가스 공급이 가능하게 될 것이다.약 110톤의 압축진흙과 100톤의 습/건성의 유기질 비료가 원자재로 사용될 것이다. 모든 프로젝트는 해마다 16,000-30,000개의 탄소배출권을 확보할 수 있다. Bio- CNG 는 Rs 26/kg 의 가격으로 생산될 것이며 ‘Warna’에 Rs 28/kg에판매될 것이다. ‘Ispat Energy’의 회장인 Shishir Tamotia는 회사가 향후 5년 동안 천연가스의 배급을 위해 500억루피(Rs)를 투자할 계획이라고 밝혔다. Bio-CNG는 tier-I(주요도심)과 tier-II(콜라푸르와 마하라시타에 있는 sugar belt에근접한 부도심)에서 사용 가능할 것이다. 일본 정부는 NGV산업 분야의 2008년도 분 추경 예산을 세웠으며 NGV와 CNG 충전소 확보에만 약 10억 엔의 보조금을확보하였다.지난 9월 35,720 대의 NGV가 등록되면서 2007년 9월부터 2008년 9월까지 연간 9%의 NGV 성장을 기록하였다. 말레이시아 석유가스회사인 페트로나스는 2010년까지 200개의 CNG 충전소를 오픈할 계획을 세웠으며 그 때까지50,000대의 NGV가 운행될 것으로 예상된다. 인도네시아에서는 자카르타시의 버스회사인 PT Ekasari Lorena Transport(Lorena) 가 10월에 PT Hino Motors Sales Indonesia로부터 34대의 CNG 버스를 공급받았다. Lorena는 현재 이프로젝트의 완료를 위하여 버스차고지를 개설 중이며 그 곳에는 버스터미널, 정비센터, CNG 충전소를 가진다. 이프로젝트에 투자되는 총 비용은 1250억 루피아(Rp) 이다.파키스탄은 안전문제에 주의를 기울이고 있다. 모든 파키스탄의 CNG 연합은 표준 이하의 CNG 실린더 설치를 비롯한부적절한 차량개조로부터 야기되는 사고를 감소시키기 위하여 North-West Frontier Province 정부에 불법 CNG개조작업장에 대한 강력한 조치를 취하도록 하였다. 2008년 5월부터 10월까지 만해도 태국 내에서 40,000대 이상의 신 차량(CNG) 혹은 개조된 CNG 승용차와 소형 오픈트럭이 증가되었다. 이미 11월 초에 이 나라에 118,000대의CNG 차량이 운행 중이며 태국 공무원들은 2012년까지 NGV의판매가 200%가량 상승할 것으로 기대하고 있다. 그 해까지 태국은 328,000대의 NGV와 725개의 충전소가 운영될 것으로보고 있다. 국제유가의 일시적인 감소와 함께 NGV 산업은, 수송 분야에 NG사용을 활발히 홍보하며, 더욱 안정적인 가스 가격과공급을 확보하려고 하는(세계 3대 주요 가스 소유주가 제안 했던 것처럼) 정부와 가스 협회의 지지를 얻어 더 많은 혜택을보게 될 것이다.천연가스의 수출을 관리하고 액화천연가스(LNG)의 국제가격을 결정하도록 도와주는 천연가스 생산자들을 위한 기업연합이곧 설립될 것이다. 세계 천연가스 보유량의 60%를 차지하는 러시아, 이란, 그리고 카타르는 올해 10월 천연가스기업연합설립을 논의하기 위한 회의를 가졌다. 그 회의에서 가스프롬 회장 Alexei Miller, 이란 석유부장관 Gholam HosseinNozari와 카타르 에너지부장관 Abdullah Ben Hamad Al-Attiya는 또한 “대규모의 가스 트로이카”를 잠정적으로 수립할것을 촉구하였다 . “가스트로이카” 공동의 전략적 관심사항을 실행하기 위해 연간 3~4회 회의를 개최할 것이다. AlexeiMiller는 가스수출국포럼(GECF-2001년 창립)이 안정적이고 믿을만한 가스공급을 도모하는 영구적인 조직으로 변환되는것을 제안하였다. 전문가들은 위에 언급된 3개국 외에도 베네수엘라와 알제리 또한 이 가스트로이카의 창립멤버가 될가능성이 있다고 말했다. LNG의 국제적 수요는 2016년까지 약 86%가 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 아시아에서 가장 많은 LNG를 수입하는 국가는일본이다. 그 다음으로 중국과 인도가 LNG의 잠재적 시장이 될 것으로 보인다. 아시아에 있는 LNG 수출국들은 호주,브루나이, 이집트, 말레이시아, 인도네시아, 이란, 러시아, 아랍에미리트연합국을 포함한다. LNG를 주로 수출용으로 사용하는 호주는 계속해서 에너지 분야의 석유수입 의존도를 낮추기 위한 방법을 찾고 있다.연방과학산업연구기구, 호주국립과학센터와 와 세계에서 가장 크고 다양한 규모를 갖춘 한 연구기관은 호주는하이브리드/전기 승용차와 저공해 통근용 차량, 천연가스용 대형차량(화물차, 버스) 특히 지방에 분포되어 있는 영구적인바이오 연료인 디젤, LPG, CNG 등에 크게 의존하며 다양화되고 있음을 보여준다.

아시아, 올해 세계에서 가장 큰NGV 지역

December 200810

アジアは今年、最大のＮＧＶ普及地域へ全世界の49％のＮＧＶ、43％の天然ガススタンドが普及

２００８年１１月上旬現在、４6０万台のＮＧＶと５,839ヶ所の天然ガススタンドがあり、今年のアジアはＮＧＶ普及台数、天然ガススタンド設置箇所数とも世界最大の地域になった。実際、４月からアジアでは、世界のＮＧＶの４９％、つまり４２０万台普及し、世界第１位になっていた。その時には世界のＣＮＧスタンドの４０％、つまり５,０００ヶ所がアジアにあった。２００８年１１月初めにAsian NGVCommunications誌は、全世界で９,433,6９４台のＮＧＶと１3,515ヶ所の天然ガススタンドがあることを記録した。世界の４7％のＮＧＶがアジア地域にあり、３％がユーラシア諸国（アジアと欧州の境に位置するアルメニア、ロシア、ウズベキスタン、トルコ、グルジアを含む地域）にある。ユーラシア諸国を含むすべてのアジア諸国でのＮＧＶ普及台数は、世界の４9％であった。残りは、中央および南アメリカで４0％、欧州で9％（ただし、ユーラシア諸国を含めると１2％）、北アメリカで１％である。アフリカは２２６台のＮＧＶであった。ユーラシア諸国を含む４6０万台以上のＮＧＶの内、７5％（約３5０万台）は乗用車／ＬＤＶである。３％（１２２,８８５台）はバス、２％（１０１,６０２台）はトラックである。一方、残りの９２９,９０７台はそれら以外の車種である。それらは、３輪車、オフロードビークルだけでなく、乗用車／ＬＤＶ、バス、トラックといった車種区分が不明なＮＧＶ普及台数も含まれている。

