APHEV Group6 Final V

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Class Period 05Date: Jan 25, 2013

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MEEM / ECE 5295

Advanced Propulsion for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

State of Batteries for HEV, PHEV and EVs

Group 6

Graduate Student

ME-EM Department

Michigan Tech University


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Copyright 2013 Michigan Tech


Page: 2Group Members

Last Name First Name Email

Chiddarwar Vikrant [email protected]

Piduru Naag [email protected]

Menon Sunit [email protected]

Liu Cong [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Page: 3Objectives

Discuss batteries used in the HEV, PHEV and EVs

Discuss mainstream types of battery used currently andin the near future

Discuss characters of different types of batteries andcompare their performance, safety, cost


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Page: 4Terminology

DEFINITION : A battery is a device consisting of one ormore electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical

energy into electrical energy.

Rated Capacity

Energy DensitySOC: fuel gauge

Vmax & upper SOC, Vmin & Lower SOC

Power to Energy ratio


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Page: 5Comparison of Batteries for hybrid modes

HEV PHEV EV

Example Toyota

Prius(before

2012)

Chevy Volt Tesla Model S

Battery size 1-2 KWh 5-15 KWh >40 KWh

Battery

operation

Charge

sustaining

Charge

depleting/sustaining

Charge depleting

SOC variation 20% 50% 50%

P/E 15-20 5-18 2

(Credit: NAE Report. Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV Fuel Econo.2010)


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State Of Charge variation for batteries applicable to HEV, PHEV

and EV. Unit of P/E KW/KWh(Credit: NAE Report. Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV Fuel Econo.2010)


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Page: 7Types of Batteries used in Vehicle

Lead Acid

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

Lithium Ion (Li-ion)


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Page: 8Ni-MH Batteries

State:

The highest performance battery currently available and in commercially significantquantities for HEVs and PHEVs

Typical materials:

Cathode: Nickel Hydroxide

Anode: Metal hydride

Electrolyte/separator: Potassium Hydroxide

Commercial application:

The most technically advanced NiMH battery used in the Toyota Prius has a weight

of 45kg and an energy capacity of 1.31 kWh. This results in a usable energy of

approximately 0.262 kWh when applied with a SOC variation of 20 percent.


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Page: 9Advantages & Limitations

Advantages

Simple storage and transportation; not subject to regulatory control

Environmentally friendly; contains only mild toxins

Nickel content makes recycling profitable

Limitations

Limited service life; deep discharge reduces service life

Generates heat during fast-charge and high-load discharge

High self-discharge; chemical additives reduce self-discharge at the expense of capacity

Performance degrades if stored at elevated temperatures; should be stored in a cool

place at about 40 percent state-of-charge


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Page: 10Li-ion Batteries

State:

The upcoming type of battery which has the potential to provide the highestperformance, provided the safety is no longer a problem

Typical materials:

Cathode: Lithium-Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)

Anode: Graphite

Electrolyte/separator: Lithium salts in an organic solvent


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Page: 11Advantages & Limitations

AdvantagesHigher energy density: - About twice the energy density as that seen in Ni-MH batteries

making them smaller and lighter in comparison.

Longer life cycle: - Li-ion batteries have a longer life cycle and lower charge times as

compared to Ni-MH batteries.

Better low temperature performance

Extremely slow self-discharge

LimitationsRisk at high temperatures: More susceptible to explosions at high temperatures caused

majorly due to the phenomenon of thermal runaway. Its major cause is the overcharging

of the batteries

Regular charging: - Needed to avoid permanent damage due to low discharge levels.

Cost: - They are around 40% costlier than Ni-MH batteries.


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Page: 12Comparison between NiMH and Li-ion

(Credit: Jayam Prabhakar Aditya, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Comparison of NiMH and Li-ion Batteries in Automotive Applications, 2008)


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Page: 13Market share of vehicle batteries

SOURCE : EV, PHEV & HEV WORLDWIDE MARKET 2008-2020 - BATTERY IS THE KEY, AVICENNE, JUNE 2009

l i d


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Failure modes in Li-ion battery

Battery-related

Manufacturing defect

Charge and Discharge

failures

Short circuit

Non-battery related

Failure of control system

Failure of thermal

management

Full vehicle loss from battery pack thermal runaway in an aftermarket modified

vehicle(Credit: A General Discussion of Li Ion Battery safety)

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Page: 15Material Changes

Cathode

New materials aim primarily at

replacing cobalt completely.

Some of them are:

Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese (NCM)

Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminium (NCA)

Manganese Oxide Spinel (MnO)

Iron Phosphate (FePO)

Anode

New materials are being researched

to improve the cost, performance and

stability of the Li-ion batteries.

The major future materials are:

Silicon based anodes

Nanomaterials

Currently new materials are being studied in order to overcome the inherent

shortcomings of the existing Li-ion batteries

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Page: 16Comparison of Li-ion chemistries

(Credit: NAE Report. Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV Fuel Econo.2010)

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Page: 17Safety methods

Methods to protect the battery

BMS (Battery Management System)

It involves making use of circuitry to balance the cells in term of their voltage.

PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)

Using materials with a particular temperature coefficient to cut off the current when

the value is exceeded.

CID (Current Interrupt Device)

It shuts off the electric supply when there is excessive pressure buildup in the cell

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Page: 18Summary

Battery will play a more important role in theautomobile industry in the future

There is need to develop safe and high performancebatteries to cope with growing needs

NiMH is currently dominating the battery market forelectrical vehicles

Li-ion has the most potential in the future, providedthere is no safety concern

Safety should be prioritized during the research stagefor developing Li-ion chemistries

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Page: 19Bibliography

1) NAE Report - Assessment of Technologies for Improving LDV

Fuel Econo.2010

2) Jayam Prabhakar Aditya, Mehdi Ferdowsi, Comparison of

NiMH and Li-ion Batteries in Automotive Applications, 2008

3) Dan Doughty, E. Peter Roth, A General Discussion of Li Ion

Battery safety

4) http://batteryuniversity.com

5) http://blogs.mnhs.org/node/97

6) Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries, Mary L. Patterson,Ph.D., Indiana University Battery Workshop, November 13,

2009

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Page: 20Questions?

APHEV Group6 Final V

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