Volume IV Number 35 January 2010 OEM NGVs ... - … IV Number 35 January 2010 NGV in the world ......

Volume IV Number 35 January 2010

NGV in the world

IGU report onmethane for transport

NGV2010 Roma

The International NGVAssociation event willtake place this year

OEM NGVs and CNGvehicle variants in Asia

12a Conferenza ed Esposizione Mondiale dell’AssociazioneInternazionale dei Veicoli a Gas Naturale - IANGV12th World IANGV Conference and Exhibition

Dal 8 al 10 giugno 2010June 8-10, 2010Nuova Fiera di Roma New Rome FairPadiglioni 9, 10 e area esterna Pavilions 9, 10 and outdoor areaRoma, Italia Rome, Italy

[email protected]

Un evento diAn event of

Sponsor PrincipaleMain Sponsor

Ospitato da Hosted by

Organizzato da Organized by

Creating a Revolutionin Transport

Verso la Rivoluzionenel Trasporto

January 20102

Summary04 Around 2 more million NGVs are

expected in 2010

Oil price fluctuated between USD 75and almost USD80 per barrel byOctober-early December 2009. Energyanalysts predicted that price of oil ...

22The previous IGU S.G. 5.3 report forthe 2003 – 2006 triennium provided a comprehensive overview and analysisof existing fuels and technologies ...

16

30 Examples and tips of safety inNGVs and CNG stations

32 China gas supply faces a bigchallenge

33 Thailand will see a growingdemand for natural gas in 2010

34 BusinessCentre

34 Omnitek Engineering signed MoUwith bio-energy company

35 NGV2010, the IANGV Conferenceand Exhibition 8-10 June 2010

36 End year statistics for your marketing plan and review

Copies Distribution

OEM NGVs and CNG vehicle variants

Asian NGV Communications is a publicationof NGV Communications Group, publishinghouse and fairs-conferences organizer: www.ngvgroup.comIn Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report,GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, theInternational NGV Guide. In Argentina, the Group publishes PrensaVehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps,books and brochures while in Brazil, Folhado GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps andposters, among others. In Peru PrensaVehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.comThe signed articles are exclusive responsibility ofthe authors, as well as advertising companies andagencies are responsible for the published ads.

300-5, Changchon-Ri ■ Namsan-MyunChuncheon-Si ■ Kangwon-Do ■ 200-911 Tel. and fax.: +82 33 260 3419

+31 20 420 [email protected] ■ www.asiangv.com

Vicolo Gonzaga 13 ■ 46045 Marmirolo (Mn)Tel.: +39 0376 [email protected] ■ www.thegvr.com

Uspallata 711 ■ CP 1268 ■ Capital FederalTel./Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137 [email protected]

is member of the ANGVA (Asia Pacific NGV Association)

28 Chinese CNG engines for Bolivia

The presence of China NGV industry isaffirmed in more countries across Asiaand South America. More and morecountries in these regions are ...

We print and mail to 24countries about 4.000 copiesaddressed to governmental relat-ed offices, OEM and Oil & Gascompanies, associations, related NGV indus-tries, refuelling stations,workshops and suppliers,according the following list (somefigures rounded):Armenia: 0.3%Australia: 4.1%Azerbaijan: 0.2%Bangladesh: 5.0%China: 10.9%Egypt: 1.9%India: 9.5%

Indonesia: 1.6%Iran: 7.0%Israel: 0.1%Japan: 10.2%Korea: 5.1%Malaysia: 6.6%Myanmar: 0.5%New Zealand: 1.0%Pakistan: 11.4%Philippines: 3.6%Russia:4.3%Singapore: 3.1%Taiwan: 0.2%Thailand: 5.8%Turkey: 5.5%United Arab Emirates: 2.1%Vietnam: 0.1%

In addition, the magazine issent to over 19.300 readersin 94 countries

by e-mail (.pdf) and is also onlinein www.ngvgroup.comIf your NGV business is in Asia,advertise with us.

Asian NGV Communications300-14, Changchon-Ri,Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do,200-911 KOREATel : +31 20 420 1076Tel : +82 33 260 3419e-mail: [email protected]

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Av. Rio Branco, 131 Sala 1.701CEP: 20040-006 Rio de Janeiro - RJTel: +55 21 8572-1086 / [email protected] ■ www.folhadognv.com

Printed: Rigraph S.R.L.• Constitución 4, 28.511 Madrid - España• Tilcara 3.146, Buenos Aires

IGU SG 5.3 on summary of technologydevelopment and an overview of NGV

January 20104

Oil price fluctuated between USD 75 andalmost USD80 per barrel by October-earlyDecember 2009. Energy analysts predictedthat price of oil will reach, at least, an average of 80 USD/bbl in 2010. This prediction, coupling with the increase in economic confidence and (a small yet positive) rise in trade movement, has generated more confidence in NGV business.Although related experts have different projections, around 5.5% by 2015-20% by2020 annual growth, the prognosis of NGVadoption is highly promising.

As per IGU SG 5.3 study, with oil priceexpected to reach 120 USD/bbl ten yearsfrom now and 150 USD/bbl twenty yearsfrom now, around 50 M to 100 M methanevehicles (NGVs) are expected by 2020 and2030 respectively. It would mean that NGVshare in the vehicle market will increase from1% in 2008 to 4.5% in 2020 and 7% by2030. Methane (NG) usage in the transportsector could reach up to 106 bcm in 2020and 207 bcm in 2030. Major growth in NGVpopulation is anticipated in Asia-Pacific (44% ofglobal NGV market), followed by South America(26%), with the Middle East (including WesternAsia) in the third place with 17% growth.

By end 2009, there are almost 11M NGVs inthe world. The IGU report showed that byend of 2010, there would be 11.64 – 13.7 MNGVs (the projection was made based onend-2005 figure with 4.64 M NGVs). It willnot be surprising if we see another 2 Mmethane vehicles are added during this yearalone (assuming global economic crisis willnot go further and oil prices is, at least, stable).

AsiaIn figures, according to the “PolicyGovernment Scenario” reported by the IGU,Asian total NGV population including theMiddle East and Russia would be 16.82-21.99 million by 2015 versus the world’stotal 34.29 to 39.46 million. According to the“Business as Usual Scenario”, by 2015,there will be 17.23 M NGVs in Asia versus29.19 M in the world. In the fuelling sector,28,368 stations should be in operation bythe same year, versus 37,601 stations intotal around the world. Below are a fewrecent stories from all over Asia.

CNG variants Fiat India plans to introduce CNG variant ofGrande Punto in the Indian market. Themodel will be available in the country by second quarter of this year. In Europe, Fiatalready offers CNG versions of the GrandePunto, Punto, Multipla, Doblò and the popularPanda. The Punto and Panda are both

expected to form the basis of new small carsfor Chrysler in the coming years. We are yetto see whether a Fiat-controlled Chrysler willoffer commercial CNG versions of the mini-vans in the US and/or around the world.Conversely, another European car manufacturer, Volkswagen, have not yet considered introducing CNG/LPG versions ofits vehicles in India. However, India has lotsof CNG variants models in almost all vehiclesegments, from LDVs (three-wheelers) toHDVs (trucks and buses).

Good news follow as Mahindra & Mahindrais planning to launch its passenger carryingvehicle in CNG variants including export market potential. The new CNG model to belaunched soon, Gio, falls under a unique utility segment between Tata Ace (mini truckas a Light Commercial Vehicle) and thethree-wheeler range. Gio CNG price tag isvery economic, at Rs165,000, it costs onlyRs25,000-30,000 more than a three wheeler.Also, Hindustan Motors’ Shifeng Winner 1.8CNG Bharat Stage 4 (latest Indian emissionnorm) 3-tonnes Mini Truck was introducedlast September.

In Thailand, Toyota introduced its CamryHybrid (gasoline/electric) in July 2009. In themeantime, the carmaker has built two CamryHybrid CNG/electric cars in the US. The carhas 4 CNG composite cylinders, a drivingrange up to 400km, an engine capacity of170 hp, with an estimated fuel economy ofCity/Highway/Combined of 52/39/53 km pergallon. As this car is not yet built for massselling, the Hybrid CNG is not yet available inThailand.Chevrolet Thailand and GM showcased itsChevrolet Optra CNG -in estate and sedanmodels- during a motor expo in the countryin December last year.

Several promotional packages were offeredto boost sales. Buyers can choose their ownincentive package according to their needs.The offers include 0% interest for paymentsover 36 months with a 25% down paymentand 0.99% interest for 36 monthly instal-ments with a 15% down payment. In bothpackages, buyers will receive free one-yearfirst-class car insurance coverage when purchasing any of Chevrolet’s 4 modelsincluding Chevrolet Optra. Special for buyers ofChevrolet Optra CNG, free CNG fuel of up to10,000 THB during the first year will be given.

Fuel prices and gas supplyThe Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority inPakistan has decided that an 18% increasein NG tariff for all categories of consumerswill be in force from January 1, 2010. For

CNG refuelling stations the selling price fromgas supplier would increase from Rs427.15to Rs504 per MMBTU.However, government NGV projects continueas a model mega CNG station capable ofrefuelling 200-250 CNG buses in Karachi willsoon be constructed. The station would costaround Rs150.6 M. The HydrocarbonDevelopment Institute of Pakistan that wouldlead the project expects to open the stationby end 2010. Around 15-20 such mega stations are expected to be built in KarachiCity to facilitate 4,000 CNG buses.As temperature dropped a lot across Chinaand heavy snow attacked northern part ofthe country, gas supply is mostly diverted forhousehold use (as heating gas). Central,eastern and southern provinces are facingnatural gas shortage. The sudden drop intemperatures has slowed the flow of gas inpipelines, causing longer time for vehiclerefuelling.

However, the condition might get betterwhen the cold winter passes. Also, a secondNG pipeline from west to the east part ofChina was scheduled to be opened byDecember 2009. Gas supply from overseasalso continued to be explored as China willget (more) LNG from Australia in the nearfuture. Although gas experts call for gas pricing reforms, the government did notintroduce price reforms during end 2009,also taking into consideration the countryeconomic stability.

Despite of the “temporary” gas supply issue,it is expected that NGV industry will remainstrong in China. Government is anticipatedto continue actively supporting the industry,especially as China was chosen as the hostcountry of the ANGVA2011 Conference andExhibition. It is also worth noted that duringthis global economic crisis in 2009, China isthe only (major) NGV country that did notshow a slow down in NGV adoption.On the other hand, Australia is bound tobecome the world’s second largest LNGsupplier and to experience an LNG boom.By 2017, its LNG export is expected to double, according to energy consultancyWood Mackenzie. Asian market is projectedto use much more LNG by 2013 and2018.In this case, Australia will also supplygas to China, Japan, India, Korea and othercountries in Asia and North America.Eighteen LNG projects (production plant) aregoing to be implemented in west, north andeast Australia, of which 3 units are underconstruction or already exist. Apart from that,in Tasmania Island (south of Australia), anLNG micro-plant and refuelling station arealso being constructed.

Around 2 more millionNGVs are expected in 2010

January 2010 5

January 20106

2010年NGV数量将增200万从2009年10月到12月初，石油价格就在

每桶75美元到80美元间波动。据能源分

析专家预测，石油价格将持续增长，到

2010年至少涨至80美元/每桶。人们对

经济复苏信心的重拾和贸易往来的增长

（仅仅是稍有起色），使得大家对NGV

产业的信心也得已恢复。尽管相关领域

的专家对此另有它见，但从2015年的5.