ユーラシア諸国を含むアジアでの天然ガス乗用車／ＬＤＶは合計の４4％を占める一方、バスやトラックは世界の天然ガスＨＤＶの６５％を占める。天然ガススタンドでは、世界の13,515ヶ所の内、>４3％がアジアにある。（3.7％がユーラシア、３9.5％がユーラシアを除くアジア）中央及び南アメリカで３1％、欧州に19％、北アメリカに７％そしてアフリカは０．１％である。２００８年１１月上旬に５,839ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドがアジアにある。中国は２０１０年に５０万台のＮＧＶ普及、次の５ヵ年で天然ガス消費量を３倍にする目標を掲げている。政府は、少なくとも２５％の車両をＣＮＧ車にする規制をかけることによって輸送分野を含むすべての分野でクリーン燃料の採用を指示続けている。燃料税では、ＮＧＶ所有者はディーゼル車やガソリン車の所有者と比較して半額の免税措置を受けている。それとは別に、「クリーン燃料」とのコスト差を相殺するために１０月７日に北京の軽油、ガソリン価格が引き上げられた。国内や海外のガス田から採掘するガスを利用する代わりにインドでは、国内のガス需要に合わせてＣＢＭ（炭層メタン）、バイオＣＮＧ（バイオメタン）の使用を始めた。The Great Eastern Energy Corporation Limited社(GEECL)は、２００８年１０月末にアサンソールのニーマプール市に７番目のＣＢＭを利用したＣＮＧスタンドをオープンさせた。西ベンガル州のアサンソール、ドゥルガプル、ラニカンジなどでインド石油会社のガソリンスタンドを利用し、ＣＢＭが供給されている。（将来、バードワーン、ダンクニでも行われる予定である。）ガスはパイプラインで供給され、ボンベによる供給ではない。一方、IspatEnergy社は今年度１００億ルピーを砂糖の製造工程の副産物であるサトウキビの絞りかすからバイオＣＮＧを製造することに投資する計画である。マハラーシュトラ州、ウッタル・プラデーシュ州に２０ヶ所の製糖工場を運営している。マハラーシュトラ州にあるWarnaSugar社は製造工程に３億５千万ルピーを投資する予定である。この工場は２００９年１０月に工業用および輸送用に１１,０００㎥／日のガスを供給する計画である。１１０トンのサトウキビの搾りかすと１００トンの湿ったあるいは乾いた有機肥料が原料として使用される。全体計画では、１６,０００～３０,０００カーボンクレジットを年間発生させる。バイオＣＮＧは２６ルピー／ｋｇで製造され、２８ルピー／ｋｇでWarna Sugar社に売られる。IspatEnergy社のＣＥＯであるシシール・タモシャ氏は、天然ガス供給のため向こう５年間に５００億ルピーを投資する計画があると述べた。バイオＣＮＧは、マハラーシュトラ州の砂糖ベルトに近いコールハープルやサンガリといった第１級都市（大都市地域）と第２級都市で供給されるだろう。日本では、政府が２００８年度補正予算を成立させた。この中でＮＧＶとＣＮＧスタンド普及に対して１０億円の補助金が認められた。日本では、２００７年９月から２００８年９月までの１年間にＮＧＶ普及台数が９％増加し、今年の９月末で３５,７２０台が普及している。マレーシアの石油、ガス会社であるペトロナスは、２００ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドを整備する目標を掲げ、２０１０年までに５万台のＮＧＶ普及を図る。一方、インドネシアではジャカルタ市のバス会社であるPT Ekasari Lorena Transport (Lorena)社が１０月にPT Hino MotorsSalesIndonesia社から３４台のＣＮＧバスの納入を受けた。Lorena社は現在、バス営業所を建設中であり、完成すると、バス営業所に修理工場とＣＮＧスタンドを設置したものになる。この建設には１２５０億ルピーが投資された。パキスタンでは安全性に注目されている。全国パキスタンＣＮＧ協会は基準を満足しないボンベの使用を含めた不適切なＮＧＶ改造による事故を撲滅するため不法ＣＮＧ改造工場に対して厳しい措置を取るよう北西辺境州政府に要求した。２００８年５月から１０月だけで４万台以上の新車、改造車、ピックアップトラックがタイでは導入された。約１１万８千台のＣＮＧ車が１１月初めには普及しており、タイ政府は２０１２年にＮＧＶの売上げが約２倍に増えることを期待している。２０１２年までにタイでは３２万８千台のＮＧＶと７２５ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドが期待されている。世界の原油価格の一時的な下落により、ＮＧＶ産業は輸送用分野で天然ガス利用を推進し、世界の３つの産ガス国からの提案にあるように、より安定的なガス価格と供給を保証する政府やガス協会から援助をさらに得られるかもしれない。

天然ガスの輸出や液化天然ガス（ＬＮＧ）の国際価格決定を助けるため行われている天然ガス生産者によるカルテルがまもなく確立されるかもしれない。世界のガス埋蔵量の６０％を持つロシア、イラン、カタールが天然ガスカルテルを作ることを話し合うために今年の１０月に集まった。会合では、ガスプロムの会長であるアレクセイ・ミラー氏、イラン石油相ホセイン・ナザリ氏、そしてカタールエネルギー相アルビン・ハマド氏が「大規模ガストロイカ」の可能な構成を検討した。「ガストロイカ」は共通する戦略項目を検討するため年３～４回会合を持つ予定である。アレクセイ・ミラー会長は、ガス輸出国フォーラム（ＧＥＣＦ：２００１年設立）から安定した信頼性のあるガス供給のために恒久的な組織に変化することが必要であると述べた。アナリストは、前述の３ヶ国とは別にベネズエラやアルジェリアがこのガストロイカの設立メンバーになることを希望していると述べた。世界的なＬＮＧ需要は２０１６年までに約８６％増加すると予想されている。アジアでは、最大のＬＮＧ輸入国は日本である。中国やインドがＬＮＧの次の可能な市場を探している。アジアにおけるＬＮＧ輸出国は、オーストラリア、ブルネイ、エジプト、マレーシア、インドネシア、イラン、ロシアそしてＵＡＥである。

ＬＮＧを主な輸出品としているオーストラリアは石油依存を低減する方策を探し続けている。オーストラリア国立の研究機関であり、世界でも有数な研究機関である連邦科学技術研究機構は、最近、次のような研究を行った。オーストラリアにおける燃料構成はもっと広がっていく。つまり、都市内の通勤にはハイブリッド車や電気自動車が利用され、トラックやバスといったＨＤＶに天然ガス、限定された地域でバイオ燃料、軽油、ＬＰＧ，ＣＮＧが利用される。

