Aristotle on Time

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http://www.cambridge.org/9781107002623


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tony roark A P Phh B U. H h j h Mind,AncientPhilosophy,Apeiron, History and Philosophy o Logic.


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A Study o the Physics

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Boise State University


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http://www.cambridge.org/http://www.cambridge.org/9781107002623http://www.cambridge.org/http://www.cambridge.org/9781107002623


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For Keenan,

whose our-year-old syllogisms about crocodiles and humananimals were no less endearing or their invalidity.


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Contents

Preace pagex

List o fgures xList o abbreviations x

1

part i t im es new and od

1 11

2 C h doxai 172.1 h 182.2 h imaeus 222.3 Hh 33

part i i te matt er o t im e: motion

3 413.1 Fh h 1.11: h 453.2 A h 54

4 A 634.1 P 674.2 A 714.3 73

5 T 80

5.1 T z 815.2 T 875.3 f 915.4 Kinsis. 945.5 P 11 99


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Contents

part i i i te orm o t im e: perception

6 1056.1 Arithmos 109

6.2 P, , 112

7 1227.1 T 1247.2 A jx 129

8 T 1338.1 Aisthsis h h phantasia 1368.2 Phantasia 144

9 h 1499.1 h 1559.2 Ph 166

10 T hh 17210.1 P iii 174

part iv s imutaneity and tempora passage

11 h 17911.1 18311.2 P , 18411.3 T 18611.4 C 187

12 19312.1 j 19412.2 h 198

12.3 A 20112.4 T 20712.5 208

13 D h zz 1.10 211

14 C h f 216

Reerences 222

Index locorum 227General index 229


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x

Preace

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h - 1996. T - - , h, h h . , hU Wh h P . Ch, D , J , C W. h 1999, h h j : h x,

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T D h h C A B U h h F h A P G, 2005.

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Preacex

h h h - j , h x h h j h -

h. , Ch 3 h h Wh A T h Ch Apeiron;2 Ch 4 5 Ancient Philosophy h A Df C;3 Ch12 h Philosophical Writings h A P;4 h q UC hh Mind h ime or Aristotle.5

T h A B hh - h . f h h.

H G J G C U Ph h h h. A H h , h h h h -

h . q h h h , h h . Wh, j , h h x. Chh F , h h h hh.

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2 (2004). 3 (2003). 4 (2005). 5 (2009).


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x

Figures

1 A B page13

2 A A 143 A A h 154 C metabol 645 1576 h 1617 J h 161


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x

Abbreviations

A l

An. On the Soul(De Anima)An.Post. Posterior AnalyticsAn.Pr. Prior AnalyticsCael. On the Heavens(De Caelo)Cat. CategoriesGA Generation o AnimalsGC On Generation and CorruptionHA History o AnimalsInsomn. On Dreams(De Insomnis)Int. On Interpretation (De Interpretatione)MA Movement o Animals(De Motu Animalium)Mem. On Memory(De Memoria)Met. MetaphysicsMeteor. MeteorologyNE Nicomachean EthicsPA Parts o AnimalsPhys. PhysicsSE Sophistical Reutations(Sophistici Elenchi)Sens. Sense and Sensibilia(De Sensu et Sensibili)Somn. On Sleep and Waking(De Somno et Vigilia)op. opics

PlA

Cra. CratylusEpin. EpinomisPhd. PhaedoPhil. Philebus


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List o abbreviations x

Prm. ParmenidesRep. RepublicSph. Sophist

Tt. Teaetetusi. imaeus

Physicsiv.1014 . T A h B (1984). P h C (1997), x h. Wh h hh h , h .

h f .


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1

Introduction

Arstotle concees o tme as a arety o hylomorphc compound. By

hylomorphc I mean the knd o analyss Arstotle employs at erymany places n hs works, accordng to whch the thng under consder-aton s to be understood as a combnaton o matter (hul) and orm, orshape (morph). On the hylomorphc nterpretaton I endorse, moton sthe matter o tme, and percepton s ts orm. Arstotle denes tme as anumber o moton wth respect to the beore and ater (Phys. 219b12),1by whch he ntends to denote motons susceptblty to dson ntoundetached parts o arbtrary length, a property that t possesses both

by rtue o ts ntrnsc nature and also by rtue o the capactes andacttes o percpent souls. Moton s ntrnscally ndetermnate, butperceptually determnable, wth respect to ts length. Acts o perceptonuncton as determners; the result s determnate unts o knetc length,whch s precsely what a temporal unt s.

It would be one thng to employ the conceptual ramework o hylo-morphc analyss as an nterpretate apparatus or strategy, but I dontntend to use hylomorphsm that way. I am connced that the proper

way o understandng Arstotles ew o tme requres thnkng o t as aarety o hylomorphc compound, because that s precsely how he hm-sel understood t.

I take t that ths ew mght seem qute mplausble at rst blush.For surely hylomorphsm s most obously suted to accountng or thenature o concrete objects lke statues, houses, and anmals. Concengo a statue as possessng two metaphyscally dstnct components (bronzeand the shape o Hermes, or example) prodes the bass or rutul

phlosophcal analyses along seeral derent lnes: causal propertes, per-sstence condtons, semantc relatons, and epstemc status, to name justa ew.

1 , .


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Introduction2

But why ought we to thnk that tme, whch s at once both meta-physcally undamental and seemngly abstract, should yeld to such ananalyss?

Te queston tsel reeals an unhelpul prejudce that I shall attemptto dspel n Chapter 1. But prejudce asde, t should come as no great sur-prse such an approach turns out to be exegetcally rutul. Arstotlestemporal theory s deeloped wthn the Physics, a treatse n whch heexamnes the objects and phenomena o nature. In the second book o thePhysics, Arstotle states that we thnk we know somethng only when wend the reason why t s so, .e., when we nd ts prmary cause (194b1820).2 But cause (aitia) s ambguous between seeral derent senses,

ncludng materal and ormal causes.3 Tus, the most complete accounto any exstent wll nclude a speccaton o ts matter and ts orm. 4 Itwould be qute surprsng ndeed ths general prncple ddnt apply toa eature o nature such as tme, snce the prncple s alleged to applyeen to lngustc objects such as syllables and arguments (195a1517).5But ths s not the place to argue or my thess. I smply request that thereader consder careully the arguments I oer n the chapters that ollow.I antcpate resdual resstance on ponts o detal that are let unnshed

at the end o the book; howeer, my arguments render the hylomorphcnterpretaton an attracte alternate to ts predecessors, I wll be happyto engage n debate oer the detals.

Now one mght be nclned to thnk that the exstence o tme s anecessary condton or the exstence o materal objects. It seems neces-sary or the arety o objects that were accustomed to nteractng wth,anyway. Indeed, t s qute dcult to magne a world urnshed by theknds o thngs were amlar wth n whch there s no tme, snce these

sorts o thngs are subject to change, whch, agan, one mght take to bea eature o the world that requres the exstence o tme. A world wthouttme (accordng to ths ew) s a world wthout change, one populatedwth people who neer age, rut that neer rpens, rers that dont run,and so on. me, then, mght be thought to be an aspect o nature wth-out whch change and changng objects are mpossble.

2

().3 See Phys. ii.3.4 Almost anythng. Arstotle acknowledges the exceptons o unormed elemental matter and

un-enmattered dne orms. But these are not topcs o nestgaton or the physcst.5 . . C.Met. iv.2.


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Introduction 3

Whether ths characterzaton o the contemporary popular ew otme s correct (supposng that such a thng exsts), I cant say. What sclear, though, s that Arstotle turns ths pcture on ts head: accordng to

Arstotle, tme owes ts exstence mmedately to moton and percepton,and ultmately to materal objects, substances. Hs motaton or endors-ng such an account seems to be hs commtment to the ew that thestrctest ontology s one whch ncludes only nstances o natural knds(e.g. nddual men, horses, trees). In such an ontology, there s no roomor an tem o such abstract character as tme. But surely tme exsts insome way or other. And so Arstotle concludes that tme must somehowdere ts exstence rom substances. Fllng out the account o ths para-

stc exstence s the challenge that Arstotle attempts to meet n Physicsiv.1014, and the purpose o ths work s to spell out Arstotles answer tothat challenge.

Beore I set about examnng the releant texts and deelopng mynterpretaton, though, I ought to say somethng about why Ie wrttenths book and how t s structured.

o the rst pont, I eel no embarrassment n sayng that ths bookcombnes two o the most phlosophcally exctng topcs that there

are: the nature o tme and the phlosophy o Arstotle. Whle many ph-losophers would challenge ths ealuaton, I take t that no one readngths Introducton s lkely to lead that charge.

Te phlosophy o tme s home to some o the knottest conceptualproblems around. Augustne s amous or conessng hs own nabltyto artculate tmes nature: What then s tme? I no one asks o me, Iknow; I wsh to explan to hm who asks, I know not (Conf. 11.14;Augustne [1980]).6 Closer to our own day, C. D. Broad has expressed

smlar rustraton:I am well aware how easy t s to talk nonsense about me, and to mstake orarguments what are n act merely erbal tangles. I thnk t s qute possble thatI may hae done ths. I hae altered my mnd too oten on ths most perplexngsubject to eel any condence that my present opnons are ether correct or well-ounded.7

Judgng rom the number o academc monographs produced on the sub-

ject wthn the past twenty years, the phlosophy o tme s enjoyng agood deal o attenton. Te explanaton or ths popularty s not ar to

6 qud est ergo tempus? s nemo ex me quaerat, sco; s quaerent explcare elm, nesco.7 Broad (1967), 1389.


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Introduction4

seek: tme remans a perplexng subject, and the busness o phlosophy sto clary that whch perplexes.

I hae wrtten about Arstotles theory o tme elsewhere, and parts

o ths book draw drectly on those publshed works. But t has alwaysseemed to me that Arstotles ew o tme s sucently complex n tsel,and so thoroughly bound up wth derent theores and doctrnes deel-oped elsewhere n the corpus, that a proper treatment o the accountrequres a book-length eort. I am glad that I hae made the eort toproduce a systematc reconstructon o hs account o tme, because n thecourse o dong so I hae come to apprecate other, seemngly unrelatedaspects o Arstotles thnkng to a ar greater extent than I could hae

magned.Arstotle s a phlosophcal optmst, and that optmsm s edent n

the act that he artculates a concse denton o tme n the Physics.But although he s ambtous, he s not caaler. Beore he artculates hsdenton, he acknowledges seeral puzzles surroundng the nature otme, puzzles whose soluton must somehow all out o hs own account.Arstotle neer explctly addresses the puzzles ater gng them oce,but I shall show n Chapter 13 what hs solutons must be, gen the ew

he deelops n those nal e chapters n Book iv o the Physics. For themost part, the solutons turn out to be arly tral. Ts s at once bothdsappontng and gratyng: dsappontng, because one mght haeexpected ancer ootwork n dealng wth the puzzles; gratyng, becausether tralty explans why Arstotle doesnt bother to lay them outor us, and ths act coners addtonal credence upon the hylomorphcnterpretaton.

Understandng Arstotles denton o tme s not easy. But those who

are amlar wth hs wrtngs know that there s lttle n Arstotle that seasy. Hs ews are nddually sophstcated and collectely retculate.One can hardly work through any partcular area o hs thought wth-out eelng compelled to turn rom treatse to treatse wth the hope thatdong so mght help to dscoer the underlyng theoretcal machnery.What at rst seems to be a smple queston o hs stance on a narrowqueston qute oten turns nto an exegetcal labyrnth. Such s the casewth hs treatment o tme.