5%的年增长率到2020年20%年增长率可

以看出，NGV产业发展的未来将一片光明。

如国际燃气联盟SG5.3的研究报告所述

，石油价格在10年后将增至每桶120美

元，在20年后达到每桶150美元，并且

天然气汽车的数量将在2020年和2030年

分别增至5000万辆和1亿辆。这就意味

着NGV汽车的市场占有率将从2008年的1

%，增长到2020年的4.5%,并在2030年达

到7%。同时，天然气在交通运输中的使

用量在2020年将增长到1060亿立方米，

2030年则为2070亿立方米。就NGV汽车

保有量增长而言，亚太地区增长量占全

球NGV增长的44%，南美地区第二（26%

），中东地区（包括西亚）排名第三，

为17%。

截至2009年底，世界天然气汽车保有量

几乎达到1100万辆。国际燃气联盟的报

告显示到2010年底，世界天然气汽车保

有量将增至1164万-

1370万辆（基于2005年底464万辆的数

据而预测）。一年中增加两百万辆的天

然气汽车不足为奇（假设全球经济危机

的形势不会恶化，且石油价格至少是稳

定的）。

亚洲再来看亚洲的一组数据，根据国际燃气

联盟的报告，在政府实施政策的情景下

，到2015年亚洲（包括中东和俄罗斯）

天然气汽车的总保有量有望达到1682万

-2199万辆，而届时世界天然气汽车

保有量为 3429万-3946万辆；

而在没有实施任何政策的情景下，到20

15年亚洲和世界天然气汽车保有量将分

别为1723万和2919万辆。到2015年，亚

洲和全球加气站的数量将分别达到28,3

68和37,601座。

以下是来自亚洲的最新报道。

新款CNG汽车菲亚特汽车印度公司计划将Grande

Punto汽车CNG款引入印度市场，并于今

年第二季度在该国市场面市。在欧洲，

菲亚特汽车公司已经将几种车型的CNG

款推向市场，包括Grande Punto,

Punto, Multipla, Doblò 和popular

Panda。同时，在未来一年里，克莱斯

勒汽车公司将仿照Punto 和Panda

两款车型生产新型小型汽车。究竟克莱

斯勒公司的菲亚特版小型商用CNG卡车

能否在美国和全球上市，我们还将拭目

以待。

与此相反，尽管在印度从轻型汽车（三

轮机动车）到重型汽车（如卡车和公共

汽车），已有很多车型都推出了CNG款

，然而一些欧洲汽车生产商，如

Volkswagen仍然没有考虑将CNG/LPG车

型引入印度市场。

Mahindra & Mahindra 汽车公司计划推

出其CNG款载客汽车并开发其海外市场。

新款CNG汽车Gio将很快面市，其效能居

于Tata Ace （迷你卡车，

一种轻型商用车）和三轮机动车之间。

Gio CNG款经济实惠，

约Rs165,000，只比三轮机动车贵

Rs25,000-30,000。

同时，印度汽车生产商Shifeng

Winner还在去年9月推出了1.8

CNG巴拉特阶段4（印度最新排放标准）

的3吨迷你卡车。

2009年7月丰田汽车公司在泰国推出其

旗下佳美混合动力汽车（汽油和电力）

。与此同时，该公司在美国推出佳美CN

G/电力混合动力车。此款车型有4个CNG

复合气瓶，续驶里程可达400km,

发动机功率可达170 hp，

其在城市/高速路/混合工况三种情形下

的燃料经济性，分别为52/39/53公里/加仑。

因为此款车型并不计划大量销售，所以

并没有在泰国上市。

雪佛兰汽车泰国公司和通用汽车公司在

去年12月的汽车展会上展出了雪佛兰

Optra CNG车型-

包括旅行车和轿车两款车型。

该公司还推出多种促销套餐提高其销售

量。消费者可根所自己的需要选择适合

自己的套餐。包括：降价25%，36个月0

%支付利息，和降价15%，36个月分期付

款利息0.99%。在这两款套餐中，只要

销费者购买雪佛兰汽车公司四款中的任

意一款，包括Chevrolet Optra

在内，均可享受到一年的一等车险。

特别对于购买Chevrolet Optra

CNG款车的销费者，可在购买后第一年

享受10,000 泰铢的加气优惠。

燃料价格与天然气供给巴基斯坦石油和天然气管理局决定从20

10年1月开始，对所有使用天然气的用

户增收18%的附加税。供气商提供给CNG

加气站的天然气价格将从Rs427.15上涨

到Rs504每MMBTU。

尽管如此，政府的NGV项目将继续开展

，计划在卡拉奇建设一个耗资1亿5060

万RS并拥有百万容积的加气站，它可以

为200-250辆CNG汽车提供补给。

在巴基斯坦碳氢化合物发展协会领导下

，加气站建造项目有望在2010年底前完

成。预期还将有15-20

个这样的百万容量的加气站在卡拉奇建

成，为4000辆CNG公共汽车提供燃料。

由于中国气温骤降和北方部分地区遭受

雪灾，天然气的供给多用于家庭使用（

供暖）。因此，中国中部、东部和南部

的部分省市面临着天然气短缺。气温的

骤降还使天然气的管道传输速度降低，

延长汽车加气的时间。

当然，随着春天的到来，情况会有所好

转。到2009年12月，另外一条贯穿中国

东西的天然气管道将投入使用。中国还

将寻求更多来自海外的天然气供给，中

国将从澳大利亚进口更多液化天然气。

尽管天然气专家呼吁天然气价格改革，

但出于国家经济稳定的考虑，政府并没

有在2009年底调整天然气价格。

尽管天然气供给出现临时短缺，但是中

国NGV工业发展势头仍然强劲。因为中

国被选为亚太天然气汽车协会2011年年

会暨展览会的主办国，政府还将继续大

力支持NGV工业发展。值得关注的是在2

009年全球经济危机的情况下，中国是

世界唯一一个NGV发展没有放慢的国家。

另外，澳大利亚将成为世界第二大液化

天然气供给国，并将经历LNG的大发展

。据Wood Mackenzie 能源咨询，

到2017年，其LNG的出口将增加一倍。

到2013年至2018年间，亚洲市场将消耗

更多的液化天然气。因此，澳大利亚将

向中国、日本、印度、韩国等亚洲国家

和北美地区供给天然气。18个LNG工程

（LNG生产）将在澳大利亚西部和北部

地区开展，其中三个项目正在建设或已

经竣工。除此以外，在塔斯马尼亚岛（

澳大利亚南部），一个微型液化天然气

生产厂和加气站也正在建造之中。

January 20108

2009년 10월-12월 초까지 유가는 배럴당USD 75에서 USD80사이를 오가며 불안정한상태를 보였었다. 에너지 분석가들은2010년에는 평균 유가가 최소한 80 USD/bbl

에 달할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 이 같은추측은 오히려 NGV 사업에 확신을 심어주고 있다. 비록 관련 전문가들이 연간성장률을 2015년 까지 약 5.5%-2020년까지 20%로 보는 이견이 있지만NGV 채택의 예후는 상당히 높은 편이다.

IGU SG 5.3의 연구에 따르면,지금으로부터 10년 후에는 유가가 120

USD/bbl로 20년 후에는 150 USD/bbl에달할 것으로 예측하고 있으며 메탄차량(NGV)이 2020년에는 약 50백만 대,2030년에는 약 100백만 대에 달할 것으로예상하고 있다. 이는 자동차 시장에서NGV가 차지하는 부분이2008년에 1%였던것이 2020년에는 4.5%로 2030년에는7%로 증가한다는 것을 의미한다. 운송분야에 있어서의 메탄(NG) 사용은2020년에는 106 bcm, 2030년에는 207

bcm에 달할 것이다. 아시아-태평양(전 세계NGV 시장의 44%)이 NGV 인구의 주요성장을 보일 것으로 기대되며 그 뒤를 이어남미(26%)와 17%의 성장률을 보인 중동(서아시아 포함)이 3위에 오를 것으로 보인다.

2009년 말 현재 전 세계에는 약 11 백만의NGV가 존재하고 있다. IGU 보고서에는2010년 말까지 NGV가 11.64 – 13.7 백만대에 이르게 될 것임을 보여 주고 있다.(2005년 말의 수치인 4.64 백만 대를근거로 추측 함) 올 한 해만 추가의 2 백만대의 메탄 자동차를 보게 된다고 해도과언이 아닐 것이다.(세계 경제 위기가 더이상 악화되지 않고 적어도 안정적인유가를 유지한다는 가정하에 말이다.)

아시아IGU가 발표한”정부 정책 시나리오”에나타난 수치에 의하면 2015년에는 세계총 NGV 인구가 34.29-39.46 백만에달할 것이며 그 중 중동과 러시아를포함한 아시아의 NGV 인구는 16.82-21.99에 달할 것으로 보고 있다. “ 일반사업 시나리오”에 의하면 2015년까지전세계 NGV 인구가 29.19백만인데비해 아시아의 NGV인구는17.23백만이될 것이라고 한다. 충전소 분야에있어서는 같은 2015년까지전세계적으로 37,601개소가 운영되는반면 아시아에서 만 28,368개소가운영될 것으로 보고 있다. 아시아 전역의 근황을 아래와 같이소개하고자 한다.

다양한CNG 차량들피아트 인도는 그랜드 푼토라는 CNG자동차를 인도 시장에 선보일계획이다. 이 차량은 올해상반기(2/4)에 출시될 것이다. 유럽의

피아트는 이미 그랜드 푼토, 푼토,멀티플라,도블라 와 대중차량인 팬다의CNG 용 모델을 판매하고 있다. 푼토와팬더는 앞으로 크라이슬러 신 소형차량의 형태를 갖추고 있을 것으로기대된다. 피아트 크라이슬러가CNG용 미니 밴을 미국이나 전 세계에판매하게 될 지는 아직 미지수다.

반면 유럽의 한 자동차 회사인폭스바겐은 아직 인도에 CNG/LPG용차량을 소개할 계획이 없다. 하지만인도는 LDVs(삼륜차)에서HDVs(트럭,버스)에 이르기까지대부분의 모든 자동차 분야에 CNG 용모델을 적용하고 있다.

마힌드라&마힌드라는 수출 시장을포함한 CNG 승용차량을 선 보일계획이라는 좋은 소식이다. 곧선보이게 될 신 모델, 지오는 타타에이스(소형 상업용 미니 트럭)와삼륜차량의 사이의 유일한 유틸리티차량이다. 가격도 경제적이어서삼륜차보다 겨우 25,000-30,000비싼165,000 루피이다.

토요타는 2009년 7월 태국에서 캠리하이브리드(휘발유/전기) 차량을선보였다. 반면 미국에서는 2대의 캠리CNG/전기 하이브리드 차량을 생산했다.차량은 400km 주행이 가능한 4개의실린더와170 마력의 엔진을 갖추고있으며 예상 연비는 도심/고속도로/혼합비율이 52/39/53 km 정도된다.

시보레 태국과 GM은 작년 12월자동차 엑스포 쇼에서 내수용 세단시보레 옵트라를 선보였다.그들은 또한 이에 따른 몇몇 판촉 물상품도 판매하기에 나섰다. 소비자들은그들의 필요성에 따라 인센티브 상품을선택할 수 있다. 상품 중에는 25%의계약금을 내고 36개월 이상 할부에 0%이자를 제공하는 것이 있는가 하면15% 계약금에 36개월 할부에 0.99%이자를 제공하는 것도 있다. 두 상품모두 소비자들이 옵트라를 포함한시보레의 4 가지 모델 중 하나를구입할 경우 1년 동안 무상으로 우대차량 보험 적용이 된다. 또한 CNG 용시보레 옵트라 구매자들에게는 1년동안 10,000 THB까지 CNG연료제공이라는 특별한 혜택이 주어진다.

연료 가격과 가스 공급파키스탄의 석유 가스 규제 당국은2010년 1월부터 모든 소비자들에게천연가스 관세율을18% 인상하기로했다. CNG 충전소가 가스공급업체로부터의 받는 공급가격은MMBTU당 Rs427.15 에서Rs504로인상될 것으로 보인다.

그럼에도 불구하고 200-250 대의 버스충전이 가능하며 대형 CNG 충전소의모델이 될 충전소를 곧 가라치시에건립한다는 정부의 NGV 프로젝트는계속 진행 중이다. 충전소를 가격으로따지자면 약 150.6 백만 루피 정도 될것이다. 이 프로젝트를 맡고 있는파키스탄 탄화수소 개발 연구소는2010년 말에 충전소를 오픈할 것으로보고 있다. 4,000대의 버스를충전하기 위한 이러한 규모의 대형충전소가 약 15-20개의 가라치시에건립될 예정이다.

중국 대륙에 기온이 급격히 떨어지고폭설이 내리면서 중국 북부 지역의가정용 가스(난방용) 공급이 증가했다.중부,서부,남부 지역은 천연 가스 부족사태에 직면해 있다. 갑작스런 기온강하는 파이프라인의 가스 흐름을더디게 만들며 자동차를 충전하는시간을 지연시키는 원인이 되고 있다. 하지만 추운 겨울이 지나가면 상황은더 나아질 것으로 보인다. 게다가 중국서부에서 동부로 잇는 두번째 NG파이프라인이 2009년 12월까지오픈하기로 예정되어 있다. 중국이 곧호주에서 (더 많은)LNG를수입함으로써 해외로 부터의 가스수입도 계속될 것이다. 가스전문가들이 연료가격의 개혁을요구하고 있지만 정부는 2009년말까지 연료 가격 개혁안을 발표하지않고 국가 경제 안정에 힘쓰고 있다.

“일시적인” 가스 공급 사태에도불구하고, 중국에서의 NGV 산업은계속해서 강한 의지로 남아 있을것이다. 특히 중국이 ANGVA2011총회 및 전시회 개최국으로선정되면서 정부의 지속적이고적극적인 지원이 기대되고 있다.중국은 2009년 세계 경제 위기가닥쳤을 때도 NGV 채택에 게을리하지않았던 유일한(주요) NGV국가임을명시할 필요가 있다.

