AP Biology Summer Assignment Name : _____________________________

Properties of Water and pH

1. What is the biological importance of the following?

a. High heat of vaporization-

b. Capillary action-

c. Water is a universal solvent-

d. Heat specific heat-

e. Ice is less dense than liquid water-

2. In regards to water:

a. Water is a polar molecule, explain why.

b. Water is neutral on the pH scale, describe the concentration of H+ and OH- ions in water

3. Summarize the effects of adding acid and base to pureed raw potato. EXPLAIN these effects in terms of buffers. Be sure to include a description of a buffer.

4. Why is having a buffering system in the potato an adaptation (advantage)?

Macromolecules & Functional Groups

Most abundant and essential atoms/elements of living things. These elements most often form covalent bonds.

5. Draw the valence electrons around each element and answer the questions:

Draw the valence electrons Found in which macromolecules? (Nucleic Acids, Carbs, Proteins, Lipids)

# covalent bonds

Hydrogen

H

Oxygen

O

Nitrogen

N

Carbon

C

Phosphorus

P

Sulfur

S

6. What is the name of two molecules with the same formula but different configuration?

7. Now draw the following HYDROCARBON molecules:

Molecular Formula Drawings

hydrocarbon with a single bond to oxygen

hydrocarbon bonded to one chlorine

hydrocarbon with two carbons, bonded with a triple bond

hydrocarbon with triple bond to nitrogen

a 5-carbon hydrocarbon with a ring with one double bond

a branched 5-carbon hydrocarbon molecule with no double bonds

a 5- carbon hydrocarbon molecule that is a straight chain

8. Are any of the drawings isomers to each other?

Functional Groups Certain small groups of atoms, called functional groups, are consistently found together in very small biological molecules. Each functional group has specific chemical properties, and when attached to a larger molecule, it gives those properties to the larger molecule.

9. Fill in the functional group chart with a drawing of the functional group and its associated properties (polar/nonpolar/acidic/basic).

Functional Group Drawing Name of Compound Properties

Hydroxyl

Alcohol

Carbonyl

Aldehyde

Ketone

Carboxyl

Carboxylic acids

Amino

Amines

Phosphate

Organic phosphates

Sulfhydryl

Thiols

10. Circle the functional groups present and describe the properties of the molecule:

Formic acid gives ant venom its sting.

Serine is a part of many protein molecules

Urea is a waste product in urine

Macromolecules Monomers are the building blocks of more complex molecules, called polymers. Polymers consist of repeating monomers which are joined by covalent bonds. The process of building a polymer from monomers is known as polymerization. In the case of biomolecules, this is polymerization process is known as dehydration synthesis.

11. Fill in the following chart: Macromolecules Monomer Polymer Covalent

Bond between monomers

Function in human body?

Nucleic acids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Lipids Ex. Glycerol + fatty acid

Ex.Triglyceride Ester Linkage

12. Lipids are a diverse group of macromolecules and have no true polymers. Why?

Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration synthesis joins monomers together into polymers through the creation of covalent bonds. To do this, an enzyme will remove a hydroxyl group from one monomer and a hydrogen atom from a second monomer to form a molecule of water. The removal of these atoms and rearrangement of electrons will form a covalent bond between two monomers Hydrolysis Hydrolysis breaks the bonds between the monomers of polymers, creating individual monomers. To do this, an enzyme will break apart a water molecule and add an –OH to one side of the molecule and a –H to the other side. The addition of water will break the covalent bond in the polymer, creating a monomer and shorter polymer.

13. Explain why dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are perfect names for the reactions.

14. Identify whether the following statements describe dehydration synthesis (D) or hydrolysis (H)

_____1. Connects monomers to form a polymer.

_____2. Produces water as a by-product.

_____3. Breaks up polymers, forming monomers.

_____4. Water is used to break bonds between monomers.

_____5. Joins amino acids to form a protein.

_____6. Glycerol and fatty acids combine this way to form a fat.

_____7. Occurs when polysaccharides are digested to form monosaccharides.

_____8. –H and –OH groups form water.

_____9. Nucleic acids break up to form nucleotides.

_____10. Water breaks up, forming –H and –OH groups on separate monomers.

15. Draw the product of the dehydration synthesis on the molecules below. a. Identify any functional groups in the molecules. b. What is the R group of each molecule? c. What is the name of the bonds holding these monomers together? d. What polymer will be formed if monomers are continually added?

16. Draw the product of the hydrolysis on the disaccharide

below. a. What is the name of the bond holding the two

monomers together?

Lipids

17. Using the electronegativity chart, identify the bonds that hold the following together.

a. Ammonia (NH3) together?

b. Methane (CH4)?

c. Salt (NaCl)? 