Whle I expect some readers to doubt that I hae produced the unquelycorrect reconstructon o Arstotles temporal theory, I thnk t wouldbe an error to deny that I hae dented at least one path through thelabyrnth. Indeed, my complant wth so many o the competng recon-structons o Arstotles temporal theory s that they smply couldnt be


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Introduction 5

adequate, because they al een to countenance some o the phlosoph-cal terrtory that seems so obously to stand between the openng moesand the concluson, let alone to nagate t successully.

Te terrtory I hae partcularly n mnd s Arstotles account opercepton. One recent work examnng Arstotles temporal theory Ursula Coopes Time for Aristotle8 edences an mpresse knowledgeo Arstotles doctrnes and dsplays enable ngenuty. Any reader oCoopes book s bound to learn a great deal about the Arstotelan con-cepton o tme. I certanly hae. Howeer, I am connced that netherCoope nor any o the many other nterpreters oPhysicsiv.1014 has padsucent attenton to the central role o percepton wthn Arstotles the-

ory o tme. Indeed, my own hylomorphc nterpretaton s correct, allo the preous attempts to reconstruct Arstotles temporal theory haeneglected a crtcal component o tmes essental nature: ts orm.

It would be both necent and napproprate or me to undertake asystematc crtque o Coopes work here. It would also be nexcusable I were not to engage her nterpretaton on central ponts o contenton.Tereore, I shall qute selectely present and crtcally dscuss her ewsand those o many derent scholars, rom ancent tmes to our own, as

suts my purposes. I suspect that ew o these phlosophers would con-cede dalectcal ctory on the queston at ssue, and many would rghtlycrtcze me or oerlookng some part o ther own reconstructon thatthey regard as partcularly mportant. But my am s not to dscredt myexegetcal compettors by drect reutaton, or that would be a practcallympossble task. I preer to belee that my nterpretaton s strong enoughto stand on ts own legs; I engage the ews o others prmarly to ndcatewhat I take ts legs to be.

My strategy or deendng a hylomorphc nterpretaton o Arstotlesaccount o tme proceeds n our phases, each comprsng a major d-son o ths book.

In Part i I prme the pump, so to speak, by examnng the backgroundconcepton o tme aganst whch Arstotle deeloped hs own ew.Arstotle s a conserate phlosopher n the sense that he seeks eery-where to presere the judgments o common sense to the greatest extentpossble and to ntegrate the nsghts o hs predecessors.9 Consequently,

we shall do well to examne brefy the extant edence that s releantto determnng what a typcal ourth-century Athenan ctzens noton

8 Coope (2005).9 For the dente dscusson o ths aspect o Arstotles methodology, see Owen (1975b).


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Introduction6

o tme mght hae been lke. Te central sources o edence here areHesod, Herodotus, and Tucyddes, but we shall also hae occason totouch brefy upon the tme-keepng technology o Arstotles tme.

Perhaps more mportantly, a well-grounded reconstructon o Arstotlesew on tme (or any other topc, or that matter) must begn by examn-ng ts Platonc counterpart. For whether Arstotle s rejectng the extraa-gance o Platos orms or attemptng to ntegrate what he regards as theless radcal elements o hs doctrnes, Arstotles thought always begns bycountenancng the genus o hs mentor. Te most well deeloped dscus-son o tme n the Platonc corpus s to be ound n the Timaeus, whchpresents ts own exegetcal challenges. An explcaton o the ew pre-

sented there consttutes the bulk oChapter 2.Beore any o ths hstorcal work can be done properly, howeer, we

must rst refect on our own concept o tme. It has become absolutelyclear to me that one o the prmary obstacles to understandng Arstotlestemporal theory s to unrefectely mport nto hs ew (and mostpartcularly, nto hs denton o tme) modern notons that are qutenapproprate wthn that context. We wll be ar less lkely to all prey toths mstake we make a conscous eort to artculate the arous acets

o the concept o tme that gures n our own thought on the subject. oths end, I shall make use o the theoretcal apparatus deeloped by thetwenteth-century Brtsh dealst J. M. E. Mcaggart. Mcaggart ormu-lated an argument or the rrealty o tme that has dren some phloso-phers to ts. As t turns out, not only s the Mcaggart-type archtectureuseul n preparng us or an nestgaton o ancent notons o tme,t also seres as an nterestng test or Arstotles hylomorphc temporaltheory. oward the end o the book (speccally, n Chapter 12), I shall

examne what I take to be one o the rtues o Arstotles ew, namely tsmmunty to arguments lke Mcaggarts.

Chapter 1 closes wth some remarks about hylomorphsm and how tgures n Arstotles larger phlosophcal agenda. Apprecatng the mot-aton behnd hs mplementaton o hylomorphc analyses wll greatly adour understandng o how hs analyss o tme s supposed to run.

Part ii o the book s dedcated to deelopng the materal sde o thehylomorphc analyss o tme. One o Arstotles rst conclusons about

the nature o tme n Physicsiv.11 s that t must be some aspect o moton(219a910).10 My reconstructon o the argument to ths conclusonrequres us to understand Arstotle as endorsng the dea that tme s what

10 .


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Introduction 7

I call an edent proper eature o moton. Ts takes us drectly to theery common objecton that Arstotles denton o tme as a numbero moton wth respect to the beore and ater s patently crcular. Both

moton and the priorposterior relaton (so the objecton runs) presup-pose the exstence o tme, so nether can ery well gure n ts denton.Te objecton s based n part on the unhelpul prejudce I address nChapter 1, but more speccally t als to take serously Arstotles analysso moton n Book iii o the Physics, whch s deeloped n non-temporalterms. o defect the objecton, n Chapter 4 I examne Arstotles den-ton o moton n detal and oer a noel nterpretaton o t. Once hsew o moton s properly understood, the clam that hs denton o

tme s objectonably crcular on account o the act that moton (kin-sis) appears n the denens becomes mplausble.

Not only does a proper understandng o Arstotelan moton an-qush the rst charge o crcularty, t also prodes the necessary the-oretcal resources to address the second charge, namely the clam thatthe appearance o beore and ater n hs denton llctly nokestme. Appealng to the nterpretaton I deelop o Arstotles dentono moton, I endeaor to show that: (a) there s a dstnctly knetc (and

thereore non-temporal) sense o beore and ater at work n hs den-ton o tme; (b) the beore and ater n moton denotes the materalcomponent o the now, or the nstantaneous present; and (c) the knetcenttes so denoted are ntrnscally ordered and thereby prode the bassor temporal order. Ts project comprses Chapter 5.

Once the materal consttuent o tme s properly understood, we mayproceed to nestgate the orm o tme, whch s the ocus oPart iii othe book. Chapter 6 begns wth an argument to the concluson that the

releant sense o number n Arstotles denton o tme requres us toregard percepton as tmes orm generally, and more narrowly o the ormo the now. Ts concluson ges rse to an objecton about the phe-nomenal character o percepton, an objecton whose reply s to be oundn Arstotles sophstcated theory o percepton. By examnng the centraltexts n whch ths theory s deeloped (prncpally the De Anima andthe Parva Naturalia), we shall see thatphantasia(magnaton) plays acrucal role n percepton, as Arstotle understands t, and thereore also

n hs account o tme. Brefy,phantasiaseres as the bass or both mem-ory and antcpaton, thereby makng possble the possesson o mentalstates about the past and the uture. Phantasias also drectly mplcatedn the percepton o what Arstotle calls the common perceptbles,among whch moton s ncluded. Clearly, Arstotles ews concernng


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Introduction8

our percepton o the common perceptbles must contrbute substantallyto the hylomorphc analyss o hs temporal theory.

Wth the ormal analyss o tme n place, we wll be prepared n Part

ivto address seeral dcult questons that reman concernng Arstotlesews on tme. In partcular, we shall hae to determne how the hylo-morphc nterpretaton accounts or smultanety and other temporal rela-tons. Celestal moton s mportant here, and so we shall examne brefysome o Arstotles remarks on ths subject, prncpally n the De Caelo.Te nature o the now and temporal passage s taken up n Chapter 12.Recent scholarshp challenges Arstotles poston on temporal passage, orthe apparent fow o tme, and I show how the hylomorphc nterpret-

aton produces a ew that s largely mmune to contemporary argumentsaganst the possblty o temporal passage. I close the book wth a ewbre, speculate remarks about how the success o Arstotles ew onths ssue mght be emulated by contemporary theorsts workng n thephlosophy o tme.

I conclude ths Introducton wth a note about the conentons Ieadopted n textual ctaton. Eer hopeul that Arstotles ews on tmehold some nterest or phlosophers whose tranng s not prmarly n

classcal phlosophy, I hae chosen to make the body o ths book Greek-ree only translteratons wll appear wheneer Arstotles own words arerecounted. I put the orgnal text n ootnotes or those wth Greek andalso or those wthout but who nonetheless nd t beautul to look at.


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Part i

Times new and old


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11

ChaPter 1

McTaggarts systems

On ndn b mpyscn o bn gppd by puzzls concn-

ng nu o m. Dos bgnnng? Wll com o nnd? Wy s w cn mmb ps bu cn only ncp uu? W ppns o objcs nd ns o ps do y xs nny sns ll? A ny ns o uu ldy dmnd? Am Idncl o ny pson wo xsd n ps? How s mpasses?W ism, nywy? Gowng up on ou mly m, I would som-ms l wk ngs pondng qusons suc s s, unsu ow Img n bgn o nd nsws.

As . D. Bods mk quod n Inoducon suggss, muco dculy w xpnc n dscussng nd conmplng mss om lngug n wc w m poposons o spcnd oug. n cs bou Engls lngug (.g. mpoldbs qunly gu o usd mbguously, bs okndn wng nd spc ndc gmmcl ns, o n wodm cn uncon s subjc o snnc) g s o cllngs oos wo would nqu no nu o m.

Bu s no lss cs bou Ac Gk n y bouEngls, nd Asol gubly s plosop o xplcly mpo unl sns nn n lngug mus cd smso o cllngs s om m wn composd s own oyo m, n ccoun dlops n cps 1014 o Book iv o Physics. Indd, gos o som oubl n iv.13 o consd nuncs o xpssons som m (to pote), cnly (to arti), mmdly(to d), long go (to palai), nd suddnly (to exaiphns) (22225b30).

Non o s, o cous, s mn o suggs Asols oy o msould b ml o n pcully ccssbl o us ody.

Asols plosopcl succsss ndbd, ls n p, o snssnc on kng sock o sndng opnons gdng s subjcbo luncng s own xmnon. By dong so, sms o bl


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Times new and old12

s b sud o od msks o s pdcssos nd ocplz on nsgs. In s gd, s ppoc s bo modsnd cons.

I w op o poply undsnd Asols ccoun o m, wwould do wll o mul s mod. As nps o s w, w oblgd o xmn two ss o sndng opnons: os podd conx o Asols nkng bou subjc o m, nd os nunc ou own ougs on subjc. Wl s ly obous ny sponsbl mn o Asols ccoun mus ddss om, s lss so l would lso gu n suc mn. Bun c s bsoluly ccl w cl w o ou own con-

cpul poson bo lookng no Asols, nd y nps bn oo g o xmn Asols ccoun wou s gng somoug o own concp o m. ocdng n s wy, y lloo lbl o ll cm o cn pjudcs nd conusons w musy o od.

On o ss msks o mk n nkng bou m s o sup-pos ( ls cly) ou concp o m s monolc. I mos c-nly s no. R, s mly o concps dcul o cul n

msls ld n wys dcul o dscn. I wllb wowl, n, o mk som mp o s p sl con-cps om bc o ou concp o m, o s y unlkly w wll succd n mkng sns o Asols concpon o m w nsns o ou own.

obbly bs-known nlyss o concp o m ws ofd n ly wn cnuy by J. M. E. Mcgg, wo clms wo undmnlly dfn wys o concng o m on clls

Bss, nd o clls A ss.1 Ec ss s m-pysclly pm sucu conssng o n odd, ln connuumo ns. T dfnc bwn wo ss s wy n wc mmbs odd.

