Artificial Intelligence Sreevidhya@Students

8/8/2019 Artificial Intelligence Sreevidhya@Students

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³... artificial intelligence [AI] is the

science of making machines dothings that would require

intelligence if done by [humans]´

(Minsky, 1963)

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(OUR ATTEMPT TO BUILD MODELS OF OURSELF)



BRIEF HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE55thth century BCcentury BC

Aristotle invents syllogistic logic, the f irst f ormal deductive reasoning Aristotle invents syllogistic logic, the f irst f ormal deductive reasoning

system.system.

1616thth century ADcentury ADRabbi Loew supposedly invents the Golem, an artif icial man made out Rabbi Loew supposedly invents the Golem, an artif icial man made out

of clayof clay

17th century17th century

Descartes proposes animals are machines and f ounds a Descartes proposes animals are machines and f ounds a

scientif ic paradigm that will dominate f or 250 years.scientif ic paradigm that will dominate f or 250 years.Pascal creates the f irst mechanical calculator in 1642Pascal creates the f irst mechanical calculator in 1642


Wolf gang von Kempelen ³invents´ f ake chessWolf gang von Kempelen ³invents´ f ake chess--playing machine, playing machine,

The TurkThe Turk



19th century

George Boole creates a binary algebra to represent ³laws of thought´

Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace develop sophisticatedprogrammable mechanical computers, precursor to modern electronic

computers.


Karel Kapek writes ³Rossum¶s Universal Robots´, coining the Karel Kapek writes ³Rossum¶s Universal Robots´, coining the

English wor d ³robot´English wor d ³robot´

Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts lay partial groundwork f or Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts lay partial groundwork f or

neural networksneural networks

Turing writes ³Computing Machinery and Intelligence´ Turing writes ³Computing Machinery and Intelligence´ ± ± proposal proposal

of Turing testof Turing test



HISTORIC ATTEMPTS

The original story,

published by

Mary Shelley, in

1818, describesthe attempt of a

true scientist,

Victor

Frankenstein, tocreate life.



PURPOSE OF AI

One is to use the power of computers to augment humanthinking, just as we use motors to augment human or horsepower. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of

that.The other is to use a computer's artificial intelligence to

understand how humans think. In a humanoid way. If youtest your programs not merely by what they canaccomplish, but how they accomplish it, they you're reallydoing cognitive science; you're using AI to understand thehuman mind.

- Herb Simon



ROBOTICS

1970 Shakey (SRI)

was driven by a remote-

controlled computer,

which formulated plansfor moving and acting. It

took about half an hour to

move Shakey one meter

The Ant, has 17 sensors.

They are designed to

work in colonies.



HUMAN BRAIN



Most scientists would be happy to view the

brain as a vast but complex machine. As suchit should then be possible to purely replicate

the brain using artificial neurons.

This has already been done for very simplelife forms such as insects which only have a

few thousand neurons in their brains.

In principle, it would not be necessary to have

a full scientific understanding of how the brain

works. One would just build a copy of one

using artificial materials and see how it



LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN MIND

Object recognition. People cannot properly

explain how they recognise objects.

Face recognition. Cannot be passed on to

another person by explanation.

Naming of colours.B

ased on learning, noton absolute standards.



HOW DO WE BUILD A MACHINE

THAT CAN IDENTIFY COLOURS Answer: By building a machine that can learn from human beings.



Today: Computer as Artist

Two paintings done by Harold Cohen¶s Aaron program:



DIFFICULTIES COMPUTERS

CANNOT YET MODEL The machines used in the National Lottery.

The performance of horses in the Grand National

The behaviour of a colony of ants.

Even a simple natural evolutionary milieau.

Bacterial growth in a human organ.

Human behaviour. ± Criminal tendencies

± Stock market movements.

± Popularity ratings of politicians, pop stars, etc.



THE FUTURE?

Idea of ArtificialIntelligence is beingreplaced by Artificial life,or anything with a form or body.

The consensus amongscientists is that arequirement for life is thatit has an embodiment in

some physical form, butthis will change.Programs may not fit thisrequirement for life yet.

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