December 200812

December 200814

Sekitar 49% NGVs dan 43%stasiun pengisian bahanbakar gas alam berada di AsiaDengan jumlah NGVs melebihi 4.6 juta dan5,839 stasiun pengisian bahan bakar gasalam (stasiun NG) di awal November 2008,tahun ini Asia menempatkan dirinya di posisiteratas di antara semua benua NGV di seluruh dunia di sector kendaraan dan tankstasiun. Bahkan sejak April lalu, Asia menduduki rangking pertama di industri ini,yang mana 49% dari seluruh NGV di dunia(4.2 juta unit) beroperasi di benua ini. Padasaat itu, 40% dari stasiun NG (5,000 unit)berada di Asia.Di permulaan November 2008, Asian NGVCommunications statistic menunjukkkanbahwa jumlah NGV dan stasiun NG di seluruh dunia telah mencapai 9,433,694kendaraan dan 13,515 stasiun. Sekitar 47%dari total NGVs di seluruh dunia berada diAsia, sedangkan 3% lagi berada di negara-negara Eurasia (termasuk Armenia,Rusia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, dan Georgia yangtermasuk regio Asia dan Eropa). Jumlah totalNGV di seluruh negara Asia termasuk negaraEurasia mencapai 49% dari jumlah NGVs diseluruh dunia. Sisanya dapat ditemukan diAmerika Pusat and Damerika Selatan (40%),Eropa (9% atau sekitar 12% termasuknegara Eurasia), dan Amerika Selatan (1%),sedangkan Afrika mempunyai 226 NGVs.Dari 4.6 juta NGVs di Asia dan Eurasia, 75%adalah mobil/LDVs (3.5 juta), 3% adalah bis(122,885), 2% truk (101,602), sedangkansisanya adalah type kendaraaan lainnya(929,907). “Type kendaraan lainnya” terdiridari bajaj, off-road vehicles, bahkan jugamobil/LDVs dan/atau bis dan/atau truk yangtidak dilaporkan secara terpisah oleh negara-negara tertentu.Mobil/LDVs berbahan bakar NG di Asia (termasuk Eurasia) terdiri dari 44% darimobil/LDVs NG di seluruh dunia, sedangakan 65% dari seluruh heavy-duty bisdan truk berbahan bakar NG di dunia beroperasi di Asia.DI sector tank stasiun, dari 13,515 stasiunNG di dunia, lebih dari 43% terletak di Asia(3.7% di Eurasia dan 39.5% di negara Asialainnya), 31% di Amerika Pusat dan Selatan,19% di Eropa, 7% di Amerika Utara, dan0.1% di Afika. Totalnya, Asia mempunya5,839 stasiun NG pada awal November 2008.Cina diperkirakan akan megadopsi 500,000NGVs di tahun 2010 dan meningkatkan konsumpsi NGnya sebanyak 300% dalam15 tahun mendatang. Pemerintah Cinamenyuport penggunaan bahan bakar alternative yang lebih “bersih” di segala sector termasuk di bidang transport, contohnya dengan mengeluarkan peraturanyang menargetkan agar minimum 25% dariseluruh kendaraan di negara ini menggunakan bahan bakar NG. Melaluiperaturan pajak bahan bakar, pemilik NGVsmendapat dsidkon pajak sebanyak 50%dibandingkan pemilik kendaraan diesl danbesin. Selain itu, pada tanggal October 7th,harga diesl dan bensin dinaikkan agarpemerintah dapat menutup biaya program

“bahan bakar bersih”. Disamping sumbergas hydrocarbon local dan export, India jugamenggunakan coal-bed methane (CBM) danbio-CNG (biomethane) untuk memenuhidemand gas lokal. Great Eastern EnergyCorporation Limited (GEECL), telah membuka CNG station CBMnya yang ketujuh di Neamatpur di Asansol Oktober lalu.CBM ini didistribusikan melalui tank stasiun(yang juga menjual bensin)dari Indian OilCorporation di Asansol, Durgapur, Raniganj,dan kota-kota lain di West Bengal state (danakan mencangkup Burdwan dan Dankuni difase berikutnya). Gas ini ditransfer melaluiinfrastruktus (pipa gas) dan tidak melalui tankgas. Di lain pihak, Ispat Energy Ltd.bernecana untuk menginvestasikan Rs 10milyard di tahun fiscal saat ini untuk memproduksi bio-CNG dari pressmud, produk sampingan dari pabrik gula tebu.Perusahaan ini menargetkan untuk bekerjasama dengan 20 pusat penggilingan tebu diMaharashta dan Uttar Pradesh. Ishtar akanmengivest Rs 350 juta di pusat pengolahanWarna Sugar Ltd di Maharashta. Pabrik inidapat memproduksi 11,000 m3 gas per haribagi sektor industri dan transport sejakOctober 2009. Sekitar 110 ton pressmuddan 100 ton kompos organik basah dankering akan digunakan sebagai bahan mentah. Seluruh pryek dapat menghasilkan16,000-30,000 karbon kredit tiap tahunnya.Bio-CNG ini akna diproduksi dengan biayasatuan Rs 26/kg dan akan dijual ke WarnasehargaRs 28/kg. CEO dari Ispat Energy,Shishir Tamotia, mengumumkan bahwa Rs50 milyar akan digunakan untuk mendistribu-sikan bio-CNG dalam lima tahun menda-tang. Bio-CNG akan tersedia di kota tier-I(kota besar) dan tier-II (kota menengah)seperti Kolhapur dan Sangali-yang dekatdengan pabrik gula di Maharashta.Di Jepang, pemerintah mengalokasikan budget extra bagi tahun 2008, yang manaindustri NGV juga medapat bagian susbisdisebesar 1 milyar yen yang dapat digunakanuntuk pengadaan/pembelian NGVs dan stasiun CNG. Dari September 2007-2009,Jepang mengalami kenaikan 9% di sektorNGVs dengan registrasi dari 35,720 NGVshingga bulan September lalu.Perusahaan Oil dan Gas Malaysia, Petronas,menargetkan untuk membuka 200 stasiunCNG dan mengantisipaskan adanya 50,000NGVs di tahun 2010. Sedangakan diIndonesia, perusahaan bis PT Ekasari LorenaTransport (Lorena) di kota Jakarta telah mene-rima 34 bis CNG dari PT Hino Motors SalesIndonesia bulan Oktober lalu. Pada saat ini,Lorena sedang membangun sebuah bis-depoyang bila proyek ini selesai, akan mempunyaifasilitas terminal bis, pusat perawatan kendaraan, dan satu stasiun CNG. Sekitar Rp125 milyard diinvestasikan di proyek ini.Pakistan memberikan perhatian khusus terhadap unsure “keamanan” kendaraan. AllPakistan CNG Association menghimbaupemerintah di Provinsi Barat Daya untukmengambil tindakan khusus dan serius terhadap pusat konversi illegal ke kendaraanberbahan bakar. Diharapkan, kecelakaanyang disebabkan oleh NGVs yang