 

18. Describe what an amphipathic molecule is and identify 3 molecules that are amphipathic

19. If there is an oil spill in the ocean

a. Explain why the seabirds get drenched in oil.

b. Explain why Dawn soap is used to save the seabirds.

Protein Structure & Function 20. Draw the general structure for monomer of a protein and label the functional groups

21. Through what process do monomers link to make proteins? What bonds are produced in the process? What level of protein structure is defined by the amino acid sequence?

22. Why are there so many different proteins?

23. Match the function of each protein given the example below: ______Antibodies are proteins that are released by white blood cells to help destroy foreign pathogens

A. Structure

______Facilitated diffusion allows glucose to enter through the cell membrane

B. Movement

______Actin and myosin are two proteins that help your muscles relax and contract.

C. Defense

______Catalase helps catalyze the reaction to break down harmful hydrogen peroxide in your cells

D. Transport

______Insulin is a protein hormone that attaches to the protein receptors of the cell membrane and sends a signal to decrease the amount of glucose in your blood stream

E. Communication

______Collagen is a protein that is found in your bones

F. Storage

______Ferritin is a protein found in most tissues that stores iron and is able to release it when needed.

G. Enzymes

24. Put a box around one amino acid in

the secondary structure

25. What type of bond is holding the secondary structure in place?

26. What groups of the amino acid are always involved in these bonds?

27. Examine the tertiary structure. Four types of bonds or interactions are shown. Label them with the following terms:

a. Disulfide bridge b. Hydrogen bond c. Hydrophobic interaction d. Ionic bond

28. What part of the amino acid participates in

these interactions?

29. How many polypeptide chains are in the tertiary structure? Many proteins, but not all, have a fourth level of structure termed quaternary structure.

30. How many polypeptide chains are shown in the quaternary structure to the right?

31. What type of bond(s) is holding together the quaternary structure?

32. Changing the pH can disrupt the shape of a protein. If it becomes too acidic, H+ ions from the environment will break the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges. Covalent bonds will remain undisturbed. This process is called denaturation. Which of the four levels of protein structure in maintained after denaturation?

33. When people get their hair straightened, one chemical is put on the hair to break the disulfide bonds that give the hair strands their shape (curled) and a second chemical is used to reform the disulfide bonds to hold the hair in a new position (straight). What level of protein structure is/are affected by these processes?

34. If a mutation in the DNA of an organism results in the replacement of an amino acid containing a polar R-group with another amino acid containing a nonpolar R-group, how might the structure of the protein be affected? Address the impact on all levels of the protein structure in your answer.

35. Imagine a protein chain that includes the following amino acids among several others.

a. Which of the amino acid(s) could form a hydrogen bond with another amino acid in the chain to stabilize the secondary structure of a β-pleated sheet?

b. Which of the amino acid(s) could participate in hydrophobic interactions with another amino acid in the chain to stabilize the tertiary structure of the protein?

c. What types of bonds or interactions could asparagine form with another amino acid in the chain in order to form a quaternary structure with another protein chain?

Nucleic Acids

36. Explain how Avery, Macleod and McCarty’s experiment gave evidence that the transforming factor in Griffith’s experiment was DNA.

37. On the DNA molecule ot the right:

a. Label a hydrogen and phosphodiester bond in the DNA double helix.

b. Label the 5’ and 3’ ends of the DNA

38. According to Chargaff’s rules: If there is 23% thymine nucleotides, how many guanine nucleotides are there?

39. Describe 3 differences between DNA and RNA

40. What is the central dogma of biology? Explain the function of DNA and RNA

Cell Organelles Pt. 1 & Pt.2

41. Label the function and number the chart based on the diagram.

Organelle

Function

Label each organelle with the appropriate

number from the diagrams on the next

page (all numbers should be used)

Prok. Euk. Animal Euk.

Plants

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Vesicle

Lysosome

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Vacuoles

Central Vacuole

Cytoskeleton

Centrioles

Cilia

Flagella

Cytoplasm

42. A transport protein destined for the cell membrane is made by a ribosome located where?

43. What would be an example of a protein made for inside the cell?

44. Why are membrane-bound organelles an adaptation in eukaryotes? Describe membrane compartmentalization.

Cell Membrane Review

45. Discuss three different macromolecules that are in the cell membrane and describe their functions.

46. List the 6 roles that proteins have in the membrane: a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

47. Why are proteins the ideal molecule for a transmembrane molecule?

48. Identify which cell junction would be used for the following:

a. Small intestines contain cell junctions that prevent corrosive digestive enzymes that are within the lumen of the intestine from moving between cells and damaging internal body structures.

b. Cells of tissues exposed to stress, such as the external layer of the skin and cardiac

muscles.

c. Involved in the flow of ions between cells which allow for the spread of electrical

activity, such as in cardiac muscle or in neurons of the brain

d. Plant viruses use this junction to travel around and infect the entire plant.