T lmns o B ss odd by lons earlier thannd later than, wc lons old smpnlly: s u n e1 s l n n e2, n s lwys u e1 sl n e2. As suc, s mpol lons mpolly sbl.

Els slys d wll lwys occud l n Apollo 11lndng, nd ll o Rom wll lwys occud l n collps o Wold d n ows. Ts s wy o concng o

1 Mcgg (1927), c. 3.


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McTaggarts systems 13

m s sc u o cosmos, u mg ly b clldmpol xnson o duon. Inn n s concpon ossnl us, suc s dconly, odng lons, nd smuln-y. Ts concpon o duon noon m s (o nsn m ) scd ou cn b psnd gpclly by mns o smpl dgm.

Fgu 1 s modl o mpol nl o ndn duon, wcconsss n connuum o ns sndng n l poxmy o onno (psnd by ln) nd odd by symmc, m-polly sbl lons oearlier than nd later than (psnd by owd, suc n e1 s l n e2 f e1 s locd o lo e2, l n e2 f e1 s locd o g o e2, nd smulnous y co-locd). Ts s sc spc o ou concp o m

Mcgg mn o cpu n s Bss.Mos olks do no k m o b suc sc so o ng, ndMcgg msl gus ou concp o m cnno smply b concp o Bss, snc l, clms, dos no podw ks o b ncssy condons o gnun cng, nd nks no dnd o ms xsnc wll dny s gnuncng.2

TA ss s n xnson o Bss n sns ncluds

ll o s us bu dds no. Ws lmns o Bss odd only by lons oearlier than nd later than, lm-ns o A ss u odd by ddonl lons past,present, ndfuture.

T l sndng n s lons sm lmns cons-u Bss, bu spcclly nso s c o m njoys cnsus n ss. T dsngusng us o A ss cs () wn on cs o nspc o dscb ss, exactly oneo

s lmns mpoly njoys plgd sus o bng bsoluly

earlier than e2

later than e1

e1

e2

Fgu 1. A modl o Mcggs Bss.

2 Mcgg (1927), 310, 311. Fo n xndd gumn Bss s n ccu modlo ly, s Mllo (1981). o my mnd, S (2001) sows onc nd o ll Mcggsgumn ls bcus ss on n nlmnbl quocon.


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Times new and old14

psn;3 nd (b) everylmn njoys s sus som m o o.T cnl d o A ss s s unqu nd -cng-ng bsolu psn, l o wc y o lmn o ss s

bsoluly ps o bsoluly uu.I s mpossbl o psn dynmc spc o mpol pssg by

mns o pnd psnon, snc y ssnc o pssg s c somngchangesmong lmns o ss nmly,wc o lmns s bsoluly psn. Sll, s possbl o psnmpol pssg by mns o modl s undsood o b knd osnpso. W N ndcs wc lmn o ss s bsolulypsn (now), Fgu 2 s jus on modl o mpol connuum con-

ssng n duon nd pssg:

W on mus undsnd wn on ss bsolu psn slocd pcul pon long ln s s sus (gnong con-nuy ssus) s nlogous o o sngl m o lm n n opngmo pojco: y pon on ln s bsoluly psn som m oo, jus s y m nully psss bwn lg nd lns o pojco. Ts s wy o concng o m s bng ssnlly dynmc,nd s wy mos o us qu uncly nk bou m.

Wl mks no sns o sy m mcs on o o sk w s m gon? wn Bss, suc syngs qu om wnA ss, s pssg s s cnl u. Indd, Mcgg sms onk pssg s ssnl u o m sl.

Mcgg mnns s condcon nn n noon o mpol pssg (wc s w ulmly lds m o dny ly o m), bu I don ws o xmn s gumn . 4 Tln m o ou psn nss s c Mcgg s

3 Mo poply, bsolu psn s cu coss smulnous ns, no sngl n sp 11.

4 In p 12 I sll psn son o Mcggs gumn dlopd by Dumm (1978)nd sow , n gumn s fc gns o concpons o mpol pssg,

Asols concpon o pssg s mmun o .

(future)N(past)

e2

e2

Fgu 2. A modl o McggsA ss.


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McTaggarts systems 15

dnd sl dsnc concps jonly om ou concp o mn gnl: mpol xnson, w s ld concps o dconly,l od, nd smulny; nd mpol pssg, w s ldconcps o ps, psn, nd uu.

obbly bcus ws no qud o s gumn, Mcggnglcs n ddonl concp nn n ou noon o m nmly,podcy. Ts concp ccouns o c on nds gullycung pns n m. T s, n sp o c m s con-nuous, s lso psodc, puncud by dsons mk ou mo olss nul sgmns o m (.g. dys, ssons, nd ys).

Now concp o podcy sms o b lss bsc n xnsonnd pssg, bu s no nly cl o wc o m s subsn.

T s som son o nkng blongs o bo o m. T gully cung pns, o pods, n m s possbl onlyn u o cn us o mpol xnson; ow, podcys s mkbl s s o us bcus w xpnc slly. odcywou sl xpnc mouns o nong mo n gomcllygul sucu, nd podc nu o m sms o b mo njus s. Sll, s lpul o n mg n nd cn b usd ocons podcy w o wo concps. Adopng ly obous

connons, dgm n Fgu 3 wll s o lp us sulz po-on o mpol connuum nomd by cnl concps om co o ou concp o m n gnl: duon, pssg,nd podcy.

Wl A ss ncopos mpol xnson o B s-s nd s bl o dsngus bwn ps nd uu ns, s no sosucud s o quantifympol dsplcmn. So wl s u ,s y snd n A ss, e1 nd e2 spcly ps nd uu, on

cnno dmn ow no ps o uu y l, o n ow y om on no. W ncopoon o podcy noA ss, w my sy e1 ook plc ls Mondy, e2 wll kplc nx Mondy, nd (us) s ong spng wons.

N

e1

e2

(last Monday) (Monday of next week)

Fgu 3. A modl o McggsA ss w podcy.


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Times new and old16

I s dcul o os mponc o bng sns o sdsnc lmns psn n ou concp o m. I on bgns onsnsgon by supposng Asol ks m o conss n som

dmn combnon o m, on wll lkly nd onsl cng nsu-pbl obscls. And s uns ou, I nk Asols concp-on dosn mc ou own, s dsncons wll po ndspnsbl nculng dfncs bwn wo.


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17

Chapter 2

Countenancing theox

Hg gu ou c o ou ow coc o ,

w ou ow x w I k o o Ao wo y o-ou oug oy ouc o oug o ujc o: coo coco o ou-cuy A, ooc co w o .

W Ao o o xcy o ouc ooug cou o og oy, w o uo wy o coo wo y.1 u o ccou cy gg o o k o y

quy g o, w , c oou w y coo g o ow wo y o coo w wc wou y .

A co ouc o oug, w o Ao co wy g coo ow wok, Po gu oog c ougou o Ao . I y w Ao oy o oouy uc y Po, uc

g o Ao ojc c g w c go Po oy. Aoug u o ogu cogcoo o cuo o , Po o ooug o ujc co imaeus.2 oquy, I ocu y o o wok cu.

1 S Phys. 2232442, o x.2 u o i., Po cu o g ( u, uc cg)

Rep., Prm., Laws, Cra.; cu o w u Rep. Cra.; cu y Rep., Phd., Epin.; o o k Phil. 30c co/c ccou i. ccog o wc ug o o xc o .


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imes new and old18

2 . 1 Old t ime and anCient ChrOnOmeters

E o o o o, u y c o u g go y . W oy , o coco o o ck gow, uo, u go o yc oy cc. E o u , ou y c gu o y c (cug ougy wy--ou ccy o cycc oc cy go y ooouco) y x co ( u o ou o ug,o x). y oc ug o c o w o c o ujc o . Juwkg u o g u g o g coug.

T w o u , o g , o wo oy c c wo. T c wo o w wo, gg u cou o coo w ouc o g. c , Ho Iliad,

Ho Teogony c ow G () uo ()go oo (), o uy o Byo o N E cuu o u.3 oo o-y o u- k w wg, ugggo o co o I oogy.4 T yoogcc o c coco o g oo oc o o w, u o y uu cox. I wo og, , cu

Po ckowg yoogc o Cratylus imaeus, oug ow ccou o co o u-y .

T co o g c o c w o -u w y ccy o, c gcuu, -gou, c w ogz ou o cg.5Aoy, y o Gc o cuu w ccog o gu cu. I cu, ogzg Pc

g qu o o g y. T ou o gw gg uc wy o o co c

3 Ao ckowg uc o Byo Egy ooy Cael. ii.12.4 Kk R (1957), 39.5 S, .g., Ho (1964), 60917, 6415.


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Countenancing theox 19

o . T yc g k gg o ou-y cyc(c y, o wc o 776 bCe), w N I g c o co ou

y, Py g y. cou, Gk oy u c, Hoou

u w o w o o Egy.6 I History, Hoou c y x-cuy Gc w 336 y g, w w o owy-g y c.7 Ey o y, cy o yy og w o c (o cy u o y) gc w o y. T g y co-

xy, u o o o o oo o u-g o y, owg o ck o uy cogz oc oog. T Ggo c u oy o oc,8 w Ju c, y Juu 46 bCe, ck y y o ofcg cou, c o wou ofc o Juy 1. T y w o oc-kc u Ao y (.g. y wou -g o g y 656653 bCe, cu), u o co-

o x o gg u y. I w o u 525 Ce Ro o Doyu Exguu o o oo o Anno Dominiy oy o Ggo c.

T ck o coo c c o y o Hoou oo Historyy g o gc ox cg o : yo x (21); cou o o o o u o g (29); ou o y ck-

oowg (190).9 Tucy, o oo quy ow o co o co ( o ccucy),oy c g Poo W, u o y o w, k. T wy wcg cc uc c Ao ccou o w cu 6.

D ou quc, Gk c oc g o ug og o o . T o

6 Hoou (1947), 82. 7 Historyi.32.8 T oo o oc wco, u cu coc oc o wo o:

ck y zo, w coy g Ju w c o y o 1 Ce.

9 Hoou (1947).


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imes new and old20

c ucu, cug oo o cy o, w c u y o co u g ky: u(gnomon). Fou-cuy A w oo o uc

c u o k ou o o , y cz o o wou o w o y o c-c coo: w-cock (klepshydra, o c cu o wc y w o w y u o wo c).

Su joy cu o ouy g coo, w y oy g , y o cock. T u w o g o -

o y o u-o, ow, u o k -g o o. T g oy ow o o o g o u y o yu o c owo gu . T o Ax g c o y S.10

T Egy o o y o u-o y 1400 bCe, u u cou o cock ( y cou o c coo o -

g o c u-o), cu w o u c. 350 bCe Euoxo o Ko c oy o gooc,wc c cqu o cog o o cg o g.11 D , Gk c y- ucuy o Euoxo oy, o o w u o ofcu. T oo Mo oy y- o Pyx( ju w o Acoo) 433 bCe, oy o k -g o Ay.12 T -Euox wou

uo g o y ( o o), c wou o y co y wc y cou , ccy y , ow og o ow w o o w w , o . c (uc oug o ) wou o o g o o fccy.