dimodifikasikan tanpa menuruti standardyang berlaku—termasuk pemasangan CNGcylinders yang tidak memnuhi syarat—akanmenurun drastis. Dari bulan Mei-Oktober 2008, lebih dari40,000 mobil CNG dan truk pick-up ditambahkan di Tailand. Sejak awalNovember tahun ini, 118,000 kendaraanCNG telah beroperasi dan pihak pemerintahTailand mengharapkan sales NGVs akanmeningkat kurang-lebih sebanyak 200% ditahun 2012. Pada saat itu, diharapkan328,000 NGVs dan 725 fasilitas pengisianbahan bakarnya akan beroperasi di negara ini.Dengan adanya trend sementara yangmenunjukkan bahawa harga minyak globalmenurun, suport dari pemerintah dan asosiasi gas dapat membantu industri NGVjika badan-badan tersebut mempromosikanpenggunaan NG di transport sector danmenjanjikan kestabilan dari harga dan supplygas , seperti yang diajukan oleh tiga pemiliksumber gas terbesar di dunia.Sebuah kartel bagi produser bahan bakar gasalam yang dapat mengatur export dari NGdan membantu pembentukan harga globaldari LNG mungkin akan segera dibentuk.Rusia, Iran, dan Qatar, yang mempunyai60% sumber gas dunia, telah bertemu dibulan Oktober lalu untuk mediskusikan pembentukan gas kartel. Di meeting tersebut, Chairman Gazprom Alexei Miller,Menteri Perminyakan Iran Gholam HosseinNozari dan Menteri Enerji Qatar AbdullahBen Hamad Al-Attiya juga mencari kemungkinan pembentukan organisasi gasyang besar (gas troika). “Gas Troika” ini diharapkan akan bertemu tiga atua empatkali per tahun untuk menentukan strategiumum di bidang gas. Alexei Miller menyarankan agar Gas Exporting CountriesForum (GECF-dibentuk pada tahun 2001)ditransformasikan menjadi badan yang lebihpermanent yang dapat mempromosikankestabilan suply gas. Analyst-analyst menyatakan bahwa, selain ketiga negara tersebut di atas, Venezuela dan Algeria jugasangatlah mungkin menjadi anggota pembentuk dari Gas Troika ini.Demand LNG global diantisipasikan akanmeningkat sekitar 86% pada tahun 2016. DiAsia, LNG importer terbesar adalah Jepang.Cina dan India juga disebut sebagai pasarberpotensial besar bagi LNG. Exporter LNGdari Asia terdiri dari Australia, Brunei, Mesir,Malaysia, Indonesia, Iran, Rusia, dan UAE.Australia –yang pada umumnya menggunakanLNG sebagain komoditi export- terus berusahamencari jalan untuk mengurangi ketergantunganpada minyak di paket enerjinya.Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation, akhir-akhir ini menjalankanstudi/research yang hasilnya menunjukkanbahwa kombinasi bahan bakar Australia cenderung menjadi lebih bervariasi. Hssil studiini menunjukkan bahwa Australia cenderungmenggunakan mobil hybrid/elektrik dankendaraan beremisi rendah lainnya bagimobilitas di dalam kota, NG fbagi kendaraanbesar (kendaraan pengangkut barang danbis), bahan bakar biofuel terutama di arearegional, diesel, LPG dan CNG.