한편 호주는 세계에서 두 번째로 큰LNG 공급 국가이자 LNG 붐을 일으킬나라로 자리매김해 가고 있다. 에너지자문회사인 우드 멕켄지에 따르면2017년까지 그들의 LNG 수출은 두배로 늘어날 전망이다. 아시아 시장은2013 과2018년에는 더 많은 LNG를사용할 계획이다. 이렇게 되면 호주는중국, 일본, 인도, 한국과 그 외 아시아국가 및 북미에 가스를 공급하게 될것이다. 18개의 LNG 프로젝트(생산공장)가 현재 호주의 서부, 북부,동부에서 진행 중이며 그 중 3개는건설 중이거나 이미 건립되었다. 한편태즈매니아 섬(호주 남부)에서는 LNG소형-공장과 충전소가 설립 중이다.

2010년에는 2백만 대 이상의 NGV가 더 증가할것으로 기대된다.

ISO 15500

BUREAU VERITAS

Certification

ISO 9000

Nº 224008 / Nº 105507

January 201010

２０１０年ＮＧＶ普及予想⇒年間２００万台以上増加原油価格が２００９年１０⽉から１２⽉初旬にかけて１バレル７５⽶ドルと８０⽶ドルの間で変動していた。エネルギーアナリストは、原油価格が２０１０年には少なくとも１バレル当たり平均８０⽶ドルに達するだろうと予測している。経済の回復やまだ動きが少ないが、貿易量の増加と共にこの予測はＮＧＶビジネスにとってより⾃信を深めることになる。

２０１５年に５.５％、２０２０年に２０％の年間成⻑率といった異なる予想をする専⾨家もいるが、ＮＧＶ普及の予測については肯定的であるＩＧＵ（国際ガス連盟）のスタディーグループ（SG5.3）の分析によると、今から１０年後に１バレル当たり１２０⽶ドル、２０年後には１５０⽶ドルと予測されている原油価格により、２０２０年に約５,０００万台、２０３０年に約１億台のＮＧＶ普及を予測している。これを⾔い換えると、２００８年には全⾃動⾞の内、ＮＧＶが占める割合が１％であったものが、２０２０年には４.５％、２０３０年には７％になることである。天然ガスを主としたメタンは２０２０年には１,０６０億⽴⽅メートル、２０３０年には２,０７０億⽴⽅メートルまで輸送⽤燃料として利⽤されるだろう。ＮＧＶが⼤きく伸びる地域は、アジア太平洋地域（世界市場の４４％）が第１位で、それに続き、南アメリカ（２６％）、⻄アジアを含む中東が１７％で第３位である。

２００９年末までにおよそ１,１００万台のＮＧＶが世界で⾛っている。ＩＧＵレポートでは２０１０年末までに１,１６４万台から１,３７０万台になるだろうと予想している。（２００５年末の普及台数が４６４万台から予測している。）２０１０年だけで２００万台も上乗せになることは驚くことではない。（もっとも現在以上に世界同時不況が深刻にならず、少なくとも原油価格が安定することが条件ではあるが。）

アジアＩＧＵレポートの「政府による政策シナリオ」によると、中東とロシアを含むアジアでのＮＧＶ普及台数は２０１５年までに世界で３,４２９万台から２,９４６万台に対して１,６８２万台から２,１９９万台になるとしている。「通常のビジネスシナリオ」によると、２０１５年までに世界で２,９１９万台に対してアジアでは１,７２３万台になる。天然ガススタンドでは、２０１５年に世界で３７,６０１ヶ所に対してアジアでは２８,３６８ヶ所になる。下記はアジアにおけるトピックスである。

ＣＮＧ改造⾞フィアットインドでは、インド市場にGrande PuntoのＣＮＧ⾞を投⼊する計画がある。今年の第２四半期までに発売

する予定。欧州では、フィアットはすでにGrande Punto, Punto, Multipla,Doblò, PandaのＣＮＧ⾞を販売している。PuntoとPandaは共に来年のクライスラーから発売される新しい⼩型⾞の基本⾞種となることになっている。フィアット傘下になったクライスラーがミニバンのＣＮＧ⾞を⽶国や世界で販売するかどうか注⽬したい。

⼀⽅、もう⼀つの欧州⾃動⾞メーカーであるフォルクスワーゲンはインドでＣＮＧ⾞／ＬＰＧ⾞を販売する予定がない。しかし、インドではＬＤＶ（三輪⾞）からＨＤＶ（トラック、バス）まですべての⾞種、⾞両のＣＮＧ改造⾞がたくさんある。

良いニュースは、マヒンドラ＆マヒンドラ社が輸出の可能性も含めて⼩型商⽤トラックGioのＣＮＧ⾞を発売する計画がある。まもなくＣＮＧ⾞が発売されるGioは、タタ社のAce（⼩型商⽤⾞のミニトラック）と三輪⾞の間を狙ったユニークな⾞である。ＣＮＧ⾞価格は⼤変経済的な１６５,０００ルピーで、三輪⾞との価格差はわずか２５,０００〜３０,０００ルピーである。また、ヒンドスタン⾃動⾞の３トンミニトラックのShifengWinner１.８ＣＮＧがBharat Stage 4(最新のインドの排ガス規制)をクリアし、昨年９⽉に発売された。

タイでは、トヨタ⾃動⾞が２００９年７⽉にカムリハイブリッド（ガソリン／電気）を発売した。その間に⽶国では２台のカムリハイブリッド（ＣＮＧ／電気）を作った。ＣＮＧコンポジットボンベを４本搭載し、⾛⾏距離は４００ｋｍ、１７０⾺⼒のエンジンで推定燃費は市街地、⾼速道路、両者の混在のそれぞれで５２、３９、５３ｋｍである。この⾞はまだ市販では製造していないので、タイではＣＮＧカムリハイブリッドを購⼊することができない。

シボレータイとＧＭは昨年１２⽉に⾃動⾞ショーでシボレーOptraのステーションワゴンとセダンのＣＮＧ⾞を展⽰した。

いくつかの購⼊促進パッケージが販売を押し上げてきた。購⼊者は⾃分に必要なインセンティブパッケージを選択することができる。２５％引きで３６ヶ⽉の無利息払いや１５％引きで０.９９％利⼦の３６ヶ⽉分割払いをこのパッケージは含んでいる。両⽅ともシボレーOptraＣＮＧを含むシボレー４モデルのいずれの購⼊でも１年間のファーストクラス⾃動⾞保険が付帯し、ＣＮＧ⾞の場合には最初の年に１万タイバーツまでのＣＮＧ燃料代もついてくる。

燃料価格とガス供給パキスタンのThe Oil and GasRegulatory Authorityは、２０１０

年１⽉１⽇からすべてのカテゴリーの顧客に対して天然ガス価格を１８％値上げすることを決定した。ＣＮＧスタンドでは、ガス供給事業者からのガス販売価格が１ＭＭＢＴＵあたり４２７．１５ルピーから５０４ルピーに引き上げられる予定である。

しかし、政府によるＮＧＶプロジェクトは継続されており、２００〜２５０台のＣＮＧバスに充てんできる⼤型ＣＮＧスタンドが⾸都カラチにまもなく建設される予定である。建設費は１億５,０６０万ルピーになる。プロジェクトを管理しているThe Hydrocarbon DevelopmentInstitute of Pakistanは、２０１０年末までにこの⼤型スタンドがオープンすることを期待している。このような⼤型ＣＮＧスタンドを１５〜２０ヶ所程度カラチ市内に建設し、４,０００台のＣＮＧバスにＣＮＧを充てんする計画である。

中国では気温が下がり、北部では豪雪になるので、ガス供給は暖房⽤の家庭⽤燃料としてほとんど利⽤されている。中央、東部、南部の各省ではガスの供給不⾜に直⾯している。気温の急激な低下はガスパイプラインの流量を低下させ、ＮＧＶへの充てん時間を⻑くしている。

しかし、寒い冬が過ぎると条件は良くなる。また、中国⻄部から東部に⾏く第２の天然ガスパイプラインが２００９年１２⽉に完成した。海外からのガス供給も近い将来にオーストラリアから中国がＬＮＧを輸⼊するように開拓を継続している。ガスの専⾨家はガス価格の改訂を検討しているが、政府は国の経済の安定性も考慮して２００９年には実⾏しなかった。

⼀時的にガス供給の課題はあるにもかかわらず、ＮＧＶ産業は中国で好調を持続しているようである。中国が２０１１年にＡＮＧＶＡのＮＧＶ会議・展⽰会を開催するように政府はＮＧＶ産業を引続き⽀援している。２００９年の世界同時不況の間にも中国はＮＧＶ普及が減速しなかった唯⼀のＮＧＶ国であることが重要である。

⼀⽅、オーストラリアは世界第２位のＬＮＧ供給国になり、ＬＮＧブームを経験している。エネルギーコンサルタントのウッド・マッケンジー⽒によると、２０１７年までのＬＮＧ輸出量は２倍になるだろうと予測されている。アジア市場は２０１３年と２０１８年にさらにＬＮＧが使われると予測している。このケースでは、オーストラリアは中国、⽇本、インド、韓国、他のアジア諸国、そして北⽶にガスを供給するだろう。１８のＬＮＧプロジェクト（ＬＮＧ液化基地）がオーストラリア⻄部、北部、東部で⾏なわれており、その内の３つが建設中である。それとは別に南オーストラリアのタスマニア島では、ＬＮＧミニプラントと充てん所が建設中である。

January 2010 11

January 201012

January 201014

Harga minyak naik turun sekitar USD 75– hamper USD80 per barrel di bulanOktober-permulaan Desember 2009.Menurut perkiraan pakar enerji hargaminyak di tahun 2010 setidaknya akanbekisar sekitar 80 USD/bbl. Denganadanya prediksi ini plus membaiknyakeadaan ekonomi dunia dan aktifitasperdagangan membuahkan dampakpositif di industri NGV. Meskipun pakar-pakar industri ini membuatmacam-macam proyeksi, prognosisbagi pertumbuhan tahunan dari populasi NGV sangatlah menjanjikan,sekitar 5.5% di tahun 2015-20% ditahun 2020.

Menurut studi IGU SG 5.3, harga minyak akan mencapai 120 USD/bblsepuluh tahun dari sekarang dan 150USD/bbl dua puluh tahun dari sekarang, sekitar 50-100 juta kendaraan berbahan bakar metan(natural gas) diharapkan akan beroperasi di tahun 2020 dan 2030. Hal ini berarti bahwa persentase dariNGV di industri kendaraan akan menanjak dari 1% di tahun 2008 ke4.5% di tahun 2020 dan 7% tahun2030. Pemakaian metane (NG) di sektortransport dapat mencapai 106 bcmtahun 2020 dan 207 bcm tahun 2030.Pertumbuhan utama dari populasi NGVdiantisipasikan akan terjadi di Asia-Pasifik (44% dari pasar NGV global), diikuti oleh Amerika Selatan(26%), dan region Timur Tengah (termasukAsia Barat) di tempat ketiga (17%).Jumlah NGV di dunia di akhir tahun2009 sekitar 11 juta. Menurut laporanIGU di akhir 2010 jumlah NGV akanmencapai 11.64 – 13.7 juta (proyeksi inidibuat berdasarkan jumlah populasiNGV di akhir tahun 2005 dengan 4.64juta NGV). Diperkiraan sekitar 2 jutaNGV akan ditambahkan di tahun ini(dengan asumsi bahwa krisis ekonomiglobal tidak akan berlanjut dan hargaminyak, setidaknya, stabil).

AsiaMenurut “Skenario Pemerintah” di laporan IGU, jumlah total NGV di Asiatermasuk Timur Tengah dan Rusia akanmencapai 16.82-21.99 juta tahun 2015sedangkan total NGV di dunia sekitar34.29-39.46 juta. Menurut “Skenario

Bisnis Dalam Keadaan Normal”, ditahun 2015, jumlah NGV di Asia versusdi dunia akan menjadi 17.23 juta NGVsdan 29.19 juta. Di sektor stasiun pengisian bahan bakar (BBG), 28,368stasiun dihaparapkan akan dioperasikandalam tahun yang sama, versus 37,601stasiun di dunia.Di bawah ini adalah beberapa beritadari seluruh Asia.

Kendaraan versi CNGFiat India berencana untuk memasarkanmobil Grande Punto dalam versi CNG(CNG variant) di India. Model ini akandipasarkan di kwartal kedua 2010. DiEropa, Fiat sudah memasarkan CNGmodel (OEM) dari Grande Punto, Punto,Multipla, Doblò dan Panda. Merk Puntodan Panda akan dijadikan basis modeldari versi baru dari mobil-kecil buatanChrysler di tahun-tahun mendatang.Waktu akan menunjukkan apakahChrysler akan menawarkan versi CNGdari mini-van di USA dan dunia selamaperusahaan ini berada dalam tangan Fiat. Di lain pihak, merk Eropa lainnya,Volkswagen, belum berencana mema-sarkan model CNG/LPG dari mobil-mobilnya di India. Meskipun demikian,India mempunyai banyak CNG variantsdi hamper seluruh segmen kendaraan,dari LDVs (three-wheeler/bajaj) sampaiHDVs (truk dan bis).