Toug o o o u y x wok, Aowou w . T , ow, xc c

cou o w-cock. S o oug c

10 D (1912), c. 2, g 4: .

11 Jc (1985), 1678. 12 Buug (1966), 71.


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g, o c w og o w o cou uco o quco. T Gk oy coo o

Egy, wo oy cou o u - o w ow qu o c.13

Vy o Constitution o Athens, Ao o u o w-cock c o u gog -g o c ou-cuy cou:

W-cock o, g uy-u, o wc w ou y wc g o g gu. go [choes; ochous ] ow o c wc ou o o

ou c o, o co c o c .W ou w o ou c, go ow o c wo o co; w o ou-, wo. Sx go ow o o w c-, wc o co c. T ofc co y o o u w-cock c o uy-u w ck ou o ouo o w o f o y. W, ow, c coucccog o u o y, o o o uy, u cy c qu owc o w. T u

g o y o o Poo * * * T u y oy c w o, , x, o o c g, o coco ogoo g y. (67.25)14

T coxy o u o cou ocu , u g co o owoy . T yc oo g x o qu ou; ow, Aoy o c couc ccog o uo y, ogy uggg o o c oc o

ccog o o x u y g o (.g.x go wo o ), u ccog o o w-c y wc g o y cou c u wou

13 Jc (1985), 168.14 , , . ,, , , . , . ,, , , * * * , . So o x g cu.


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imes new and old22

. I coy o , Ro o woko G co B. K:

[A] o o o y A k y Poo,

wc x o w oy co o y; owc wc w ufc o u o co o oy w o ufc o o o y T go o y A g 9 28 u y K [wo] ug-g cou y w o w w ou o (coyu) 48 u, y o o w, c ou wu o 12 choeso 4 u.15

I cg c k oklepshydrag o x

o o ug o y- u wc o c o y o o u. I, w-cock wu o c u o o Euoxo o o goocou 350 bCe.16 W oouy o o oocy c w w-cock u 11, Ao yooc y o .

Po o o klepshydra uc wy o y ygu u uc , cy cou. I Teaetetus, co-

cuo o wy oo o o o oo, c-g c o cuo o w-cock, o c oc o o ow og y w k(17291, 201104).17 B cooog uquy o uc c, o u og o y x Po ccou o .

2 .2 t ime in the t imaeus

I wou o cc ucy o o o co- o o Po oy o . I, y o kc o Po ccou o w oy xo o Ao oy. T wo c quo o cou o ou cuo: () ow o Po ? () ow o coc o cu y o o ou ow coc o , w cu 1?

15 Ro (1981), 726. Ro c K (1902).16 Jc (1985), 168.17 , , . I o g, Po o cock w.


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Bo kg u quo, o o.I c u o ug Po oy o uco xoy c, y wy o uc o Ao

w. Uyg c uoo Ao ook Po ohave cuy co oy o . T uoo o ouy uou k cou. o k qu cy Physicsviii.1, w Ao Po oy coo w c w c y ccc u oyou ogu (25117 .).18 Ao cc o w, o o c o cooogy o imaeus, xcy ug o Po .19 So

cog c Ao ook imaeuso xPo cooogy, cug oy o .

T , o cou, uc o fcu quo o w cooogc w o imaeus c Poow, o, w o k y o owk wy, ky y. Sco o quo.A. E. yo, o c, gu u co ccou u g c o Po o o. A

yo u wok, Po co og w o - o Eoc oogy Pygo c.20 T ow y F. M. oo, wo jc yo g,cg , oug y cy wou oo oo o y oug w coc, o c coo (cugAo Noo) oc o you ow.21 W I oo gu u, o o x (o y o o o cgg quo

gg imaeus) . T o y cuo, ko o Ao, uo imaeus co guyPoc oy ou u co o coo.oquy, I u Po u o o -cgy, cox ugg. I o wo o yo go imaeuso k uc co y .

18 . Vo (1965), 384 .19 S . Cael. 28027. .Met. 107131 . An. 40626 .20 yo (1928), 18. o c uo o yo o c u

g gg u o ccou 27c1 ., wc kg c o gu g kowy o o y Soc Rep. v.

21 oo (1937), xx.


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imes new and old24

Po g coogoc w o c (dmiour-gos) og o o w g coc coo; w , u o ccou o g o cc-

y. How, ug ock wy oug w ook o Po ofc o o , cu o yccy guou. I w wow ox g g:

W wo go [ u] w oo , oug o g o g go, joc, g w ook oug o k y o k . So Lg Bg o x, oug o k u o

k , o g , c. Now u o Lg Bgw , cc w o o co u coo g g. Bu ook oug o k, w, og ko y [eik kinton tina ainos]; , o H, , o y uy, g k ogccog o u o wc w g [touton hond chronon nomakamen]. (37c67)22

T oo o. Fo ou uo, x o

wo k coo, w Po cu- o o . T co Po oo y , o o g xc o x ofc -o. Uouy, Gk guou o c o oou cu y arithmon (u) oeikn (k, g).23 oo guy o, u o o o. Do Zy, o x, o ocy o o: T u, o cou,

w w ow c .24

Accog o Zy o, Po co-co o kg c o Ao, wc o

22 , . , , , , .

23

ou, u y c o, c k cujc ( c cg ).24 Zy (1997). I gu o S. Mc o o cg y o o o. Toug I

jc Zy g o , I o o i. o oo (1937) y c o co o quoo o wok. I g , coy, oo cu guy o w k c o oou o . No, o o u og o o I kc ,kg oo o y o o o o c cock (c. oo [1937], 102).


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y k o u. Now o o wocy c o oou o o g, c c-o o cg og k o y.

T oug o cou o o o g o u.Aoy, Zy g u cuo o o-ouy ocu o. o k 3878:

T [was will be], , o o co o g y cc ccog o u.25

T o o k o o ccg ccog o u. Ayo wo wc o o

o c (o ow-u, o ook o, o ) u cy w w og g . Suc gc cc ccog o u, o g cu ojc o gu cc (y, F w o o cock). o , Po g k o u, Zy, g u w og u ccg cco-g o u, qu fcu o k goo o .

Poy o g g 39c72, w u

ccz cy uguou gug:A o o u go o c y wgo o [chronon onta tas toutn planas] wgy uou y ogy g.26

A I c , g cou uou oco yo wo wou oc Zy o o, c uquoc wg o o c- y o.27 T o o wy w oug o cy -y o w y u uc. o , ucc o cou y cou og g o -y o u o 37c67.

To, o o o k Po c gu number. R, k o g o y cog

25 .26 ,

, .27 A o o oogy: I u xo, o o cu c ooccuc o oo, u ok-coc. I co, I u oo o o y-coc wc ok y c u o, o, o gy, c o o Ao k o o ujc o qy Physics w. I o o u co o c ug , o o w ug o c. No, co qu uu,o y o coo o o.


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imes new and old26

y oo. Bu w o , xcy? H w o u o k Po ccou o g o ou - ou o, cg g coogoc w.28 I g

ow, u c o o oy y cg coc o w w o co o coo:

I, c o [ u c o ] ou k ckooo u, og o u w u-k, , w, , y o c c o w y ow. Ty w coo o wou xc oougy go-ok g o . So, g u coo, g go w o g c , ug o

u [eidesi te kai arithmois].H ooo w wy f o : T go o ou k o c xc o, w y w oo o. I w ow y k o x o you w ucu c o cqu, ow c c o g. (537c1)29

W oow oucoy k Po gou ccouo ou , ccog o wc c y o ocu ocouc -o gu oygo wo ouy y

uc ( u o 535) co o co-o o qu c g ( o), wc uc-o Po o. T ccou owu oug o x co u o c (.g. oy o - y co o o x y o z o couc), u u guy o ccouco 56c8 oowg. T Po x ow - uo o y okg oy o ucu

u o y. Fo c, g couc o w(wo wy c c co o x c g) c cooo o couc o (wo ou c c co o x cg) wo couc o (c o wo g c -uy coo o x c g) wou y u (561c7).Po x o uo , cy

28 I gu o D Ky o uggg o oug.29

, , , , . , .


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goou o, gg u w y ky xc cuoo o c o yc o cc -oy W oy.

W Po ccou o w, w ow ooo go o cy w wy Zy o uc-oy, oug og o w co o c . A w , Po ccou o gy z; ow, wou k o u o w c o - just is u. A couc o coo o ou guc, u o Po w c o u ou.R, wc results rom oo o o

(goc, c) o uo uo o 532.

T coo y o Po w o . o u, u u o og o ucu uouo w . I c, oug, w ooy oo:

T go w yg o goo og o o wo, o ook o w o u co

oy oo [plmmels kai atakts] oug o oo o o o o, cu o w y wy o. (3026)30

E oug o xc o o u -g, o g oy o c (taktos) u o kquy.31 G c og w y o gug g o o o quo o wc Po cu g o ou , w oug o ccog o u- quco Po o o cg , k cou, -co oy oo gu o o o y c o c o ooo u o u (53).

, , o Po oy, oc oo o coo. Tcoo g o o o Lg Bg (zon auto). c o o y, c g y

guy g o o y o: qu y

30 , , ,, .

31 I, ccog o L Sco Gk xco, o otaktos x quy.


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imes new and old28

ucy c, u y quy c o.32 A g o coo, coc oo c o oo-ccog-o-u. So oug ccog o u

quco cuc o Po o o, o o go o o k o u.

W ow o co o o fcu Po -o o c. A og o co I gu owg w Ao k o o Po cooogy. Exgo o g o cg cuo w u cogo ow oo c coco o g o ou ow. Accog o Ao, Po co o o-

owg wo ooo:() Moo . (Met. 1071313)() w c. (Phys. 2511418)

T co w xu c w cogo imaeus. I g o k ooo oowg c, wc, w o , Po xcy o-c imaeus:

(c) Moo x o w c.

T c o xc coco, u cy u.Fo o , y o o c ojco: beingbeore o o w g o, wc uo xc o (z., ) uy c o xc oy . So (c) o x couo ou ogc u o o ok oo-

o. Sco, c o x o coo (z., oo) o qu xc o , o owcou yg o ou o ? oquy, (c) o ouy uou.

A y Ao y uy. A , Ao jc ooo x (c), u o ogou o uy; , go o o ou o ow .33 W o w o w gu 3, u

c w (c) o u, w Ao Po oo, g u cog ( oy c) o o k o

32 I ow 11 ow Ao o o o oo .

33 . Vo (1965), 386.


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oo wokg w coco o y o ou ow. u cuo 1 c u o y c.

I o o oou quo o Poo o w k y o: ow cou oo (-oy o ow) x c o ? A , o o o o x uc wy ccy o o u o g y cu o o wou gg g oy x. Do ow Po u o -o u g -o ?

No y o. T ow oy o wtemporal extension (o oy ogu) o w c.Bcu o xo cu o o ou coc o, c k u z; ow, c o ogcyco, g Po o o , wou quo-ggg o u o cou o ujc. Toug Pococ o o uy o ou, cy .W w c y o Po k xc o o

xo o ycy cy coo o xc o, oug o ufc o xc o y c o ,oy kg. I o, I g, w wc w wou ku. Bu o Po, o xo o parto co uc, cu y y cc k o oo.

T u w wo g coc g wc o Poo o : o g ocy. Rc og o ou coc o u o wc w c

k o ow o o o o uu.Pocy, o o , o ou coc o g wy wc ocy, gucu o o guy cug , o g.u o o o coc cou o -g ccou o o :

T [y, g, o, y] [mer] o , waswill be o [eid] o co o g. (3734)34

I g o cg ccou o Po o o imaeus, c o c o g k goo

34 , .


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imes new and old30

. , o Po w, gu, oc oo o cy o. I coucg g o y, ugoug o g Su, Moo o o

o gu o u o (38c56).35

T yo o w cou o o u .Tu, Po coc o co y coc oocy.