Asia, regio NGV terbesar di dunia

December 200816

เอเชีย: ปีนีเป็นปีแหงภูมิภาคเอ็นจีวีทีใหญทีสุดในโลกดวยจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวี 49% และสถานีเติมกาซ 43% จากการทีเมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2008 มีจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีมากกวา 4.6 ลานคัน และสถานีเติมกาซอีกกวา 5,839 สถานีทำใหปีนีจัดไดวาเอเชียเป็นภูมิภาคทีมีรถเอ็นจีวีและสถานีเติมกาซมากทีสุดในโลกซึงทีจริงแลวในภูมิภาคนีไดนำมาเป็นอันดับหนึงในธุรกิจเอ็นจีวีตังแตเดือนเมษายนทีผานมา โดยมีรถเอ็นจีวีสูงถึง 49 % ของจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีทัวโลก เทากับมีจำนวนรถถึง4.2 ลานคันทีใชกันอยูในภูมิภาคเอเชีย และในเวลาเดียวกันมีสถานีเติมกาซแลวกวา 40% ของจำนวนสถานีเติมกาซทัวโลก (5,000 สถานี) อยูในภูมิภาคเอเชียเมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2008 Asian NGV Communications ไดบันทึกสถิติไววา มีรถเอ็นจีวีสูงถึง 9,433,694 คันและสถานีเติมกาซสูงถึง 13,515 สถานีทีเปิดใหบริการอยูทัวโลก จากทังหมดนีมีรถเอ็นจีวีถึง 47 % อยูในภูมิภาคเอเชีย ขณะทีมี 3 % อยูในประเทศกลุมยูเรเชีย (ประเทศอารมีเนีย, รัสเซีย, อุซเบกิสถาน,ตุรกีและจอรเจีย ซึงเป็นประเทศทีจัดวาอยูในภูมิภาคทังของเอเชียและยุโรป) สรุปยอดรวมการใชรถเอ็นจีวีของภูมิภาคเอเชียและยูเรเชีย มีมากถึง 49%ของจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีทัวโลก สวนทีเหลือ 40% พบไดในทวีปอเมริกาใตและอเมริกากลาง สำหรับทวีปยุโรปมี 9% โดยถารวมแถบยูเรเชียดวยจะมี 12%และแถบอเมริกากลางอีก 1% ในขณะทีทวีปแอฟริกามีจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีคอนขางนอยเพียงแค 226 คันในภูมิภาคเอเชียรวมถึงแถบยูเรเชียมีรถมากกวา 4.6 ลานคันทีใชเอ็นจีวี แบงเป็น 75% สำหรับรถยนตขนาดเล็ก( เกือบ 3.5 ลานคัน ), 3% สำหรับรถบัส ( 122,885 คัน ), 2% สำหรับรถบรรทุก ( 101,602 คัน ) และทีเหลือเป็นรถประเภทอืนๆ 929,907 คันในจำนวนรถประเภทอืนๆ เชน รถสามลอ รถออฟโรด นันจะรวมถึงรถยนตขนาดเล็ก รถบัส และ รถบรรทุกซึงไมไดถูกจัดประเภทในบางประเทศทำใหเมือรายงานสถิติแก Asian NGV Communications ขอมูลเหลานีจึงไมปรากฏขึนสำหรับประเทศดังกลาวในภูมิภาคเอเชียรวมยูเรเชีย นับรวมรถยนตขนาดเล็กทีใชเอ็นจีวีไดถึง 44% จากยอดรวมรถยนตขนาดเล็กทังหมดทัวโลก ขณะทีรถบัสและรถบรรทุกนับรวมไดทังสิน 65%จากยอดรวมของรถใหญทีใชเอ็นจีวีทัวโลกสัดสวนของสถานีเติมกาซ จากยอดรวมทังสิน 13,515 สถานีทัวโลก อยูในทวีปเอเชียแลว >43% (อยูในแถบยูเรเชีย 3.7% นอกนันอยูในเอเชีย 39.5% )ทวีปอเมริกาใตและอเมริกากลาง 31%, ทวีปยุโรป 19%, อเมริกาเหนือ 7% และในทวีปแอฟริกามีเพียงแค 0.1% สรุปยอดรวมเมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน 2008 ทวีปเอเชียมีสถานีเติมกาซทังสิน 5,839 สถานีประเทศจีน มีโครงการทีจะมีรถเอ็นจีวี 500,000 คันภายในปี 2010 และเพิมปริมาณการใชกาซเอ็นจีวีใหได 300% ในอีก 15 ปีขางหนาทางรัฐบาลยังคงใหการสนับสนุนการใชเชือเพลิงสะอาดในทุกภาคสวนรวมถึงภาคการขนสง ยกตัวอยางเชน การออกขอบังคับใหยานพาหนะอยางนอย 25%ของประเทศหันมาใช CNG เป็นเชือเพลิงภายใตกฎระเบียบดานภาษีเชือเพลิงทำใหเจาของรถเอ็นจีวีจะไดรับการลดหยอนภาษีรถยนตลงครึงหนึงเมือเปรียบเทียบกับรถทีใชดีเซลหรือเบนซินนอกจากนันเพือชดเชยคาใชจายของโครงการ “พลังงานสะอาด” ทำใหเมือวันที 7 ตุลาคมทีผานมา ทีกรุงปักกิงมีการปรับราคานำมันดีเซลและเบนซินสูงขึนอินเดีย นอกจากจะใชกาซทีไดจากแหลงทรัพยากรทีมีไฮโดรคารบอนทังภายในประเทศและจากตางประเทศแลว อินเดียยังไดเริมใชกาซมีเทนในชันถานหิน (CBM) และBio-CNG (ไบโอมีเทน) เพือใหครอบคลุมกับความตองการกาซของประเทศบริษัท The Great Eastern Energy Corporation Limited (GEECL) ไดเปิดใหบริการกาซ CBM แหงที 7 ในสถานีเอ็นจีวีทีเมือง Neamatpur in Asansolเมือสินเดือนตุลาคม 2008 นอกจากนีกาซ CBM ยังถูกจำหนายผานทางสถานีเติมนำมันของบริษัท Indian Oil Corporation Limited (GEECL) ทีเมือง Asansol,Durgapur, Raniganj และอีกหลายๆ เมืองทีอยูทางดานรัฐเบงกอลตะวันตก (และจะมีเมือง Burdwan และ Dankuni ตามมาภายหลังดวย)กาซจะถูกขนสงผานทางทอสงกาซ ในทางตรงกันขาม บริษัท Ispat Energy วางแผนจะลงทุน10 พันลานรูปี ในปีงบประมาณปัจจุบัน เพือทีจะผลิต Bio-CNGจากของเสียทีเกิดจากการผลิตนำตาลซึงไดจากกระบวนการผลิตจากออย บริษัทไดมีเปาหมายทีจะทำงานรวมกับโรงงานผลิตนำตาล 20 แหง ทีเมือง Maharashtaและเมือง Uttar Pradesh และจะลงทุน 350 ลานรูปีสำหรับโรงงานผลิต กับบริษัท Warna Sugar Ltd ทีเมือง Maharashtaโรงงานนีจะมีศักยภาพทีจะสงกาซธรรมชาติไดจำนวน 11,000 m3/วันใหกับภาคอุตสาหกรรมและภาคขนสงภายในเดือนตุลาคม 2009โดยจะตองใชของเสียจากการผลิตนำตาลประมาณ 110 ตัน และปุยคอกเปียกและแหง 100 ตันเป็นวัตถุดิบ ทังโครงการนีจะทำใหไดคารบอนเครดิต 16,000 – 30,000ตันคารบอนไดออกไซดตอปี กาซ Bio-CNG จะมีตนทุนในการผลิต 26 รูปี/กก. และจะขายใหกับ Warna ทีราคา 28 รูปี/กก. ผูบริหารของบริษัท Ispat Energy นายShishir Tamotia ไดกลาววา บริษัทมีแผนทีจะลงทุน 50 พันลาน รูปีในอีก 5 ปีขางหนา เพือจำหนายกาซธรรมชาติ สวนกาซ Bio-CNG จะมีในเมือง Tier-I(เขตเมืองใหญ) และ Tier-II (เขตเมืองใหญรองลงมา) เชน Kolhapur และ Sangali ใกลกับแหลงผลิตนำตาลในเมือง Maharashtaญีปุน รัฐบาลไดจัดสรรงบประมาณพิเศษสำหรับปี 2008 ซึงเป็นปีทีอุตสาหกรรมเอ็นจีวีไดรับสวนแบงสนับสนุนประมาณ 1 พันลานเยนเพือการจัดซือรถเอ็นจีวีและสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวี การเติบโตของจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีประจำปีในญีปุนไดโตขึน 9% ในระหวางเดือนกันยายน 2007 ถึง เดือนเดียวกันนีในปี2008 ดวยจำนวนรถเอ็นจีวีทีจดทะเบียนเมือเดือนกันยายนทีผานมา 35,720 คันมาเลเซีย บริษัทนำมันและกาซ ปิโตรนาสไดตังเปาเปิดสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวี 200 แหง และมีความตองการทีจะเห็นรถเอ็นจีวี 50,000 คัน ภายในปี 2010ในขณะทีอินโดนีเซีย บริษัทรถบัส PT Ekasari Lorena Transport (Lorena) ในเมืองจาการตา ไดรับรถบัสเอ็นจีวี 34 คัน จากบริษัท PT Hino Motors SalesIndonesia เมือเดือนตุลาคม และขณะนี Lorena กำลังสรางสถานีรถบัส ซึงโครงการทีเสร็จสมบูรณจะมีอาคารจอดรถบัส ศูนยซอมบำรุง และสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวีโครงการนีมีการลงทุนทังหมด 125 ลานรูเปียหปากีสถาน กำลังใหความสนใจในเรืองของความปลอดภัย องคกร All Pakistan CNG Association ตองการทีจะใหรัฐบาลของรัฐตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ (North WestFrontier Province) เขมงวดในการปราบปรามศูนยดัดแปลงรถเอ็นจีวีทีไมถูกตองตามกฎหมาย โดยมุงใหมีอุบัติเหตุลดนอยลงจากการดัดแปลงรถทีไมถูกตองรวมถึงการติดตังถังเอ็นจีวีทีไมไดมาตรฐานไทย ตังแตเดือนพฤษภาคมถึงเดือนตุลาคม 2008 มีรถเอ็นจีวีและรถปิกอัพเอ็นจีวี ทังทีเป็นรถใหมและรถทีดัดแปลงจำนวน 40,000 คัน ไดเพิมขึนในประเทศไทยมีการใชรถเอ็นจีวีแลวประมาณ 118,000 คันในประเทศนีเมือตนเดือนพฤศจิกายน และทางการไทยคาดวายอดขายรถเอ็นจีวีจะเพิมขึนเกือบ 200% ในปี 2012โดยภายในปีดังกลาว ประเทศไทยคาดวาจะมีรถเอ็นจีวี 328,000 คัน และสถานีเติมกาซเอ็นจีวี 725 แหงในประเทศดวยแนวโนมราคานำมันในตลาดโลกทีลดลงชัวคราว ทำใหอุตสาหกรรมเอ็นจีวีไดรับผลประโยชนจากการสนับสนุนของภาครัฐบาลและสมาคมกาซมากขึนโดยไดสนับสนุนการใชกาซเอ็นจีวีอยางจริงจังในภาคขนสงและการสรางความมันใจวาราคากาซจะไมมีการเปลียนแปลงและมีการจัดหากาซเพือตอบสนองความตองการอยางเพียงพอการรวมตัวกันของกลุมผูผลิตกาซเอ็นจีวีอาจจะถูกจัดตังขึนเร็วๆ นี ทังนีเพือจัดการดานการสงออกกาซเอ็นจีวี และเพือใหราคาแอลเอ็นจีเเขาสูราคาตลาดโลกไดรัสเซีย อิหราน และกาตาร ซึงเป็นประเทศทีมีแหลงทรัพยากรกาซธรรมชาติประมาณ 60% ของโลกไดพบปะกันเมือเดือนตุลาคมทีผานมาเพือหารือเกียวกับเรืองการจัดตังกลุมสหพันธธุรกิจสำหรับกาซธรรมชาติ ระหวางการประชุม นายAlexei Miller ประธานของGazprom, นาย Gholam Hossein Nozai รัฐมนตรีนำมันของอิหราน และนายAbdullah Ben Hamad Al-Attiya รัฐมนตรีพลังงานของกาตารไดหารูปแบบทีมีศักยภาพของ Gas Troika กลุมใหญ ซึงจะพบกันปีละ 3 ถึง 4 ครัง เพือติดตามการดำเนินงานกลยุทธรวมกัน นาย Alexei Millerแนะนำใหเปลียนหนวยงาน Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF-กอตังปี 2001)เป็นองคกรถาวรทีจะชวยสนับสนุนใหการจัดหากาซมีความสมำเสมอเพียงพอตอความตองการและมีความแนนอน นักวิเคราะหกลาววานอกจากประเทศทังสามทีไดกลาวถึงแลว เวเนซุเอลาและแอลจีเรียก็ดูเหมือนวาจะมาเปน็สมาชิกของผูกอตัง Gas Troika นีดวยสำหรับความตองการแอลเอ็นจี (LNG) ของโลก ไดถูกคาดการณวาจะโตขึนประมาณ 86% ภายในปี 2016 ในเอเชีย ประเทศญีปุนจะเป็นผูนำเขาแอลเอ็นจี ทีใหญทีสุดสวนจีนและอินเดียจะเป็นตลาดแอลเอ็นจีถัดไปทีมีศักยภาพสูง ผูสงออกแอลเอ็นจีในเอเชียจะมีทังประเทศออสเตรเรีย บรูไน อียิปต มาเลเซีย อินโดนีเซีย อิหราน รัสเซียและสหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตสออสเตรเลีย ซึงสวนใหญใชแอลเอ็นจีเป็นสินคาสงออก ไดมองหาแนวทางการลดการพึงพาการนำเขานำมันหนวยงานภาครัฐทีศึกษาวิจัยดานวิทยาศาสตรในออสเตรเลียเมือเร็ว ๆ นี ไดนำการศึกษาซึงผลลัพธทีไดแสดงวาการใชเชือเพลิงผสมกันของออสเตรเลียดูเหมือนวาจะมีความหลากหลายมากขึนโดยมีการใชรถไฮบริด/รถไฟฟา และรถทีมีมลพิษตำสำหรับการเดินทางในเมืองการใชกาซเอ็นจีวีสำหรับรถใหญ (รถบรรทุกและรถบัส), การใชเชือเพลิงชีวภาพในพืนทีทองถิน และมีการใชดีเซล แอลเอ็นจี และเอ็นจีวีดวย./

