FISH 336 Lect 7 Tilapia & Catfish Aquaculture

8/10/2019 FISH 336 Lect 7 Tilapia & Catfish Aquaculture

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Tilapia Aquaculture

Major Reference

El-Sayed, AFM. 2006. Tilapia Culture. CABIPublishing, Cambridge, MA. 277 pps.


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Tilapia Aquaculture

Known as Aquatic Chickenfor growth rates.

Later 20thCentury Common Introduced Species

in Tropical, Subtropical & Temperate Regions

Introductions Because: Farming as Food Fish,

Recreation, Aquatic Weed Control, Research


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Tilapia Aquaculture

Grow Well in Brackish or Salty WaterSome Species Grow in Hypersaline Water

Need Oxygen Density of 4 ppm or greater

Common Culture System - Earthen Ponds

Advantages with Monosex Culture

Co-Culture: Carp, Grey MulletRice Fields

Production Optimized with Seed Fry


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Tilapia Advantages for Aquaculture

Fast GrowthEnvironmentally Tolerant

Disease & Stress Resistant

Reproduces in Captivity

Short Generation Time

Feeds at Lower Trophic Levels

Starts Feeding Early - Few Losses


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Aquaculture Production Levels

2002 Silver Carp Production ~ 4,071,608 mt

2002 Grass Carp Production ~ 3,572,825 mt2002 Common Carp Production ~ 3,202,561 mt

2002 Bighead Carp production ~ 1,722,832 mt

2002 Crucian Carp Production ~ 1,702,778 mt2002 Atlantic Salmon Prodn ~ 1,084,740 mt

Tilapia Production 2002 ~ 1,217,055 mt



Tilapia Production China 2011 ~ 1,150,000 mt


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Main Aquacultured Species of Tilapia

Oreochromis niloticus - Nile Tilapia

Production 2002 ~ 1,217,055 mt

Oreochromis mossambicus- Mozambique Tilapia

Production 2002 ~ 54,146 mtOreochromis andersonii- 3 Spotted Tilapia

Production 2002 ~ 2,700 mt

Oreochromis aureus- Blue Tilapia

Production 2002 ~ 1,350 mt


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Major Producers of Tilapia 2002

China 706,600 mt 50%

Egypt, 167,700 mt 12%

Philippines 122,400 mt 9%

Indonesia 109,800 mt 8%

Thailand 100,600 mt 7%

Taiwan, 85,100 mt 6%

Brazil 42,300 mt 3%

Laos 26,900 mt 2%

Colombia 24,200 mt 2%

Malaysia 20,800 mt 1%


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Advantages of Monosex Tilapia Culture

Superior Growth RatesTolerance Environmental Fluctuations

Greater Uniformity of Size at Harvest

Better Flesh Quality & AppearanceResistance to Stress & Diseases

Higher Energy Conservation

Feed Utilization Efficiency

Reduced Aggressiveness


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Production of Monosex Tilapia

Manual Sorting

Hormonal Sex Reversalin Feed or Water

Interspecific Hybridization2 Species

Andro- & Gyno-genesisDenatured DNA

TriploidyPrevent Eggs 2ndMeiotic Division

with Heat, Cold, Drugs or Pressure ShockTransgenesisGene Transfer Technology


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Nile Tilapia

Oreochromis niloticus


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Mozambique Tilapia

Oreochromis mossambicus


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Blue or Israeli Tilapia

Oreochromis aureus


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Tilapia Taxonomy

All in the African Family Cichlidae (Cichlids)with 220 Genera & 1,300 described species.

Systematics Confusing & Subject to Modification

Molecular Data Will Drive Generic Revisions

Found in S. America, Africa, Madagascar, India

Distribution Explained by Gondwanan Origins


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Tilapia Systematics

Currently 3 Genera called Tilapia

Oreochromisall Mouth Brooders

Tilapiaall Substrate Spawners

Sarotherodon or & Mouth Brood


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Tilapia Feeding Habits

Tilapias generally Herbivorous / OmnivorousLow Tiers of Aquatic Food Chain

Feeding Habits Depend on Species, Life History

Stage, Size, Time of Day, Photoperiod etc.Larval Stage: - Zooplankton Preferred but also

Phytoplankton

Juvenile (Transitional) Stage:Phytoplankton

Adults: Great VarietyAquatic Vegetation


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Tilapia Larval Feed - Zooplankton

Gravid Copepod


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Tilapia Juvenile Feed

Volvox


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Adult Feed

AlgaMelosira


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Tilapia Water Quality Parameters

(Oreochromis niloticus)