Bu w ou o g? Po c w w c o og u o o uzzg.u ccou o co o coo w ojc, xcy co o o og

o c o oy ooy o (.g. 3410 .). Sc og x c ogg o B, co g o k yco Po o w o o o xox o o o , wc u o w wy x. S, o Po g coogoc ccou o co o o g, coc ou c w w co w .

o k u o o, u co w co-x o u ooogy og w imaeus. A o g o co, Po co ccou o :

L , , uy o ccou I wou o T g,c, cog [on te kai chran kai genesin], c g wcx o u c o . (5224)36

Bg o g Po o, o (paradeigmata) wc ucu coo o, o cc-z ocy y u . I y o ouc ( cc o w-u) o, u w ougo ow o o that in which o cocy cog x. I g, cog c oy o ug w ug wok o cg

35

, , Tplanta(w) o c o cu jco co g ky o x cu o o (oy Mcuy Vu) x ogo oo o o c o i. 3824.

36 , , , .


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o coo. Bcu w o o g o o, u o o c. To o ojc c uo

o o o o c o w o ow yxc o c k o o o o wcy c. No, o o x yc oogc u o wo c c : o k o g wc wy o co-g g y ug [] ucgg, w -cu c o o k o g wc co u g y oo, wc o uog co

[] co o wy, u y (276284).37 y o o .

Mo , ook oug Po cog o cowo c cgo o x: uo w xg cc o o c c o ug, uc-u ojc g c o c. T o oo ojc o quoc u o uc, u Po oo cou. Fo o o , c w w

o o c o xc w ug c .Bcu og o opast,present, utureog o -o g, Po c ugg o g u o coc o . o , ( cy g o) ujc o cog x o o, y o, co o coo. By cczg o cog o g ou o xc (gignome-non kai apollumenon), o g k o okg o -

g. Bu uy c o wy. ug , , o oo g u o coc o , o oug o g u ccou ccog o wc cog o g ouo xc o qu o g?

P wy , o ougy coo w w cocg go o . Iwou o oouy u o Po o c o o o o ug, x o, o

o o g, o w oow ufc o uo

37 , , , ; , , ,, .


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imes new and old32

g co w uu. I w o k , cou c w ooyc o o uu o c c o w y ow, w g

y ck o ucu o oy o c.H gu o cocuo g u og . o

g o co couou ojco o -o oy y, g ouy og ocouu o . I ow o , ow. I oo o be uquy , u w- -uy o og oo ok. A ( Ao wou g), ou cu co uou .38 A, cy,

xc o ow cy coo o xc o uu ( w y c o x): uu ju w , w o. To, o w- uy o co u o, o uu o o w o w .

T coo ugg y co w -o co o-o coo c c o w- uy o. I cg , ug cy

couc cockwok.39 By kg co oy o- o -o co wokg o ucyg ouo o c , ug qu yycoz o, oucg oou wo. T u o c o ycozo uquy , coquy gu co w uu . W y u c o oy o uc og ccog o ow cu o couu, o o og

y o wy. T u ucg w w ou g c c o w w o co gu o g.

T u o xo, , . Accog o Pooy, uy ocy, gu cug -o g o wc coqu uo c oo.T g o , gy, c o uo g og o u o cou c

38 Phys. iv.13. Ao ow c oc o cuo 12.39 . oo (1937), 1023. Mo (1986), 39, o k : [W] Po y

c go k Dug k cock, og o, o-g .


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cockwok. Scy kg, , o g o u o , o Po oy, oug ( gy oug)o w o o oo-g oc w

oy oo o -o co. Fy, w oxo o o o Po coc o , o wycy cy o xc o .

T couco o Po ccou o u u goo o o o o Ao ccou. Bo I imaeus,oug, I ou o o u o Po w. W u ug c o ouc yc c, o c c c . T c-

c o o c cou o coo (5224).oquy, oou c w ycu o c o Po w, c jcy E . Fo Po, c ycy c; c cockwok o o c o occu c, ycy ( ogcy) cy coo o xc o . I o c o w c o o o o ( c- couu), -

co w yc u o c uc.Bu w x c, Ao o o cg c o Po oy.

I, Ao o o w ou o Po ckowg o . Bo oo g u o c o (y, number) g o oo oo,wc c o oo gu cocu co oyoo. T o o o g, o u,

I u cou. Bu g c I gug o yooc o o Ao ccou o ,o g k ou o o yoo w o-oc w o c o g-g.

2 .3 hlOmOrphism

T g o u o wc Ao yooc y c-

o oz. H ok yoo coco wogc, gug, oogy, yc, ycoogy, yc, c, oc oy. T o co cou, o-ycuy co horizontally utile: w ( y)


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imes new and old34

o ooc gcc wo c ykg yooc .40

Bu w y o o ujc, Ao u o yo-

oc y o vertically utile: cu yooc coouc o g- coou o g ocoxy. I oowg c w ow Ao xo c y o oo. L. A. Ko x c uyw cug ogc o y ( wc oy ):

[V]y, k o y o ucu o oy Ao g, ujc o o o oycuy co; k, oy, w g y, oy . Lg c

cuzo othatoy; k w uo cuy , u oy .41

T u o ocyc o co oou ooc u o Ao, o o oy g y o xo y o o o gcc coxy. o oowg uo.

T (, , , w) ucooy xo Ao . W ou co cco (.. u w c o), g- yg , woo, oo, o, o x. T - coou o o, u y o cooy x o y g- yooc coou ow,woo , u , og o. T u o k- cou-ou gc c c Aog g k ow, , (o cy) g g o w o ooogc quo W ? Bu co o u o o o co, cuAo wg o cou oo o cc o y uc y o o oo.42 Fo x, Soc

40 Aco (1953), 856, c: [Ao] o u [ hul] y ogy o o cox, o x co wy o w o o k gou.I o o kow o u oug o g oo w coc, x co, o uu u Ao cy oug w. y I

oy w co cg u o u. No, o c, cI k yg o uc c-.

41 Ko (1992), 347.42 . Met. 1029225: T coo o o co (o c, qu-

y, quy, w, w, oo c ujc o o) ( [, ]).


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, oybeing seated o o Soc, cu yooc coou g Metaphysics.2 (100414). W o ouc MetaphysicsZ.4 o

wo go y cok; u o cok,w o cok o (1029228).43 T y k u oco y coo , u Ao u g o g- yooc coou o oyc, w. I Politicsvii.4, o x, polis k ocoou y wo u ouc wo o couo-y (.. occy, occy, c.).

So g g-uo cc o yoo w

Ao ooc o, y c o yooc -g o oy o coo g -y o . A oc I o ccou o wAo k morpho eidoso o (wc u oP iii o ook), I o y ou ou y w o.

W I c y kcy wy ow yooc -y o Ao ooc o, I y yg

ou o yoo, I oug o o o. Fooug I y ugg Ao u o y o -y xo o ozoy cy u, y c o yooc o o o oy wou ug y g o o w c yoo o oy uu, u o necessaryo ouo oc ooc o. A .

A w Ao w oug w, Ec o-

ujc o ooc cuo o o cuy.P, cu c o Ec, coW oo o xc o oo cg, cg w k qu ouy y oo Aoy.44 T P cg o y c , - o cog c, oo occu, u o -c c y o oo o o gy, o cog o ogcy co. I o co o P o (

o c o w oo), gu o

43 I uc o o y ou uc cc coou 4.44 S, .g., Po Prm. Sph.


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imes new and old36

u o ( ) o gou o c ex nihilo,nihil ft og co o og:

T g oy / o wy: . wy g /

xcgy y g ug o , / wo o g k uk co. / No w o w ,c ow, og / o, couou. Fo w w you k o? / How o w gow? I w o you o y / o o ko w o; o o o o oug / o. (28B8)45

P gu cox, u c u. Tc, oug oy c, o o coc gu ooug o o c being ou onon-being, o o

o.Ao ouo o P cg o jc wo-

c y o cog-o- (o-g . g) o o y og c. I Physicsi.7 c y co cog-o- cu og u cg (hupokei-menon) o co. So Ao jc Pcczo o cg qug (o x) uucco o uc, cu o ccu co o cqu-

o o uc kowg k xc uuc manco o uc .46 So Ao qu wg o cc P c ex nihilo, nihil ft; y o y o cog-o- y u u occu exnihilo. Fo y c o cog-o- uc--o qu hupokeime-non, uyg ujc o cg.

T y xy c c o cg w co cc o, u uzz c o ucg. W c (ujc o co) c o cog-o- simpliciter? T quo c- gc ooc wg, c Ao g cog-o-

45 / / , / / , , / , ; / ; /

/ . . McK (. u) (1994).46 . Phys. 1902831: [F]o u o co o uc o g uuc uuc o co o uc. T wy w o y ou coou: w y o uc co o uc o g uuc uuc co o uc (. ).


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wou quco (genesis hapls) og cocu co ocog-o- y . I w co u go ou uc, ou g o qu cog-o-

w uoy.47

W, , c c o o cog-o-? I wo o o y co not existing existing,o quo o hupokeimenon wou cu . Io y hupokeimenon o, y co o o xc o o-x o, wc u. P cocoogenesisy w, u w g o k k ouo-x .48

Ey, oug o uyg ujco o go o g o-o o g o.Bu w ujc? Ao w :

How, uc g x wou quco o co o o o ujc. T w co w x . Fo yc og ujc o wc g co o co o , co o o . (Phys. 19015)49

W o g w quo co-cg hupokeimenon o o cog-o-, cquo cocg go. A cy Ao wg o ou xc o -.

H o co o o o Physicsi.7, w ouc yoo: I y oow y-g co o o ujc (hupokeimenou) (morphs)(1901920).50 T ujc c o u go hul, :

T u ujc kow y ogy. Fo oz o u,o woo o , o o cqu o yg , o u ujc o uc, , .., g. (191712)51

47 Su go oy ycy o o qu cg, gow, cy wou xco. I o o ocooo c o g g, u ooo o o c o (c. Phys. viii.7).

48 . Phys. i.8, 1911329.49

, . , , .

50 .51 . , .


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imes new and old38

y co u u go y o o kg o o o. A c oc go genesis oc w u go, w ou xc

c o cy o o u c: Ao y, co w y c, w co o coo-: og co o g og coo (1901012).52 Tu, yoo o coooogc uc; , u oo-c oc ou u o yg wo og o - o c cy.53 A Rc Soj ucccy x o,[Ao] o -, wo xo -

u c wc o coo o u o g.54Ao, k Po o , o o g xc o

o c cy. I Physicsiv.14 co w wou x w o ou, o g o.55So o o o u o y wo og o gow,56 o oug o u o yooc y.57

I o gu o o o o o o ook. A I Iouco,

gu o yooc o o Ao -o oy o, o ju g , couc g. R, gu o y o k goo o x,o co w o oc w, o w ojcoo wc o o ou. o w c og , w u ook o .

52 , ,

.53 No, o x, Ao uo o y cou oy g. S c 6 10 oPhys. viii.

54 Soj (1992), 198.55 T cu c w x 3.56 T NEvi.1.57 o c ojco o w o Phys.: Ao y

iv.14 w o coug ou, oo cou x, u wou o. g ojc o o gu I k y g o Ao () w xc o coug ou o cy. (S, .g., GA 731z4321.) Y coc, o o oow co o cy xc o . Fo,

o , c iv.14 o necessarily, i time exists, then counting souls exist, c o o coc w necessarily, counting souls exist cy xco . Sco, I k cy o coquc x iv.14 itselcu oo x y og o g ow, c xc g o uo og o .


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Part i i

Te matter o time: motion


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41

ChaPter 3

ime is not motion

T ympc p A y m q -

y p ymc ppc by dd k w: , d m m, d myq m m. T bd c bk ccp p hul m, wc kinsis, m.

H mb d q b ddd. T A cm m pc m (kinsesti). U p pdcd cc A m cc wc p m Physicsiv.11

d c xm. W cc p A mdc pcp m m ,1 I d b m iv.11 . W I k b cc cc m wy ympcp. I dp my cc c 3.2 bw.