December 2008 17

December 200818

Illegally converted vehicles lead to explosions and threaten NGV industry

Safety first!Some fatalities occurred due to CNGvehicle explosion in Asia. As reported inseveral latest editions in Asian NGVCommunications, safety in convertedNGVs grows to be a very importantissue in our industry especially in Asia.The recent explosions related to NGVindustry reported in this region werecaused by vehicles, and not by therefueling station facilities. And all happened to converted vehicles andnot those made by Original EquipmentManufacturers (OEMs) or vehicle manufacturers.Unlike in Europe and South America,NGV is a rather “new” thing for Asiaalthough many Asian countries havestarted NGV adoption since the 80’s.However, the real and high adoption ofthese vehicles took place only recentlywhen many countries started battlingagainst air pollution and later againsthigh oil price. As a result, many vehicleowners turned to cheaper and viableoption these last few years—especiallyduring 2007-2008—and creating ademand rush on vehicle conversions toNGVs. This has attracted manyentrepreneurs who later opened vehicleconversion centres overnight withouthaving sufficient know-how andskill/technicians or ºappropriate licenseto do the work. In (many) illegal workshops, SAFETY is not an importantissue to be considered by thoseinstallers. They offer cheaper conversioncost and use cheaper and substandardequipment and poor craftsmanship thatleads to negative consequences.Retrofitting vehicles at illegal workshopswith untrained “technicians” could leadto after-conversion problems when theconversion quality is poor, and thus, theretrofitted vehicles need to be returnedto the workshops several times/frequently to fix various issues,such as what recently happened inSingapore. Illegal conversion is COSTLYin terms of time and money as well asDANGEROUS. It could also slow downif not kill the NGV industry in thosecountries. Proper training to techniciansin conversion centres is a must! It isalong with all NGV/station stakeholdersthat we must vigorously battle illegalconversion and the trade of substandard equipment, and moreimportantly, help spreading

information/campaign regarding safetyissues, the nature of CNG/NGVs and itsbenefits, especially to fleet owners,vehicle operators (drivers of public vehicles powered by natural gas) andmore importantly to private vehicle owners who we should consider aspotential buyers as we are movingtowards mass adoption of NGVs.Especially since the International GasUnion (IGU) and the NGV industry proposed a target of attaining 50-65million NGVs by 2020 and 100-200 millions by 2030. If we can achieve this,the IGU projected that 400bcm gaswould be needed by 2030.This kind of accidents due to impropervehicle conversion not only happens inAsia but also—very few—were reportedin North and South America. The explosions in NGVs in Asia were reported to be caused by the installation of substandard cylindersand/or conversion kits which weremainly mounted by illegal conversioncentres.In Bangladesh, substandardcylinders/tanks fitted to NGVs (in illegalworkshops) include Oxygen and watercylinders, for example. Other countriesalso use LPG tanks, including those forcooking purposes, or old CNG cylinders. A CNG cylinder can withstand

pressure up to 3,500 psi while substandard cylinders have low pressure capacity, and thus, couldexplode when filled with CNG. Apartfrom Bangladesh, Asian countries thatexperience NGVs explosions due to illegal retrofit include China, India,Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand,etc. The most recent accidents werereported in Malaysia and India.Lately, government from various countries such as those from Iran, India,Thailand, etc, have underlined theimportance of safety issue. Disciplinaryactions that include seizing of unauthorised and substandard equipment and closure of illegal conversion centres are carried out inBangladesh, Pakistan, etc. In thosecountries which still do not have mandates and guidelines for disciplinaryactions/enforcement, such as inMalaysia and few other countries, theneeded regulation should be createdsoon before this industry begins to godown.

Conversion in MalaysiaOn 7 November this year, a CNG vanequipped with LPG cylinders explodedand caused death to a young man in arefuelling station in Batu Berendam inthe southern part of Malacca state of

Do not use LPG and substandard tanks in NGVs: Road Transport Department officers investigating the LPG tank that exploded in a natural gas van in Malacca

December 2008 19

Malaysia. This is the second LPG-tank-in-CNG-vehicle explosionincident in Malaysia, in which the firstincident took place in Cheras in August2008. The LPG cylinder can withstandonly up to 500 psi instead of therequired 3,500 psi for NGVs.The related Road Transport Departmentinvestigations revealed that the LPGcylinder was placed beneath the driver’sseat, covered by a sheet of canvasinstead of by proper metal covering.That was the second bloomer.On the other hand, the explosion, whichshattered the entire front portion of thevehicle, was believed to have beencaused by a spark from the engine,which was running at that time.According to the applicable standard,the engine must be switched off duringthe refuel.Chief Minister Datuk Seri Mohd AliRustam urged the police and relevantauthorities to determine how a cookinggas tank had been modified for thevehicle. He urged the authorities toseize those carrying out illegal modification in their vehicles.The Director of the Road and TransportDepartment, Solah Mat Hassan, saidseveral similar incidents in the capital -Kuala Lumpur- have been reported andurged motorists to only patronize theDepartment’s accredited workshops toensure all safety guidelines have beenadhered to. In Malaysia, legally, converted NGVmust be approved by Puspakom priorto being put on the road within certaintime frame after the conversion. If theconversion is done by unlicensedinstaller and not according to the standard specifications, the vehicle willnot be approved to ply on the road.