Mahindra & Mahindra berencana untukmemasarkan mobil-mobil CNG variant-nya di lar negeri. Selain itu, model barudari CNG variant akan diperkenalkan.Model ini, Gio, termasuk dalam kategoriunik dari segmen kendaraan utilitasantara Tata Ace (truk mini/LightCommercial Vehicle) dan three-wheeler.Harga Gio CNG sangatlah murah.Kendaraan ini, seahrga Rs165,000,hanyalah Rs 25,000-30,000 lebih mahaldari three-wheelers. Selain itu,Hindustan Motors Shifeng Winner 1.8CNG Bharat Stage 4 (standard emisiIndia terbaru) 3-ton Mini Truck diperke-nalkan September lalu.

Di Tailand, Toyota memperkenalkanmobil Camry Hybrid (bensin/elektrik) dibulan Juli 2009. Di Amerika, perusa-haan ini membuat dua prototip dariCamry Hybrid CNG/elektrik. Mobil ini

mempunyai 4 tank komposit CNG, driving range sampai 400km, kapasitasmesin 170 hp, dengan efisiensi bahanbakar dalam kota/jalan tol/kombinasi52/39/53 km/galon. Karena mobil inimasih belum dipasarkan secara masal,Hybrid CNG masih belum ditawarkan diTailand.

Chevrolet Thailand dan GM memamerkan Chevrolet Optra CNG-dalam versi estate dan sedan-selama pameran mobil di Tailandbulan Desember lalu. Chevrolet menawarkan beberapa paketpromosi yang mana pembeli mobildapat memilih satu dari beberapa tipepaket. Macam promosinya terdiri dari0% bunga bagi pembayaran dalamjangka 36 bulan dengan 25% uangmuka (DP), dan 0.99% bunga bagipembayaran bulanan selama 36 bulandengan 15% DP. Selain itu juga tersedia asuransi mobil premium gratisselama satu tahun bagi pembeli dariempat model khusus Chevrolet yangditawarkan di pameran tersebut termasuk Chevrolet Optra. Khusus bagipembeli Chevrolet Optra CNG, jugaditawarkan bahan bakar CNG (BBG)gratis seharga 10,000 THB selamatahun pertama sesudah pembelian.

Harga bahan bakar dan supply gasOil and Gas Regulatory Authority diPakistan memutuskan untuk menaikkantariff natural gas (NG) sebanyak 18%bagi semua kategori consumer sejak 1Januari 2010. Bagi pemilik stasiunCNG (BBG), harga gas dari suppliernaik dari Rs427.15 menjadi Rs504 perMMBTU.Di lain pihak, NGV proyek dari pemerintah akan terus digalakkan. Satu model mega stasiun BBG dengankapasitas layanan 200-250 bis CNGakan segera dibangun di kota Karachi.Biaya stasiun ini berkisar sekitarRs150.6 juta. HydrocarbonDevelopment Institute of Pakistan yangakan memimpin pelaksanaan proyek inimengharapkan stasiun ini akan dibukadi akhir tahun 2010. Sekitar 15-20mega stasiun diantisipasikan akandibangun di Karachi untuk melayani4,000 bis BBG.

Sekitar 2 juta NGV diperkirakan akan ditambahkan di tahun 2010

January 2010 15

Karena Cina mengalami musim dinginberat dengan banyak salju terutama dibagian utara, suply gas diprioritaskanbagi sektor perumahan (sebagai pemanas). Provinsi Cina Tengah, Timurdan Selatan mengalami kekurangan gassuply. Karena temperature udara turunsecara drastis, aliran bahan bakar dipipa gas melambat. Dengan demikian,waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengisibahan bakar gas di kendaraan menjadilebih lama.

Namun demikian, kondisi ini mungkinakan segera membaik ketika musimdingin berakhir. Selain itu, pipa gaskedua akan dibangun dengan jalur CinaBarat-Timur dan direncanakan untukdibuka bulan Desember 2009. Cinajuga memperkaya suply gas dari luarnegeri. Salah satunya, LNG (tambahan)akan diimport dari Australia dalamjangaka waktu dekat ini. Meskipunpakar gas menyatakan bahwa reformasiharga gas segera dibutuhkan, pemerintah tidak menaikkan harga gasselama akhir tahun 2009, dengan background, antara lain untuk mensuportstabilitas ekonomi domestik.

Industri NGV di Cina diharapkan akantetap kuat. Pemerintah diharapkan akanterus mensuport industri in secara aktif,terutama karena Cina telah terpilihsebagai tuan rumah dari konferensi danpameran ANGVA2011. KeunggulanCina yang patut dicatat tahun ini adalahkapasitasnya sebagai satu-satunyanegara NGV (besar) yang tidak menunjukkan penurunan dalam adopsidan sales dari NGV dan BG besertakomponen-komponennya selama krisisekonomi global di tahun 2009.

Di lain pihak, Australia diperkirakan akanmenjadi pemasok LNG terbesar keduadunia dan diharapkan akan mengalamisales booming. LNG export diharapkan akan berlipatdua pada tahun 2017, menurut enerjikonsultan Wood Mackenzie. Pangsapasar Asia diproyeksikan akan meng-gunakan LNG dalam jumlah yang lebihbanyak lagi di tahun 2013 dan 2018.Sehubungan dengan hal ini, Australiajuga akan mengexport gasnya ke Cina,Jepang, India, Korea dan negara Asialainnya dan Amerika Utara. Delapanbelas LNG proyek (pusat produksi LNG)akan dibuka di Australia bagian barat,utara, dan timur, yang mana 3 unitsudah atau sedang dibangun. Selain itu,satu LNG mikro-plant and BBG diban-gun di pulau Tasmania (di sebelah sela-tan Australia).

January 201016

OEM NGVs and CNG vehicle variantsNGV availability in Asia

BangladeshLDV

Few Japanesemodels Cars

Second-hand bi-fuel cars importedfrom Japan (no more than 3-5years old)

Tata Motors Ace CNG model 275 CNG 15 Dedicated CNG mini-truckHDV

Aking Aking CNG Dedicated CNG bus imported fromChina (Aking is the distributor)

Tata Motors LPO 1510 CNG Dedeicated CNG bus (distributedby Nitol Motor)

KoreaLDVs

Hyundai i-10 Blue CNG Passenger car- available in Europe

HDVs

Daewoo

BS090 9 m city bus: 24+1 seats

BS106 10.6 m city bus: 26+29+1 seats

BH115 11.5 m Inter city bus: 45+1

BC211M 11 m Low floor bus: 29+28+1

BV120MA (12 m) 12 m Low floor bus : 25-45 seats

BS120CN (12 m) 12 m Ultra low floor bus: 25-44 seats

LNG bus In development (for demonstration project)

Tata DaewooCommercialVehicles Co.,Ltd

Garbagetruck (Roll Pack) 19.3

Garbage truck (Arm Roll) 11 Ton (Payload)11 litre-LNG tractor In development (for demonstration project)

Hyundai

Aero City City bus: 21+1 seatsAero Inter City City bus: 38+1 seatsAero Inter City City bus: 45+1 seatsAero City Bus de GNV Low-floor bus: 27+1 seats

Shinjeon Sweeper To be launched

Brand NGV models Remarks



AustraliaHDVs

IvecoAcco F 2350 6x4 CompactorCNG Dual Control

8x4 rigid truck with CumminsWesport C Gas Plus (8.3l) engines.Dedicated CNG truck

KenwoodT908 Dedicated LNG trailer

InnovationDedicated LNG truck (Model baseT608)

Mack Australia Mack Granite 8x4 Day Cab Dedicated CNG Rigid-Agitator

Isuzu

FSR850

Dedicated CNG trucksFSR700NPR300NLR 200Isuzu CNG NPR 400 Light Truck

January 2010 17

IndonesiaHDV

Daewoo CNG city busBus (engine from Korea,body/frame and assembly inIndonesia)

MalaysiaLDV

NazaRia CNG Passenger carCitra CNG Passenger car

Proton Persona CNG Passenger car (taxi), in planHDVKosmo Motor Company Kosmo Bus

SingaporeLDVChevrolet Optra Magnum Bifuel carMercedes-Benz E200-NGT Sedan



JapanLDVs

DaihatsuHijet Cargo CNG (LE-S320V) Cargo vanMira Van CNG (GBD-L250V) Van

Honda Civic GX SedanMazda Familia van VanMitsubishi Motors Minicab GD-U61V (2WD) Dedicated CNG van

Nissan-DieselAD Van CNGV (CEF-VGY11) Emission reductions: 20%-30%

less CO2, 50% less NOx

Caravan CNGV (LC-VPE25) VanSuzuki Wagon R (CBA-MH21S)

ToyotaProbox CNG (DFE-NCP52V) Small VanCamry Hybrid electric/CNG, con-

cept car

Subaru Legacy TA-BL5 Passenger carHDVsHino Ranger Truck

Isuzu

Elf 2 tonnes delivery & garbagetrucks

Forward 4 tonnes delivery & garbagetrucks

Wagon R (CBA-MH21S) TruckERGA low-floor bus BusERGA Mio low-floor bus Bus

Mazda Titan AFG-LKR82AN TruckMercedes Citaro G Dedicated CNG bus

Mitsubishi-FusoFighter NX Delivery & garbage trucksBig-size low-floor bus BusCanter KK-FE73CEV Truck

Nissan Atlas KR-AKR81EP 2 tonnes truck

Nissan-Diesel

Condor AFG-BKR82EP 2 tonnes truck

Condor PB-MK36A 4 tonnes truck & garbagetruck

Condor PB-PK37A 7 tonnes truck Specialty vehicleKanto Machine Centre Working vehicleKomatsu Forklift ForkliftMitsubishi Heavy Industry ForkliftSumitomo Yale Forklift CNG 11-FG25PV1 ForkliftTCM TCM ForkliftToyota Forklift

January 201018

PakistanLDVsAdam Motors Co. Ltd. Revo 800 ccDewan Passenger carHonda Civix GX SedanIndus Motors Co. Ltd. Daihatsu Cuore 800 ccIsuzu Lancer

Pak Suzuki Motor Co.

Mehran Bifuel carsAltoBolanCultusSuzuki Liana

Shahab Enterprises Pervaaz (3 wheeler) 125 cc

TMCTMC Alif CNG Bifuel carsTMC Bay CNGTMC Bay Delivery van Bifuel delivery van

Nexus Autos Chevrolet 800 and 1.000 ccHDVHino CNG bus (Not yet in mass marketing)Yunma YM6-101-B CNG City Bus Dedicated CNG

IranLDVs

Iran Khodro Co.

Samand D class, 1.800 cc, passenger carPeugeot 405 C class, 1.800 cc, passenger carPeugeot RD C class, 1.600 cc, passenger carPeykan 1.600 cc, pick-up

Saipa Pride C class, 1.400 cc, passenger carSaipa Group (Zamyadsubsidiary Co.) Zamyad 2.400 cc, pick up

M-HDVs

Saipa Diesel

S60G CNG MidibusS36CNG City Minibus MinibusGarbage collector CNGRenault Medium Truck

CNG Tipper Renault Medium TruckGarbage Collector CNG Budsun TruckCNG Rigid Budsun TruckCNG city Bus MAN Bus

Thailand3LDVsChevrolet Optra CNG Bifuel carDaimlerChrysler Mercedes E200 NGT Bi-fuel passenger car

General Motors4Chevrolet Optra Sedan bi-fuel 1,6 To be launched end

2006/early 2007.Chevrolet Optra Sedan bi-fuel 1,6Honda Expected to enter the marketMonika CNG tuk-tuk

Toyota Motor ThailandCo., Ltd.

Corolla Altis Passenger car, launching byend 2008

Limo CNG (Altis) Bifuel carHilux Vigo Pick Up Bifuel pick up

Proton Persona CNG Multifuel(CNG/gasoline/alcohol)

Volvo (S80) Expected to enter the marketHDV

Chevrolet Colorado dual fuelPick-up truck to run on 80%CNG and 20% diesel. Canbe switched to 100% diesel.