Idpd q w dd pc -m cc A d m pycc. Hw pb d mb m w pc

b d c wy d -cc, m? mm d bd d c m w m mbymp cc: m, b, d c c m k m. T by mb d m cmm bjc A mp y.2

1 S p (2005), 3741.2

W. D. R cm, xmp, A mk Phys. iv.14 w c- , m m x bc m cy cy, byc y cd b ppdd, b cd x, bc m (1936,68). T c by m md c, w. T J Em d RcdM. G: [L]k mp cp c m m m, [Ad ] py cc bc [] mpy[] mp (1995, 803). S

W. H. Nw-Sm: A d m mb m cc,


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Te matter o time: motion42

T bjc cy y, d I b m-y mk. A d m Bk iii Physics cy w py, quac,3 d m

m . T pcp c w c cy d d cm p c m-p . I mp pd c cc d cm p 4.

B c m, d pbm b d m.4 I m wy, dm d mb cd ppc A w m, d w -. , mpy b w cd dd -

py d py, y m, dpdy y pp m. T cd pcyw A m by b d m p m A c ympc y m.Idd, I m ccd cmm ppc ympc A mp y b xpd by dd cc p (d dy )w y.

O my w p, b d m dw I c kc c. I m, kc c - bjc m. Ty , c, m w, m. B c dd k-c c mp m. Spccy, m b bd: () wy cd d c (.., -mp) py dpy, (b) A cmmm xc c- w w m, d (c) y b m

q m m. I dd () d (b) p 5. T (c) w b d cp iii.

, w, w b c xm y by wy wc A p dc m, c pzz m w cc d w kd ympc p y d bk.

m b dd by c c c pc w d m (1986,24). T bjc p m dc.

3 , , (2011011).4 T bjc cd cy by G. E. L. Ow, J A, d D , w

w I dd c 5.2 bw. I y m m bc w pbm , b : xpc -mp b ipso acto d m .


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ime is not motion 43

A p dc m Physics iv.10 by pcm- w b ddd w pc b-jc: w m x d , d

w (217b312).5

T dmb wy b, d w cy c ppy m.6 Dp m c, , dcm c mmdy. d cd w md w wd m, A wy ck- q cc xc. T c w j cd d: T y -x x ccyd bcy m b ppd m w (217b323).7 S

d q w m b m x ccy dbcy, wy ppc p q w m p-cy bckwd md by, c y c m dmd by . xmp, Smk J w yquidsomes py, J wd wy kw w pd w dd w Smm by qdm. Ub c y m, J p dm w cy y p-

y, yw m. Hw cd A md c bd?

Ay cdy d w qdmc k c m. W J m y d w Sm m by qdm, A y bpmd ( dcd p 1) m d xp-cd m-k xd dd m- , cmpy dm, fcy mk m

cpb p kpc m xc. Ad,dd, m pcy b A mp, pcdby cd d bqy jc pzz cdb xc m pbmz w (tonun), p. By y A jc pz-z, I d m pd xpc c m; dd, y d , mk mkw b qy. B wy bq cp-

dp, c y pp A m dd

5 , .6 y, b m my, b c Mc c b

dmd.7 , .


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pzz b pc mc w ck y dd w ppy dd m.

T, A mk w b mp b

dc y y cc: m y pb-m m-k, d m y (k m) jc pzz d. O c, jc m d m pcpd jc , d dc dqcy ympc p A mp yw b by cy dy ck wc pzz .T k b ppd p 13.

Nw ypc A dc dc w pc

by cd m pbm d w pdc, d pzz iv.10, A ccd cp byw cmp cc m. Sm m w m p , c, wc w ddby y8 dm mp-mdd b ky (218b59).9 Hw, d , y b, cd- w m dc w c (metabol). cdwy m c bd, cy

cc m imaeus. A d b m cd w y d,10 b m w w y m-p m m modus tollens. H mpcy m m pcp dcby dc, ccd wc m d m wd b db m ,w y c dc.11 H cm m d m db w wy: () mm y w m, b m yw qy; () y mm

w, b m (218b1018).12 H ccd 218b18

8 D (1912), 45 B, 33: .9 , . . I d b d A b pd m ccmmd w, mp-mdd m. S c 11.4.

10 Rc , A dd i. cmc cc Cael. (pcpy Bk. iii d iv), d cc mpccy.

11

A dc m Phys. iv.10 d p cm iv.11 md m c c (), b w m b m () pcd, m pccy y, cm (). I m my dc m xcy m m ( p c p 4 m dd dc -mc ).

12 , .


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m d c dy dc.13 W m d A y m pcy, cc c b y ppcd w m

A w, d d d , w m byd cp10 Physics.

3 . 1 Fle shing out the oPening argu entoF iv. 1 1 : t o sChools 1 4

A p cc m b cp 11 Physics,wc p w cpc m w

mmdy c. H m qy wm iv.10 dy m w m by ccd m d x w m, (218b21).15 H w pp b m cc d cc 21912.16 T pm d pp cc-, m, b w pc m w w p-c m, b w w d pc m. dd p b, m w:

T Excy W m (218b212191):17

1. W pc m w, b y w, w pc m.2. T, m d x w m.

A c w m k cc w - p d k dm pcy w m d

. , . , , . mp m w op. 12038 pcd by ccp y m d d.

13 , .14 c pd m APEIRON: A Journal or Ancient Philosophy and

Science, . 37 (2004), by pm Acdmc d b.15 .16 , .17

, , , , . , , , , , . , .


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w m (21923),18 y m m m cmp d.

Wy d w d Excy W m d?

Uy, A p; mp j-y c, mpy cd dc pm. I pp cm pc m c-y cd pc m ( pm, cd bcd),19 c d ccd wc ck dd- wd Sd m wd by -dy pd p (218b235).20 Bc y d c y dm w y p (d, pmby, bc y m m

mb dd, pp w y bp), d cc m y m pd w c (218b217).21 T p cc p m w w w d mk m , m w bw pc (218b257).22

Sy, A d y jc m pm ater d m c-c. T, w , j wy wc m

c p p iv.11 mdd. B my, dwy my A c cd, wc ppd cc pc m f-c pc m:

[] dk d w bjc bdy , b m m cc , mmdy m m m pd w . (21946)23

W m q w ccd b- pm Excy W m, pm pb . b , w ypcy d cy pp m p w w d m pc mm, b w dy dpd y

18 , , , .19 I mpcy, I c dfc by pm

Excy W m bcd d p, dd, cd.20

, .. R (1936), 597.21 .22 , .

23 , ,.


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m p w w w m, d b p (wd) wd m m c k pc d m.

B w w pm, - cc m qb, y . Sy m b m cy dq, ppd pm wd bccpb A. B w wd b? w c md d c pbm.

T d c I c cc d cd k Sydy Smk, Rcd Sbj, dEdwd Hy.24 Accd c, A cmm-

d w ppd pm: y p mpcp-b mp ( pp m), bc wcd dc xc.25 I w c pm Excy W m c wy mpy cm y mp m (c m b) wd bmpcpb, ppd c pm c c-c mpy y c m . m d x w m.

U p cd p, d w I b d , I d w w d -m.26 I w b c xm p m x m d, p wc w d w m -d ympc p.

p pcp bjc c p d pm Excy W m p-. T ppd c pm d j cm w p-

c m only when w pc m jy cc; wy,, wd A b cm w pc m wheneverwpc m? T cm fccy cd m y b w b p w c A p bc-d cc Excy W m(21934).27 T c m cmmd w

A pc p fccycm, mpy c p p. p

y m db cmmm d

24 Smk (1969); Hy (1983); Sbj (1983).25 . Sbj (1983), 75.26 p (2001); (2005), 3741.27 .


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w qy pb p ccd b bcd wd b pb.28

A dd bjc c d m

mpz pcy b ppd cpm A pc. Wy d w k A c cc w m w m m w ? I bc m dpd bc w A (d c pd ),29 x-c m k d c.

T p p cmmd k d b bjc d d xmp cd

c , wc I c Ow c. pk A m p iv.11 mpy md mpy w, my m ppc (phain-omema). A Ow m y,30 A phain-omenon p-xd m, m ppcm m mpc b, ck w mjy pp b, cd c mp m. p m k cd

md: O [A] w, c w mk mp[ m w m] dy jdm p-d pm c d k b .31 T locus classicus A dm pcp kd NicomacheanEthics.2:

T w bjc wc m cy d y pk [me outhen legousin]. w y wc y- k y ; d m w ck b w dy y-

m cdb m d. (1172b3632)32

T pcp A mpy p kd by p, A my dc y p-pc jdm cdc cmm p b jcd

28 p (2001), 3601.29 T cy , c Hy (1983), 142, k iv.14 pp ppm

c pm. p (2001), 361, bjc cd b d-c iv.14 ppp A fc d m, d d ppp d Excy W m. I cc.

30 Ow (1975b).31 p (2001), 362.32 , . , .


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d, w p p q y d pm c mk.33

S mc b p pp. A d Physics iv.11,

A cmmm pcp pm w wy: () A w p p qy m by m m y d [m];34 (b) mp jy p by mk p-b cm m c x w m and also cm m c x w m;35 (c) xpc pdd cm b w pc m w, b yw, w pc m;36 (d) jdm d c

mbdy mp m c x w m dc ;37 () by mpy pcp q, d cppd (d) cy ddm pcd (b), d p dd p dd ().

I m (b) p Ow c d bjc c p. By A cy c xpcy d cc m w m, p m b fccy cm

pm Excy W m pc. H - b dd cc A dd m m y d m d py m cmm m .38

T Ow c d cd w cp by mpy pcp dy m mw A wk,39 k -md pbmc p. x p pp w-

bd d cc A dcc md, d m d m d pc p.

I m, w, pcy cd w dd Ow c p fc d

33 I w NE.2 p d by d Ow pcp cd m. A m d wc y k cmmp y b d. I m ppy cd m pcp

k m.34 p (2001), 362. I bck m bc p m dc m c.Sc dc cx ( 11 b), I c-cy pc c w m w q p wk. I db-y, I dp w bck bq c c pcm.

35 p (2001), 3623. 36 p (2001), 3623. 37 p (2001), 3623.38 p (2001), 3623. 39 p (2001), 365.


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dcc c. d d d. Wy, d k, d A mk xpc cm m cx w m, w c cmmd ? p xp-

:p bc w dw m cc [ m y d m] [ m yd m] pc mc m mp cm m w m cm m wm.40

I y dm y pc m mp cm m w m, c w y

m w m. I c, d cm mpb m x w m iv.14.41 Hd Admd py m w m, wd xpcd m mk m kd mk b bd- d w cdc cp Bk iv. Bbc mk c mk, m Ow cp dy x.

W pc cd d d, I d dy A m ppc w Physics ( d dc pc y cp Bk iv, xmp).N, d m m A m pp-c p iv.11. I d wy, w d xm- p cc w Ow pcp mpyd cx:

[A] w, I b, pcc jdwhether or not time

has passedmbdy c mp b p bw m dm. I mk jdm w k d mw m.42

40 p (2001), 363 . 13. p cm being essentially related to ymmc pzz, c c dy wd m b xmp . S. M. d m p p dd m , d Ib m b cc.

41 , .

, .. , , , (223218). p mk -c p cc w dc Hy cd (c. 29 b).

42 p (2001), 362. Emp ddd.


