6.Nanotechnology Sreevidhya@Students

7/31/2019 6.Nanotechnology Sreevidhya@Students

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NANOTECHNOLOGY.

BASIC FACTS ABOUTNANOTECHNOLOGY

Working of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology in medicine

Conclusions


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BASIC FACTS ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY:

Nano (Greek : dwarf)

refers to length scales that are of the order

of one billionth of a metre.Or

1/80000th the size of human hair


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Nano technology simply refers to devices

and materials fabricated on this type of

scale.

To manipulate each individual atom of an

object is the basic idea of Nanotechnology.

Such devices and materials can be built intwo ways using Macroscopic Fabrication

techniques.

1)Bottom up approach

2) Top Down approach

Nano technology is not confined to limited

number of fields. Every area of industry,

Health and environment can be improved

using this.


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With the Discovery of techniques to organize, characterize and

manipulate individual elements of matter as well as the increasing

insights into self organization principles of these elements the

world wide industrial conquest of nanoscale dimensions began.

The prospect of injecting patients with machines to make

repairs, of rating super-strong and like materials for spaceexploration, of restoring environmental systems on a molecular

level are all parts of the promise of Nanotechnolgy.


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Working of Nanotechnology:

Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe.You and everything around are made of atoms. Nature has

perfected the science of manufacturing matter molecularly. For

instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from

millions of living cells. Cells are natures nanomachines.

Nanotechnology is a hybrid science combining engineering

and chemistry. Atoms and molecules stick together because

they have complementary shapes that lock together, or charges

that attract. Just like with magnets, a positively charged atomwill stick to a negatively charged atom.


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The goal nanotechnology is to manipulate atoms individually and

place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure. There are

three steps to achieving nanotechnology-produced goods:

Scientists must be able to manipulate individual atoms.This means that they will have to develop a technique to

grab single atoms and move them to desired positions. In

1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to

manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 xenon atoms

on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic force

microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled

out the letters IBM. You can view this nano-logo on this

page.

The next step will be to develop nanoscopic machines,

called assemblers, that can be programmed to manipulateatoms and molecules at will. It would take thousand of

years for a single assembler to produce any kind of

material one atom at a time. Trillions of assemblers will be

needed to develop products in a viable time frame.


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In order to create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some

nanomachines, called replicators, will be programmed to build moreassemblers.


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Trillions of assemblers and replicators will fill an area smaller than a

cubic millimeter, and will still be too small for us to see with naked eye.

Assemblers and replicators will work together like hands to automatically

construct products, and will eventually replace all traditional labour

methods. This will vastly decrease manufacturing costs, thereby making

consumer goods plentiful, cheaper and stronger. In the next section, you

will find out how nanotechnology will impact every facet of society, from

medicines to computers.

Nano-technology in Medicine:

Nanomedicine may be defined as the monitoring, repair, construction

and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using

engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. However, the full promises

of nanomedicine is unlikely to arrive until after the development ofprecisely controlled or programmable medical nanomachines and

nanorobots which were first hypothesized by the Nobel-winning physicist

Richard Feynman in 1959.


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Methods for designing and constructing these devices currently

being actively pursued by many universities and government

organizations in the United States, Europe and Japan, and also in

the private sector by nanotechnology startup companies and

nanotechnology seed capital firms.

One nanomachines are available, which are programmable and

controllable microscale robots comprised of nanoscale partsfabricated to nanometer precision will allow medical doctors to

execute curative and reconstructive procedures in the human body

at the cellular and molecular levels. The ability to direct events in a

controlled fashion at the cellular level is the key that will unlock the

indefinite extension of human health and the expansion of humanabilities.


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CONCLUSION

Nanotechnology is anumbrella term that covers many areas ofresearch dealing with objects that are measured in nanometers.

In the next 50 years, machines will get increasingly smaller..

Nanomachines to manufacture consumer goods at the molecularlevel, piecing together one atom or molecule at a time to makebaseballs, telephones and cars (which is the goal ofnanotechnology).

As televisions, airplanes and computers revolutionized the world inthe last century, scientists claim that nanotechnology will have aneven more profound effect on the next century.

6.Nanotechnology Sreevidhya@Students

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