HinoFM-CNG version Tractor truckFG-CNG version

Summitr Motors Assembly of CNG buses and trucksYantia Shuchi Vehicle Co NG bus(es) In plan: opening an NG bus plant

and investment in fuelling facility


January 2010 19

IndiaLDV-MDvsAtul Auto CNG three wheelers Dedicated CNG

Bajaj AutoOne-tonne twee-wheeler

Powered by CNG/gasolineto be launched

Tavera

DaimlerChrysler Mercedes NGTPassenger car, imported ondemand

Fiat Palio Bifuel carFord Ikon Flair CNG Bi-fuel car

General Motors India

Chevrolet Optra

Bi-fuel car with 140-150kmcoverage on full fuel tank.The running cost is 70%cheaper than the gasolineversion (Rs.1.92/km withCNG vs Rs. 5.20/km withgasoline)

Chevrolet Spark

Chevrolet Aveo U-VAUpper premium compactsegment car

Chevrolet Aveo Midsize car

All future GM cars (includingCruze, Beat and the newAveo) to be launched in CNGversion as well

To be launched

Hindustan Motors AmbassadorPassenger car (factory-fittedCNGV)

Hindustan Motors &Mitsubishi Motors

Mitsubishi Lancer 1.5 litre Passenger car

Hyundai MotorsSantro Xing CNG Compact carAccent Bi-fuel car/taxi

Mahindra & Mahindra

Champion CNG Large three-wheelersTempo Three-wheelerAlfa Small three-wheeelerScorpio CNG SUV, in planBolero Pick-up, dedicated CNGMahindra CNG 3 door Sport Utility Vehicle bifuel

Maxx Maxi Truck Dedicated CNG pick-up

Mitsubishi & HindustanMotor

LancerPassenger car with 1,5 litreengine

Mitusbishi and Renault Renult Logan Bifuel car

Maruti Udyong LtdOmni 5-seater CNG Passenger carAlto CNG Passenger car

Tata Engineering andLocomotive Company Ltd

Indica-CNGBi-fuel passenger car with5-seaters hatchback, BS IIIcompliant (Bharat stage III isIndia's emission standard)

Tata Motors

Indigo MarinaTATA 407 CNG 4 tonnes GVW truck

Ace 0.75 tonnes mini truck,dedicated CNG

Toyota Kirloskar Motor Corolla Altis Premium sedanInnova Multi Untility Vehicles

HDV

Tata MotorsLong distance LPO 1510 CNG Chassis of intra-city busStarbus Ultra Low Floor-LPO1623 CNG

Fully built bus, intra city bus

Kinglong BusDedicated CNG bus imported from China

Piaggio CNG Ape Truck


January 201020

China

LDVsAstro Motor Technical Co. CNG three-wheeler Dedicated CNG

Auto Rickshaw

CK150ZK-1 Bifuel Auto rickshaw (tricycle)CK2002ZK Bifuel Auto rickshaw (tricycle)CK250ZK Rear Water Cooled Tricycle CNG/diesel autorickshawVX150ZK Bifuel tricycle

China Congqing Big Science &

Technology (Group)

BIGMT125-6b CNG

Motorcycle

Bigmt125-6 CNG110cc-1(horizontal engine) CD70-21125cc-4(vertical engine)CNG Motorcycle (110cc-3&125cc-3)125cc-5(stand engine)125CC-5(vertical engine)(125cc water-cooling engine)125cc-4(horizontal engine)CNG 650cc Minibus Bifuel minibus

Chinese Motor Industrial Co. CNG tricycle 175cc Dedicated CNG tricycle

Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co.,

Ltd.

Bifuel 125cc motorcylce MotorcycleMiddle engine tricycle Three-wheelerTricycle goods Three-wheelerTricycle bifuel (gasoline and CNG) Three-wheelerLow Flooring Mini Bus Dual fuel CNG/diesel

Chongqing Rightway Industry Three-Wheelers CNG Three-wheelerChongqing Tengzhou Moto Co., Liyang LY150ZH-1 Disabled tricycleBiyadi Automobile Co., Ltd Biyadi QCJ7160A/CNG

Bi-fuel cars Chery Automobile Co., LtdChery SQR7160E/CNG Chery SQR7162A15/CNGChery SQR7200/CNG

Chongqing Chanan Suzuki Chanan SC7130B

China CNG BusCNG car 650 CC CarCNG car 650 cc Minibus Yellow Minibus

Dongfeng Citroën Citroën Elisee Bifuel car

Dongfeng Automobile Co., LtdDongfeng EQ102H15QAC Bi-fuel light-duty truckDongfeng EQ6490H15QAC

Bi-fuel cars

Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen

Automobile Co., Ltd

Dongfeng Citroen DC7163MAN Dongfeng Citroen DC7163RAN Shenlong Fukang DC7142RDN Shenlong Fukang DC7142EDN Shenlong Fukang DC7142EAN

Dongfeng Yueda Kia Automobile Kia YQZ7130CNG FAW Hongqi CA7180G4

FAW Volkswagen Automobile Co.,

Ltd

Jetta FV7160CiF.C Jetta FV7160CiX.CJetta FV7160CiX/CNG Jetta FV7160CiF.C Jetta FV7160GiX.C Jetta FV7160CiX/CNG

Honda

BIGMT110cc-1

Bi-fuel motorcycles

BIGMT 110cc-2BGMT Tailand Honda 110-3BIGMT125cc-4

BIGMT110cc-4

BGMT150cc-1

BIGMT150cc-2 (Water Cooling Model)

JMC Brand JMC Brand CNG 3 Wheeler Dedicated CNG three-wheelers

CQBUS - Kingtonliyang Kingtonliyang KT125CNG-3 CNG motorcycle

Lifan Lifan 520 Passenger car

Mudan CNG 3-Ton Light Truck Dedicated CNG truck

Shanghai Volkswagen Automobile Santana SVW7180Kei

Bi-fuel cars

Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Co.,

Ltd

Jinbei SY6483LT1 Jinbei SY6483LT2 Zhonghua SY7200T

Tianjin FAW Xiali Automobile Co.,

Ltd

Vela CA7156UM Vela CA7166UM Xiali TJ7101AULM Xiali TJ7101AUMXiali TJ7101BLM Xiali TJ7101BUM Xiali TJ7101UM

Toyota Limo CNG Bi-fuel car

GeelyVision

Passenger carsKing KongFree Ship


January 2010 21

Brand NGV models RemarksHDVs

Ainy Ele-Mechanical Co. CKZ6180 CNG City Bus Dedicated CNG bus

Anhui Hualing Automobile Hualing Star HN4180PT23C4M CNG Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor

Beijing Bus General Plant Jinghua BK6141CNG Hinge Jointed City Bus

Dedicated CNG buses

Changzhou Iveco Bus Co., Ltd

Changjiang CJ6110G3Y7H Bus

Changjiang CJ6110SG2Y7H

Changjiang CJ6110SG2YH

Changjiang CJ6120G2Y7H Bus

China Vehicles Co., Ltd Tourist bus

Chongqing CNG Technologies CNG bus

Chongqing Jiangchuan Chuanjiang CJQ6790KCS Bus

Chongqing Hengtong Bus

CKZ6123 Chongqing Hengtong Bus Dedicated CNG version and bifuel

CKZ6108

Dual fuel CNG/diesel buses

QB210-20

CA6105ZLQ

CA6DF2D-18

EQB180-20

YC6112ZLQ

CA6DF2-24

YC6105ZLQ

Core Asia Transmart NG dual fuel truck CNG/diesel and LNG/diesel truck

Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd Dongfeng EQ6830RACN Bus Dedicated CNG buses

Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd

Dongfeng EQ6111RCDN BusDedicated CNG buses

Dongfeng EQ6122KS Bus

Dongfeng EQ1165F Truck

Dedicated CNG trucks

Dongfeng EQ1165K2 Truck

Dongfeng EQ1140GL1 Truck

Dongfeng EQ1140GL Truck



Dongfeng Nanchong Automobile

Co., Ltd

Dongfeng EQ6590PC1 BusDual fuel buses

Dongfeng EQ6590PC Bus

First Auto Works (FAW)

Jiefang CA1127L5A CNG TruckDedicated CNG trucks

Jiefang CA1150P1L1A80 CNG Truck

Jiefang CA6101D92-9 Bus

Dedicated CNG bus

JiefangCA6110D118-1T Bus

Hengtong

Iveco Irisbus Iveco CityClass CNG

Jiangsu Youyi Automobile Co. ZGT6100A CNG

King Long

Nanjing Jinling Double- decker

Bus Plant

JinlngJLY6101SA CNG

JinlngJLY6101SB CNG

Mudan CNG 3-Ton Light Truck Dedicated CNG truck

Shaanxi Automobile (Group)

Shanqi SX4254BK294T Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor

Shanqi SX6112F Luxury City Bus Dedicated CNG bus

Shanqi SX6112C City Bus Dual fuel bus

Shanghai Huizhong Automobile SHAC SH4251A4B31K Tractor Dedicated CNG tractor

Shenzeng Wuzhoulong AutomobileFDG6121B Dedicated CNG bus for sight seeing

FDG6121F Dedicated CNG bus

Tata Daewoo Arm Roll CNG Refused Truck Dedicated CNG

Yaxing-Benz Motor Coach Co.,Ltd Yaxing YBL6110GNH Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG bus

Yantia Shuchi Vehicle Co NGV buses

The company was reported to have

120 models of NGVs exported to

Europe, Japan, Bangladesh and

Pakistan

Yuchai Diesel Engine Co.,Ltd For export purposes

Yuejin Automobile(Group)Co., Ltd Yuejin NJ67001M5EG Bus Chassis(Class 3) Dedicated CNG bus

Yunma Aircraft Manufacturing YM6-101-B Dedicated CNG City Bus

Zhongda Industrial Group Co. JLY6101SA CNG bus and double deck buses

January 201022

The previousIGU S.G. 5.3report for the

2003 – 2006 triennium provided a comprehensive overview and analysis ofexisting fuels and technologies covering: petrol and diesel automotivetechnologies: state-of-the-art; hybridvehicles; natural gas vehicles andpower-trains; compressed natural gas(CNG) technology; on board storageand filling; liquefied natural gas (LNG);bio-methane; synthetic fuels producedfrom natural gas; hydrogen producedfrom natural gas; and off-road applications. This chapter presents achronological overview of NGV technology development in last decade .

Since the advent of NGVs in Italy in the1930s, natural gas vehicle technologyhas made steady improvements and, insome cases, technological ‘leaps’ asthey have begun to penetrate worldcountry markets. Most of the improvements and subsequent “generations” of NGVs have, however,mirrored the dramatic changes experi-enced in the standard gasoline anddiesel engines and vehicles.Manufacturers of gasoline and dieselvehicles/engines typically have usedNGVs as the benchmark for ‘what is aclean vehicle?’ The most recent dieselengines with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are being touted as ‘cleaner than natural gas’ but,in reality, considering all the regulatedand unregulated pollutants, NGVs stillare ‘cleaner’ than the best diesel technologies. And so it has been thatimprovements in the basic gasoline anddiesel systems, when natural gas isadapted into these technologies, continue to produce superior emissionimprovements and at a performancelevel similar to gasoline engines and thatis closing in on that of diesel internalcombustion engine technologies.

The IGU Report (Study Group 5.3) forthe 2003-2006 triennium, “GlobalOpportunities for Natural Gas as aTransportation Fuel for Today andTomorrow”, presented the various generational changes in the basicretrofit NGV systems:® First generation with completelymechanical fuel system (carburettor

vehicles without catalytic converter); ® Second generation with basicallymechanical fuel system with electronicfeedback control or electronically controlled fuel system without feedbackcontrol (closed-loop carburettor andthrottle body injection / single port injection engines (corresponding to Euro1 / 2 standard);® Third generation with multi-point fuelinjection, electronic control and feedback(closed-loop multi point gaseous injectionsystem engines with group injection orcontinuous injection (corresponding toEuro 2 / 3 standard)); and ® Fourth generation which is like thirdgeneration but with OBD capabilities;closed-loop and lean-burn sequentialmulti-point gaseous injection systemengines.

It is these systems that have correspondingly over time been used instandard OEM gasoline vehicles, withthe fourth generation, OBD compatiblesystem, the one of choice for the mosthighly developed, currently availablegasoline engines.

CNG cylinders, in parallel, also haveseen new ‘generations’ as the need forlighter weight and increased fuel capacitywas driven by customer requirements.

The all-steel cylinder is the ‘first’ generation (excluding the historical rubber-lined canvas bags as ‘first’ typeof non-pressurized gas storage container).The development of the fibreglass,hoop wound aluminium cylinder can beconsidered a ‘Second Generation’departure from the all-steel cylinder thatbegan in 1982/1983 in the US. Themove to Type 3 fully wrapped metalliner cylinder is a further developmentfrom the Type 2 hoop-wrapped cylinder.The development of the 100% full composite CNG cylinders that emergedfrom aeronautic technology representsa third ‘generation’ of CNG storage.Further refinement of these Type 4 cylinders so far have been refinementsof this third generation fuel storagetechnology. However, Type I cylindersgenerally are the most popular onesdue to their lower prices compared toother types of cylinders.Table 8 - Chronological Overview ofNGV Technologies Development(emphasis on Europe)

1-Information for Europe provided by JohnBaldwin (CNG Services Ltd.), Peter Boisen(NGVA Europe) and Jeffrey Seisler (Clean FuelsConsulting). State-of-the-art in Russian NGVmarket is described in detail by Eugene Pronin(Gazprom / NGVRUS). In depth review of U.S.development has been provided by RichKolodziej (IANGV / NGV America).