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p q w m pc x p d p:

W m c m pd, c m m

pd w (21978).W w d mk y m b m m d-

b, w w k m. (218b2932).A k w w mk dy jdm about whether

time has passed, w m m w m.43

Nc jdm bd wc p mbdd b pcd cc p m: jdm c m pd dy mbd b

m w m. I p p c, A xp cy pcp m pcp m , qy, fccy pcp m p-cp m. T , mbdd b m i some timeseems to have passed, then some motion has occurred. W, pcy, mbdd b ppd cb m pm- q?

p w :

I pk b bd mbdd jdmw mk. B w b b mbdd jdm wmk? A cm w xpcy b m

w m m w m. H cm y bwd xp d jy pc jdm w mk b w m pd.44

T, b m w m ppd b

cpb xp d jy jdm m m pd. B pb w b A.T mbdd b b d xp d jy jd-m b ccc m: jdd some timeseems to have passed, dp b i some time seems tohave passed, then some motion has occurred m jy b some motion has occurred. T wy k b m cyccd mc b w x p c, c k pcp-

m b fc pcp m. A xcy - pbm p p m p mbdd b

43 p (2001), 362. Emp ddd.44 p (2001), 365 .16.


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m q m, m b bd jdm cc ccc m.45

T w cd b mdd y by ymcy c-

w yp mbdd b. Uy, w, pbm p. I k mpb m jdm b m d m cqd j-d y, d I k A wd czd mpby. O b b b m d m ypcy dcy m xpc d ypcy jd (w y ) by m.46

E d wy, w cjd w cc

pyd by mbdd b, p cm A m ppc cc m q m and cc m q m dd A w bdy.Rc: b m q m dy mbdd jdm cc p m, d b mq m dy mbdd jdm cc ccc m.47 Embdd b wd xpd jy jdm. N by m, c: c m

k cd jdm cc m m pm. T p, I dd , y cd A c dy k. A d-d pc m m ; dm m m m pd b mpc b m q m.

B c p p czd, bcmq c xpy cm kc m cd -

. jdm cc p m x-pcb, m xp m. I mbdd b wy c xp jdm, mbdd bwouldxp jdm b m, does

45 A p d xpcy pcy jdm c, w cd c-x wc m dy jdm (363) y, c m m jdm b m.

46 . p (1986), 52, cmp b d p A m

pcc ym NEdMA: [H] dcdd cck, ppc b, cck d k m c pcp pd pc -m wc , w, dcd d d m c , b d m k pycc c d m dc pcp c.

47 mpcy k I p p mbdd b w cdjdm.


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xp m.48 T , mk mbdd b y wy , m b cd m xpy c xpcjdm. S p xp m b m

pd mpc b m q m.49

B cmp xp. A p xp pcd m pd m. S mbdd b - jdm q, jdm md ( p) b jdm cc ccc m.A I dcd b, xp k m pc; b bcp m xp b m pd md ( p) b jdm cc

p m, xpy p bck : w b m pd p bc w b m ccd,d w b m ccd p bc w b m pd. Sc cc xp xp , p mk w cm w dy mbddb wd xp jdm cc m d m.50

m p m c: p p A m ppc p xpy

mcm. T mcm pcd rom b b m (m) d c cmmm c pcp cc bw m d m to b b m ( m). Bbc k A d ymmc c pcp, pcp b xpy cm d b xpd xpdm c . T w by cy. b cb A, , w my ccd p mb mk wy : A m

ppc p iv.11, cmmd cm m c x w m. I m-k b c.

48 A p mk xcpd b (2001, 365 . 16), [A] y,, b wc explainsd justifes jdm (mp ddd). S A cc y c NEiii.5, b c dd m ppc Ow pcp m Phys. iv.11, c-c m d cy wk.

49

H I mpy d p mbdd b d cd jdm, c mp ccz xpy mcm cby.

50 Sm pbm cc w p cm d jc, m m cmpcd cc cy d jc. I k bjc md m xp c fc db pp p m c b , I d pb-m cd w jc.


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3 .2 a ne ol sChool

Dp dqc, m b cp, d p I d b c f- w . I b by xm m x d Excy W m. A cc md x w m d p w pcm d m (21934), A dw m pcc c-c Excy W m:T Sm M m (219210):51

1. Ad , m dc m m m(kinses ti).

2. m d m dc. (. 218b18.)3. T, m m m.

A mk cm c pm 2198: hstetoi kinsis ts kinses ti estin ho chronos. T pc (hsted ) cqc m cm, bA ddd mx p mk ; mpy mdd m d m pcpy ccm- d d cd pp pm Excy W m. S w d d A mk cm?

I w Sm M m cp Excy W m, A pc c cz c. I d

pc dc pm Sm Mm dd w m pm Excy Wm. cd j m Excy W m:

1. W pcxw, d y w, w pcy.2. T,xd x wy.

I Sm M m cd b d dd- pm qd d Excy W -

m c, w pbm wd by b d: w m

51 , , , . , . . , .


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Excy W m wd b md , d ppy p- hste wd d pm c . I d dmw Sm M m pp qd pm

Excy W m, w m dd w q-: w bw xdy m mb cd xp c pm d m-y c cpd cc?

O d jb dy. I bd xdy c- m, (pdd pc d de re)52 d pm m m w b , d w b y d xp . xmp, p

just isHp, b b d wy Tp p-c (de re) p xcy w pc Hp, c b bjc b pcd. Addy, p d x w Hp, c c m jV, d c x w . Hc, bdp xdy cx m, w b cc Excy W m.

A dy d m b, c b j-

c A md, bc k m bd iv.10 m dc w m ( cdpm Sm M m). T, w mk w.53

T A cd pm Sm M m my, m m b m wd cy wy wd xp c w pc m only when w pc m, c pc

52 T de re/de dicto dc ypcy dc bw dy bjc (dere m ) d c ccp m (de dicto m w d). T dc bw de red de dicto pcp, I cc , mpd by

A Sens. 446b1824 d An. Post. 100b17. Sm pcd de re j c c c pdc pcp . T mb wy bjc ( ppy) cc d m cz y ( kd ) . T y qm cm c itcb cy, ypc wy, pcp

. O d, de dicto pcp mpc ccp c c pcp d wc pc dd m. xmp, mpc D y m w , m, y m . W pc de dicto m w , m, d D,pcy.

53 A cm d pby c w m Phys. iv.14 m b b dd d jc dy, b 29 b.


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m pby q pc (c , de re) .54

B y xdy, wx m y, d

y w pc x wheneverw pcy. xmp, x m w m cmc cmpd y, pc cy q pc m, de re pc y . Idd, wdb wdy mpb m y pc mw pc cmc cmpd d c-cmc pd by by xpm.55 Sm p-cpb bjc c b dd m cx.

T y c c cc cdw m b m mpb k. I m m c c d pcpb bjc d A pbby d j md dc m, cd c d cy cx dc. S I d mp b b m pc by (p-) d :

(EF) y p pcpb ,x evident eatureyx - y, d y pcp z, zc pc (de dicto) yw pc x.

T d c m m wc c, d b w c, wd bw m . A xmp p (w bym I d m y dm qy m, b mpym m ). I Tp pc pc

m, y dfc dd m w cd p-by b w . H cd b w asa stone, y , c pc m F-yp as Fpbyq mpym ccp F-, d y ccp m bjc ccp .56 O c,

54 T cm pm q b xcy k yp pcpb m. xmp, mpb m d pc p

w pc m. M bw.55

I m m w cmc cmpd py c d-m bc pcpb . I mp cc ( m b, I kw), by my w cc de repcp, cd pc m w dere. Sc w d, I p my p c . I m Jm Hk b cc my .

56 N I m mk mpb cm d pc c, m ppcp b, p c wc p ccp


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dc w m, c ( m, xmp). A xmp: . I Tp pc c m b , m pc m as

m, c ccp m ( A w, y c. De Anima412b1829) p ccp .

T w xmp cc pc dedicto d, q pb dd d pc m m m w pc m- . (p d y k .) My p- y xp c by A k p d d , c d

wd jy pbmc pm Excy Wm: m d m, wd cpc m w pcd m.

Uy, , (E) d jy cm w pc m only when w pc m. T pbm pc c yp -- p. T , w y p c m, d p d y. S w m w b m

pc m w pc c, w p-c m w pc p c, d w pc m only when pc .

T pbm wd. G c d b x-cd d yp d k, d m kd cm b mpd yp d. I b c cc my xmp, c p m md m. W m d y

cmmy d yp m m ( m w y dm), d m bm cy k m c ( pk dmy d m pc ccmc).57 I p myxy w b , w, c A c b w dc m d m.T pm Excy W m ( w cc)

m. T , d think about ccp m d pc m p m. A qd ccp py pcp b b . My pp ccp m w m w-d, b I dc p 9 w ccp (empeira) m m.

57 N mmc c w djc. My cm pp m m.


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m d m yp m,58 w d dc pm md m k mm d m. T bjcb mk c-

mp b my m mmb yp d py c xmp. A ppy mk cmp.

W (E) md dd cc, dproper:

(EPF) y p yp-pcpb , evident proper eature y k (d , xcp by mc k) m k , d y pcp z, z

c pc yasw pc .

T d m b cd b dyw A, b dc pp opicsv.13

A pccy m. d w y 131b337:

T, xmp, m w d ppy c b pmy cd, d [ d ppy]

dd m pcpb, b cd, b m wc dywy b, d ppy c w pc b c-cy dd.59

G my my, p dc A d p w x (E) -. d c b yp c w k pcp-b (y yp-pcpb); y c m c ;60 y -c c, by

b d c (y b pmy cd );d y w pc c c c pc

58 T ck d c Ac Gk cmpc , b bc dm cy dc A d b k b m dm .

59 , ,

.60 T c p bc (.. d w) m b p p-c c; w, A d cmm m cm bd

w cd (Sens. 4376), d c y m -c bdy y mmd c pcp bd (c.An. 41911b1, 42321b7, d Sens. 4391730). M c pc p 8.


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c c m wc evidentlywy b.61 Ocdd m c opics: ; ; . I c c, w p-

c mmb p c ppy b d pc cd mmb p c, bc de dicto pcp mpym ccp, d c c mmb p pcpb , ccp wc cdd c-cp cd mmb. A m m xmp p , c A dw cc bw pc,m, d m Physicsiv.11.62 T cmp c A mp y, d w cc .

Lk dy, (E) m cc c Excy W m. m dpp m, w w pc m y w w p-c m (c proper m), b ww pc m c (c evident). Ad Sm M m k m cm cdd x (E) ,

61 T d w cc p. , cp dy(phaneron) p cd mb: d A w y dccyd (.. d p c) c b c q y, yccy d (.. d w w particularc) c b it? W m y my p, I b m cb. c d c b yp-pcpb, d b d d q b cy dd (c. 56 b), b d c- c b c y wd m q mk d m pcp in the relevant sense. Scd, y cmm pcpb (c.

p 9), c pcpb by m , cy cc y c pc c c w pc cd. p A md w m y dpd (c. An. 4293, GC329b14),d c wc m w y pc c wypb, m pc b cd. , d w pc cmmb ( wc z ) cy by cy (Sens. 43769).

62 Sc wc m m m m m, d c y md c, m w md; bc md c m c, d bc m m (, , ) (Phys.

2191014). .Met. 10202932: [] [m d m] cd q d c- bc wc b db. I m wc md, b pc wc md; bc qy m q-y, d bc qy, m ( . , ). A c. GC33724 .


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c b cpd Excy W m, d m pb m:

T N m w M m:

1. W pc m w, d y w, w pc m. (218b213,21938)

2. Ad (hste), c () m d m d-c, () m d pp m c xp (1) b. (. 21989.)

3. B m d m dc. (218b18)4. Hc, m d pp m. (m 1, 2, 3 c.

219910.)5. Ix pp y, xd x wy. (Impc

pm.)6. T, m d x w m. (m 4, 5 218b21.)