Optimal Temperature 28C

Optimal Salinity 5-10 ppm

Ammonia (NH3) LC503.4 ppm

Tolerate Wide Range pH 511

Dissolved OxygenHighly Variable Depends

On Multiple Factors Including Stress


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Fertilizing Ponds

Main ObjectiveStimulate Primary Productivity

Main Inputs: Nitrogen, Carbon & Phosphorus

Optimal Ratio: 45-50% C

8-10% N1% P

Organic Fertilizers:

Poultry Manure Domestic SewageCattle Manure Green Manure

Composted Agricultural Waste


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Tilapia

Mouth Brooder


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Tilapia Life Cycle

Unhatched


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Tilapia Life Cycle

Just Hatched

il i if l


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Tilapia Life Cycle

Til i A l


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Tilapia Aquaculture

Feeding on Pellets

C i il i A l


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Costa Rican Tilapia Aquaculture


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Tilapia Aquaculture

For Tilapia High Density Can Reduce Stress


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Egyptian Tilapia Aquaculture

Harvest

I li Til i A l


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Israeli Tilapia Aquaculture

Harvest

Til i


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Tilapia

Processing

Til i A l


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Tilapia Aquaculture

Kisumu (Lake Victoria Kenya) Fish Market

C fi h


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Catfish

Multiple Familiesterm Catfish best resolves

to the order Siluriformes

More than Half Catfish Species Live in the

Western Hemisphere

Bottom FeedersNegatively Buoyant

Species from 8 Families Live Underground

(hypogean) others Cave Dwellers (trogobitic)Walking Catfish Clarias batrachus can migrate

Overland to New Water Bodies.


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Catfish Aquaculture

Ictaluridae, Claridae, Pangasidae & Siluridae

Pond Culture in USBamboo Cage in Vietnam

US Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

US 160,000 to 170,000 mt/yrValue $480 M

Mississippi 100,000 acres, 400 km2

Vietnamese CatfishMust be Called Swai,Tra or Basanot Catfish.

Ch l C fi h


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Channel Catfish

4 Pair Barbels

C tfi h A lt


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Catfish Aquaculture

Channel CatfishIctalurus punctatus

Vi C fi h I


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Vietnam Catfish I

Swai or TraPangasius hypophthalamus

Vi t C tfi h II


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Vietnamese Catfish II

Basa CatfishPangasius bocouti

A i C tfi h


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Asian Catfish

Heron & Walking Catfish Clarias batrachus

C tfi h A lt


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Catfish Aquaculture

Barry with a Farmed Catfish


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Catfish Aquaculture

Important Aquacultured American Species

Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus: preferred by

consumers, economical to aquaculture, betterdisease resistance, handles stress better.

Blue Catfish,Ictalurus furcatus: grows larger and

more uniformly, handles environmental change

better, processes more easily.

C tfi h


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Catfish

Maximum Production 2003 at 300,000 mt

909 Catfish Farms in OperationFed Formulated Diets Based on Soy Protein.

Harvest at 1.0 - 1.5 lbs2011 Producers Received

Average of $.80 per lb.

When Skinned - dress out at 55-60% landed wgt

when Filleteddress out at 40-45%

Fillet Appealing: White Flesh & Neutral Flavor

Lacking Scales, Catfish neither Kosher nor Halal


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Channel CatfishIctalurus punctatus

Blue CatfishIctalurus furcatus

Catfish Life C cle


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Catfish Life Cycle

Juvenile Striped CatfishPlotosus lineatus

Catfish Farm


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Catfish Farm

Mississippi Delta Catfish Farm

Catfish Aquaculture


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Catfish Aquaculture

Harvested Mississippi Catfish

Catfish Recreational Fishing


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Catfish Recreational Fishing

Predatory Blue CatfishIctalurus furcatus

Catfish Aquaculture


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Catfish Aquaculture

Spray Pellet Feeding


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Catfish Life Cycle


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Catfish Life Cycle

Just Hatched

Catfish Aquaculture


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Catfish Aquaculture

Hungry for Bread

Catfish Aquaculture


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Catfish Aquaculture

Feeding Time

Catfish Farm


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Catfish Farm

Drained Pond Africa

Catfish Aquaculture


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Catfish Aquaculture

Another Predator

Catfish Life Cycle


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Catfish Life Cycle

Yolksac Fry

Catfish Aquaculture


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Catfish Aquaculture

Catfish Predators

Catfish Farm


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Catfish Farm

Juvenile Shed

Catfish Harvest


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Catfish Harvest

Transport

Catfish Harvest


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Catfish Harvest

Seine & Brail I

Catfish Harvest


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Catfish Harvest

Seine & Brail II

Catfish Life Cycle


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Catfish Life Cycle

Catfish Eggs

Catfish Farms I


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Catfish Farms I

Aeration

Catfish Farms II


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Catfish Farms II

10 Acre Ponds

FISH 336 Lect 7 Tilapia & Catfish Aquaculture

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