However, according to Dr XanderThong, owner of Hijau MOG—anauthorised conversion centre inMalaysia-, NGV installers in this countryare not required to state their licensenumber and expiration date. Thus,illegal installers are taking advantage ofthis loophole, and presenting a dangerto all road users. The Road TransportAuthority has approved 72 conversioncentres but following the demand rush,more than 1,000 mostly illegalworkshops operated in this country byJune 2008. He stated that it isnecessary that all NGV advertisement(issued by workshops) must beaccompanied by the licensed details ineach ad.

Indian conversion regulationIn India, on 8 November an accidenthappened when a Wagon R equippedwith unauthorised CNG kits went up inflames in Delhi within 10 seconds.Although CNG is a safe fuel for vehicles,all safety standard must be compliedwith when one retrofits a vehicle intoCNG system.

According to the transport department’sregulation in the country, all vehiclesequipped with CNG kits need to havethis endorsed on the registration certificate of the vehicle. This is done by authorised CNG kitdealers. Even at the time of refuelling,the attendant at the pump is supposedto check the endorsement to ensurethe CNG kit fitted in the vehicle is anauthorised one. But this seldom happens and because there is no system of checks, the business of selling unauthorised kits is flourishing inDelhi.

Also, all commercial vehicles poweredby CNG need to undergo regularinspections and an annual fitness testby the transport department. But thereis a lack of such norms for private vehicles.

Another common reason—not relatedto CNG system— for car fires are electrical short circuits in wiring. Caraccessories like music systems, centrallocking and the like, fitted from theopen market by quacks can prove to bedangerous as they are not connected tothe ECU of the vehicle. All vehicle manufacturers advise owners not to getaccessories fitted from unauthoriseddealers as often these are connected tothe battery by cutting any other powerwire passing through the car and joiningit to the new device. Loose or improperwiring is prone to sparking.

In Delhi, about 4,000-4,500 privatevehicles are converted to CNG systemevery month. The industry estimatesthat roughly 125,000 private NGVs areplying in this city with an annual rate of250% increase. Hence, there is a growing importance of safety in vehicleconversion to CNG system.

The associationsThis year, NGV associations moreactively share knowledge regardingsafety issues. The InternationalAssociation for NGV (IANGV) is workingon a paper for CNG safety. The Asia-Pacific NGV Association(ANGVA) offers Safety Workshops invarious Asian countries.For more information about guidelinesfor the handling of CNG cylinder, pleaserefer to IANGV’s report athttp://www.iangv.org/docs/IANGV-CNG-Cylinder-Handling-Guidelines-0409.pdfSingaporean standard for NGVs can befound athttp://www.spring.gov.sg/newsarchive/news/releases/03_09_03.htmlFew guidelines on refueling station inPakistan is available atwww.hdip.com.pk/Inspection%20of%20CNG%20Stations/Annex-II.pdfFor those interested in learning technical standards of CNG fuel (including transport, application infuelling stations and vehicles), checksome guidelines made by ENARGAS,the gas regulatory agency of Argentina, athttp://www.enargas.gov.ar/Gnc/Normativa/Html/Normas_Ing.php

A CNG car was run over by another vehicle in Brazil. It has one CNG tank and one LPG tank. The LPG tank was destroyed but the CNG one remained intact

December 200820

Dual fuel trains for Indian RailwaysThe Indian Railways is the first railwayon Indian sub-continent running over astretch of 21 miles from Mumbai toThane. For its current operation, thecompany consumes 2 million kilolitresof diesel which mean an expenditure ofRs 80 billion per year to the company.

Triggered by the recent upward trend inoil prices that has cost the company alot of money, India Railways has nowstarted to convert conventional dieselengines in its fleet into a dual fuelCNG/diesel system.

This fleet operator already uses bio-diesel to cut down high fuel billsand now it looks for another alternativefuel. A senior Rail Ministry officer said inOctober that CNG will be used in trainoperations with the aim of optimisingthe substitution of diesel and accordingly a project was launched.

Under the project, 50 diesel multipleunits (DMUs) or railmotors (a multipleunit train consisting of multiple carriagespowered by one or more on-boarddiesel engines which is also known asDiesel Power Car or DPC), self

propelled coaches, will be convertedinto dual fuel engines.

In November this year, the IndianRailways Organisation for AlternativeFuels (IROAF), has called for tenders

from engine manufacturers to joinforces in the engine conversion project.Currently, the trains are used to serveshort routes up to 200 km.

R. Srivastave, Chief MechanicalEngineer of IROAF, said that they aim atrunning the DPC using 70% diesel and30% CNG, in which the proportion ofCNG can be gradually increased if thetechnology is successful.

IROAF is looking at both ignition andfumigation technologies for conversionto CNG. The ignition technology willallow CNG usage in the DPC of a maximum rate of 30% while the fumigation technology will allow up to90% share of CNG in each train.

Should this project succeed, IRAOFplans to move forward with the conversion of engines in locomotivesused in express trains.

CNG is used as trains fuel in manyother countries such as in Peru(Ferrocarril Central Andino since 2005) ,Sweden with its biogas train inSeptember 2005, and the US (NapaValley Wine Train).

The India Railway actually has conducted a trial in April 2005 when adual fuel locomotive was operatedalong Delhi and Rewari route.

December 2008 21

December 200822

Of these 400 buses, 100 buses eachwould serve two different routes:Karachi to Sukkur and Karachi toHyderabad. Another 50 units eachwould ply four other routes, fromKarachi to Larkana, Khaipur, ShaheedMohtarna Benazir Bhutto, andMirpukhas districts.

In its endeavor to improve public transport facility and air quality, theSindh government in Pakistan intendsto introduce environmentally-friendlybuses in this province, especially inKarachi City and surroundings.In 2007, it was reported that Karachigovernment planned to introduce 8,000CNG buses in the city’s transport fleet.Recent development came with a resultthat 2,000 CNG buses will be employedin this city within the next five years.As the first significant step, 1,000 CNGbuses would be made available in gradual phases from end 2008 toFebruary-March 2009 under “ShaheedMohtarma Benazir Bhutto TransportProgramme”, as announced by SindhTransport Minister Akhtar HussainJadoon. Of these 1,000 buses, 600 units wouldbe placed in Karachi City for intercityservices, while the remaining 400 buseswould serve different routes of inferiorSindh.

One thousand CNG buses for Sindhprovince in Pakistan

Jadoon said that the crew of each buswould be provided with proper trainingand would remain in uniform during theimplementation of the service. He saidthat this programme would not onlyoffer a better public transport facility tocommuters but also job opportunitiesfor skilled and unskilled manpower.

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December 2008 23

Meanwhile the Haryana Roadways inNorthern India has decided to buy1,000 new buses by the end of 11thfive-year plan (2007-2012). Thesebuses would include Volvo, air-conditioned (AC) buses, CNG buses,etc. Haryana Transport Minister MangeRam Gupta said that to strengthen theNational Capital Region (NCR), andother big cities, CNG and semi low-floorbuses were being introduced in theseareas. Already 200 CNG buses were in servicein Haryana Roadways fleet. It is verylikely that the number will grow up to1,100 units by the end of the 11th five-year plan. Ten Volvo AC buses plusten AC CNG low-floor buses have pliedalong Gurgaon-Delhi route. More CNGbuses were bought during the currentfinancial year, he said.Haryana is a state in northern India. Italso surrounds Delhi on three sides,forming the northern, western andsouthern borders of Delhi.Consequently, a large area of Haryana isincluded in the National Capital Region.