IGU SG 5.3: technology development and an overview of NGV industry today

Period State of the art

< 2000

1st generation NGVs, petrol conversions, tanks (cylinders) in boot of the car. In1997 – 2000 period: first generation factory built Volvo S70/V70 with cylinder inluggage space. In 1998 factory built Fiat Multipla with under floor cylinders.

2001 2nd generation factory built Volvo S80 / V70 / S60 with under floor cylinders.

2002 2nd generation factory built VW Golf and Opel Astra with under floor cylinders.

2003Factory built Fiat Punto and Doblò with cylinder in luggage space. Various Frenchcars with cylinders in luggage space (Citroën Berlingo, Peugeot Partner, RenaultKangoo, Citroën CX3).

2004Factory built Mercedes Benz E 200 NGT with compressor engine, but still withcylinders in luggage space.

2nd generation factory built Opel Zafira and Combo with under floor cylinders.

2006 2nd generation factory built VW Caddy and Touran with under floor cylinders.

2007 Factory built Fiat Panda with under floor cylinders.

2008

Factory built Mercedes Benz E 170 NGT with under floor cylinders.

Opel Zafira, 1.6 litre turbo engine, 150 hp.

3rd generation, Passat TSI, 1.4 litre, twin compressor plus turbocharger , > 450km range, 150 bhp, 0 – 60 in 9.5 sec, ~120 g/km CO2

2012 4th generation – adding of stop-start technology, add regenerative braking, lowerCO2/km to <100 g/km, range now 550 km.

January 2010 23

The offer of light duty NGVs in Europe(EEA - European Economic Area) canbe split into four categories :

1. OEM sales of light duty cars andvans with a European Whole VehicleType approval. Such vehicles areaccompanied by a CoC (Certificate ofConformity) and registration of suchvehicles must be approved by thenational road authorities in all EU countries and also other countriesaccepting EC type approvals.

2. QVM (Qualified Vehicle Modifier) conversions of brand new vehicles withthe explicit support of the OEM vehiclemanufacturer. Such conversions wouldnormally be made in line with the ECER115 regulation and the customer willhave all normal warranties (some directly from the manufacturer, andsome from the QVM). German offers ofFord cars and vans, also Volkswagenvans, follow this model.

3. Same as (2) above, but without theexplicit support of the concerned OEM.In these cases it is important for thecustomer to determine to what extentthe OEM warranties and product liabilityare still valid.4. Aftermarket retrofitting of conversionsolutions, sometimes in line with ECER115, sometimes in line with otherolder national regulations (dependingupon country). The OEMs will usuallynot accept any warranty or product liability claims for failures, which candirectly or indirectly be attributed to theconversion.

When listing European NGV offers it isimportant to make a distinctionbetween: (A) light duty natural gas vehicles with a European Whole VehicleType approval; (B) medium/heavy dutynatural gas vehicles with a European ornational type approval arranged via theOEM; (C) QVM conversions of new natural gas vehicles made with theapproval of the OEM; (D) QVM conversions of new natural gas vehiclesmade without the approval of the concerned OEM; and (E) other conversions of new or used vehicles.

For MD/HD vehicles, OEMs may, on avoluntary basis, issue whole vehicletype approvals but the normal procedure is to have the engines certified according to the EC regulationsand then have a national type approvalof the complete vehicle. There is obviously a clear distinction between

natural gas vehicles directly suppliedfrom an OEM and vehicles using converted engines.

In Europe, the vast majority of new NGVregistrations now consist of OEM products, or QVM conversions madewith the approval of the concernedOEM. Looking at LPG powered vehicles, the situation is quite different.Here the market is mainly based onretrofitting of light duty gasoline powered vehicles.

Outside Europe, retrofitting solutionsmake up the bulk of the NGV volumesbut with a gradually increasing share ofOEM offers.

OEM products also are being developed outside Europe to meet thegrowing Asian demand for vehicles.Though still dominated by a wide rangeof different quality retrofit systems, various OEMs have light, medium andheavy duty NGVs, though they currentlytend to be Euro 3, with some at theEuro 4 quality vehicles, since the Asianemissions standards tend to be one ortwo steps behind emissions levels beingproduced in Europe, Japanese andKorean NGVs.

TATA in India is providing the light dutyXenon, Magic Van, Winger, and Ace.Ashok Leyland produces the VikingCNG BS-III. (Tata also produces threeseparate CNG bus models and one ton,five, and eight ton vehicles designed forpassenger and commercial applica-tions).

In the U.S market there are OEM lightduty sedans (American Honda Civic GX)as well as Small Vehicle Manufacturers(SVM) sedans (Ford 4.6L CrownVictoria, Lincoln Town Car and MercuryGrand Marquis (BAF), Chevy Impala 3.5and 3.9L V-6 dedicated (Natural Drive)Ford Focus, 2.0L bi-fuel and dedicatedFord Focus (Altech-Eco) and SVM lighttrucks and vans (commercial worktrucks and vans): ChevyG1500/2500/3500 Series vans with6.0L engine (Baytech, IMPCO), ChevyG4500 cab+chassis with 6.0L, ChevyC/K1500/2500/3500 series pick-upswith 6.0L engine (Baytech, IMPCO),Ford F150/250/350 (BAF, FuelTek), FordE350 series vans with 5.4L (BAF)).

In the heavy duty segment (vehiclesabove 12 tonnes) current OEM offers inEurope include buses with a typicalengine size of around eight litres.

Engines are available from Daimler,Iveco, MAN, Scania, Tedom (a relativelysmall Czech manufacturer), and ABVolvo, leaving DAF as the onlyEuropean HD engine manufacturer currently without a gas engine offer. Bus chassis including engines, oftenalso bodies, are sometimes offereddirectly from the OEM or sometimesfrom independent bus manufacturers.

Daimler buses sometimes are marketedas Evobus or sometimes as MercedesCitaro. MAN products are under boththe MAN name and as Neoplan. Buseswith Iveco engines are marketed in theIveco brand and in Irisbus or Karosa buses.

Scania has not been very active concerning natural gas powered buseswithin Europe (a few buses in Icelandand also in the Swedish town ofEskilstuna) but has sold many buses inAustralia (a right hand drive market).

RVI (Renault Vehicules Industrielle) nowis part of the AB Volvo group (alsoincluding American Mack and JapaneseNissan Diesel). Within Europe, enginesup to the eight litre size are manufactured in France, and larger inSweden. The French bus manufacturerHeuliez usually uses RVI engines.Renault trucks also have an agreementwith Russian GAZ group subsidiaryRusPromAuto to supply common raildirect injection (cDi) engines.

Ekobus, a small Czech bus manufacturer, uses Cummins Westportgas engines imported from America.

Russia (re)started development and production in OEM Heavy Duty segment: trucks and buses. Kamazmanufactures dedicated natural gaschassis which is used for different typesof general and special purpose vehicles.Powered with an 11.76 litre 260 HP gasengine, KAMAZ vehicle can drive up to500 kilometres with one filling. Theengine takes 29.1 normal m3 per 100kilometres. According to customerrequest, the on-board gas storage mayhave different volume.

Kamaz company has a separate busdivision named Nefaz which also mar-kets OEM NGVs. The Nefaz 30-31 buscarries the same dedicated natural gasengine as the Kamaz truck. Natural gasis stored in high pressure cylinders for197 normal m3. It is sufficient enough

Continue to page 22

January 201024

Continued from page 21

to drive 560 kilometres with one filling.Gas consumption equals 35 normal m3per 100 kilometres.

There are two more gas bus originalmanufacturers today in Russia: Liaz andPaz companies. Both companies usededicated natural gas engines fromCummins. These buses are extensivelyused in Moscow and Togliatti.

Daimler is offering Econic natural gastrucks using the same engines as theEvobus/Citaro buses, and the IvecoStralis trucks use the same engines asIveco/Irisbus/Karosa buses. Volvo alsomay offer trucks using the sameengines as in Volvo bus models.

In the United States, the heavy-dutyand medium-heavy segments havereceived the most marketing focus fromthe NGV industry. In 2008, WestportInnovations introduced their high-pressure, direct injection LNG ISX-G engine. Based on the CumminsISX diesel engine with cooled enginegas recirculation, the LNG version of theengine offers the same horsepower,torque, and efficiency as the base dieselengine it is replacing. The WestportLNG system is certified to 0.8 g/bhp-hrNOx and 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM. TheWestport GX 15L engine is availablewith 400 and 450 horsepower ratingsand up to 1 750 lb-ft torque for heavy-duty port, freight and vocationalapplications. LNG fuel tanks can be configured tosuit customer range requirements. TheWestport GX is currently available infactory assembled Kenworth T800 LNGand Peterbilt 386, 387, and 367

models, and is offered for use in variousapplications including port drayagetrucks, heavy-haul trucks, refuse transfer, dump trucks, roll-offs, line-haul,and other vocational applications.

Cummins-Westport, a partnershipbetween Cummins Engine Companyand Westport Innovations, produces theISL G. The ISL G engine is available inratings from 250 to 320 horsepower,and already meets the strict U.S. EPA2010 emission standards (0.2 g/bhp-hrNOx and 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM). Theengine combines Cummins exhaust gasrecirculation technology with a three-way catalyst to offer improved efficiency and lower costs. The ISL G isspecified for the following heavy-dutyvehicles: trash collection trucks (CraneCarrier LET, Autocar Xpeditor, ALFCondor, Peterbilt LCF 320 and MackTerraPro); Buses, shuttles and trolleys(NABI, New Flyer, Orion, Thomas,ElDorado, Blue Bird, variety ofshuttle/trolley upfitters using FCC MB55chassis); street sweepers (Elgin,Tymco, Schwarze, Allianz-Johnston);and work /vocational trucks (Sterling Lseries transition to Freightliner M2 tractor, then straight truck; FreightlinerCustom Chassis MT45/55; Ottawa;Capacity yard hostlers).

A third company, Emissions Solutions,produces a “drop-in” replacementengine for the very popular Navistar(International) diesel DT466 andMaxxForceDT engines. The DT466replacement engine (the Phoenix NG7.6L) produces 175-265 hp and 460-820 lb-ft of torque. TheMaxxForceDT replacement (the PhoenixNG 9.3L) produces 350 hp and 1200ft-lb torque. Both are dedicated spark-ignited engines. The EmissionsSolutions engines are repower optionsfor food/beverage delivery trucks; refusetrucks, school buses, and utility/publicworks trucks.

In the medium-duty market, CumminsWestport offers its 5.9L B Gas Plusengine. This engine is factory availablefrom Freightliner Custom Chassis intheir MT 45 and MT 55 walk-in vanchasses and MB55 bus chassis. Thesechasses are used in a wide range truckand shuttle bus applications.

In addition, aftermarket conversion system manufacturers (e.g., BaytechCorporation BAF Technologies IMPCO[FSS], Natural Drive) offer aftermarketconversion for a range of medium

gasoline-powered trucks and shuttlebus chasses, including: the ChevyW3500/W4500 and Isuzu NPR andNPR HD COE with a 6.0L engine; theChevy C6500/7500/8500 Topkick worktrucks with a 8.1L engine; the ChevyG3500 Series cutaways with a 6.0Lengine; the Chevy G4500 series cutaway with a 6.0L; the Ford E450series cutaways with a 6.8L engine; andthe Chevy C4500/5500 cutaways with a8.1L engine.

In addition to the above-mentionedproducts (globally) there also is a considerable interest in dual fuel conversions offered by Clean Air Power[CAP], the Hardstaff Group, and others.(See Chapter on real life experiences).From a technical point-of-view, mediumand light duty vehicles could be fittedwith dual fuel conversion systems.

Vehicles in the weight class 3.5 - 12tonnes are defined as medium dutyvehicles. Many of these vehicles are inthe 3.5 - 6 tonne range with the samevehicle available in three different configurations - vans, trucks, or smallbuses. Iveco Daily and MercedesSprinter are two typical examples ofOEM offers, both available with naturalgas engines.

There also are other vehicles with thistype of configuration that usually belongin the light duty class (up to 3.5 tonnes),but sometimes in the medium dutyclass (above 3.5 tonnes). Fiat Ducato isone example. Other vehicles in thisclass are Volkswagen Transporter andFord Transit, both offered as QVM conversions approved by the vehiclemanufacturer. In France, this class canbe found in the Boxer and Jumpermodels, both from Citroën and Peugeotrespectively, and in the Renault Master.

Kamaz 65116-40 CNG (OEM, rangeapprox. 400 km), taken at Gassuf 2008expo in Russia

Iveco Eurocargo CNG (OEM)

January 2010 25

Continued on page 24

Available OEM natural gas technologyalready offers superior emissions oftenbelow environmentally enhance vehicle(EEV) limits. Emission comparisonbased on Iveco Cursor 8 CNG enginesfar below the EEV limit, as presented inFigure below.

Furthermore, NOx emission is compared with existing diesel technology,but also with fuel cells technologies andconventional fuel hybrids.