I k pby m mk my p-. A mk cmpd p: p- mc m cmb w A mk w pcm d m (hama 2193) d w pc m

mmdy (euthus 2196) w w pc m, c I cm y d bjc w c pcp, w pp c (b cc c) bw p-cp d jdm m b p. B my p b, wc bjc m b ddd b y cm py my b md.

T bjc my p mp mc c-

m, c d b md xpc w dd. I pd, , by p w ddd c-, m d, d I d c, m p m cy. Scd, Id k mpd c, my d p j p m, c kw y m d pp m cy m c m c x w m. T mp q

m: in what way m d pp m?A w m mb m. T xpc w ccp A m cp Bk iv (d w ccpy m md bk).mp w c c d c: m w b


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ccd c d pp c w - y k ppcy pcb cc c.63 S I , my p d mp d d c

m, d mp mc: dd c dd m , m A, d wy d dc m .

T cd bjc k m tu quoque. I cmpd p c b dqcy p xp A dw xpcy cc b m (my, m w m); w xp c I c A cm m w m, b

doesntcm m w m? T b w A d b m c, w----b (ti n einai), m m dd m m.64 T w w cp,d I bjc d d mkd my py. I m ppy b bd bjc m.

mmz c: I cm p-

I m dc p b Ow c d c, my w p . Omy d p iv.11, A k m b p-cc kd pcpb m. Accd c-, A jc d mpcpb mp . B my p cc, mpcpb mp wd bmpcpb pcpb , d by mpb.T, my p c. S, my p-

b pd pd bxp A jc mpcpb mp d pp b bcd pm Excy W m, w c d .

T p p Ow c mk fccy cm pm (w pc mw w pc m) w b A cm m c x w m, cm jc iv.14

d ( w mmy) ppd by w cc

63 N A m k c b d pcpb c op. v.3, by d k m bd pd cc c, c dk p j c cc Sens. 3.

64 . p (2005), 9 d 363 . 12.


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m. B d m c, my p d ddA w mpb ccp d jc b b p m d ccc m,

w cm A m ppc.Ad w c w A m y

cc m bd c dm xpc: w c mxcy w w c m d c. O b dc (d pm dw m iv. 10 d Bk iii), A c-cd m pc ( m ) m pcc-y, d pp m. B w m c, cc m py bd c.

Hw cd m b pc m, m k, w qp cmm m c k pc d m?Sc A jc , m b d cmm- w b m.


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63

Chapter 4

Aristotelian motion

L u w k u cg ccu, wc u u: bcu

A cu , bcu c b u , c b ucc g u , u .

T cg c u cc ,ccg wc ju bg c . L u w W S cg uc w - c -

.1 I A - , w cg ccu g b . I , wu b b u c w w ww w - w.

I u bg b cg gc u. I c kinsis w bk. Bu wu b g c Gk . I Categories, A w c gg cg

.2Kinsis gu metabol, g- u cg--b. Kinsiscu cg w c ubjc. T gu metabol cg c ub-c, wc ub g (genesis) cu (phthora) w c. Ec w g w cu b ccug c 2. T gu wc w - c cg z, w gw (auxsis)

1 S (1980), 412. . Ru (1903), 469: T cc gc ubqu ccug c , cg. M ccu, b , cuu c cuu . g c, c u , bw ccg ccg w b c ccu w ccu .

2 Cat. 1514 .


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Te matter of time: motion64

u (phthisis) w ub-c; qu cg c c, u, (alloisis); c (phora). Tc gc Fgu 4.

D quc c , I ju g kinsis gu. F, A - c b ucg ccu k c w k kinsis metabol(218b1920), w qu gg ub cg

bg. Sc, Physics viii.7 A c cg wc c (..phora, c) kinsis,

w kw.3 T, w b x u .

Nw kg g Categories, A k w c ubc b g uc cb cg c (41011).4 T cc k-g c uqu ubc. A c, x, c

cg c wu cg x (.. b bg c w c), w c b , g ug cg. qu u ubjc cg,5 ug c c- c wc ubc (.g. cu ) cg.

A w ccg cg bk Physics. I i.7 cg ccg

auxsis

phthisis

kinsis alloisis

metabolphora

genesis

phthora

Fgu 4. g metabol.

3

(26127). . Phys. iv.1, 208312. T c c , wc w b cu 11.4 .

5 T , ubjc -bg cg. A cu cc cg w c u, bu cg , c u.


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Aristotelian motion 65

wc ug ubjc (hupokeimenon) c cqu c c (1913 .).6 Aw w 2, ccu c b

cc w ub g, b u - A . Bu w g u u c ccu cg b w c Bk iii Physics,w A qu ccu cg . I c Bk iii, w wg -: cu w , quauc (20110, 201b4).7 W c (archai)

i.7? D fc jc , , ccu, ?

I , ug . bg,w wu w c cc x : , Dg R . T cu c - bu qu cg ccu i.7,c D gc c ubjc cg, w beingon Rhodes being on Crete ub c . Hw, ,

A fc x?I x cu (entelecheia)

(dunamei), w ug x wc . Nw b D , cu R . Sc cu b cc forcu, cu of 8 w u D b c w cu bg

. S w D b , g b k x cu

6 190b10 . S Phys. 188b216, Phys. 22779. I u x c c gu w I cug A guc gcc. Mc c b bw c c.Bg ugg [m]etaphysical predicates(.g. c , , , c, g, c.) x-guc bgg cc A c c-g. T g b linguistic predicates ( w , c.) (1991, 53). T

c c, , bw c c gu, w guc c bw guc cu. Lgc c- bw c, .g. bw u f - u g cu.

7 , [], .8 Ob bcu b g, wc cu xcc,

xc. (.Met. 1050b6 .)


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w cu c- w , D cu bg .

T g c c, bu wk. F

w D R, being cu , wc ub. O cu, bg wu qu , bu bg D, g c. F ,w c cu A cc , b cg g ubjc ugg .

P D cc to be sailing to

, bg . T cu - wu b cu g , wc cuw u cu. W g u, ( w B Ru) b .9 A c, ccu, c b . A xgc . W, , cu?

D. A ubc u ubc wxc, g Categories, xc g 10 D cu wu quc. Bu ucw w g xc A b c ubjc cg, hupokeimenon. I c, A u- wu bck :

W I b qua : bz u. Bu cu bz qua bz wc . F b bz b-g . I w c wu qu-c, .. , cu bz bz wu b . Bu , b . (2012933)11

T g gg c qua cu -, w xc u u g ccg wc cu qu hupokeimenon c uc, u

9

Ru (1903), 71.10 I w ubc, wu b b g x () (2b56).

11 . , , , [], , , ,, .


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k u b hupokeimenon gu w cu.

4 . 1 plast iC it y properties and tel iC properties

Rc A c Categories w c ubc b g uc cb cg c (41011). A A ubc,Sc cb g b bkg u. S,D c c R . Sc cc- ,

u D bg R. A , A u Physicsii.2, c w [] uc [arch] b c, gw c, (192b1315).12 S, wSc bg cc , capacity b , cc b k. O b kw b k cu , c cgc; u qu w w takes b k (I ) b .

S A ubc c c cc, w, k c . 13T , w g , qualitatively plastic: b ub-c , g g, b k g b ug g qu ( qu, c, c.) c wu b cg x bg - cg.

T being qualitatively plastic c- ,

ccg . I bg qu c, ub-c bg b c .M, c b, ww wu w c . Bu gg w : de re( g), de dicto ( w ). A g qu c u bjc (Sc b k), guc bgg c

(Sc k b u). Tu, uc

12 , , , .

13 c, w, qu c .


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de re .14 L u c uc c- de re c .

I k A c xc c -

u ckwg, ug g b x b c . W w u u A c k ub-c gu c ccu . T u c- c cu cc, I b, b g cu uug A . T qu c bu - -

, c-, cc, .

T - wc I b A c I u k c c . Ax c being potentially located in the agora. A c, k gc cg , w w k c c w .Mgc cc - , bu

c- cu: b u, ugz c- beingpossibly magnetized (, , being magnetizable). Mg bu , bu c c , A cc ( c b c c). I k b uc g qu w c gu ; g

w u u c- cu, w u w qu uA .

Bcu c bw c c - bu b A gug , I u- cug ub c bw w c b F g c c F g c . T u

guc c xc cu A g,

14 F c A qu w de re, Int. 12 21b11 . SE4 166 24 .


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ug I b c u qu b ccu k c b.15

A w bgg k, - bjc-

w g cc cc, ccg wc A cuu. Ag uc bjc,I u : bu c bjc not c w g bjc b g, bug g c w g g w gc . T bu g explain b b g -g bu ucu , c

c bug c . I g AI , cu, cg c c x. (I c bu uc .) R, I cg bug c w- b M xg u w uc b bug u .

I ccu c xc bw, bu g w bug

c c b c gg, u c c (-) - , being green. A bjc cu g c cu b -g. Pg cu ( gu cb) c.16

I c, bg g cu g c being possibly not-green.17 I, ub u

15

I cu, A u cu c- c bw c c . H u uc invokesc , bu c xb uc . T c bb b, g x, k g A .

16 N A u w -cc ( c c) de re, de dicto: bu c bg bg ubjc c () (Met. 1005b1920). Ade dicto u wu cuc w u-u , bjc .S 52 3.

17

. Cael. i.12: A , u, cc c g g, bcuw ; bu w c , bu (, , , ) (281b1518). A c. Int. 21b337: T g -b b b b. T w b b b b b ug cu w (


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g g, bg g entailsg -c bg b -g, .18 F bgg qu bg cb g c

c; g g, bjc cg w b cb g c g. S, c-, g bjc w c c -: being possibly red, being possibly blue, being possibly yellow, .Sc- c c-b, c c--b w - c c w c.

Lkw, bg g cu cbeing potentially red. A bjc c

c c w red, uc w gz c - w gc , w b w g c. T qu, A g , u b u wc g bjc c b agent cg, bu bg constitutive cg uc. T w wc c cu cg w b

bw.W c c c-b w

, c c . Ng c c- being potentially green being potentially red. Ou - b fg , A wu , c w b g gg g u-u. Bu wu c u , x c: c c uc

cu .19 I c, c u bu - -cu being green being red.

N, , w g ipso facto cbeing possibly red, b bjc c being potentially red. T u c uc w w c c w c

).

18 T ub u g cu cu wgc.

19 [I] b cg b g () (261b202).


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. I bjc qu cu - , c b c.20I c, c ( cc w) w

w uc.A u c w g c g-

gg ccu uc u c -, c c. G c c (any w b uu c) c( w b mutuallyc), w c g-g (Sc being potentially at Platos door) c (P c c w Sc).

Mg, k g c, c - b ub ( g gccg c b g b), w c -xug.

4 .2 aCCidental Componds

P ubc c cu, u- A g. Bu I c 2.3,

A qu wg c u c ubc. S, x, Metaphysics.2 w c c qu- w Sc Sc (1004b23).21 H, Sc c bjc w Sc w being seated. I cx wbg u ubu w g Sc - c, qu wu b c

uw c x. I bg cc , u Sc cuaccidental compound, g .22

A cc cu u MetaphysicsZ. 4, w cuc c , bu uc gu uc

20

: b c cu c w cc gc .

21 .22 RcMet. 1029b225: T c c ( c, qu-

, qu, w, w, c ubjc ) ( [, ]).


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cu : L u, , c c ck(1029b278).23 A gc - g ug,

g b c w cu g b w w. A cquc A wg k b uc cu c cucbjc ( u ck u b).24

Nw, uc cu g k cbz, bu A k b c, wg g b primaryk x. A MetaphysicsZ.4, c b u , bu

wc ubc (1030b1213).25T x c , bg c - gc cg, g cg wc bg: , bw S. M. , kk bjc.26Y

Aristotle on Time

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Transcript of Aristotle on Time