Haryana to add CNG buses in 2008-2012

Apart from being the biggest NGVnation in the world, Asia is also home tothe biggest NGV country in the world:Pakistan!

In November 2008, the Joint ExecutiveDirector (CNG) of the Oil & GasRegulatory Authority’s, Aamir Nusrat,said that there were about 1,9 millionNGVs and 2,430 public CNG refuelingstations operating in this country. Heconcluded that by July this year, alreadythere were 1. 8 million CNG vehiclesplying in Pakistan.

Pakistan, #1NGV country

December 200824

By March 2009, 50 CNG stations will be set up in Tehran City of Iran, said head of Headquarters forManagement of Transportation and Fuel, Mohammad Rouyanian. The more detail data from Iranian GasKhodro Co. as noted in a complimentary article in this section,“CNG situation in Tehran”, shown that a total of 56 stations will be constructed by the above-mentioneddate.

Rouyanian said that CNG is delivered tothe station owners at the earlier price of80 Rial/Nm3. CNG stations will be constructed in Tehran's satellite towns ifthey allocate the necessary land forTehran Municipality. Only residents ofthe towns are entitled to fill up gas inthese stations.

Already at least 260 cities in this country had CNG refuelling facilities bybeginning of November this year. At thattime, Iran had about 637 CNG stationsin service. In line with the government’starget of reaching 1,000 CNG stationsduring the current Iranian year ended on20 March 2009, around 600 more stations are planned to be built nextyear. Iran’s current pipeline networkscover 560 cities and 3,226 villages.

CNG and gasoline pricesOn 4 November this year, Rouyanianannounced that the government hasdecided to increase CNG price atpumping stations from 200 Rials/Nm3to 400 Rials/Nm3 started 22 November.Earlier, by mid October, he announcedthat the government planned to gradually cut the amount of heavily-subsidised gasoline for transportsector from the next Iranian year andwould completely eliminate subsidies by2011. From next Iranian year (March2009-March 2010), the gasoline allocation for private cars will graduallybe decreased upon the complete subsidy elimination by 2011.

Elimination of gasoline subsidy in Iranand 50 CNG stations for Tehran

December 2008 25

Already, 69 CNG stations are operatingin Tehran. Of those, 58 units are dedicated CNG stations which wereconstructed by government, while theother 11 units are bi-purpose gasoline-CNG stations. Fifty new CNGstations are expected to be constructedby March 2009.By the end of this Iranian year (March2009), 27 more CNG stations are goingto be built in this city and scheduled tobe opened by the next Iranian Year. Outof those, 23 stations will be built byIranian Gas Khodro Co. and 4 stationsby private investors. Furthermore,National Iran Oil Production Distribution

This country,which by IANGVPresident RichardKolodziej wasforecasted tobecome leadingcountry in theNGV industrywithin the nextfive, is expected to join the 1,000,000plus NGV countries soon.

Alireza Rahnama from the Head ofPlanning and Project ControlDepartment ofIranian Gas Khodro Co. stated that Iran

will enter the list of country with morethan 1.000.000 NGVs. The company iscurrently compiling an accurate dataregarding the vehicle counting.

At the end of January this year, therewere only 612,000 NGVs in this coun-try. At the beginning of May, Iran hadaround 749,000 NGVs, while threemonths later it added a whooping78,000 vehicles when the total NGVpopulation was reported at 827,000units. In October, the country hadaround 846,000 NGVs.

Looking at this data, Asian NGVCommunications projected that Iran willjoin the “1 million NGV club” beforesummer 2009.

CNG situation in TehranCo. (NIOPDC) has another plan toinstall CNG dispensing units in 29 unitsof existing gasoline stations in Tehran.Furthermore, 269 cities in Iran alreadyhave CNG refuelling facilities. Apart fromthat, CNG stations are going to be constructed in 188 more cities in Iran. At the moment, 637 CNG stations arein service in Iran, of which, only 51 dedicated CNG stations plus 90 stations CNG/gasoline stations werebuilt by private sector.

By: Alireza Rahnama, Iranian Gas KhodroCo., Head of Planning and Project ControlDepartment

Iran to jointhe 1 millionNGV club

December 200826

Over 280 vehicle conversions permonth in Singapore

Despite of the current lower oil prices in Singapore, a newCNG refueling station is scheduled to be opened by February2009. Located in Serangoon North, the station is owned bySmart Energy, a cab operator in Singapore.

Johny Harjantho, the company’s Managing Director, is optimistic that the CNG business will remain attractive. As other transport fuel prices, recently, CNG price was lowered by nine cents from the previous rate at SGD1.65/kg.By early November it was sold at SGD 1.56/kg before discount at Smart Energy’s Mandai station. The firm planned to decrease the price to SGD 1.48/kg bymid November. Harjantho expects that the price will fall further.

As oil traded at below US$70/barrel in the beginning ofNovember and premium and regular gasoline (octane 98 and95) were sold at SGD 1.820/litre and SGD 1.746/litre, whilediesel cost SGD 1.503/litre, conversion of cars into NGVswas slightly decreased from the July peak of 419 vehicles to320 in August and 283 in September.

NGV share in Singapore’s total (on-road) transport sector isalmost 0.32% adoption. For a country which ahs just “re-awaking” NGV business, this is quite reasonable especially considering the size of the country (682.7 sqm ofland), the number of inhabitants (4,608,167 people), and thetotal number of vehicles (about 850,000). With 2,700 NGVs, Singapore’s NGV share within total vehiclemarket in the country is 0.32%. This, has positioned Singapore as the 28th country in theworld that has the biggest NGVs/vehicle ration. Despite of the declining vehicle conversion rate, if Singaporecan keep retrofit ratio at, say, 250 vehicles per month, thatmeans that within a year, there would be an additional of3,000 NGVs.

The success of NGV adoption in this country is heavilydependent on government support. Stockholders of thisindustry and owners of CNG cars expect that the governmentwill not lift tax incentives for NGVs. Apart from that, more refuelling facilities and high quality conversion workmanship and skills are required. Although car owners prefer OEM NGVs, due to limited selection—as only Mercedes E200-NGT is available in thecountry—the role of conversion segment is substantial indetermining the success rate of NGV adoption. It is crucial that conversion centres deliver high quality conversion and have well-trained technicians.

Although the country is experiencing a decrease vehicle conversion rate due to a fall in oil price, this situation mightchange in the near future.

Editor of Energy News Portal EnergyAsia.com, Ng WengHoong, said that this condition will not last. Ng predicted that oil price will hit USD200/barrel by 2013.

Singapore experienced a 145% growth in NGVs adoption during 2007-2008

December 2008 27

NGV business in IndonesiaBy: Danny Praditya, PT CNG

December 200828

A homage for John StephensonTaken from Dr Garth Harris, IANGV Secretary General’s articleon “John Stephenson-A Tribute”.

The former IANGV Treasurer, John Stephenson, passed awayin Auckland, New Zealand, this year, which means a great lossto the whole industry.

John contributed a lot to the NGV business in New Zealandsince the 70’s. He was also actively involved in the Vehiclesand Fuels Research Unit (VFRU) in New Zealand. John wasalso Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department beforeretiring in late 1980s.

In 1981 he produced a lot of reports regarding technical informati