China represents the single most actively growing OEM market worldwidefor vehicles and engines and their manufacturers are actively selling products domestically and in otherAsian markets, with numbers of themseeking to penetrate new markets inSouth America, Eastern Europe andelsewhere. Though more expensivethan domestically produced natural gasengines, both Cummins and Iveco havepresence in China and are sellingengines for HDV and bus applications,in particular. Other international equipment suppliers and EuropeanNGV conversion systems manufacturersalso are doing business in China. In2007, 58 vehicle manufacturers inChina produced 347 NGV models(including independent chassis but nottypes of vehicles), covering buses, cars,trucks and utility vehicles. Eighteen engine manufacturers offered98 types of NGV engine models withthe power ranging from 64 kW to 250kW. More domestic LDV and HDVOEMs are entering the market with awide variety of equipment. Liquefiednatural gas vehicles (L-NGVs) fleet useis expanding and LNG use will becomeincreasingly significant as part of theNGV mix in the future. Another exciting aspect of the “NGVopportunity” is that natural gas can beused in almost any type of

petroleum-fuelled engine for almost anyapplication, including marine and railway vehicles. Experimental airplanesand helicopters also have been developed as ‘proof of concept’ NGVs.Dual-fuel diesel/natural gas engines firstappeared in the early 1980s (almost inparallel in the U.S, Italy and Russia)based on a simple fumigation principlethat added natural gas into the intakeairstream. Today these environmentally‘unreliable’ systems have become electronically controlled and a variety ofnew developments, including high pressure direct injection, will create newopportunities for long-haul and otherlarge, heavy duty vehicle applications.

The addition of liquefied natural gas(LNG), borne into NGVs as the need foradditional fuel capacity and vehiclerange emerged, is yet another very positive development for vehicular natural gas applications. Increasingdemands by government emissions andenvironmental regulators will continue tohelp and positively influence NGV development in the future.In future, OEMs will apply their technicalskills to adapting their gasoline anddiesel engines for superior performanceand emissions running on natural gas.But it is unlikely that the OEMs will produce the natural gas vehicle components. As increasingly more OEMs developand produce NGVs, the upcoming challenge for the NGV industry will be tosupply the OEMs with the highest quality ‘zero-defect’ components in thequantities that many developing NGVmarkets will demand. If this can bedone, even by a handful of highlydependable equipment suppliers withworldwide distribution then, ultimately,NGVs will move away from retrofit dominance in the market to become atrue fuel alternative.

The industry welcomes the improvements of gasoline and dieselengines because the better these technologies become, the better it is forNGVs since a ‘better’ fuel typically willmake for a better engine, running onnatural gas.

It is clear today that off-road applications of natural gas within thetransportation sector will expand. In-door natural gas forklifts have beenaround for several years. They are popularin indoor production and storage facilities in a number of countries.

The agricultural sector is another verypromising market for NGV technologies.This sector consumes a lot of dieselfuel, which is a factor of the high cost ofthe end product. In a number ofRussian agricultural cooperatives, farmers have converted their dieseltractors to use natural gas. Althoughdual-fuel technologies for ICE are lessefficient both economically and environmentally (compared to dedicatednatural gas systems), they offer at least25% fuel cost savings.

The very recent breakthrough in theNGV technologies was achieved inRussia in 2009. The use of natural gasfor rail-road locomotives has beeninvestigated for decades now. Positiveresults have been achieved in Russia,USA, Germany, and Peru. However thereal success came with installation of agas turbine to drive the locomotive'spower generator. The GT-1 locomotivehas one NK gas turbine with ratedpower of 8 300 kW and carries 17 tonsof LNG. In January 2009 the GT-1 loco-motive set a new world record for a sin-gle rail-way engine: it was successfullytested with a load of 15 200 tons.

Emissions of Iveco Cursor 8 CNG engine vs. present andfuture Euro limits

NOx Emissions Comparison : Diesel Versus AlternativeTechnologies, by Iveco

January 201026

Compared to a conventional diesellocomotive, the LNG GT-1 saved 30%of the fuel cost.

Hydrogen is not forgotten by the NGVcommunity. A Russian prototype vehicleequipped with a small on-board converter which generates hydrogenfrom natural gas and adds it (7 – 15%)to the fuel mixture is shown in Figurebellow. This addition of a small amountof hydrogen helps improve the environmental performance and operationof the NGV. An advantage of this technology is that there is no need toseparately store hydrogen on-board.

Continued from page 23

Source: IGU S.G. 5.3 Final reportDownload the full report athttp://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/reports.html?func=select&id=13Or visit the IGU KnowledgeDatabase athttp://www.igu.org/knowledge For more information, contact:Davor Matic [email protected] Eugene [email protected] LNG gas turbine GT-1 locomotive

(Russian Railways, Moscow, Russia)

CNG QVM forklift (Gazprom, Kazan', Russia)

Natural Gas-Hydrogen blend vehicle(photo by NGVRUS Railways, Moscow)

CNG QVM Belarus tractor (photo byNGVRUS, Omsk, Russia)

January 2010 27

January 201028

The presence of China NGV industry is affirmed in morecountries across Asia and South America. More and morecountries in these regions are using China’s NGV-relatedproducts, mainly CNG engines and buses apart from cylinders.

In Santa Cruz, the biggest city in Bolivia, conversion of diesel buses to CNG system will be activated. This programme is supported by the government as it plans to approve the purchase of 6,000 units of CNG engines from China. The conversion will be carried out withfull funding (for free).

This month, four units of 4500 cc engines, will be imported to this country for a full testing. Upon the completion andsuccess of the test, final approval for purchase can be given.

Bolivia has about 65,000 buses that require change or conversion. Meanwhile, in La Paz City, 30,000 CNG engines are required for the conversion. Santa Cruz andCochabamba were reported to have about 45,000 vehicles.Bolivia’s National Hydrocarbon Agency (ANH) has given thegreen light for the start up of CNG conversion programme inCochabamba.

Chinese CNGengines for Bolivia

www.hwa-young.co.kr

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• High-Low Pressure Regulators• CNG Fuel Filter

Alternative Fuel System’s Components

January 2010 29

January 201030

In manufacturing, installing the CNGsystem and operating the vehicle aswell as the fuelling station, conformationto the (international) standards and(local) regulation is persistently underlined and insisted by authoritiesand NGV experts.Failing to do so could lead to unnecessary vehicle accidents andfatalities.Below are several examples of pastaccidents caused by the not considering safety the first priority.Cylinders burst and vehicle explosionduring gas refuelling can be the result of: • Using LPG/water/O2 tanks and/orsubstandard tanks instead of CNGcylinders. CNG cylinders are designedand manufactured to withhold up to200-220 bar gas pressure, while others,such as LPG tank, can stand only up to10 bar. Putting a 200 bar gas (CNG)pressure to an LPG tank will easilycause tank outburst/explosion thatcould lead to vehicle blast; • Adding LPG tank to a vehicle withexisting CNG cylinders; • Altering the size of CNG cylinder bycutting the cylinder and welding the endto make it short enough to fit the car(done by an NGV installer);• Removing fiber wrap of a type 2 CNGcylinder;• Failure in Pressure Relief Devices(PRD) in which the PRD did not operate/failed to release gas. Heat ledto increase in internal pressure and atthe same time the strength of the cylinder wall weakened;• Replacing "burst disks" PRD of thecylinder that often fails with strongerdisks, in order to allow operators to putmore gas in CNG tanks and thusextend the hours of operation betweenCNG tank refills. Switching burst-disksto enable CNG tank overfilling couldlead to explosion of the CNG cylinders ifthe burst disk does not burst whenneeded;• Avoiding the required cylinder testingand/or ignoring cylinder replacementschedule. • Reuse of cylinder from accidents orfrom disposed cylinders (after repaired);• Bad manufacturing that includes:* Failure of Conformity of Production(COP) with improper heat treatment forthe cylinders;

* Altering the raw material by stretchingthe metal tube before manufacturing thecylinder, causing uneven “wall” strengthacross the tube/cylinder.• Illegal and improper installation ofCNG kits and cylinders done by vehicleowners (self-installation) or uncertifiedtechnician in conversion workshops.

Apart from the above-mentioned examples, of course, not all fire-relatedaccident reported by various countriesoccurred to NGVs are connected to failure in the CNG system/cylinders.

Accidents were recorded inBangladesh, China, Korea, Malaysia,India, Iran, Pakistan, Thailand, SouthAmerica (Brazil, etc), USA, Ukraine,France, etc.

CNG in vehicles and CNG cylinders arenot dangerous. Those are safe as longas standard and regulation for theinstallation of the system and the operation of the vehicles, componentsand refuelling facility are met. CNG (andLNG) are much safer than diesel andgasoline as it has a higher auto ignitionpoint (the temperature at which a fuelwill catch fire without the need for aspark or flame). The auto ignition pointof CNG/LNG is 450˚C and 225 to 220˚Cfor diesel and gasoline respectively.

CNG cylinders are made of steel, aluminium, or plastic (composite),extremely strong and durable, and aremade to hold much more than 200-220bar (2900–3200 psi). Safety valves arealso included in the cylinders to allowthe tank to release the CNG into the air

Examples and tips of safety in NGVs and CNG stations

if there has been a collision to ensuremaximum safety. So, the concern ofcylinder burst is not necessary notingthat proper CNG cylinders are used inthe vehicle.

As corrosion in cylinders can damagethe cylinder and cause gas leakage,manufacturers coated the tanks with ahigh-quality adhesive coating paint. Forexample, in case of Vitkovice, thisadhesive coating passed through 3,000hours tests in the salt-spray chamber.To allow extra safety avoiding corrosion(caused by paint damage originatedfrom stones or sharp materials hittingthe cylinder during driving), some OEMNGVs also use extra wrapping (metal,etc) around the cylinder, when it isplaced under the vehicle.

Few safety tips There are two types of cylinder testing.One is a regular “visual” inspection. Thisincludes checking the cylinder’s label(see if it is really/proper CNG cylinder),heat and abrasion damages, mountingbracket, leak in the cylinder, cracks,scratches, impact damage, corrosion,and cracking of fiber glass compositewrap. Also, for cylinders type 1, 2, 3,check for chemical and UV damages aswell as delamination.

Another inspection is a cylinder testingthat normally is conducted every five-year.

Apart from cylinder inspection, it isadvisable to check the “whole” packagethat includes a series of fuel line, CNGcylinders, PRDs, valves, vent line, fillingconnector, and regulator.

Safety Corner

January 2010 31

MeasuresSafety in NGVs usage is a responsibilityof the government and authorities, themanufacturers of the components andthe vehicle (OEM NGVs) and conversioncentres, vehicle owners/operators aswell as fuelling station operators.

In the vehicle segment, although manufacturers, installers, and vehicleoperators are the main actor in ensuringsafety, the role of the authority is highlyimportant. Not only introducing the regulation and standard is crucial, butimplementing or enforcing the regulationas well as introducing measures areindispensable.

In India, CNG kits in buses must undergo a mandatory fitness test everythree months at government authorizedcentres. But a majority of operators skipthe tests and continue to ply due tolack of enforcement.

After experiencing few explosion-relat-ed-incidents in NGVs, the transportdepartment in Delhi conducted roadinspection on public CNG buses,school buses and commercial vehiclesin December 2009. The transportdepartment confiscated 300 Bluelineand RTV buses found plying without thesafety certifications for CNG kits. Theinspection is planned to be continuedon a daily basis.

By beginning December, the transportdepartment issued notices against1,900 commercial vehicles, includingabout 500 Bluelines. The owners havebeen asked to produce CNG leak-proofcertificates (to be presented onDecember 18), and if they fail to do so,their permits will be cancelled.In Lucknow City, tempos (three-wheeledLight-Duty Commercial Vehicles) andcars will also be checked for an additional CNG cylinder which is fittedto the vehicles by fiddling with the original design of the vehicle.

Another important element is to ensurethat supply of components should besufficient and properly distributed. If theaccess to the component purchase isdifficult, vehicle owners would not beable to replace the needed equipmenton time. This could lead to small or big damagesor incidents in the vehicle.

In Islamabad City of Pakistan, the Oiland Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA)conducted inspection of 211 CNG refuelling stations through third partyinspectors to determine their compliance with regulations. Eighteen CNG stations and licenseeswere found with one or more deficiencies and accordingly servedshow cause notices. Eight stations were fined Rs50,000each on account of safety violationswhile gas supply to three stations wasdisconnected to ensure public safetyand interest.

OGRA concluded that the authorityshould conduct inspection in all operational CNG refuelling stations atleast once a year in order to ensure full-fledged safety and security of publicproperty and life.

For more tips and information of safetycare and handling, standards and regulations of cylinder, NGVs and refuelling stations, please see AsianNGV Communications editionDecember 2008, January and February2009. Contact [email protected] toget these editions.

Safety Corner

January 201032

Due to cold winter across China andsnow hit in northern part of the country,the demand for NG is rising. In southerncities supplies are reaching their limits.Central and eastern provinces are alsofacing the worst natural gas shortage inyears. China's largest oil and gas producer, CNPC, underlined that its NGsupply has gone far beyond previousplanning and some of its undergroundgas storage has been over exploited.

Gas supply is now mainly diverted tohousehold use. China top gas supplier,PetroChina, informed that the suddendrop in temperatures has slowed theflow of gas in pipelines, causing longertime for vehicle refuelling.

In southern part of China, even inChongqing, the country’s largest NGproducer, gas supply is a big issue during this winter. The Chongqing government has decided to levy 80%surcharge on CNG by end November.Passenger of CNG taxis needs to paytwo more Yuan on each trip. In WuhanCity, the local government decided to

provide 100 Yuan as a daily subsidy tomore than 8,000 taxi drivers, who haveto turn to gasoline because of the natural gas shortage. Hangzhou City isalso experiencing the same challenge.Nevertheless, a second NG pipelinefrom west to the east part of China wasscheduled to be opened by December2009. Also, China is going to importmore LNG from Australia. Last year,PetroChina signed a 20-year LNGexport contract with ExxonMobil fromAustralia.

Gas analysts consider that gas pricingreforms is a must. The head of the price

department of the NationalDevelopment and Reform Commissionkept the 2009 price, at least, untilDecember.It is anticipated that when this“extreme” winter passed, gas supplyand distribution will return to a normalcondition. Government endorsement toCNG/NGV business is expected toremain strong, especially as next yearthe country will host the ANGVA2011Conference and Exhibition in Beijing.The venue has been chosen near the2008 Olympic Games major stadiumand not so far from China’s main international airport.

China gas supply faces a big challenge

January 2010 33

The state’s sole gas supplier inThailand, PTT, has announced that thetotal natural gas demand in Thailand isanticipated to increase by 10.6% in2010 to 3.95 billion cubic feet per daydue mainly to growing demand frompetrochemical plants.The expectation for 2009 for domesticgas consumption showed that a 3.3%growth would be recorded for that year,in which 3.57 billion cubic feet per dayof gas would be used throughout thenation, said Permsak Shevawattananon,senior executive vice president forPTT's gas business.In 2009, four percent of natural gas wasused in transport sector, while the restwas for power producers, petrochemi-cal plants and industrial users. The2009 demand for CNG for vehicles wasprojected to grow by 75% to 133 millioncubic feet per day from 76 million in2008, according to PTT.On the other hand, it is expected thatby February 2010, a Thai court will givea verdict regarding a case involving

Thailand will see a growing demand for natural gas in 2010

environmental health concerns at theMap Ta Phut industrial estate in theeastern province of Rayong. Thailandalready considers building CNG refu-elling station(s) along some industrialzones to lower pollution in the area. It isforeseen that by using CNG to powervehicles operating around this area, theair quality will improve.The economic recovery should helpboost demand from industrial users andfor NGVs, concluded Permsak.

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January 201034

Omnitek Engineering Corporation (OMTK)today announced it has signed a memorandum of understanding with

Philippine- based Alternative Bio-Energy TechnologiesCompany (ABET), with the goal of building a strong andmutually beneficial relationship utilizing Omnitek’s proprietarydiesel-to-natural-gas conversion technology to address growing local market demand for biogas engine solutions.

“Omnitek’s conversion technology complements ABET’s mission to create a cleaner environment in the Philippines,while promoting the use of environmentally friendlybiomethane or biogas” said Werner Funk, president and chiefexecutive officer of Omnitek Engineering Corporation.

He noted that ABET is a leader in the design and installationof biogas energy systems in the Philippines -- utilizing animalwaste, agricultural and food waste to create methane andbiogas fuels. “This represents an inexpensive energy sourcefor existing diesel generators to operate when converted byutilizing Omnitek’s diesel-to-gas technology,” Funk said.

He added that ABET works closely with AsiaBIOGAS Co.Ltd., Southeast Asia’s largest biogas systems design, engineering, construction and operating company, and

intends to supply small- and medium-sized engines for powergeneration operating on biogas. Headquartered in Bangkok,AsiaBIOGAS Co. Ltd. currently operates in Thailand, ThePhilippines, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia.

“Omnitek’s diesel engine conversion technology is beingapplied throughout the world with great success. Applyingthis technology also in the Philippines would add a significantnumber of biogas-powered generators in a short timeframe atan economical cost well below the price of a new engine,”Funk said.

He noted that the company intends to provide training support to the local workforce in the Philippines engaged inengine conversions and may also supply Omnitek’s brandbiogas engines to the local market.

About Omnitek Engineering CorporationOmnitek Engineering Corporation develops and sells new natural gas engines, as well as proprietary diesel-to-naturalgas conversion systems -- providing global customers withinnovative alternative energy and emissions control solutionsthat are sustainable, affordable and designed to combat global warming.

Contact: Omnitek Engineering, Corp.Investors Relations. 1945 S. Rancho Santa Fe RdSan Marcos, CA 92078Tel. [email protected]

Omnitek Engineering signed MoU with bio-energy companyin the Philippines

BusinessCentre

January 2010 35

BusinessCentreThe 12th biennial International NGVAssociation, the biggest methane (NG)for transport event of 2010 is going tobe performed in the capital city of Italy,Rome. The conference and exhibition,to be hosted by the Consorzio NGVSystem, will gather the whole industry inone colossal event.

After several years having its international conference and exhibitionsperformed in South America and Africa,the IANGV decided to hold the nextevent in the European continent. The chosen venue Italy, main Europeanmarket, is the world’s number one inadopting OEM NGVs and one of thebiggest NGV/station component suppliers.

Italy has historical tradition and a powerful industry, with over 70 years ofexistence in the natural gas for vehicles:it has a domestic demand that is receptive to changes and innovationswhereas its products are exportedworldwide. Italian products and technology are accepted and acknowledged as those with high quality.

During the financial crisis, the use ofconventional fuel decreased while NGVis proved to be a real option. Anextraordinary result in the sector hasbeen recorded in 2008, and 2009 confirmed that trend with around 6% ofall vehicles sold in the country wereCNG-driven. Local Press media reflectthe situation referring to it as the NGVboom.

ExhibitionSuppliers and buyers of OEM NGVs,conversion equipment, compressor, dispensers and all components relatedto CNG and LNG stations as well asbiomethane for vehicles segment, will allgather in the Fiera Roma, the fair’svenue.

Around 3,000 m2 of space is availablefor saleOf which 2,000 m2 has been bookedby mid November 2009And around 1,000 m2 are available forsale plus the confirmation of bookedspaces

Countries already present with stand:Germany, Argentina, Canada, France,UAE, USA, England, Italy, Korea,Poland, Switzerland, Spain.

Outdoor exhibition area is locatedbetween Exhibition Hall (9) andConference Hall (10)

ConferenceNGV 2010 Rome conferences will bedeveloped in plenary meetings and twosimultaneous sessions, and will betranslated into Italian and English.

Fifty papers will be selected. Apart fromthe regular prizes granted by IANGV, thebest three presentations will be awarded by NGV CommunicationsGroup with € 3,000, € 2,000 and €1,000 and the winning authors’ registrations as speaker will be complimentary. Speakers whose papersare selected, as well as social and educational organizations, will pay 50%of the conference fee.

Concurrent activitiesTechnical TourOn Monday 7th June, from 9 to 14,participants will be taken on an NGVbus –departing from Sheraton Hotel- to

visit Trambus’ Tor Pagnotta fuelling station, company that manages publictransportation in Rome. A total 237buses operate daily from there. Then,the tour will continue in Agip Maglianastation, which supplies CNG, HCNGand has also delivered hydrogen. Here,ENI will serve refreshments, and it isbeing evaluated the possibility of holding the official opening of the station during the technical tour (participants would also attend it). Partner Programmes and a gala dinnerwill also take place during the event.

Ecorally-Raid The organizers of the Republic of SanMarino– Vatican City InternationalEcorally are defining the carrying out ofa competition that will end in FieraRoma, coinciding with NGV 2010. Therally is intended for off-road alternativefuelled vehicles.

The IANGV as well as the NGVA Europewill also hold their separate GeneralMeeting of the Members.

Hotel transfers on NG buses will beprovided for the route of HotelSheraton-Fiera Roma-Hotel Sheratonon all three days of the event.

NGV2010, the IANGV Conference and Exhibition 8-10 June 2010

Country

Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations

VRAMonthly gasconsumption

(M Nm3)Last update

Total Cars/LDVs MD/HDbuses

MD/HDtrucks Others Total Public Private Under

construction

January 201036

Asian NGV statisticsNGV statistics

Region Total NGVsCars

/LDVsMD/HDBuses

MD/HDTrucks

Othersfuellingstations

Fuel Prices

Country

Armenia 0,67 0,63 0,61 0,32 0,29 0,33

Australia 0,77 0,72 0,78 0,34 0,30 0,35

Bangladesh 0,52 0,49 0,34 0,18 0,16 0,18

China 0,59 0,56 0,50 0,34 0,30 0,35

Egypt 0,24 0,12 0,15 0,06 0,05 0,06

India 0,64 0,48 0,27 0,24 0,28

Indonesia 0,44 0,31 0,33 0,18 0,16 0,18

Iran 0,100 0,067 1,011 0,027 0,025 0,026

Japan 1,39 1,31 1,19 0,68 0,52 0,58

Korea 1,08 0,96 0,84 0,48 0,43 0,49

Malaysia 0,40 0,35 0,34 0,15 0,13 0,15

Pakistan 0,68 0,57 0,40 0,36 0,41

Russia 0,80 0,69 0,70 0,22 0,20 0,23

Singapore 1,03 0,92 0,86 0,52 0,46 0,53

Thailand 0,64 0,59 0,57 0,12 0,11 0,12

PremiumGasoline(Euro/litre)

RegularGasoline(Euro/litre)

Diesel(Euro/litre)

CNG(Euro/Nm3)

CNG price equivalent perlitre gasoline

CNG price equivalent per

litre diesel

World review

Pakistan 2.250.100 2.200.000 100 50.000 3.000 3.000 1.002 September 2009Iran 1.638.284 1.632.313 5.971 981 957 24 884 177,00 October 2009India 700.000 680.380 12.000 715 6.905 500 181 319 52,00 April 2009China 500.000 320.000 150.000 30.000 1.339 1.140 199 230 9 October 2009Bangladesh 180.000 168.412 3.233 8.355 463 463 13 21,36 October 2009Thailand 158.002 127.786 11.065 17.473 1.678 369 344 25 36 0 November 2009Egypt 110.100 107.442 1.209 708 741 119 115 4 16 33,90 June 2009Russia 103.000 60.000 8.000 35.000 226 201 25 12 26,79 December 2008Armenia 101.352 69.971 9.831 19.626 1.924 275 9 266 14 28,50 September 2009Uzbekistan 47.000 47.000 43 43 4,25 December 2007Malaysia 41.921 41.442 465 14 128 126 2 10 November 2009Japan 38.042 14.587 1.467 20.566 1.422 344 293 51 672 September 2009Korea 24.358 1.183 22.416 758 1 157 157 5 13 81,68 October 2009Myanmar 22.821 4.527 18.290 4 37 37 October 2008Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 December 2007Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 December 2007Singapore 4.499 4.461 23 15 5 5 September 2009Turkey 3.056 2.564 492 9 5 4 35 0,40 July 2008Georgia 3.000 3.000 42 42 January 2008Australia 2.825 100 1.700 275 750 47 4 43 39 130 November 2009Indonesia 2.550 1.755 335 210 250 9 9 December 2008United Arab Emirates 305 305 0 0 2 1 1 1 March 2007New Zealand 283 180 66 37 14 14 March 2007Philippines 36 11 25 3 1 2 February 2006Taiwan 4 4 1 1 April 2005Vietnam 2 2 1 1 January 2009Total Asia 5.948.140 5.504.019 246.694 133.719 63.708 8.173 7.193 980 2.226 895 430,62 November 2009World 10.884.257 10.322.194 312.537 182.566 66.960 16.274 14.896 1.378 2.607 12.979 1.107 November 2009

Asia 5.858.631 5.415.092 246.163 133.705 63.671 7.986

Eurasia 89.509 88.927 531 14 37 187

Africa 226 220 6 7

Europe 910.589 832.273 40.777 36.687 852 2.751

South & Central 3.910.125 3.886.645 13.820 9.660 4.418

North America 115.177 99.037 11.240 2.500 2.400 925

Total 10.884.257 10.322.194 312.537 182.566 66.960 16.274

Volume IV Number 35 January 2010 OEM NGVs ... - … IV Number 35 January 2010 NGV in the world ......

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Transcript of Volume IV Number 35 January 2010 OEM NGVs ... - … IV Number 35 January 2010 NGV in the world ......